Home Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
Article Open Access

Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures

  • Seungyeon Han , Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain , Taeho Ha and Kyong Ku Yun EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 3, 2022
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

The focus of this research was to investigate the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the microscopic composition, structure, pore size, and mechanical properties of GO-reinforced cement composites. Furthermore, the research explored the thermal behavior of GO-reinforced cement mortar at different elevated temperatures (250, 500, 750, and 1,000°C). This study considered three sets of GO-reinforced cement composites with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt% of GO (by weight of cement); the water–cement ratio in all the mixtures was 0.5. To characterize the chemical composition, microstructure, and hydration degree resulting from GO addition, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) were used. The experimental results revealed that GO addition changed the microstructural composition and pore diameter distribution of the cement composite. The optimal amount of GO required for improving the mechanical properties of the cement composite under both unheated and heated conditions was identified to be 0.1 wt%. GO improves the cement matrices’ ability to bind with GO nanosheets, leading to compressive strength retention and decreased micro-cracking (computed by material and defected volume changes by Micro-CT analysis). This is primarily due to the hydration products. However, the optimal amount of GO can result in nanomaterial agglomeration, thus lowering the thermal resistance of the cement composite. Overall, the study identified GO as a nano-additive with the potential to improve the strength and toughness of the cement composites. Moreover, the effect of elastic modulus was also evaluated. As a result, the GO microstructure analysis revealed that it has a porous structure with a visible crack pattern.

Keywords: cement nanocomposites; graphene oxide; microstructure; cement

1 Introduction

Cement is the fundamental binding material in concrete, but it is brittle and has low tensile strength. These disadvantages of cement were addressed by using steel and fiber reinforcements. Cement-based composites can be modified/re-engineered by incorporating small amounts of nanomaterials, leading to improved nanoscale properties of concrete, including toughness, durability, and flexural and tensile strengths [1]. Other researchers, on the other hand, investigated the extensive wear behavior of materials like SiC and B4C-reinforced magnesium and aluminum alloy metal matrix composites. These included increased mechanical strength, durability, and microstructural integrity [2–4]. Moreover, Li et al. [5] studied the free-radical copolymerization of graphene oxide (GO) with methyl allyl polyoxyethylene ether, sodium styrene sulfonate, and acrylic acid resulting in GO-polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer (AA). Furthermore, supplementary cementitious materials with graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) of various concentrations from 0.025 to 0.10% by weight of cement are prepared to use a wet dispersion methodology which utilizes a high shear mixer and a polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer to dissipate GNPs in water [6]. Also, Mowlaei et al. [7] examined the effects of silica-coated GO nanohybrids on the effectiveness and mechanical and microstructural characteristics of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste composites and the findings show that the rational design of GO nanohybrids is an effective method for producing stronger and more reliable Portland cement composites. So, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers derived from graphene, and nanosilica are some of the well-known nanomaterials used to enhance the mechanical properties of cement composites. The popularity of nanomaterials in the concrete construction industry has increased due to the numerous benefits they provide, ranging from increased mechanical strength to nanolevel void filling. With advances in cement and nanomaterial chemistry, the uses of CNTs, graphene, GO, and graphene-based nanomaterials have improved the mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, and other desirable properties of cement composites. Many researchers have reported improvements in the mechanical properties and durability of nano-reinforced cement composites compared with those of conventional cement composites [8,9].

In 1859, Brodie first synthesized GO, a carbon-based nanomaterial, by chemically exfoliating graphite (further modified by Hummer) [10]. GO, like graphite, has an aromatic structure, along with a large specific surface area (700–1,500 m2/g) and a high aspect ratio (15,000–45,000). Zeng et al. [11] used two types of GO nanosheets as additives in this article to lessen the permeability of cement mortars. The results of the tests show that 0.06 wt% GO-1 (aspect ratio 50,000) and GO-2 (aspect ratio 5,000) reduce the relative permeability coefficient by 80.2 and 41.0%, respectively. In the case of 0.06 wt% dosage and normal arrangement, the relative permeability ratio is reduced by 80.6% if the aspect ratio is increased ten times. However, chemical reactions cleaved some of its covalent bonds, and functional groups like epoxy, carbonyl, hydroxyl, phenol, etc., were attached to the sp2 aromatic monolayer structure (about one atom thick) [12,13]. Among these functional groups, the oxygenated ones are hydrophilic in nature, allowing them to absorb free water radicals from the prepared cement composite, thus enabling easy dispersion in water; this overcomes the common disadvantage of the lack of dispersibility of nanomaterials. According to Chuah et al. [14], the GO dispersion in water was independent of the degree of sonication. Moreover, agglomeration occurred because the repellent forces provided by the oxygenated functional groups at GO sheets were overcome by the van der Waals forces between the GO nanosheets [15]. Because of its superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, GO, a two-dimensional nanomaterial composed of flat monolayers of sp2 carbon atoms, has piqued the interest of researchers since its discovery in 2004 [16]. Besides, a cluster of GO nanosheets provides a large surface area, which allows easy absorption of water molecules during wetting, and a bulky lateral size, which affords a high capacity for water retention; therefore, the addition of GO to cement-based composites has a negative impact on workability [17,18]. Regardless of the drawbacks of GO mentioned above, the incorporation of a small amount of GO (∼1% by weight of cement (BWOC)) increased the compressive strength of hardened cement paste by 63% [19]. According to research [9,20], adding 0.05% GO (BWOC) increases the compressive strength of hardened cement paste by 15–33% and flexural strength by 41–58%. According to Shang et al. [21], the compressive strength of the cement paste with 0.04% GO (BWOC) increased by up to 15.1% when compared with that of the plain cement paste. On the inclusion of 0.03% GO (BWOC) in OPC paste, the compressive and tensile strength increased by ∼40% after 28 days of curing [22]. In another study, Zhu et al. [23] found that incorporating 0.05 wt% of GO into cement mortar increased the compressive strength by 15–33% and tensile strength by 41–59%. According to Lv et al. [24,25], using GO in cement paste and mortar improved the mechanical properties. In addition, the analysis indicates that when the GO content is 0.05% under the same curing conditions and eons, the flexural strength of the test samples after curing for 28 days is the maximum, approaching 10.8 MPa, and the average percentage is 16.1%. The compressive strength of the samples after 28 days of curing is particularly high whenever the GO content is 0.03%, attaining 64.5 MPa, and the rate of development is 12.4%. Furthermore, when the GO dosage is 0.03%, the mortar’s durability is greatly improved. The mortar has an impermeability that is 80% greater than the comparison samples [26]. Furthermore, GO in multiple various proportions by weight of cement are 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04%. At 28 days of curing, experimental results revealed that cement composite specimens with 0.03% GO addition had 14.5, 30, and 40.47% relatively low water absorption capacity, chloride migration coefficient, and chloride penetration depth than normal cement composite specimens. Mechanical characteristics of cementitious composites were optimized by 77.70% in flexural strength at 0.03% GO addition and 47.61% in compressive strength at 0.04% GO addition after 28 days of curing [27]. Chen et al. [28] investigated the high-temperature properties of cement pastes containing GO agglomerates at 105, 200, 300, and 450°C. In general, incorporating GO can improve the thermal resistance of the cement paste by refining the pore structures and crystal sizes of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2; CH) at ambient temperatures. The desirable microstructural and mechanical characteristics and durability of the cement-based composites are degraded at high temperatures [29,30]. As concrete constituents, cement and aggregates are not stable at high temperatures, and undergo physical and chemical transformations. The effects of temperature on the properties of cementitious composites, as well as the methods for preventing thermal degradation of concrete, have been described in several comprehensive reports [31–35]. Nanomaterials have recently gained prominence as potential admixtures capable of improving the properties of cementitious composites in both unheated and heated states [36–42]. The potential use of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as CNTs, GO, and graphene sulfonate nanosheets, for preventing the thermal degradation of cement-based composites has been studied [43–46].

