Startseite Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
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Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

  • Masudulla Khan , Zaki A. Siddiqui EMAIL logo , Aiman Parveen , Azmat Ali Khan EMAIL logo , Il Soo Moon und Mahboob Alam EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 11. April 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 11 Heft 1

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) have a critical function in mitigating the disease of fruits and vegetables. In the present investigation, the effects of three levels of concentrations (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/mL) of titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2-NPs) and silicon dioxide NPs (SiO2-NPs) were investigated against fungus Phomopsis vexans, bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, and Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode). The present investigation’s findings found that the application of SiO2-NPs was more efficient against test pathogens in comparison to TiO2-NPs. The best result produced by SiO2-NPs against pathogenic strain was used in the molecular docking investigation with the protein of R. solanacearum to better understand the interaction of active amino acids with SiO2-NPs. The obtained results revealed that the administration of 0.20 mg/mL foliar spray of SiO2-NPs in plants with M. incognita improves up to 37.92% of shoot dry weight and increases 70.42% of chlorophyll content. P. vexans growth was suppressed by 41.2% with 0.62 mm of inhibition zone when SiO2-NPs were given at a dosage of 0.20 mg/mL. The reductions in egg hatching and M. incognita (J2) mortality were greater in SiO2-NPs than in TiO2-NPs. The results of scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the application of both NPs harmed test pathogens. The confocal study also showed the penetration of NPs among test pathogens.

Keywords: SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles; Ralstonia solanacearum ; Phomopsis vexans ; Meloidogyne incognita ; docking simulation

1 Introduction

In the last decade, the human population is increasing day by day at the global level; it is expected that will be populated by 10 billion by 2050 and 800 million people will be facing a hunger situation by the year 2030 [1]. Thus, with the increasing population, it is needed to increase the production of the agriculture sector worldwide to achieve zero hunger. Around 4,100 plant-parasitic nematode species are responsible to cause diseases in agriculturally important plants and cause yield loss of around $US157 billion per year worldwide [2,3]. Generally, to control these diseases in plants, chemical pesticides are used on a large scale in the agriculture sector. The use of chemical pesticides can cause risks to human health and the environment through bioaccumulation and eutrophication. To overcome this problem, there is a need to find out alternatives to chemical pesticides for disease management in plants.

Recently, the demands for the use of nanotechnology in the agriculture sector have been rapidly increased to increase food production by avoiding the use of chemical pesticides for plant disease management.

Nanotechnology is an innovative scientific approach to developing materials at the nanoscale to take forward the agro-food sector with promising new tools and technology to increase food safety and security by protecting plants from pests and microbes. Nano, a Greek word that means dwarf, and materials with a range of 1–100 nm or 1.0 × 10−9 m are known as nanoparticles (NPs) and they have unique properties, which are absent in bulk material [4,5]. Nanotechnology could provide a diverse way in agriculture, such as the production of nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-nutrients, nanocides, and nano-herbicides, and it starts a new era as agro-nanotechnology [6,7]. They have the potential to boost the plant metabolism, could stimulate seed germination, and induce defense against pests and pathogens [8,9]. NP, such as silicon (Si), is generally known for its beneficial effects on plants’ growth and physiological activities. It has the potential to mitigate the biotic stress in plants and induce the defense in plants against pathogens, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, by reducing pathogen colonization and by inducing resistance [10,11]. The antimicrobial efficiency of the Si can be due to its induction of defense gene expression, which is related to pathogen-related proteins, hypersensitivity responses, and antimicrobial compound synthesis [12,13]. The nano-SiO2 is also used in the agriculture sector to develop the nano-fertilizers to improve the seed efficiency for germination with protection against several types of pathogens in plants [14]. Moreover, the titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2-NPs) are also used in the agriculture sector as an alternative to chemical pesticides for plant disease management and promote plant growth due to increasing antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens and reducing ecological toxicity [15,16]. This might be possible due to the strong oxidation reaction of titanium dioxide (TiO2) against organic compounds. However, the field application of NPs in plant disease management has not been properly investigated yet. The current investigation aimed to examine the effects of three levels of concentrations (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/mL) of TiO2-NPs and silicon dioxide NPs (SiO2-NPs) in the disease management of eggplants. The study also explores the antimicrobial activity of NPs against microbial strains, i.e., fungus Phomopsis vexans, bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, and Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) of eggplants. Furthermore, molecular docking of SiO2-NPs against R. solanacearum protein was performed to determine amino acid interactions with NPs to better understand the mechanistic approach to control the propagation of pathogenic strain.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Experimental setup

