Startseite Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
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Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding

  • Dian-sen Li EMAIL logo , Shi-jun Wang , Yue Zhou und Lei Jiang
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 21. April 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 11 Heft 1

Abstract

Lightweight and high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are urgently required to solve increasingly serious radiation pollution. However, traditional lightweight EMI shielding materials usually show low EMI shielding performance, poor mechanical properties, and environmental stability, which greatly limit their practical applications. Herein Ni foam/graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol (Ni/GO/PVA) composite aerogels were successfully prepared by a freeze-drying method. The Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels possessed low density (189 mg cm−3) and high compression strength (172.2 kPa) and modulus (5.5 MPa). The Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogel was hydrophobic, and their contact angle can reach 145.2°. The hydrophobic modification improved the environmental stability of the composite aerogels. Moreover, the Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels exhibited excellent EMI shielding performance. Their maximum EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) can reach 87 dB at the thickness of 2.0 mm. When the thickness is only 1.0 mm, the EMI SE can still reach 60 dB. The electromagnetic energy absorption and attenuation mechanisms of Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels include multiple reflection and scattering, dielectric loss, and magnetic loss. This work provides a promising approach for the design and preparation of the lightweight EMI shielding materials with superior EMI SE, which may be applied in various fields such as aircrafts, spacecrafts, drones, and robotics.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: electromagnetic interference shielding; aerogel; graphene oxide; Ni foam

1 Introduction

With the rapid development of communication technology, electronic devices have been widely used in our daily life [1,2,3,4]. When these devices transmit or receive electrical signals, electromagnetic waves are inevitably generated [5]. Electromagnetic radiation not only affects the reliability and lifetime of precision equipment, but also threatens human health [6,7,8]. Undoubtedly, the development of high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials is one of the effective strategies to solve the above problems [9,10]. EMI shielding materials are very important in equipment with special-needs, which are widely used in communications, electronics, aerospace, military, navigation, medical, and many other fields. Traditional EMI shielding materials such as metals, have excellent EMI shielding properties, but the intrinsic high density and poor corrosion resistance limit their practical applications [11,12,13].

Recently, carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers, graphene, or their hybrids, have become popular alternatives for EMI shielding applications because of their lightweight, chemical stability, flexibility, and good mechanical properties [1,14–23]. For example, Wei et al. [24] synthesized a freestanding highly aligned laminated graphene film by a scalable scanning centrifugal casting method, which showed an EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 93 dB at a thickness of ≈100 µm. Jia et al. [25] fabricated a freestanding and ultrathin graphene oxide/silver nanowire (GO/Ag) film by a vacuum-assisted self-assembly method, which had an EMI SE of 62 dB at a thickness of merely 8 µm. Rani et al. [26] prepared a polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/graphite oxide/nickel oxide (PVA/CS/GO/NiO) nanocomposite film using solution casting technique, and the EMI SE value was 12 dB for nanocomposite film containing 3.0/30 wt% of GO/NiO. Although some achievements have been realized in carbon-based EMI shielding materials, the densities of the reported materials are still not low enough for EMI shielding materials in aerospace industry. Exploring the simple and efficient methods to prepare lightweight EMI shielding materials with superior EMI SE value is still a challenge.

Porous materials such as aerogels, foams, and sponges are ideal candidates for lightweight EMI shielding materials due to their unique 3D skeleton structure and ultralow density [27–29]. More importantly, the porous structures are conducive to multiple internal reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves [30]. Li et al. [31] fabricated a graphene aerogel with multilayer structure via mechanical compression, which showed high electrical conductivity (181.8 S m−1) and EMI shielding performance (43 dB at thickness of 2.5 mm). Yu et al. [32] fabricated an anisotropic polyimide/graphene composite aerogel by unidirectional freezing and freezing drying, which exhibited EMI SE of 26–28 dB at thickness of 2.5 mm when the graphene content was 13 wt%. Yang et al. [33] prepared a 3D copper nanowires-thermally annealed graphene aerogel (CuNWs-TAGA) framework by freeze-drying followed by thermal annealing, which showed the maximum EMI SE value of 47 dB at thickness of 3.0 mm, ascribed to perfect 3D CuNWs-TAGA conductive network structures. Wang et al. [34] constructed a CNT/graphene/polyimide foam with stable compressibility and perfect conductive networks. The resultant composite foam exhibited an average EMI SE of 28 dB at thickness of 2.0 mm. However, the EMI shielding performance of these porous materials is relatively poor, especially at small thickness (≤2.0 mm), which cannot meet the increasingly demanding application requirements. It remains a challenge to maximize the EMI shielding performance at low density and small thickness through the rational design of the composition and structure.