Some researchers have observed that the GO inclusion accelerated the cement hydration. The oxygenated GO sheets attract the cement particles, allowing the nanosheets to act as nuclei for the cement phases, enhancing the hydration of cement [47]. Wang et al. reported that the microstructure of the GO-reinforced cement matrix had a large crystal structure covering, implying that CH leaching during the hydration stages was improved after 28 days of curing [48]. In addition, cement composites have high compressive strengths but low tensile and flexural strengths due to their brittleness, which results primarily from the hydration products like CH, calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) gel, ettringite (AFt), and monosulfonate (AFm) in the hardened cement paste. CH, AFt, and AFm are examples of hydration crystals that typically have rod-like and needle-like shapes [49]. As an example, through the use of dispersant and ultrasonic pre-dispersion, the current study successfully develops a new method for preparing rGO suspension with excellent dispersibility and stability. At 3 days, the compressive and flexural strength of the mortar had already enhanced by 45 and 50%, respectively. In the meantime, the hydration heat and pore structure have continued to improve to a doping concentration of 2.00 wt% rGO [50]. GO was found to improve the toughness of cement mortar by modifying the microstructure. Moreover, significant improvement in the mechanical properties of cement resulted from improved GO dispersion due to the interlock mechanism of C–S–H (bridging by chemical bonding) [51]. Anhydrous cement is composed of Bogue’s compounds, such as tricalcium silicate (C3S, Ca3SiO5), dicalcium silicate (C2S, Ca2SiO4), tricalcium aluminate (C3A, Ca3Al2O6), tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF, Ca4Al n Fe2−n O7), and small amounts of gypsum (Na2SO4, Ka2SO4). These compounds will undergo hydration to form AFt (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26 H2O), AFm (Ca4Al2(OH)2·SO4·H2O), CH, and C–S–H gel (3CaO·2SiO2·4H2O) [25]. The brittleness of cement paste can be studied by observing the formation of rod-like and needle-like shaped crystals of CH, AFt, and AFm. The surface of GO contains numerous oxygenated functional groups, primarily –OH, –COOH, and –SO3H. The effective active groups on the surface of GO react with C3S, C2S, and C3A to form the growth points for the hydration product. At the beginning of the hydration reaction, GO forms neighboring rod-like crystals on its surface, resulting in thick flower-like crystals. These flower-like crystals form a cross-linking structure between the gaps of cement composites, increasing the toughness of the cement composites [24]. GO is a layered nanomaterial composed of oxygenated graphene sheets with hydroxyl and epoxide functional groups on their basal planes and carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the sheet edges [52]. Typically, these oxygenated functional groups facilitate the dispersion of GO in water as 1 nm thick sheets [53]. The elastic modulus of the GO nanomaterial is ∼32 GPa [18,54].

Some researchers have reported limited GO dispersion in cement composites. In cement-based materials, the dispersion of GO is crucial for improving compressive strength. The divalent calcium ions in fresh cement paste hinder the GO dispersion, which could adversely affect the GO performance in cement composites. Hunain [55] conducted a molecular dynamics analysis and found that the interfacial strengths between C–S–H gel and pristine, hydroxyl-functionalized, amine-functionalized, and carboxyl-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets and C–S–H reached 1.2, 13.5, 6.1, and 11.8 GPa, respectively. This suggests that the functional groups in the graphene nanoplatelets may improve the interfacial strength, mechanical properties, and toughness of the cement-based nanocomposites. Fan [56] reported that the use of graphene and GO in cement paste improved both the mechanical strength and Young’s modulus. Babak et al. [57] discovered that adding 1.5 wt% of GO to cement mortar increased its tensile strength by 48% and that the most important hydration product is C–S–H gel. Liu et al. [58–60] discovered that C–S–H assumes the shape of a regular flower due to the nucleation and regulation of graphene (G)/GO during C–S–H formation. However, based on classical nucleation theory, Kong et al. [61] found no C–S–H on the surface of nanomaterials and concluded that the nanoparticles have no nucleation effect. The effects of G/GO on cement hydration remain unknown. The above-mentioned studies concentrated more on the morphology of C–S–H and less on the effect of G/GO on the C–S–H formation process.

To investigate the effects of GO additives in OPC, three sets of GO-reinforced composites (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt%) were considered in this study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetry (TG), and micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) were used to investigate the effects of GO on the microscopic composition, structure, pore size, and mechanical characteristics of the GO-reinforced cement composites. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the specimens upon exposure to various elevated temperatures (250, 500, 750, and 1,000°C) was explored, which is a significant contribution and originality to our study.

2 Experimental details

2.1 Materials

Table 1 presents the chemical composition and physical properties of the OPC (Sungshin Portland Cement, Korea) used in this study. The GO obtained was brown in color (dark brown liquid solution), with a concentration in the range of 0.8–1.2 wt% (determined by a moisture titrator), pH 2–3, and conductivity of 2,000–4,000 µS/cm; the particle size range is 3–19 µm and the particle size at 50% in the cumulative particle size distribution (D50) is 8 µm. The thickness of GO, as determined by atomic force microscopy, is 1–1.2 nm. Figure 1 shows the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) particle size images, and Figure 2 shows the intensity of D and G bands obtained by Raman spectroscopy. Here, the G band results from in-plane vibrations of sp2 bonded carbon atoms, whereas the D band results from out-of-plane vibrations due to structural defects. Moreover, GO was made with 1% of solution with a total weight of water and it was bought from the company Standard Graphene.

Table 1

Chemical composition and physical properties of OPC

Chemical composition Physical properties
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Specific area (cm2/g) Density (g/cm3)
OPC 20.8 6.3 3.2 61.2 3.3 2.3 3,300 3.15
Figure 1 SEM particle size images.
Figure 1

SEM particle size images.

Figure 2 Raman spectroscopy image.
Figure 2

Raman spectroscopy image.

2.2 Composition of mixtures and sample preparation

Cement paste samples were prepared to determine the microstructure of the mixtures; mortar was prepared using OPC and OPC-composites with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% GO (BWOC) to determine the mechanical properties. The compositions of the various mixtures are given in Table 2. The cement-to-sand ratio was 1:3 in all the mixtures. The water-to-cement ratio (w/c) in the mortar was 0.5. The sample was collected for microstructure analysis after mixing. For the compressive strength and thermal heating measurements, molds of dimensions 50 mm × 50 mm were prepared. Micro-CT analysis was performed on specimens of dimensions 30 mm × 30 mm because the low-energy X-rays in micro-CT cannot penetrate thicker materials, whereas the high-energy X-rays cannot provide low-contrast information. The microstructure and properties were investigated using micro-CT. Cylindrical molds were prepared for measuring Young’s modulus. For each age, the XRD and TG samples were solvent-exchanged with isopropanol and stored in a vacuum at room temperature (20 ± 3°C) for 1 day.

Table 2

Mix compositions for the experiments

Type Water (g) Cement (g) Sand (g) GO (wt%)
OPC 225 450 1,350 0
GO-0.1 225 450 1,350 0.1
GO-0.2 225 450 1,350 0.2
GO-0.3 225 450 1,350 0.3

2.3 Testing and characterization

2.3.1 XRD

X’Pert PRO MPD X-ray diffractometer with CuKα target radiation was used to obtain the XRD patterns of the GO specimens. The specimens were continuously scanned over the diffraction angle (2θ) range of 5–70° at a scanning speed of 2°/min, with a step size of 0.002°.

2.3.2 TG and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analysis

TG and DTG analysis are done by different scanning calorimeter (DSC Q2000) and the features are heating flow = 20 °C/min to 1,050°C and N2 = 100 mL/min and heat flow.

2.3.3 SEM/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

For SEM analysis, the microstructure of the GO-reinforced cement paste samples were observed using the field emission scanning electron microscope (Hitachi SU8000, Japan).

2.3.4 Cement paste compressive strength at elevated temperatures

After 1, 7, 28, and 56 days of curing, the compressive strengths of the specimens cured at ambient temperature (20 ± 3°C) were evaluated. To eliminate water from the test samples for high-temperature tests, the samples were removed from the control room and oven-dried for 24 h prior to heating. Following this, the specimens were thermally treated in a furnace at a high temperature for 28 days. The specimens were then heated for 1 h at 1°C/min to temperatures of 250, 500, 750, and 1,000°C, followed by cooling at a rate of ∼1°C/min to the room temperature (20 ± 3°C). To evaluate the compressive strength of the cement pastes, two cubic specimens were considered for each temperature.