Eggplant seeds (CV. Navkiran) were surface sterilized (3.5 kg of soil in clay pots with 30-cm diameter) as described in our previous study [17]. In this experiment, sandy loam soil was used and gathered from the field of the Botany Department, Aligarh Muslim University, India. Inoculation of pathogens and sterilization of soil were also done as explained in our previous study [17]. After being inoculated, jars were kept at 30°C on a glasshouse bench. Five replicates for each treatment were used. Every day, 200 mL of water was added to each pot.

2.2 NPs’ preparation

The SiO2 nanopowder (particle size 5–15 nm, spherical, porous, product number 637246-50G) and TiO2-NPs (product number 700347-25G, a mixture of rutile and anatase, particle size <150 nm) were bought from Sigma Aldrich (USA). Spraying of SiO2-NPs/TiO2-NPs with three levels of strengths (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/mL) each was done on 10-day-old seedlings. Suspension of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg of these NPs is prepared by dissolving NPs in 1 mL of distilled water and sonicated for 25–30 min for equal distribution of NPs in water.

2.3 Confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopic study

Nanoparticles effect on R. solanacearum cells, M. incognita and P. vexans hyphae morphological was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM). The SEM was performed after the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita were treated with SiO2- and TiO2-NP suspensions. After being exposed to NPs, J2s were fixed with glutaraldehyde at 40°C for 12 h. After fixing, J2s were dehydrated using an ethanol series treatment for 15 min for each concentration (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, and 100%). Thereafter, J2s were mounted on gold-coated stubs and, finally, J2s were observed under SEM. The R. solanacearum cells were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C and the pellets were collected and rinsed with potassium phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7. After that, the sample was fixed for 5–6 h with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. An ethanol series (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, and 100%) was used to dehydrate the samples for 15 min each. Following that, the samples were subjected to SEM analysis (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The mycelium of P. vexans was fixed for 3–4 h with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and then washed with potassium phosphate buffer. The prepared samples were mounted on SEM stubs and observations were recorded. Confocal microscopic images of penetration of SiO2-NPs in the mycelia and conidia of P. vexans, SiO2-NPs attached with cells of R. solanacearum, and penetration of SiO2-NPs in M. incognita J2 were also taken.

2.4 In vitro study

In vitro studies of the effects of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on P. vexans fungus were investigated. Separately, 0.20 mg/mL of SiO2- and TiO2-NP suspensions were prepared, and 10 mL was added to 500 mL of properly sterilized potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Medium-containing Petri dishes inoculated with fungus P. vexans were kept for 2 weeks to screen the effect of both NPs on the fungal growth. To screen the effect of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on bacterium R. solanacearum, we used a paper disk of 7 mm diameter dipped it in 0.20 mg/mL of NP suspension, dried it for 30 min, and placed it on nutrient agar Petri plate inoculated with R. solanacearum. The antibacterial activity of both NPs was determined by the presence or absence of an inhibitory zone surrounding the Petri dish after 24 h of incubation. To examine the effect of SiO2 NPs/TiO2-NPs on the nematode M. incognita, 50 mL of distilled water was mixed with 0.20 mg/mL suspension (5 mL) and 50 mL of distilled water was placed in each petri-dish. For hatching, ten washed egg masses were placed in each Petri plate. The number of hatched juveniles from eggs was observed under the microscope.

2.5 Statistical analysis

Using the software R (3.6.1) of statistics, a two-way analysis of variance (package library, agricolae) was used to statistically evaluate the data. Duncan’s test was performed to evaluate whether the mean values were significantly different (p = 0.05).

2.6 Molecular docking

A silica NP model made up of (SiO2)72 cluster was used in the docking investigation. The NP framework was built directly using Cartesian atom coordinates derived from the literature [18]. PatchDock and FireDock software were used to conduct a molecular docking investigation [19,20]. Visualization of the best-docked pose was performed using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer.