From graphical abstract, we successfully designed and fabricated Ni/GO/PVA aerogels by freeze-drying process, which possess lightweight, hydrophobicity, high compression strength, and superior EMI shielding performance. The GO in aerogel was dispersed in PVA, which greatly increased the heterogeneous contact area and enhanced the interfacial polarization effect. The porous structure makes the electromagnetic wave be reflected and scattered many times, which increases the propagation distance of the electromagnetic wave. Combined with Ni foam with high conductivity and permeability, reflecting the large number of incoming electromagnetic waves, the synergistic effect of dielectric and magnetic loss improves the EMI SE of the materials. In addition, the hydrogen bonding between GO and PVA improves the mechanical properties of the material. The surface energy of the material after hydrophobic treatment is low, and the droplets can roll on the surface, which realizes the self-cleaning function and improves the corrosion resistance. This design and fabrication strategy provides high-potential for the practical application of EMI shielding materials.

2 Materials and specimens

2.1 Materials

GO was purchased from Tangshan JianHua Technology Development Co., Ltd. PVA (MW: ∼195,000) was purchased from Beijing Yili Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Ni foam (density: 8 mg cm−3) was obtained from Kunshan Guangsheng jianeng Materials Co., Ltd. 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (FAS-17, >96% purity) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.

2.2 Preparation of Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels

Figure 1 shows the preparation process of Ni/GO/PVA aerogels. Four Ni/GO/PVA aerogels with GO content were prepared, and the mass of GO accounted for 5, 10, 15, and 20% of GO and PVA mass, and were named Ni/GO/PVA-5, Ni/GO/PVA-10, Ni/GO/PVA-15, and Ni/GO/PVA-20, respectively. First, taking Ni/Go/PVA-15 as an example, 0.18 g GO was added into 50 mL of deionized water, after ultrasonic stirring, 1.00 g PVA was added into GO dispersion, and stirred in 80°C water bath for 1 h, PVA is completely dissolved and GO/PVA dispersion is obtained, which is left room temperature for cooling. Then, an appropriate size of Ni foam was into the mold; the GO/PVA dispersion was slowly poured into the mold until the Ni foam is not on the surface. It was put into a vacuum oven to remove bubbles. Then, the mold was placed in liquid nitrogen environment, and the GO/PVA dispersion was completely frozen. The mold was put into the freeze dryer and aerated at −50°C for 48 h to get Ni/GO/PVA aerogel. Without adding GO, Ni/PVA aerogels were prepared by the same method. 2.50 g FAS-17 was dispersed in 50 mL of ethanol, and the aerogels were extracted for 10 min and removed at 135°C for 30 min. The hydrophobic modified Ni/GO/PVA aerogels were obtained.

Figure 1 Preparation process of Ni/GO/PVA aerogels.
Figure 1

Preparation process of Ni/GO/PVA aerogels.