2.3.5 Micro-CT to analyze cracking

The micro-CT equipment model was NIKON METROLOGY (XT H 225). The specifications of this equipment were maximum (max.) potential = 225 kV, X-ray spot size = 3 μm, max. sample dimensions = ∼100 mm × 100 mm, and max. sample weight = 15 kg. Micro-CT was used to evaluate the thermal resistance of the cement pastes. Micro-CT is a noninvasive and nondestructive method for investigating the inner structures of the target materials, including cementitious materials [62,63]. Micro-CT is generally used to examine specific material aspects such as pores [64–66] or the presence of hydration products [67,68], while it has been used in some studies to analyze crack propagation [69–71]. Thus, micro-CT is a useful technique to investigate the mechanical behavior of cementitious materials.

2.3.6 Dynamic Young’s modulus measurement equipment

Figure 3 shows the dynamic Young’s modulus measurement equipment. The equipment specifications are as follows: power supply: AC 90–240 V (50/60 Hz); frequency range: 500–25,000 Hz; seven-stage switching; frequency and data display: five decimal digit precision; transparent blue liquid-crystal display of dimensions 54:32 mm; measurement waveform/analog meter display: a thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal color display of dimensions 86 mm × 30 mm; measurement range: longitudinal vibration, flexural vibration, and torsional vibration; measurement method: manual/automatic; vibration terminal: lead zirconate titanate; pickup: high sensitivity, lead zirconate titanate; external terminal: Universal Serial Bus connection for a computer with serial data output; body dimensions: 320 mm (width) × 133 mm (height) × 230 mm (depth); shaking table dimensions: 410 mm (width) × 60 mm (height) × 160 mm (depth).

Figure 3 Dynamic Young’s modulus equipment.
Figure 3

Dynamic Young’s modulus equipment.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Workability

The mechanical characteristics and durability of hardened cement composites were found to improve with the increasing workability of cement pastes. Flow tests were conducted to investigate workability by assessing the flow and consolidation of a fresh cement composite mix. The results of the flow tests are shown in Figure 4. Insufficient workability can complicate the compaction of a fresh cement composite and result in air void entrapment, which degrades the mechanical characteristics of cement composites [10,72]. Many researchers have reported that the addition of GO diminishes the workability of the cement composite. Because of its hydrophilic functional groups and large surface area, GO can absorb a large amount of water. Consequently, the quantity of water available to lubricate the cement particles decreases while the friction resistance between the cement grains increases [22,73–75]. Although a well-dispersed GO is desirable, with its higher specific surface area, the extra free water associated with the GO sheets reduces the workability of the cement composite; this is a major drawback of the GO-reinforced cement composite [21]. Some researchers have reported that the configuration of GO aggregates entrapped free water, significantly lowers the workability of cement composites [76,77]. Furthermore, because van der Waals forces between the GO sheets attract the cement grains, the physical interaction between GO and cement grains contributes to the reduced workability of the fresh cement composites [59,78].

Figure 4 Flow test values of all samples.
Figure 4

Flow test values of all samples.

3.2 Microstructural analysis of GO cement paste

3.2.1 XRD analysis of experimental samples

The XRD patterns shown in Figure 5 are used to characterize the crystalline phases to assess the hydration reactions that are taking place, as well as the degree of hydration. The XRD patterns of cement composites containing GO and the reference sample show no difference in crystallinity between them, indicating that GO addition does not affect the crystal phases of the cement matrix [79–81]. The XRD patterns obtained in some studies revealed that with GO incorporation, the intensities of the peaks for cement components (alite and belite) decreased, while those for CH increased, indicating improved cement hydration in the presence of GO [82]. The evolution of crystals in composites is usually characterized by XRD analysis, with the diffraction peaks ranging from 2θ = 5° to 2θ = 45°. The evolution of crystals has a direct impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of OPC, GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 after 1, 7, 28, and 56 days of curing. Alite, belite, AFt, monosulfoaluminate, AFm, hemicarboaluminate (HC), and monocarboaluminate (MC) were the major crystalline phases in anhydrous OPC. Calcite (CaCO3) was also found in the OPC. The increase in interplanar spacing indicates that oxygenated functional groups are inserted into the carbon atomic layers following graphite oxidation. The covalent interaction between oxygen and graphite changes the structure of the graphene sheets, causing the GO diffraction peaks to shift.

Figure 5 XRD patterns of OPC and GO-incorporated cement paste: (a) OPC, (b) GO-0.1, (c) GO-0.2, (d) GO-0.3, and (e) OPC and GO-0.3 specimens 2 theta (7–14°).
Figure 5

XRD patterns of OPC and GO-incorporated cement paste: (a) OPC, (b) GO-0.1, (c) GO-0.2, (d) GO-0.3, and (e) OPC and GO-0.3 specimens 2 theta (7–14°).

Peaks corresponding to HC were found in the range of 2θ = 10–12° in all GO-incorporated samples (GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3) on the first day of hydration, which is the early stage of hydration, and no peak values were found in the OPC samples. With aging, HC was gradually converted to MC, and after 7 days, the MC peak of the GO-incorporated sample reverted to the HC peak within the same diffraction angle range (10–12°), indicating an aspect different from the OPC sample. Even after prolonged hydration and in the presence of calcium carbonate, HC was found in the hydrated cement paste, despite the fact that MC was expected to be thermodynamically more stable. Previous studies revealed that the conversion of HC to MC changes with time; in contrast, the HC reflex values increased in all the samples after 28 days of aging. There was no difference in the HC and MC reflex values between the OPC samples and GO-incorporated samples after 56 days of aging. The incorporation of GO affects the HC generation and is supposed to hasten the transition to MC. Furthermore, with aging, the intensity of the AFt peak (2θ = 15–25°) decreased when compared to that of day 1, because AFt transforms to monosulfoaluminate and then returns to the MC or HC phase. However, it is clear that the addition of GO promotes the formation of MC and HC, because the OPC samples are also subjected to the same process as described above during aging. In all the samples, with the increase of age, the clinker peaks (2θ = 25–35°) of C3S and C2S decreased, while the peaks of AFt and AFm increased. There was no discernible peak difference for CH, a general hydration product. Because of the low contents of the added GO, no peaks corresponding to GO were found in the resulting XRD patterns. As a result, no significant differences in the diffraction patterns of different samples were observed, indicating that their mineralogical compositions were similar. The increased peak intensities were due to the accelerated cement hydration caused by the addition of GO.

3.2.2 TG analysis

Figure 6 shows the TG results for samples cured for 1, 7, 28, and 56 days. The weight loss for the GO-incorporated samples was higher than that of the OPC samples during 28 days of curing, indicating that additional hydration products resulted when GO was included as the additive. After 56 days of curing, there was no difference in weight loss between the OPC and GO-incorporated samples. This suggests that the inclusion of GO resulted in rapid hydration based on the initial nucleation, while the number of hydration products for the OPC and GO mixture was similar during long-term aging. The DTG curves of all the samples (Figure 6) showed weight losses below 200°C due to the evaporation of free and physically bound water and dehydration of C–S–H and AFt. The dehydration of the carbonated AFm phases, such as MC and HC, occurred at temperatures of ∼150°C. The weight loss at temperatures ∼360°C was attributed to siliceous hydrogarnet dehydration [83]. The peaks centered at 420 and 740°C were associated with portlandite dehydroxylation and calcite carbonation, respectively.

Figure 6 TG results for the samples.
Figure 6

TG results for the samples.

In TG analysis, the peaks of AFt and AFm generated at the early stage of hydration were observed to identify the accelerated cement hydration caused by the addition of GO. As in the XRD analysis, the peaks of the GO-incorporated sample were higher than those of the OPC sample on the first day of aging, which is the initial period of hydration. The disparity increased with aging. Furthermore, the carbonate peaks of GO-incorporated samples after 1 and 7 days were less intense than those of the OPC sample, indicating that monosulfoaluminate transformed into HC or MC with the inclusion of GO. This aligns with the result of the XRD analysis. Furthermore, in the cases of aging for 28 and 56 days, the differences in the values for all the samples are insignificant, which is thought to be due to the production of larger amounts of hydration products in the initial stage of hydration in the GO mix compared with OPC, while during long-term aging, the amounts of hydration products are similar in both. The quasi-water and CH contents of the cement pastes decided by the TG curves were used to evaluate the degree of cement hydration. Three prominent mass failures can be identified in the temperature ranges of 120–150, 400–500, and 600–800°C, corresponding to the decomposition of C–S–H and AFt, CH, and CaCO3, respectively, due to the unexpected carbonation [84–87].