3 Results

3.1 Biological effects of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on bacteria, fungi, and nematodes

The inhibitory effect of SiO2-NPs was found higher on R. solanacearum than that of TiO2-NPs (Table 1; Figure 1c and g). An inhibition zone of 0.20 mg/mL of SiO2-NP and TiO2-NP was recorded at 0.62 and 0.51 mm, respectively, after 48 h of incubation (Table 1).

Table 1

Impacts of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on fungus and bacteria in vitro, as well as effects of both NPs on M. incognita hatching and mortality

Treatments Inhibition zone (mm)
SiO2 0.20 mg/mL R. solanacearum 0.62a
TiO2 0.20 mg/mL R. solanacearum 0.51b
Treatment Antifungal activity (%)
SiO2 0.20 mg/mL P. vexans 41.2a
TiO2 0.20 mg/mL P. vexans 32.9b
Treatments After 48 h, J2 of M. incognita hatching After 48 h, mortality of J2
Distilled H2O 476a 3c
SiO2 0.20 mg/mL 196c 27a
TiO2 0.20 mg/mL 313b 15b

At p ≤ 0.05, data analysis of significance was done by Duncan’s multiple range test. Within a column, the same letters are not significantly different.

Figure 1 (a and e) P. vexans growth on PDA medium. (b) P. vexans growth on PDA medium with 0.20 mg/mL suspension of SiO2-NPs. (f) P. vexans growth on PDA medium with 0.20 mg/mL solution of TiO2-NPs. (c) Inhibition zone present around a paper disk dipped in 0.20 mg/mL suspension of SiO2-NPs inoculated with R. solanacearum. (g) Inhibition zone formed around a paper disk dipped in 0.20 mg/mL suspension of TiO2-NPs. (d) Treated J2 of M. incognita with 0.20 mg/mL suspension of SiO2-NPs for 24 h. (h) Treated J2 of M. incognita with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs suspension for 24 h.
Figure 1

(a and e) P. vexans growth on PDA medium. (b) P. vexans growth on PDA medium with 0.20 mg/mL suspension of SiO2-NPs. (f) P. vexans growth on PDA medium with 0.20 mg/mL solution of TiO2-NPs. (c) Inhibition zone present around a paper disk dipped in 0.20 mg/mL suspension of SiO2-NPs inoculated with R. solanacearum. (g) Inhibition zone formed around a paper disk dipped in 0.20 mg/mL suspension of TiO2-NPs. (d) Treated J2 of M. incognita with 0.20 mg/mL suspension of SiO2-NPs for 24 h. (h) Treated J2 of M. incognita with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs suspension for 24 h.

Both SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs showed antifungal activity against P. vexans (Table 1; Figure 1b and f). SiO2-NPs are more effective at inhibiting P. vexans than TiO2-NPs. A concentration of 0.20 mg/mL of SiO2-NPs resulted in a 41.2% reduction in the P. vexans growth, while 0.20 mg/mL of TiO2-NPs resulted in a 32.9% reduction in the fungal growth (Table 1).

A concentration of 0.20 mg/mL of both SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs was used to determine the influence on M. incognita mortality and hatching after 48 h of experiment setting (Table 1). SiO2-NPs reduce hatching higher than by TiO2-NPs. SiO2-NPs caused 58.82% inhibition in hatching over control while TiO2-NPs caused 34.24% inhibition in hatching. The mortality of the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita in SiO2-NPs was reported to be 81.0% while the mortality was 45.0% in TiO2-NPs after 48 h. It was observed that both NPs harm J2 of M. incognita (Figure 1d and h).

Scanning electron micrograph of P. vexans treated with SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs shows disturbed and fragmented mycelium and conidia (Figure 2). Deformed cells of R. solanacearum were also observed when treated with SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs. A disturbed cuticle layer of M. incognita’s second-stage juvenile was observed when added to the solution of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs for hatching. Confocal microscopic images show the penetration of SiO2-NPs in mycelium and conidia of P. vexans (Figure 3). SiO2-NPs were also found attached to cells of R. solanacearum. Penetration of SiO2-NPs was also observed in the M. incognita (J2 juvenile) (Figure 3).