2.3 Characterization

The morphology and microstructure were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (HITACHI SU8010). The mechanical properties of the aerogels were tested using an electronic universal testing machine (SHIMADZU AGS-X) equipped with a 2-kN load cell at a loading rate of 5 mm min−1 in compression mode. The aerogels were cut into 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm, and each sample was tested 5 times under the same condition. The contact angles of the aerogels were measured with a contact angle goniometer (Dataphysics OCA 25) using deionized water droplets of 5 µL, at 5 different positions on the aerogel. The density of the aerogels was calculated from measured geometries and mass of the samples. The EMI shielding properties of the Ni/GO/PVA-5, Ni/GO/PVA-10, Ni/GO/PVA-15, and Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels were measured in a frequency range of 8.2–12.4 GHz (X-band) at room temperature by a vector network analyzer (Ceyear 3672b) using the waveguide method. The samples were cut into 22.86 mm × 10.16 mm × 2.0 mm (length × width × thickness) sizes to satisfy the waveguide holders. The power coefficients of reflection (R), transmission (T), and absorption (A) were calculated from the measured scattering parameters (S 11 and S 21). The total EMI SE (SET) can be evaluated based on the following equations [35,36]:

(1) R = ∣ S 11 ∣ 2 ,

(2) T = ∣ S 21 ∣ 2 ,

(3) SE R = − log 10 ( 1 − R ) ,

(4) SE A = − log 10 T 1 − R ,

(5) SE T = SE R + SE A ,

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Morphology and structure of Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels

Figure 2(a) shows the porous structure of Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels. Ni/GO/PVA aerogels are placed on bamboo leaves without bending the leaves, indicating that Ni/GO/PVA aerogels have very low density. Figure 2(b) compares the density of Ni/GO/PVA aerogels with different GO contents. It can be seen that the density of aerogels increases with the increase in GO content, and the density of Ni/GO/PVA-20 is 189 mg cm−3.

Figure 2 (a) Photograph of Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogel; (b) histogram of aerogel density.
Figure 2

(a) Photograph of Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogel; (b) histogram of aerogel density.

Figure 3(a and b) shows the SEM images of PVA aerogel at different magnification rates. From Figure 3(a), we can see that PVA is interconnected from each other. After freezing and drying, a lot of pore structures are formed from PVA thin-walled honeycomb like structure. The porous structure increases the specific surface area of the aerogels. In addition, the local direction of the pore structure is consistent, which reflects the growth direction of ice crystal during freezing. Figure 3(b) is an enlarged PVA thin wall. More pore structures can be observed in PVA thin wall, which further expands the specific surface area of the aerogels. Figure 3(c and d) shows the SEM images of GO/PVA aerogel (20% mass fraction of GO) at different magnification rates. Figure 3(c) shows that GO is homogeneously embedded in PVA, and the discontinuity of GO causes the aerogels not to have a complete conductive network. Therefore, the conductivity of the aerogels should be further modified. Figure 3(d) is a magnification map of the GO slice. Observed at high magnification, the GO lamella is composed of only 1–2 layers, indicating that GO can be dispersed uniformly without agglomeration in PVA, which greatly enlarges the specific surface area of GO, and is more conducive to electromagnetic wave contact with GO and multiple reflections inside the aerogel.

Figure 3 SEM photographs (a and b) PVA aerogels; (c and d) GO/PVA aerogels.
Figure 3

SEM photographs (a and b) PVA aerogels; (c and d) GO/PVA aerogels.

Figure 4(a and b) shows the SEM photographs of Ni foam with different magnifications. The high conductivity and continuous skeleton structure of Ni foam ensure excellent conductivity of the composite aerogels. In addition, magnetic Ni foam can give good magnetic loss to the composite aerogels, and further reduce the electromagnetic energy [37,38]. A large number of pores between the Ni foam frameworks facilitate the smooth flow of GO/PVA solution into the interior, while the high porosity of the Ni foam greatly reduces the density of the material. Figure 4(c and d) shows the SEM photographs of the Ni/PVA aerogels. Porous structure of PVA fills the pores of Ni foam and improves the compressive properties of the material. PVA adhered well to the nickel skeleton (Figure 4(d)), indicating that the combination of PVA and Ni foam is good, which ensures the stability of the material. Figure 4(e and f) are the SEM photographs of the Ni/GO/PVA aerogels. GO/PVA is evenly and tightly packed in the pores of Ni foam, providing support force for Ni skeleton, thereby enhancing the strength of the material. From Figure 4(f), it can be seen that PVA can be tightly coated on the surface of GO and Ni foam, showing a good combination.