3.3 Cement paste compressive strength before and after heating

Figure 7 depicts the compressive strength of cement pastes after 1, 7, 28, and 56 days of curing in atmospheric temperature (∼20 ± 3°C). The incorporation of GO (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 wt%) had a noticeable impact on the mechanical properties of the cement paste. After 28 days, the specimen with ultimate compressive strength of 54.94 MPa was attained with the GO-0.1 paste. The compressive strength increased by 2.14, 24.58, and 17.24% for GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3, respectively, compared with that of OPC after 1 day. The compressive strengths of GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 increased by 9.98, 19.34, and 18.12%, respectively, compared with that of the OPC sample after 7 days. After 28 days, the compressive strengths of GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 increased by 6.78, 5.18, and 0.72%, respectively, compared with that of OPC. The significant increase in the compressive strength of the GO-reinforced cement composite can be attributed to porosity reduction (resulting in a compact microstructure) and GO’s potential to bridge microcracks. The compressive strength of the GO blended specimens enhanced within the range reported in the literature. Devi et al. [88] discovered that integrating GO enhanced the compressive strength by 21–55%. Other studies have reported compressive strength enhancements ranging from 10 to 60%, depending on whether paste, mortar, or concrete is evaluated [89,90]. Furthermore, the compressive strength of the GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 specimens after 56 days was higher by 2.33, 1.37, and 1.92%, respectively, compared with that of the OPC specimen. The effect of graphene on mechanical properties of the cement composite is highly dependent on the type and amount of graphene, and the extent of graphene dispersion in the cement matrix [91]. Here, it is observed that the inclusion of GO resulted in a minor increase in the compressive strength of the cement composite. The functionalization of the GO surface increases the cohesion between the GO nanosheets and the cement matrix’s C–S–H, which enhances stress percolation and thus the mechanical performance of the samples [92]. This demonstrates that for GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3, GO was effectively dispersed in the cement matrix, resulting in higher strength. Despite the inclusion of an adequate amount of GO, GO clustering can weaken the bonding between GO and cement matrix and limit the enhancement of compressive strength with GO addition.

Figure 7 Compressive strengths of all samples.
Figure 7

Compressive strengths of all samples.

Figure 9 shows the results of calculating the relative remnant of compressive strength to successfully assess the influence of temperature on the performance of cement pastes. These values were measured as the percentage increase/decrease in cement paste’s compressive strength over time compared to the compressive strength of the unheated specimen (20 ± 3°C). The compressive strength of the 28-day GO-0.1 specimen was enhanced by 13.91% after exposure to 250°C; in contrast, the corresponding values of GO-0.2 and GO-0.3 were reduced by 5.57 and 7.44%, respectively, as shown in Figure 8. The strength of plain cement paste (OPC) deteriorated the least. Nevertheless, for the unheated samples, compared with the OPC specimens, the GO samples exhibited a significant improvement in compressive strength (13.91% enhancement for GO-0.1). GO-0.1 had the highest compressive strength (54.94 MPa) among all the specimens under unheated conditions. Furthermore, after exposure to elevated temperatures, GO-0.1 demonstrated excellent compressive strength. At elevated temperatures, the strength enhances due to additional hydration of anhydrous cement grains (as a result of an internal autoclaving reaction); furthermore, the additional hydration products fill the pores enhancing the compressive strength [46,93]. It is reasonable to conclude that the incorporation of 0.1 wt% of GO contributes to microstructure densification and compaction and that the creation of a less permeable microstructure allows for an increase in the effects of the autoclaving reaction. This impact is prominent when adequate amount of GO has been used. After exposure to 500°C, the compressive strength remained nearly identical to those after exposure to 250°C; however, the compressive strengths of GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 were increased by 12.4, 1.62, and 0.51%, respectively, compared with that of OPC. A temperature of 500°C is generally considered harmful for cementitious composites due to the decomposition of C–S–H gel and CH, resulting in noticeable cracking in the specimens. However, when the specimens are not exposed to moisture for an extended period, this effect does not seem to be critical for their strength (re-hydration of lime to CH is limited) [94]; Heikal [95] and Kang et al. [96] reported significant enhancements in the compressive strength of cement paste after exposure to 400 and 450°C. Identical findings in the case of concrete have been reported by Hachemi and Ounis [97]. As a result of self-autoclaving, the anhydrous cement particles were further hydrated when exposed to 400°C [95]. Compared with OPC, the enhancement in strength was observed only in GO-1 after exposure to 500°C, and drastic reductions in strength was observed for GO.02 (10.26%) and GO-0.3 (8.68%) specimens at 750°C. For GO-0.1, the mentioned enhancement in strength is due to the improved bonding between cement matrices and GO nanosheets. In addition, the GO calcination resulted after 450°C, whereas the samples were shielded from calcination due to the presence of GO. These findings are consistent with the TG analysis (Section 3.2.2), which discovered that the presence of GO delayed thermal decomposition from 450 to 600°C. When the cement pastes were exposed to 600°C, their strength decreased significantly, with the samples retaining 80–92% of their initial strength. When the cement pastes were heated to 1,000°C, their strength decreased noticeably, with samples retaining 40–60% of their initial strength. After 500°C, with the total decomposition of C–S–H gel, the mechanical properties of the cement-based composites deteriorated, accompanied by a significant increase in disruptive cracks in the samples. The difference in the strength between unmodified and modified cement pastes also reduced. This observation is valid, because GO would burn after exposure to 600°C, as demonstrated by the TG results in Section 3.2.2. Furthermore, the ability to improve the compressive strength of samples at elevated temperatures decreased as the content of nanomaterials increased. After exposure at 500°C, a drastic reduction in the strengths of GO-0.2 and GO-0.3 specimens was observed. As a result, 0.1 wt% of GO was the optimum GO content for refining the microstructure after 28 days of curing; a higher GO content diminished the effect. Some studies used micro-CT to examine the microstructure of cement pastes after certain test temperatures to understand this phenomenon.

Figure 8 Compressive strengths of all samples after thermal exposure.
Figure 8

Compressive strengths of all samples after thermal exposure.

Figure 9 Micro-CT analysis before and after thermal exposure: (a) OPC, (b) GO-0.1, (c) GO-0.2, (d) GO-0.3, and (e) porous void volumes by voids diameter sizes.
Figure 9 Micro-CT analysis before and after thermal exposure: (a) OPC, (b) GO-0.1, (c) GO-0.2, (d) GO-0.3, and (e) porous void volumes by voids diameter sizes.
Figure 9

Micro-CT analysis before and after thermal exposure: (a) OPC, (b) GO-0.1, (c) GO-0.2, (d) GO-0.3, and (e) porous void volumes by voids diameter sizes.

3.4 Micro-CT analysis and visual examination

Figure 9 and Table 3 demonstrate the micro-CT visuals of the specimens after heating to 20 ± 3, 250, and 750°C (above the ambient temperature). Micro-CT images were also used for qualitative and quantitative data for material volume and defected volume investigations. For the micro-CT evaluation, pores larger than 10 µm (the pixel size of the CT images) were considered. These pore sizes were considered to determine the defected volume and total material volume (Vc). The material volume refers to the volume of hydration product and aggregate volume that remains after heating the specimens, while defected volume refers to the volume of dehydration and dehydroxylation products that escape after the specimens are heated. Figure 9 demonstrates the variation in the number of deficiencies in the specimens with increasing temperature. In all the specimens, after exposure to 250°C, a subtle coarsening of the porous structure resulted in comparison with the unheated specimens. Changes in the microstructure of cement paste at this temperature are primarily associated with the release of water and initiation of the process of decomposition of hydration products [41,97]. This coarsens the pore structure as reported previously [94]. The porosity variations at this temperature are subtle, as observed in our study. Nonetheless, there was a discernible difference between the OPC specimen and GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 specimens. Cracks were discovered in plain OPC specimens, but no visible cracks were found in the GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 specimens with coarsened pores. The total material volume (Vc) of sample OPC at 0°C was 23180.52 mm3, while the GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 specimens’ total volumes were 23995.16, 24700.54, and 25004.97 mm3, respectively. Moreover, the defect volumes were 273.56, 189.13, 118.05, and 241.13 mm3 for the OPC, GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 specimens, respectively. Here, GO contained higher amounts of hydration products than OPC and the retainment of CH was also high. Additionally, the volume change ratio at 20 ± 3°C was expressed in percent for OPC, GO-0.1, GO-0.2, GO-0.3, respectively.