Figure 2 SEM images of test pathogens treated with SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs. (a and b) Mycelium and conidia of P. vexans sprayed with 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs. (c) R. solanacearum handled with 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs. (d) Nematode M. incognita handled with 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs. (e and f) Mycelium and conidia of P. vexans handled with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs. (g) R. solanacearum treated with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs. (h) M. incognita J2 treated with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs.
Figure 2

SEM images of test pathogens treated with SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs. (a and b) Mycelium and conidia of P. vexans sprayed with 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs. (c) R. solanacearum handled with 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs. (d) Nematode M. incognita handled with 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs. (e and f) Mycelium and conidia of P. vexans handled with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs. (g) R. solanacearum treated with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs. (h) M. incognita J2 treated with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs.

Figure 3 Confocal microscopic images of test pathogens: (a and b) penetration of SiO2-NPs in the mycelia and conidia of P. vexans; (c) SiO2-NPs attached with cells of R. solanacearum; and (d) penetration of SiO2-NPs in M. incognita J2.
Figure 3

Confocal microscopic images of test pathogens: (a and b) penetration of SiO2-NPs in the mycelia and conidia of P. vexans; (c) SiO2-NPs attached with cells of R. solanacearum; and (d) penetration of SiO2-NPs in M. incognita J2.

3.2 Impact of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on plants with single test pathogen

Plant fresh weight, plant length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, leaf chlorophyll, and carotenoid were significantly affected by NPs and pathogens (p = 0.05).

3.2.1 Effect on the dry weight of shoot

Inoculation of test pathogens (i.e., P. vexans, R. solanacearum, and M. incognita) resulted in a considerable reduction in plant growth attributes. Inoculation of R. solanacearum caused the highest reduction in the plant growth followed by P. vexans and M. incognita (Table 2). A significant increase in plant growth attributes occurs after the foliar spray of TiO2/SiO2-NPs at all concentrations, i.e., 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/mL in comparison to the control one (Table 3). The highest increase in the plant growth was reported at 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs followed by 0.10 mg/mL SiO2-NPs, 0.20 mg/mL TiO2, 0.05 mg/mL SiO2-NPs, and 0.10 mg/mL TiO2. Spray with 0.05 mg/mL TiO2-NPs was the least efficient for the management of pathogens (Table 2).

Table 2

Effect of SiO2-NPs, TiO2 -NPs, P. vexans, M. incognita, including R. solanacearum on eggplant plant growth and photosynthetic pigments

Treatment Plant-length (cm) Plant-fresh wt (g) Shoot-dry wt (g) Root-dry wt (g) Chlorophyll in fresh leaves (mg/g) Carotenoid in fresh leaves (mg/g) Wilt/blight index
Control 71.74a 55.67a 11.05a 2.12a 1.764a 0.0595a —
M. incognita 62.30b 47.92b 10.35b 1.78b 1.500b 0.0515b —
P. vexans 59.45c 45.09c 9.48c 1.69c 1.435c 0.0490c 2
R. solanacearum 57.52d 42.35d 8.48d 1.51d 1.355d 0.0443d 2
Least mean square 62.75 47.75 9.84 1.77 1.513 0.0510 2
LSDP = 0.05 0.918 0.953 0.200 0.042 0.016 0.001
Control 56.98g 42.75f 8.35g 1.13g 0.949g 0.0432g 3
TiO2-0.05 mg/mL 59.72f 44.50e 8.95f 1.38f 1.207f 0.0465f 2
TiO2-0.10 mg/mL 61.37e 46.16d 9.50e 1.63e 1.436e 0.0501d 2
TiO2-0.20 mg/mL 63.90c 48.64c 10.27c 1.97c 1.584c 0.0528c 2
SiO2-0.05 mg/mL 62.67d 47.74c 9.77d 1.82d 1.532d 0.0498e 2
SiO2-0.10 mg/mL 65.69b 50.59b 10.60b 2.12b 1.824b 0.0557b 2
SiO2-0.20 mg/mL 68.86a 53.92a 11.44a 2.39a 2.063a 0.0592a 1
Least mean square 62.74 47.75 9.84 1.77 1.513 0.0510 2
LSDP = 0.05 1.214 1.261 0.265 0.056 0.021 0.001 —

Data analysis of significance was done with Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. The same letters within a column are not significantly different.