Figure 4 SEM photographs: (a and b) Ni foam; (c and d) Ni/PVA aerogels; (e and f) Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels.
Figure 4

SEM photographs: (a and b) Ni foam; (c and d) Ni/PVA aerogels; (e and f) Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels.

3.2 Mechanical properties of Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels

Figure 5(a) shows the compression properties of the Ni foam, Ni/PVA, and Ni/GO/PVA-20. The compressive stress–strain curves of the Ni foam can be divided into three stages: linear deformation, collapse, and densification stage. When the strain is in the range of 0–5%, the stress increases linearly with the strain, and the deformation is mainly elastic deformation, which can be recovered after unloading. When the strain reaches 5%–70%, the slope of the curve decreases rapidly, and the deformation is mainly plastic deformation. As the load increases, the weak area inside the Ni foam begins to collapse and cracks occur, and the deformation produced in this form is unrecoverable. When strain exceeds 70%, the deformation is too large. Most pores in the Ni foam are completely compacted, and the material enters the densification stage. The stress increases sharply with the increase in strain. Ni/PVA and Ni/GO/PVA-20 also have three deformation stages, and compared with Ni foam, the slope of the linear deformation stage is larger, and the stress at the end of linear deformation is greater. In addition, because of the presence of PVA and GO in the pores, Ni/PVA and Ni/GO/PVA-20 begin to densify at a smaller strain. As shown in Figure 5(b), the relationship for the modulus and the stress at the end of the linear deformation stage is: Ni/GO/PVA-20 > Ni/PVA > Ni foam. PVA is filled with Ni foam pores, which provides a certain support force for the compression. The GO of Ni/GO/PVA-20 is distributed in PVA, and the hydrogen bond between GO and PVA ensures higher strength and modulus.

Figure 5 Compression properties of Ni foam, Ni/PVA, and Ni/GO/PVA-20 (a) compression stress–strain curves; (b) modulus and maximum stress.
Figure 5

Compression properties of Ni foam, Ni/PVA, and Ni/GO/PVA-20 (a) compression stress–strain curves; (b) modulus and maximum stress.

3.3 Hydrophobicity of Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels

A large number of porous structures exist in Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels, and a large number of hydroxyl groups on PVA make the materials hydrophilic. As shown in Figure 6(a), the droplet drops on the surface of the Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogel without hydrophobic treatment, and the droplet is absorbed by the material after 5 s. Hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels exhibit strong hydrophobicity. Figure 6(b) shows that when droplets of different colors are dropped on the surface of the material, the beads can remain on the surface of the material with a complete spherical shape and are not absorbed by the material. The average contact angle of Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels is 145.2° (Figure 6(c)). Then, the droplet drag experiment is carried out on the material, as shown in Figure 6(d). First, the material is moved upward to contact the droplet, and then slowly moved down the material. It is found that the droplet is dragged and deformed between the needle tube and the material. Due to the excellent hydrophobicity of the material, the droplet is not dragged to the surface of the material, but remained on the needle tube. The rolling experiment of water drops is shown in Figure 6(e) and the material is tilted to 17°. Drops of water from above can roll down smoothly and quickly. The droplet drag experiment and rolling experiment show that the material has excellent hydrophobicity. The hydrophobicity of Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels is attributed to two points. First, the surface energy of FAS-17 coating on the aerogel is low, and the affinity between the material and water is reduced. Second, the micro porous structure of aerogels formed micron roughness on the surface, reducing the liquid-solid contact area, thus increasing the hydrophobicity of the materials. Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels with hydrophobic treatment have special applications for waterproofing and corrosion resistance. Meanwhile, water droplets can roll on the surface of the material, remove the adsorbed dust and pollutants, and achieve self-cleaning function.

Figure 6 Surface wettability of Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogel: (a) before hydrophobicity modification; (b and c) contact angle after hydrophobic modification; (d) droplet drag experiment; (e) rolling angle experiment.
Figure 6

Surface wettability of Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogel: (a) before hydrophobicity modification; (b and c) contact angle after hydrophobic modification; (d) droplet drag experiment; (e) rolling angle experiment.