Table 3

Micro-CT data for material volume

Data 20 ± 3°C 250°C 750°C
OPC Material volume (mm³) 23180.52 23018.18 20263.54
Defected volume (mm³) 273.56 260.14 145.98
GO-0.1 Material volume (mm³) 23995.16 24348.31 21957.21
Defected volume (mm³) 189.13 329.4 288.28
GO-0.2 Material volume (mm³) 24700.54 24546.14 22244.33
Defected volume (mm³) 118.05 213.93 165.57
GO-0.3 Material volume (mm³) 25004.97 24465.54 22508.38
Defected volume (mm³) 241.13 147.6 208.74

The microstructure of cement pastes deteriorated noticeably when exposed to 250°C. All specimens had discernible cracking patterns after being exposed to 250°C. These cracks and volume changes are primarily caused by C–S–H dehydration. The OPC specimen’s volume change ratio was 1.13%, which was determined using the material volume (23018.18 mm3) and defected volume (260.14 mm3). However, the GO-0.1 specimen had 1.35% volume change ratio (material volume of 24348.31 mm3 and defected volume of 329.4 mm3). GO-0.1 had the least cracking followed by GO-0.2 and GO-0.3 (volume change ratios of 0.872 and 0.63%, respectively). Figure 9 verifies that using GO reduces cement paste cracking at this temperature. When the amount of GO in the specimens was increased, however, the opposite behaviors were observed. In Figure 9, the GO-0.2 and GO-0.3 specimens had larger and more cracks than the GO-0.1 specimens. In both specimens (GO-0.2 and GO-0.3), the volume change ratios were 0.872 and 0.63% at 250°C, respectively; this was smaller than the corresponding GO-0.1 value (1.35%). This means that the material volume of GO-0.2 and GO-0.3 is less stable than that of GO-0.1. The use of the appropriate amount of GO possibly made the C–S–H bond stronger leading to this effect. As shown in Figure 12, after exposure to 750°C, both the mechanical characteristics of specimens and the microstructure of cementitious materials underwent degradation. Exposure to temperatures above 450°C resulted in the increased dissolution of the C–S–H phase and also the initiation of CH decomposition (400–550°C) [98,99]. The micro-CT study revealed that these phenomena contributed to a significant increase in cement matrix porosity along with micro-cracking. The total material volume of the OPC specimen was 20263.54 mm3 at exposure to 750°C. The incorporation of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt% of GO resulted in a significant reduction in the cracking process. Here, the cracking is visible in Figure 9, and the changes in material volume when the cracks formed in the specimens are also mentioned. Furthermore, for GO-0.1, the single microcracks were wider and longer. In contrast, the specimens containing 0.2 and 0.3 wt% of GO were more prone to cracking than the OPC specimen or the specimens containing the optimal amount of GO (GO-0.1). The total material volume increased significantly for GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3. These findings are consistent with the compressive strength results presented in the previous section.

According to optical microscopy analysis, the favorable effects of GO incorporation, identified by micro-CT, can also be characterized on the macro-scale. However, only minor imperfections were ascertained in the specimens due to the limited changes in the microstructure after exposure to 250°C. As a result, the visual inspection included only the samples exposed to temperatures of 250 and 750°C. The highest deterioration rate was observed for the OPC specimen after exposure to 750°C, with GO-0.1, GO-0.2, and GO-0.3 exhibiting a comparable number of surface cracks. Furthermore, after exposure to 750°C, both the mechanical characteristics of specimens and the microstructure of cementitious materials underwent degradation. A visual inspection confirmed the findings of the micro-CT analysis.

Cluster formation results when the quantity of GO surpasses the optimum amount, leading to an increase in cement matrix porosity and a consequent reduction in strength. The effect was not pronounced in specimens containing 0.2 wt% of GO; however, the incorporation of 0.3 wt% of GO resulted in strength and microstructure degradation as the temperature increased.

As a result, incorporating the optimum amount of GO is critical for providing adequate thermal tolerance. Microstructural and mechanical effectiveness of the specimens can be expected to improve when appropriate amount of GO is incorporated. GO facilitates better mechanical characteristics in the cement composites due to its enhanced binding capacity with cement matrices and nanoparticles and its higher thermal resistance, which leads to a higher strength in the unheated state and during exposure to temperatures of up to 750°C (compared with that of OPC).

3.5 Dynamic modulus of elasticity

Table 4 summarizes the elastic modulus from the dynamic modulus of elasticity measurement by the resonance vibration equipment. In general, the stiffness and volume of the components have a significant influence on the elastic modulus of composites. Given that the GO weight fraction in cement paste is only 0.05%, it is not surprising that the elastic modulus of the GO cement composite is close to that of the cement paste. A minor increase in the elastic modulus (from 3.48 to 3.70 GPa) could be attributed to a reduction in the number of original shrinkage cracks due to the effect of GO. Here, the dynamic modulus of elasticity range is 22.08–34.19 GPa based on the considered exposure temperature values (250, 500, 750, and 1,000°C). Decarbonation in GO-0.2 at ∼700°C could have caused the decrease in the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the GO-0.2 specimen at 750°C. The dynamic modulus of elasticity of the specimens at different temperatures is compared in Figure 10. A higher dynamic elastic modulus relative (%) suggests that the concrete can withstand higher loads based on its strength and brittleness properties.

Table 4

Dynamic modulus of elasticity of the specimens

Type Dynamic modulus of elasticity based on temperature (GPa)
250°C 500°C 750°C 1,000°C
OPC 26.06 31.51 33.89 32.47
GO-0.1 27.57 30.39 32.75 28.62
GO-0.2 24.29 34.19 23.93 32.32
GO-0.3 22.08 23.11 23.82 33.68
Figure 10 Dynamic elastic modulus relative (%) at different temperatures.
Figure 10

Dynamic elastic modulus relative (%) at different temperatures.

3.6 XRD analysis after thermal exposure

After heating, all experimental samples were stored in a dry state for more than 7 days before performing the XRD experiments. The C3S peak in the G-0.1 sample decreased when the temperature reached 250°C indicating that the hydration continued. The same effect was responsible for the compressive strength enhancement. There was no significant difference in the crystal plane peaks of hydration products of the OPC sample and the G-0.3 sample at 0 and 250°C, and the C3S clinker peak of the G-0.1 sample was reduced. This indicated the progression of clinker hydration, possibly leading to an increase in the compressive strength. Furthermore, after heating to 750°C, the crystal plane peak disappeared in all the samples due to portlandite dehydration, and the crystal plane peak of calcium silicate produced by the decomposition of C–S–H gel was increased. After 7 days of temperature rise, all specimens were stored in dry condition, and the XRD experiment was performed to recover calcite from the initial temperature product. In comparison with OPC, the GO-incorporated sample had a lower peak of calcite crystal plane; this had an impact on the recovery process (Figure 11).

Figure 11 XRD patterns after thermal exposure.
Figure 11

XRD patterns after thermal exposure.

3.7 SEM and EDS

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging was used to investigate the behavior of GO 0.1 and 0.2% on the cement hydration crystal. The microstructures of the hydrated cement mixed with GO (0.1 and 0.2%) at 28 days are represented in the SEM and EDS results as shown in Figure 12. The SEM image of the microstructure of cement paste after 28 days demonstrates that the GO content had a dominant effect on the intensity of flower-shaped needle-like crystal-like structures. The products of cement hydration have a flower-shaped 5 content of 0.1 and 0.2% by weight of cement. During the 28-day curing period, the flower-shaped needle-like crystalline form becomes thinner and denser as the GO content increases from 0.1 to 0.2%. The CaCO3 crystal distribution in hydrated cement composites would be identified by inspecting the CaCO3 crystal in the entire SEM using EDS.

Figure 12 SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of G0-0.1 and 0.2 at 28 days: (a) SEM GO-0.1, (b) SEM GO-0.2, (c) EDS GO-0.1, and (d) EDS GO-0.2.
Figure 12

SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of G0-0.1 and 0.2 at 28 days: (a) SEM GO-0.1, (b) SEM GO-0.2, (c) EDS GO-0.1, and (d) EDS GO-0.2.