Table 3

Effect of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on the plant growth and photosynthetic pigments of eggplants inoculated with test pathogens, i.e., M. incognita, P. vexans, and R. solanacearum and uninoculated

Treatment Pathogens Plant length (cm) Plant fresh wt (g) Shoot dry wt (g) Root dry wt (g) Chlorophyll in fresh leaves (mg/g) Carotenoid in fresh leaves (mg/g) Wilt/blight index
Control CA 67.72de 52.17de 9.71jk 1.32o 1.192l 0.0508ijk —
M 56.93lmn 42.88lmn 8.65mnop 1.20p 1.058m 0.0441qr —
P 52.41op 39.40op 7.97q 1.13p 0.831o 0.0433r 3
R 50.89q 36.58q 7.07r 0.87q 0.718p 0.0349t 3
TiO2-0.05 mg/mL CB 69.76cd 53.22cde 10.13ij 1.61klm 1.427j 0.0527gh —
M 59.55jk 44.81jkl 9.33kl 1.42o 1.354k 0.0479mn —
P 55.63mno 41.49mno 8.56nop 1.38o 1.086m 0.0461op 2
R 53.97op 38.50pq 7.81q 1.11p 0.964n 0.0395s 2
TiO2-0.10 mg/mL CB 71.55bc 54.94cd 11.04defg 1.92ghi 1.698g 0.0576d —
M 61.11hij 46.43ghijk 9.89j 1.63klm 1.519i 0.0504jkl —
P 57.62klmn 43.15lm 8.98lmn 1.54mn 1.318k 0.0492klm 2
R 55.21no 40.15nop 8.09pq 1.44no 1.211l 0.0432r 2
TiO2-0.20 mg/mL CB 72.12bc 55.89bc 11.49bcd 2.28cd 1.869d 0.0598c —
M 64.51g 48.52fgh 10.63ghi 1.96gh 1.606h 0.0538fg —
P 60.75ij 46.29ghijk 10.23hij 1.92ghi 1.437j 0.0518hij 2
R 58.22kl 43.87klm 8.73mno 1.73jk 1.424j 0.0461op 2
SiO2-0.05 mg/mL CC 70.94bc 54.77cd 10.89efg 2.21de 1.708fg 0.0559e —
M 62.29ghi 47.34ghij 10.75fgh 1.81ij 1.517i 0.0508ijk —
P 59.63jk 45.98hijk 9.20klm 1.69kl 1.494i 0.0473no 2
R 57.85klm 42.87lmn 8.27opq 1.57lm 1.412j 0.0455pq 2
SiO2-0.10 mg/mL CC 73.25b 57.76b 11.76bc 2.59b 2.067b 0.0691b —
M 64.41g 50.97ef 11.32cdef 2.11ef 1.647h 0.0549ef —
P 63.22gh 48.10ghi 10.01j 1.91ghi 1.838de 0.0502jkl 2
R 61.91hij 45.55ijkl 9.33kl 1.88hi 1.744f 0.0488lmn 2
SiO2-0.20 mg/mL CC 76.87a 60.94a 12.34a 2.91a 2.391a 0.0707a —
M 67.31e 54.54cd 11.93ab 2.35c 1.803e 0.0587cd —
P 66.95ef 51.23ef 11.41bcde 2.28cd 2.047bc 0.0555e 1
R 64.62fg 48.97fg 10.08ij 2.02fg 2.013c 0.0521hi 1
L.S.D. NPs × pathogens 2.428 2.521 0.530 0.112 0.041 0.002

Data analysis was done by using Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. The same letters within a column are not significantly different. M = M. incognita; P = P. vexans; R = R. solanacearum; AC = control without pathogen without SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs; BC = control without pathogen with TiO2-NPs; CC = control without pathogen with SiO2-NPs.

Spraying TiO2/SiO2-NPs at all concentrations on plants without pathogens resulted in a considerable increase in shoot dry weight compared to the uninoculated control (Table 3). The plants inoculated with P. vexans or M. incognita had similar shoot dry weight after spraying 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs. The spraying of SiO2-NPs at 0.20 mg/mL to plants with M. incognita or P. vexans/R. solanacearum improves shoot dry weight more than caused by SiO2 0.10 mg/mL. The spraying of 0.10 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita/R. solanacearum improves shoot dry weight more than plants sprayed with 0.20 mg/mL TiO2 (Table 3).