3.4 EMI shielding performance of Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels

Figure 7(a) shows the EMI shielding performance of Ni/GO/PVA aerogels with different GO contents. The SET of Ni/GO/PVA-5 decreases with the increase in the frequency, for 8.2 GHz, the SET is 39 dB, while for 12.4 GHz, the SET is 26 dB, and the entire X band can shield 99% of the electromagnetic waves. The EMI shielding performance of Ni/GO/PVA aerogels can be obviously improved by increasing the GO content, and the EMI shielding performance of Ni/GO/PVA-20 is 87 dB, corresponding to an ultrahigh EMI shielding efficiency of ∼99.9999998%. The EMI shielding performance consists of the reflection of electromagnetic wave from the interface between the sample and air and the absorption of electromagnetic wave by the sample. Figure 7(b) shows the average values of SET, SER, SEA of Ni/GO/PVA in X-band. The SER of Ni/GO/PVA-5 is greater than that of SEA, indicating that the EMI shielding of Ni/GO/PVA is mainly reflected at low GO content. With the increase in GO content, the SER of Ni/GO/PVA-10, Ni/GO/PVA-15, and Ni/GO/PVA-20 is less than that of SEA, which shows that the EMI shielding performance of Ni/GO/PVA aerogels with high GO content is mainly the absorption. With the increase in graphene content, Ni/GO/PVA has no obvious effect on the reflection ability of the electromagnetic wave, but the absorption ability is obviously improved. The reflectivity depends on the impedance matching at the interface between the sample and free space. The impedance match is related to the electromagnetic parameters of the sample. The Ni foam in Ni/GO/PVA forms a complete three-dimensional conductive network. The change in GO has no obvious effect on the conductivity. Therefore, SER is not affected by the change in the GO content. Electromagnetic waves produce reflection in the pores of Ni surface and GO surface. GO distributes unevenly in the pores of Ni foam. Multiple reflections greatly increase the propagation distance of electromagnetic waves. In addition, GO increases a large number of heterogeneous interfaces, and the ability of interface polarization loss increases. The increase in GO content enhances the ability of the electromagnetic wave attenuation, thus improving the EMI shielding ability of Ni/GO/PVA.

Figure 7 EMI shielding properties of Ni/GO/PVA aerogel: (a and b) effect of GO content; (c and d) effect of thickness for Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels.
Figure 7

EMI shielding properties of Ni/GO/PVA aerogel: (a and b) effect of GO content; (c and d) effect of thickness for Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels.

Figure 7(c) shows the EMI shielding performance of Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels with different thicknesses. The thickness of the aerogels increases and the EMI shielding performance is enhanced. From 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm, the EMI shielding performance is improved from 60 to 87 dB. Figure 7(d) shows the average values of SET, SER, and SEA in X-band for different thicknesses of Ni/GO/PVA-20. The reflection of electromagnetic waves of the samples varies little with thickness. The enhancement of EMI shielding performance of thick samples is due to the enhanced absorption of electromagnetic waves. With the increase in thickness, the propagation time of electromagnetic waves in the samples is longer, the number of GO sheets is more, and the reflection time of electromagnetic waves is increased. The propagation distance of the electromagnetic waves in the sample is larger, the electromagnetic waves are more likely to be attenuated, and the SEA increases. In addition, the thickness of the sample increased, the thickness of Ni foam increased, the electromagnetic wave propagation distance increased, and the magnetic loss capacity increased. Table 1 compares the EMI shielding properties of related materials in recent years. Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogels exhibit excellent EMI shielding properties at small thickness.