4 Conclusion

An extensive experimental investigation was performed to characterize the mechanical properties of cement composites to investigate the mechanism of GO in improving the properties of cement composites and the microstructure of GO cement composites. Based on the results obtained in this study, the following conclusions were derived:

  1. For a constant w/c ratio, the compressive strength of cement pastes with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt% of GO was higher than that of the OPC paste. The porosity was analyzed to understand the effect of nanoscale micro-cracking on the mechanical properties. Among all the samples tested after 28 and 56 days of curing, GO-0.1 was optimal for compressive strength enhancement.

  2. Thermal exposure resulted in additional hydration of anhydrous cement grains; this increased the compressive strength of the GO-0.1 sample at 250°C compared with the unheated sample. However, after exposure to temperatures above 500°C, the compressive strengths of GO-0.2 and GO-0.3 samples deteriorated compared with that of the OPC sample, while the compressive strength of the GO-0.1 sample was higher than that of the OPC sample. This resulted from the chemical compositional effect.

  3. The incorporation of the optimal amount of GO resulted in the reduction of cracking of specimens under the tested temperatures of up to 500°C. However, the excessive agglomeration of GO nanosheets reduced the thermal resistance of cement paste resulting in lower strength values and increased micro-cracking.

  4. The measured dynamic modulus of elasticity and XRD analysis after thermal exposure demonstrates the enhancement in mechanical characteristics of the GO cement composite. The results of the study can be used to arrive at the optimum content of GO for the desired mechanical characteristics of the cement nanocomposites.

Investigations with GO revealed that it has good reinforcing and microstructural properties due to its active functional groups, as well as a much higher specific surface area than 0-D nanoparticles. At the molecular level, GO has been shown to influence cement hydration properties. The direct mixing of GO in cement improves the mechanical properties of the resulting composites due to changes in pore size distribution, the formation of gel materials in the pores, and the resulting ability to effectively inhibit ion ingress. The nano-reinforcing and water-dispersion properties of GO could be investigated further in order to develop self-healing concrete and other self-repairing materials. When compared to cement and other cement supplementary nanomaterials, the production of GO is highly environmentally friendly. As a result, an in-depth life-cycle cost assessment and carbon footprint analysis of GO–cement-based composite systems should be performed. Advances in GO production and GO–cement composite materials may increase construction efficiency, while reducing the overall carbon into the environment.

# These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered first co-authors.

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea and grant No. NRF-2019R1A6A3A01096309 and NRF-2020R1A2C3009894

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Balaguru P, Chong K. Nanotechnology and concrete: research opportunities. Proceedings of ACI session on nanotechnology of concrete: recent developments and future perspectives. Denver, USA; November, 2006. p. 15–28.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Kumar A, Kumar S, Mukhopadhyay NK, Yadav A, Kumar V, Winczek J. Effect of variation of SiC reinforcement on wear behaviour of AZ91 alloy composites. Materials. 2021;14(4):990.10.3390/ma14040990Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Abebe Emiru A, Sinha DK, Kumar A, Yadav A. Fabrication and characterization of hybrid aluminium (Al6061) metal matrix composite reinforced with SiC, B4C and MoS2 via stir casting. Int J Metalcast. 2022;1–12. 10.1007/s40962-022-00800-1.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Ali KSA, Mohanavel V, Vendan SA, Ravichandran M, Yadav A, Gucwa M, et al. Mechanical and microstructural characterization of friction stir welded SiC and B4C reinforced aluminium alloy AA6061 metal matrix composites. Materials. 2021;14(11):3110.10.3390/ma14113110Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Li Q, He C, Zhou H, Xie Z, Li D. Effects of polycarboxylate superplasticizer-modified graphene oxide on hydration characteristics and mechanical behavior of cement. Constr Build Mater. 2021;272:121904.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121904Search in Google Scholar

[6] Jiang Z, Sevim O, Ozbulut OE. Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelets-reinforced concrete prepared with different dispersion techniques. Constr Build Mater. 2021;303:124472.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124472Search in Google Scholar

[7] Mowlaei R, Lin J, de Souza FB, Fouladi A, Korayem AH, Shamsaei E, et al. The effects of graphene oxide–silica nanohybrids on the workability, hydration, and mechanical properties of Portland cement paste. Constr Build Mater. 2021;266:121016.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121016Search in Google Scholar

[8] Chuah S, Pan Z, Sanjayan JG, Wang CM, Duan WH. Nano reinforced cement and concrete composites and new perspective from graphene oxide. Constr Build Mater. 2014;73:113–24. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.040.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Pan Z, He L, Qiu L, Korayem AH, Li G, Zhu JW, et al. Mechanical properties and microstructure of a graphene oxide–cement composite. Cement Concr Compos. 2015;58:140–7. 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.02.001.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Brodie BC. XIII. On the atomic weight of graphite. Philos Trans R Soc London. 1859;149:249–59. 10.1098/rstl.1859.0013.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Zeng H, Lai Y, Qu S, Yu F. Effect of graphene oxide on permeability of cement materials: an experimental and theoretical perspective. J Build Eng. 2021;41:102326.10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102326Search in Google Scholar

[12] Kumar HV, Woltornist SJ, Adamson DH. Fractionation and characterization of graphene oxide by oxidation extent through emulsion stabilization. Carbon. 2016;98:491–5. 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.083.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Tong T, Fan Z, Liu Q, Wang S, Tan S, Yu Q. Investigation of the effects of graphene and graphene oxide nanoplatelets on the micro-and macro-properties of cementitious materials. Constr Build Mater. 2016;106:102–14. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.092.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Chuah S, Li W, Chen SJ, Sanjayan JG, Duan WH. Investigation on dispersion of graphene oxide in cement composite using different surfactant treatments. Constr Build Mater. 2018;161:519–27. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.154.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Liu C, Huang X, Wu YY, Deng X, Zheng Z, Xu Z, et al. Advance on the dispersion treatment of graphene oxide and the graphene oxide modified cement-based materials. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;10(1):34–49.10.1515/ntrev-2021-0003Search in Google Scholar

[16] Suo Y, Guo R, Xia H, Yang Y, Zhou B, Zhao Z. A review of graphene oxide/cement composites: performance, functionality, mechanisms, and prospects. J Build Eng. 2022;53:104502.10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104502Search in Google Scholar

[17] Li X, Lu Z, Chuah S, Li W, Liu Y, Duan WH, et al. Effects of graphene oxide aggregates on hydration degree, sorptivity, and tensile splitting strength of cement paste. Compos Appl Sci Manuf. 2017;100:1–8. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.05.002.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Dikin DA, Stankovich S, Zimney EJ, Piner RD, Dommett GH, Evmenenko G, et al. Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature. 2007;448(7152):457–60. 10.1038/nature06016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] Li X, Korayem AH, Li C, Liu Y, He H, Sanjayan JG, et al. Incorporation of graphene oxide and silica fume into cement paste: a study of dispersion and compressive strength. Constr Build Mater. 2016;123:327–35. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.022.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Li GY, Wang PM, Zhao X. Mechanical behavior and microstructure of cement composites incorporating surface-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon. 2005;43(6):1239–45. 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.017.Search in Google Scholar

[21] Shang Y, Zhang D, Yang C, Liu Y, Liu Y. Effect of graphene oxide on the rheological properties of cement pastes. Constr Build Mater. 2015;96:20–8. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.181.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Gong K, Pan Z, Korayem AH, Qiu L, Li D, Collins F, et al. Reinforcing effects of graphene oxide on portland cement paste. J Mater Civ Eng. 2015;27(2):A4014010. 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001125.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk JW, Potts JR, et al. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater. 2010;22(35):3906–24. 10.1002/adma.201001068.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[24] Lv S, Liu J, Sun T, Ma Y, Zhou Q. Effect of GO nanosheets on shapes of cement hydration crystals and their formation process. Constr Build Mater. 2014;64:231–9. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.061.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Lv S, Ma Y, Qiu C, Sun T, Liu J, Zhou Q. Effect of graphene oxide nanosheets of microstructure and mechanical properties of cement composites. Constr Build Mater. 2013;49:121–7. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.022.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Liu C, Huang X, Wu YY, Deng X, Zheng Z. The effect of graphene oxide on the mechanical properties, impermeability and corrosion resistance of cement mortar containing mineral admixtures. Constr Build Mater. 2021;288:123059.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123059Search in Google Scholar

[27] Indukuri CSR, Nerella R. Enhanced transport properties of graphene oxide based cement composite material. J Build Eng. 2021;37:102174.10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102174Search in Google Scholar