Spraying 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita increased up to 22.89% shoot dry weight while a spray of plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum caused 28.36 and 23.48% increases over their respective controls. Similarly, a foliar spray of 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita caused a 37.92% increase in shoot dry weight, while a spray of plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum caused 43.16 and 42.57% increases over their respective controls (Table 3).

3.2.2 Effect on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents

A significant reduction in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content was found with R. solanacearum followed by P. vexans and M. incognita (Table 2). A significant increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents occurs after foliar spray at all concentrations of TiO2/SiO2-NPs in comparison to control (Table 2). The highest increase in total chlorophyll contents was reported at 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs. Spraying with 0.05 mg/mL TiO2-NPs was found least effective in increasing chlorophyll and carotenoid contents (Table 2).

The spray of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs at all three concentrations to uninoculated plants caused significant (p < 0.05) increases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents over control (Table 3). Inoculation of either of the test pathogens caused a significant reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The spray of SiO2-NPs at 0.20 mg/mL caused the highest increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and the spray of 0.05 TiO2-NPs was found least effective. The chlorophyll content in plants with M. incognita increased 27.98 and 51.80% after the spray of 0.05 and 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs, respectively, while plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum caused a 72.92 and 98.32% increase over their respective controls after spraying 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs. The spray of 0.05 TiO2-NPs to plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum caused a 30.69 and 34.26% increase over their respective controls (Table 3). Similarly, the use of 0.20 and 0.05 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita caused a 70.42 and 43.38% increase in the chlorophyll content, respectively, while a spray of plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum caused 79.78 and 96.65% increase over their respective controls after spraying with 0.05 TiO2-NPs. Foliar spray of 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum caused a 146.33 and 180.36% increase over their respective controls (Table 3).

Foliar spray of 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita caused a 21.99% increase in the carotenoid content while a spray of plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum caused a 19.63 and 32.09% increase over their respective controls. Similarly, the use of 0.05 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita caused a 15.19% increase in the carotenoid content while a spray of plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum caused a 9.23 and 30.37% increase over their respective controls. Spraying 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita caused a 33.11% increase in the carotenoid content while a spray of plants with P. vexans and R. solanacearum increased the carotenoid content by 28.18 and 49.28% over their respective controls (Table 3).

3.2.3 Effect on nematode population and galling

A significant population reduction and galling of M. incognita occur after foliar spray of TiO2/SiO2-NPs in all three concentrations (Figures 4 and 5). The significant (p < 0.05) highest reduction in nematode population and galling occur after the spray of plants with M. incognita at 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NP treatment. R. solanacearum and P. vexans also harmed the galling and population of M. incognita (Figures 4 and 5).

Figure 4 Effect of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on root galling of M. incognita (M) inoculated alone (M) and in combination with P. vexans (P) and R. solanacearum (R). Error charts reflect the standard deviation.
Figure 4

Effect of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on root galling of M. incognita (M) inoculated alone (M) and in combination with P. vexans (P) and R. solanacearum (R). Error charts reflect the standard deviation.

Figure 5 Influence of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on the multiplication of M. incognita (M) inoculated alone (M) and in combination with P. vexans (P) and R. solanacearum (R). Error bars reflect the standard deviation.
Figure 5

Influence of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on the multiplication of M. incognita (M) inoculated alone (M) and in combination with P. vexans (P) and R. solanacearum (R). Error bars reflect the standard deviation.

3.2.4 Disease indices

Blight and wilt indices caused by P. vexans and R. solanacearum, respectively, were 3 (Table 2). Disease indices were reduced to 2 when TiO2-NPs at all concentrations and SiO2-NPs in two concentrations (0.05 mg or 0.10 mg/mL) were sprayed on plants with either of the test pathogens. Spraying with 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs reduces disease indices to 1 when inoculated with either of the test pathogens (Table 3).