Table 1

Comparison of EMI shielding properties of related materials in literature

Materials Thickness (mm) EMI SE (dB) Refs
Carbon nanotube/graphene/polyimide foam 2.0 28 [35]
Cu nanowires/graphene aerogel 3.0 47 [34]
rGO aerogel 5.0 40 [40]
Graphene aerogel 2.5 43 [32]
Ti3C2T x /rGO aerogel 2.0 56 [29]
Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogel 2.0 87 This work
Ni/GO/PVA-20 aerogel 1.0 60 This work

3.5 Analysis of EMI shielding mechanism

The EMI shielding mechanism of Ni/GO/PVA aerogels is divided into two parts: reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves. As shown in Figure 8, when the electromagnetic waves reach the surface of the sample, the high conductivity of the three-dimensional conductive network of Ni foam makes the interface between air and sample impedance mismatch, and a part of the electromagnetic waves are reflected [40]. There are a lot of pores in the Ni foam. GO flakes and PVA distribute irregularly in the pores, on the one hand, preventing the electromagnetic wave spilling from the pores. On the other hand, the structure inside the sample causes the electromagnetic waves to reflect and scatter on the surface of the Ni hole wall and GO surface, increasing the electromagnetic wave propagation path, and the electromagnetic waves have a greater probability to be attenuated [41,42]. The absorption mechanism of the electromagnetic wave is divided into dielectric loss and magnetic loss. First, the high conductivity of the continuous conductive network of Ni foam conduces to fast electron transfer, and aerogel has strong conductance loss. Second, there are GO and PVA in the pores of the Ni foam, which make the samples have a large number of heterogeneous interfaces (Ni-GO, Ni-PVA, and GO-PVA). Under the action of electromagnetic waves, free charges gather at the interface, causing strong interfacial polarization loss. Finally, strong magnetic nickel can cause strong magnetic loss, and further dissipate electromagnetic energy through natural resonance, exchange resonance, and eddy current [37]. In general, the synergistic effect of the dielectric loss and magnetic loss and the porous structure of the aerogels make the material possess excellent EMI shielding performance.

Figure 8 EMI shielding mechanism of Ni/GO/PVA aerogel.
Figure 8

EMI shielding mechanism of Ni/GO/PVA aerogel.

4 Conclusion

Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels with disordered GO, porous structure, and lightweight were successfully prepared by freeze-drying process. The results show that the compression process can be divided into linear deformation, collapse, and densification stage. The hydrogen bonding between GO and PVA and the binding force between PVA and Ni foam increase the modulus of the Ni/GO/PVA linear deformation stage. Ni/GO/PVA aerogels have waterproof properties, while water droplets can roll on the surface of the material, remove the adsorbed dust and pollutants, and achieve self-cleaning function. Moreover, with the increase in the GO content, the overall EMI shielding performance is improved. Ni/GO/PVA-20 has excellent EMI shielding performance and it can reach 87 dB at the thickness of 2.0 mm. The EMI shielding performance decreases with the decrease in thickness. The EMI shielding performance of Ni/GO/PVA-20 with thickness of 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm is 60 dB and 70 dB, respectively. The porous structure of the disordered GO and aerogels increase the propagation distance of electromagnetic waves. The dielectric loss, magnetic loss, and multiple reflection and scattering are the main mechanisms of electromagnetic energy attenuation.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial supports from Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of NSFC (No. 11522216); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11872087); Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. 2182033); Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No. 2016ZF51054); the 111 Project (No. B14009); Project of the Science and Technology Commission of Military Commission (No. 17-163-12-ZT-004-002-01); Foundation of Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (No. 18kfgk01); Foundation of State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures (No. SV2019-KF-32). Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology of Beijing Institute of Technology (No. KFJJ21-06M).

  1. Funding information: Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of NSFC (No. 11522216); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11872087); Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. 2182033); Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No. 2016ZF51054); the 111 Project (No. B14009); Project of the Science and Technology Commission of Military Commission (No. 17-163-12-ZT-004-002-01); Foundation of Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (No. 18kfgk01); Foundation of State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures (No. SV2019-KF-32). Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology of Beijing Institute of Technology (No. KFJJ21-06M).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-12-01
Revised: 2022-01-09
Accepted: 2022-02-15
Published Online: 2022-04-21

© 2022 Dian-sen Li et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
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  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
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  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
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  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
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  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
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  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
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  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0088
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
electromagnetic interference shielding; aerogel; graphene oxide; Ni foam
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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Heruntergeladen am 24.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0088/html
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