[28] Chen Y, Li X, Dong B, Du H, Yan R, Wang L. High-temperature properties of cement paste with graphene oxide agglomerates. Constr Build Mater. 2022;320:126286. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126286.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Hager I. Behaviour of cement concrete at high temperature. Bull Pol Acad Sci Tech Sci. 2013;61(1):145–54. 10.2478/bpasts-2013-0013.Search in Google Scholar

[30] Fernandes B, Gil AM, Bolina FL, Tutikian BF. Microstructure of concrete subjected to elevated temperatures: physico-chemical changes and analysis techniques. IBRACON Struct Mater J. 2017;10:838–63. 10.1590/S1983-41952017000400004.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Sikora P, Abd Elrahman M, Chung SY, Cendrowski K, Mijowska E, Stephan D. Mechanical and microstructural properties of cement pastes containing carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube–silica core–shell structures, exposed to elevated temperature. Cement Concr Compos. 2019;95:193–204. 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.006.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Khoury GA. Effect of fire on concrete and concrete structures. Prog Struct Eng Mater. 2000;2(4):429–47. 10.1002/pse.51.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Kodur V. Properties of concrete at elevated temperatures. ISRN. 2014;2014:1–15. 10.1155/2014/468510.Search in Google Scholar

[34] Ma Q, Guo R, Zhao Z, Lin Z, He K. Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature – a review. Constr Build Mater. 2015;93:371–83. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.131.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Haneefa KM, Santhanam M, Parida FC. Review of concrete performance at elevated temperature and hot sodium exposure applications in nuclear industry. Nucl Eng Des. 2013;258:76–88. 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.01.018.Search in Google Scholar

[36] El-Gamal SM, Abo-El-Enein SA, El-Hosiny FI, Amin MS, Ramadan M. Thermal resistance, microstructure and mechanical properties of type I Portland cement pastes containing low-cost nanoparticles. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131(2):949–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6629-1.Search in Google Scholar

[37] Heikal M, Ismail MN, Ibrahim NS. Physico-mechanical, microstructure characteristics and fire resistance of cement pastes containing Al2O3 nano-particles. Constr Build Mater. 2015;91:232–42. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.036.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Horszczaruk E, Sikora P, Cendrowski K, Mijowska E. The effect of elevated temperature on the properties of cement mortars containing nanosilica and heavyweight aggregates. Constr Build Mater. 2017;137:420–31. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.003.Search in Google Scholar

[39] Irshidat MR, Al-Saleh MH. Thermal performance and fire resistance of nanoclay modified cementitious materials. Constr Build Mater. 2018;159:213–9. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.127.Search in Google Scholar

[40] Lim S, Mondal P. Effects of nanosilica addition on increased thermal stability of cement-based composite. ACI Mater J. 2015;112(2):305–15. 10.3342/kjorl-hns.2015.58.5.305.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Marushchak U, Sanytsky M, Olevych Y. Effects of elevated temperatures on the properties of nanomodified rapid hardening concretes. MATEC Web Conf. 2017;116(5):1008. 10.1051/matecconf/201711601008.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Wang WC. Compressive strength and thermal conductivity of concrete with nanoclay under various high-temperatures. Constr Build Mater. 2017;147:305–11. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.141.Search in Google Scholar

[43] Mohammed A, Sanjayan JG, Nazari A, Al-Saadi NT. Effects of graphene oxide in enhancing the performance of concrete exposed to high-temperature. Aust J Civ Eng. 2017;15(1):61–71. 10.1080/14488353.2017.1372849.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Zhang LW, Kai MF, Liew KM. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical performance of CNT-reinforced cementitious composites at elevated temperatures. Compos Part A. 2017;95:286–93. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.02.001.Search in Google Scholar

[45] Chu HY, Jiang JY, Sun W, Zhang M. Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene sulfonate nanosheet reinforced sacrificial concrete at elevated temperatures. Constr Build Mater. 2017;153:682–94. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.157.Search in Google Scholar

[46] Amin MS, El-Gamal SM, Hashem FS. Fire resistance and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes–clay bricks wastes (Homra) composites cement. Constr Build Mater. 2015;98:237–49. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.074.Search in Google Scholar

[47] Mohammed A, Sanjayan JG, Duan WH, Nazari A. Incorporating graphene oxide in cement composites: a study of transport properties. Constr Build Mater. 2015;84:341–7. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.083.Search in Google Scholar

[48] Wang Q, Wang J, Lu CX, Liu BW, Zhang K, Li CZ. Influence of graphene oxide additions on the microstructure and mechanical strength of cement. New Carbon Mater. 2015;30(4):349–56. 10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60194-9.Search in Google Scholar

[49] Chakraborty S, Kundu SP, Roy A, Adhikari B, Majumder SB. Effect of jute as fiber reinforcement controlling the hydration characteristics of cement matrix. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2013;52(3):1252–60. 10.1021/ie300607r.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Zhai S, Pang B, Liu G, Zhang Y, Xu K, She W, et al. Investigation 2pt?>on preparation and multifunctionality of reduced graphene oxide cement mortar. Constr Build Mater. 2021;275:122119.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122119Search in Google Scholar

[51] Lu Z, Hou D, Meng L, Sun G, Lu C, Li Z. Mechanism of cement paste reinforced by graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes composites with enhanced mechanical properties. RSC Adv. 2015;5(122):100598–605. 10.1039/c5ra18602a.Search in Google Scholar

[52] Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GH, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA, et al. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature. 2006;442(7100):282–6.10.1038/nature04969Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[53] Stankovich S, Piner RD, Chen X, Wu N, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS. Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nano platelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly (sodium 4-styrene suffocate). J Mater Chem. 2006;16(2):155–8.10.1039/B512799HSearch in Google Scholar

[54] Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk JW, Potts JR, et al. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater. 2010;22(35):3906–24.10.1002/adma.201001068Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[55] Alkhateb H, Alostaz A, Cheng AHD, Li X. Materials genome for graphene–cement nanocomposites. J Nanomech Micromech. 2013;3:67–77.10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000055Search in Google Scholar

[56] Fan Z. Investigation on properties of cementitious materials reinforced by graphene. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh; 2014.Search in Google Scholar

[57] Babak F, Abolfazl H, Alimorad R, Parviz G. Preparation and mechanical properties of graphene oxide: cement nanocomposites. Sci World J. 2014;1:1–10.10.1155/2014/276323Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[58] Pellenq RJM, Van Damme H. Why does concrete set? The nature of cohesion forces in hardened cement-based materials. MRS Bull. 2011;29(5):319–23.10.1557/mrs2004.97Search in Google Scholar

[59] Liu Y, Jia M, Song C, Lu S, Wang H, Zhang G, et al. Enhancing ultra-early strength of sulphoaluminate cement-based materials by incorporating graphene oxide. Nanotechnol Rev. 2020;9(1):17–27.10.1515/ntrev-2020-0002Search in Google Scholar

[60] Wang L, Li Q, Song J, Liu S. Effect of graphene oxide on early hydration and compressive strength of Portland cementcopper tailing powder composite binder. Powder Technol. 2021;386:428–36.10.1016/j.powtec.2021.04.006Search in Google Scholar

[61] Kong D, Huang S, Corr D, Yang Y Shah SP. Whether do nanoparticles act as nucleation sites for C–S–H gel growth during cement hydration. Cem Concr Compos. 2018;87:98–109.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.12.007Search in Google Scholar

[62] Neville AM. Properties of concrete. Chichester: Wiley; 2012.Search in Google Scholar

[63] Nathan B, Chaurand P, Vicente J, Borschneck D, Levard C, Aguerre-Chariol O, et al. Micro- and nano-X-ray computed-tomography: a step forward in the characterization of the pore network of a leached cement paste. Cement Concr Res. 2015;67:138–47.10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.08.007Search in Google Scholar

[64] Chung S-Y, Abd Elrahman M, Sikora P, Rucinska T, Horszczaruk E, Stephan D. Evaluation of the effects of crushed and expanded waste glass aggregates on the material properties of lightweight concrete using image-based approaches. Materials. 2017;10:1354.10.3390/ma10121354Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[65] Zhang M. Pore-scale modelling of relative permeability of cementitious materials using X-ray computed microtomography images. Cement Concr Res. 2017;95:18–29.10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.005Search in Google Scholar

[66] Lu H, Alymov E, Shah S, Peterson K. Measurement of air void system in lightweight concrete by X-ray computed tomography. Constr Build Mater. 2017;152:467–83.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.180Search in Google Scholar