3.3 Effects of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on plants inoculated with two or three test pathogens

3.3.1 Effect on shoot dry weight

Inoculation of all three test pathogens together caused a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in shoot dry weight over the un-inoculated control (Table 4). Inoculation of all the three pathogens together caused the highest reduction in shoot dry weight followed by the inoculation of M. incognita plus R. solanacearum, M. incognita with P. vexans while R. solanacearum plus P. vexans caused the least reduction in shoot dry weight. Inoculation of SiO2-NPs or TiO2-NPs in all three concentrations caused a significant increase in shoot dry weight over the un-inoculated control. Application of 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs has the potential to increase shoot dry weight followed by 0.10 mg/mL SiO2-NPs, 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs, 0.05 mg/mL SiO2-NPs, and 0.10 mg/mL TiO2-NPs. Spraying with 0.05 mg/mL TiO2-NPs was found to be least effective. Inoculation of P. vexans plus M. incognita/M. incognita plus R. solanacearum/P. vexans plus R. solanacearum or all the three pathogens together caused a significant reduction in shoot dry weight (Table 5). The application of different concentrations of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in shoot dry weight of pathogen-inoculated plants. Foliar spray of 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs to plants with P. vexans plus M. incognita caused a 51.49% increase in shoot dry weight while M. incognita plus R. solanacearum, P. vexans plus R. solanacearum, and all the three pathogens together caused 63.62, 58.03, and 66.98% increases over their respective controls. Similarly, the use of 0.05 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with P. vexans plus M. incognita caused a 49.34% increase in shoot dry weight while M. incognita plus R. solanacearum, P. vexans plus R. solanacearum, and all the three pathogens together caused 55.76, 54.29, and 67.46% increases over their respective controls. Foliar spray of 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with P. vexans plus M. incognita caused a 78.64% increase in shoot dry weight while M. incognita plus R. solanacearum, P. vexans plus R. solanacearum, and all the three pathogens together caused 84.28, 77.54, and 123.99% increases over their respective controls (Table 5).

Table 4

Effect of test pathogens inoculated in combination on the plant growth, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents of eggplant

Treatment Plant-length (cm) Plant-fresh weight (g) Shoot-dry weight (g) Root-dry weight (g) Chlorophyll in fresh leaves (mg/g) Carotenoid in fresh leaves (mg/g) Wilt/blight index
Control 71.74a 55.67a 11.05a 2.12a 1.764a 0.0595a —
M + P 51.60c 37.88c 8.75c 1.62c 1.410c 0.0418b 3.14
M + R 47.38d 37.67c 8.32d 1.46d 1.328d 0.0407c 3.14
R + P 53.41b 40.69b 9.52b 1.71b 1.532b 0.0436c 3.14
M + R + P 40.56e 28.73d 6.96e 1.36e 1.090e 0.0386d 3.85
Least mean square 52.93 40.12 8.92 1.65 1.424 0.0440 3.31
LSDP = 0.05 0.892 0.604 0.263 0.035 0.022 0.001
Control 47.98f 35.74g 6.36g 0.94g 0.933g 0.0322g 5
TiO2-0.05 mg/mL 49.97e 37.15f 8.13f 1.25f 1.118f 0.0349f 4.25
TiO2-0.10 mg/mL 51.74d 38.90e 8.78e 1.54e 1.352e 0.0443e 3.25
TiO2-0.20 mg/mL 53.55c 40.43d 9.35c 1.82c 1.481c 0.0479c 3.25
SiO2-0.05 mg/mL 52.42d 39.68c 9.07d 1.69d 1.399d 0.0456d 3.25
SiO2-0.10 mg/mL 55.76b 42.82b 9.94b 2.02b 1.692b 0.0506b 2.25
SiO2-0.20 mg/mL 59.14a 46.17a 10.80a 2.32a 1.999a 0.0527a 2
Least mean square 52.93 40.12 8.92 1.65 1.424 0.0440 3.32
LSDP = 0.05 1.05 0.715 0.311 0.042 0.026 0.001

Data analysis was done with Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. Within a column, the same letters are not significantly different.