[67] Gastaldi D, Canonico F, Capelli L, Boccaleri E, Milanesio M, Palin L, et al. In situ tomographic investigation on the early hydration behaviors of cementing systems. Constr Build Mater. 2012;29:284–90.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.016Search in Google Scholar

[68] Parisatto M, Dalconi MC, Valentini L, Artioli G, Rack A, Tucoulou R, et al. Examining microstructural evolution of Portland cements by in-situ synchrotron micro-tomography. J Mater Sci. 2015;50:1805–17.10.1007/s10853-014-8743-9Search in Google Scholar

[69] Huang Y, Yan D, Yang Z, Liu G. 2D and 3D homogenization and fracture analysis of concrete based on in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography images and Monte Carlo simulations. Eng Fract Mech. 2016;163:37–54.10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.06.018Search in Google Scholar

[70] Huang Y, Yang Z, Ren W, Liu G, Zhang C. 3D meso-scale fracture modelling and validation of concrete based on in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography images using damage plasticity model. Int J Solid Struct. 2015;67–68:340–52.10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.05.002Search in Google Scholar

[71] Yang Z, Ren W, Sharma R, McDonald S, Mostafavi M, Vertyagina Y, et al. In situ X-ray computed tomography characterisation of 3D fracture evolution and image-based numerical homogenisation of concrete. Cement Concr Compos. 2017;75:74–83.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.10.001Search in Google Scholar

[72] Yang HB, Cui HZ, Tang WC, Li ZJ, Han NX, Xing F. A critical review on research progress of graphene/cement based composites. Compos Part A. 2017;102:273–96.10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.07.019Search in Google Scholar

[73] Wang Q, Wang J, Lv CX, Cui XY, Li SY, Wang X. Rheological behavior of fresh cement pastes with a graphene oxide additive. New Carbon Mater. 2016;31(6):574–84.10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60033-1Search in Google Scholar

[74] Zheng QF, Han BG, Cui X, Yu X, Ou JP. Graphene-engineered cementitious composites: small makes a big impact. Nanomater Nanotechnol. 2017;7:1–18.10.1177/1847980417742304Search in Google Scholar

[75] Li ZY, Liu YM, Li WG, Li CY, Sanjayan JG, Duan WH, et al. Effects of graphene oxide agglomerates on workability, hydration, microstructure and compressive strength of cement paste. Constr Build Mater. 2017;145:402–10.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.058Search in Google Scholar

[76] Lu ZY, Li ZY, Hanif A, Chen BM, Parthasarathy P, Yu JG, et al. Early-age interaction mechanism between the graphene oxide and cement hydrates. Constr Build Mater. 2017;152:232–9.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.176Search in Google Scholar

[77] Wang M, Wang RM, Yao H, Wang ZJ. Adsorption characteristics of graphene oxide nanosheets on cement. RSC Adv. 2016;6:63365–72.10.1039/C6RA10902KSearch in Google Scholar

[78] Horszczaruk E, Mijowska E, Kalenczuk RJ, Aleksandrzak M, Mijowska S. Nanocomposite of cement/graphene oxide – impact on hydration kinetics and Young’ s modulus. Const Build Mater. 2015;78:234–42.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.009Search in Google Scholar

[79] Long WJ, Ye TH, Gu YC, Li HD, Xing F. Inhibited effect of graphene oxide on calcium leaching of cement pastes. Constr Build Mater. 2019;202:177–88.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.194Search in Google Scholar

[80] Long WJ, Wei JJ, Xing F, Khayat KH. Enhanced dynamic mechanical properties of cement paste modified with graphene oxide nanosheets and its reinforcing mechanism. Cem Concr Compos. 2018;93:127–39.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.07.001Search in Google Scholar

[81] Qin H, Wei W, Hu YH. Synergistic effect of graphene-oxide-doping and microwave-curing on mechanical strength of cement. J Phys Chem Solids. 2017;103:67–72.10.1016/j.jpcs.2016.12.009Search in Google Scholar

[82] Sharma S, Kothiyal NC. Influence of graphene oxide as dispersed phase in cement mortar matrix in defining the crystal patterns of cement hydrates and its effect on mechanical, microstructural and crystallization properties. RSC Adv. 2015;5:52642–57.10.1039/C5RA08078ASearch in Google Scholar

[83] Lin CQ, Wei W, Hu YH. Catalytic behavior of graphene oxide for cement hydration process. J Phys Chem Solids. 2016;89:128–33.10.1016/j.jpcs.2015.11.002Search in Google Scholar

[84] Qureshi TS, Panesar DK. Impact of graphene oxide and highly reduced graphene oxide on cement based composites. Constr Build Mater. 2019;206:71–83.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.176Search in Google Scholar

[85] Zhao L, Guo XL, Liu YY, Ge C, Guo LP, Shu X, et al. Synergistic effects of silica nanoparticles/polycarboxylate superplasticizer modified graphene oxide on mechanical behavior and hydration process of cement composites. RSC Adv. 2017;7:16688–702.10.1039/C7RA01716BSearch in Google Scholar

[86] Mavropoulou N, Katsiotis N, Giannakopoulos J, Koutsodontis K, Papageorgiou D, Chaniotakis E, et al. Durability evaluation of cement exposed to combined action of chloride and sulphate ions at elevated temperature: the role of limestone filler. Constr Build Mater. 2016;124:558–65.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.134Search in Google Scholar

[87] Huang HL, Qian CX, Zhao F, Qu J, Guo JQ, Danzinger M. Improvement on microstructure of concrete by polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) and its influence on durability of concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2016;110:293–9.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.041Search in Google Scholar

[88] Devi SC, Khan RA. Effect of graphene oxide on mechanical and durability performance of concrete. J Build Eng. 2020;27:101007.10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101007Search in Google Scholar

[89] Mohsen MO, Taha R, Abu Taqa A, Shaat A. Optimum carbon nanotubes’ content for improving flexural and compressive strength of cement paste. Constr Build Mater. 2017;150:395–403.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.020Search in Google Scholar

[90] Lu L, Ouyang D, Xu W. Mechanical properties and durability of ultra high strength concrete incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Materials. 2016;9(6):419.10.3390/ma9060419Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[91] Gholampour A, Kiamahalleh V, Tran M, Ozbakkaloglu DNT, Losic D. From graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide: impact on the physiochemical and mechanical properties of graphene–cement composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9(49):43275–86.10.1021/acsami.7b16736Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[92] Lin Y, Du H. Graphene reinforced cement composites: a review. Constr Build Mater. 2020;265:120312.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120312Search in Google Scholar

[93] Heikal M, Ali AI, Ismail MN, Awad S, Ibrahim NS. Behavior of composite cement pastes containing silica nano-particles at elevated temperature. Constr Build Mater. 2014;70:339–50.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.078Search in Google Scholar

[94] Demirel B, Keleştemur O. Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume. Fire Saf J. 2010;45:385–91.10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.08.002Search in Google Scholar

[95] Heikal M. Characteristics, textural properties and fire resistance of cement pastes containing Fe2O3 nano-particles. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;126:1077–87.10.1007/s10973-016-5715-0Search in Google Scholar

[96] Kang S-M, Na S-H, Kim K-N, Song M-S. Pore structure changes in hardened cement paste exposed to elevated temperature. J Kor Chem Soc. 2015;52(1):48–55.10.4191/kcers.2015.52.1.48Search in Google Scholar

[97] Hachemi S. Performance of concrete containing crushed brick aggregate exposed to different fire temperatures. Eur J Environ Civ Eng. 2015;19(7):805–24.10.1080/19648189.2014.973535Search in Google Scholar

[98] Mendes A, Sanjayan JG, Gates WP, Collins F. The influence of water absorption and porosity on the deterioration of cement paste and concrete exposed to elevated temperatures, as in a fire event. Cement Concr Compos. 2012;34:1067–74.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.06.007Search in Google Scholar

[99] Heo Y, Lee G, Lee G. Effect of elevated temperatures on chemical properties, microstructure and carbonation of cement paste. J Ceram Process Res. 2016;17(6):648–52.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-07-13
Revised: 2022-08-29
Accepted: 2022-09-14
Published Online: 2022-12-03

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0495
Keywords for this article
cement nanocomposites; graphene oxide; microstructure; cement
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 6.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0495/html
Scroll to top button