Table 5

Effect of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs on simultaneous inoculation of P. vexans, M. incognita, and R. solanacearum, as well as plant development, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of eggplant

Treatment Pathogens Plant-length (cm) Plant-fresh wt (g) Shoot-dry wt (g) Root-dry wt (g) Chlorophyll in fresh leaves (mg/g) Carotenoid in fresh leaves (mg/g) Wilt/Blight index
Control CA 67.72d 52.17e 9.71ghi 1.32no 1.192k 0.0508de —
M + P 46.84klm 34.11qr 6.04rs 0.82q 0.893n 0.0316pq 5
M + R 42.66no 33.23r 5.47s 0.76q 0.802o 0.0302qr 5
P + R 49.13jk 36.51nop 6.41qr 1.09p 1.013m 0.0331p 5
M + R + P 33.58q 22.72u 4.21t 0.73q 0.769o 0.0290r 5
TiO2-0.05 mg/mL CB 69.76cd 53.22de 10.13efg 1.61jk 1.427i 0.0527d —
M + P 48.91jk 35.92op 7.83no 1.28o 1.023lm 0.0401mn 4
M + R 44.89mn 35.22pq 7.65op 1.05p 1.018m 0.0394n 4
P + R 50.91ij 37.63lmno 8.87jklm 1.33no 1.211k 0.0359o 4
M + R + P 35.42q 23.77u 6.18rs 1.02p 0.912n 0.0326pq 5
TiO2-0.10 mg/mL CB 71.55bc 54.94c 11.04bcd 1.92fgh 1.698f 0.0576bc —
M + P 50.75ij 36.96no 8.47klmn 1.54kl 1.339j 0.0421jklm 3
M + R 46.14lm 37.11no 8.26lmno 1.39mn 1.238k 0.0422jklm 3
P + R 52.15hi 39.18jkl 9.44ghij 1.54kl 1.475hi 0.0409klmn 3
M + R + P 38.11p 26.32t 6.71qr 1.35no 1.014m 0.0388n 4
TiO2-0.20 mg/mL CB 72.12bc 55.89c 11.49bc 2.28cd 1.869d 0.0598b —
M + P 52.62hi 38.29jklmn 9.15hijk 1.83h 1.503h 0.0471fg 3
M + R 48.42jkl 39.13jklm 8.95ijkl 1.55kl 1.343j 0.0453gh 3
P + R 54.41gh 40.93hi 10.13efg 1.87gh 1.611g 0.0451ghi 3
M + R + P 40.22op 27.94s 7.03pq 1.57kl 1.079l 0.0426ijklm 4
SiO2-0.05 mg/mL CC 70.94bc 54.77cd 10.89cd 2.21d 1.708f 0.0559c —
M + P 50.94ij 37.55lmno 9.02ijkl 1.67ij 1.436i 0.0459g 3
M + R 47.04klm 37.32mno 8.52klmn 1.47lm 1.321j 0.0432hijk 3
P + R 52.81hi 40.03ij 9.89fgh 1.71i 1.513h 0.0428hijkl 3
M + R + P 40.37op 28.73s 7.05pq 1.39mn 1.017m 0.0405lmn 4
SiO2-0.10 mg/mL CC 73.25b 57.76b 11.76ab 2.59b 2.067b 0.0691a —
M + P 53.73gh 39.76ijk 9.95fg 1.98f 1.691f 0.0487ef 2
M + R 50.42ij 39.12jklm 9.33ghij 1.95fg 1.663fg 0.0467fg 2
P + R 55.55fg 43.78g 10.55def 2.08e 1.806e 0.0461g 2
M + R + P 45.87lm 33.72qr 8.14mno 1.51kl 1.235k 0.0426ijklm 3
SiO2-0.20 mg/mL CC 76.87a 60.94a 12.34a 2.91a 2.391a 0.0707a —
M + P 57.41ef 42.82g 10.79cde 2.23d 1.987c 0.0503de 2
M + R 52.12hi 42.35gh 10.08efg 2.11e 1.915d 0.0488ef 2
P + R 58.93e 46.78f 11.38bc 2.37c 2.098b 0.0491ef 2
M + R + P 50.38ij 37.97klmn 9.43ghij 1.98f 1.606g 0.0447ghij 2
L.S.D. p = 0.05 NPs × pathogens 1.59 0.695 0.093 0.057 0.002 0.001

At p ≤ 0.05, data analysis was done with Duncan’s multiple range test. The same letters do not differ significantly within a column. M = M. incognita; P = P. vexans; R = R. solanacearum; AC = control without pathogen without SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs; BC = control without pathogen with TiO2-NPs; CC = control without pathogen with SiO2-NPs.

3.3.2 Effect on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents

Inoculation of test pathogens in combination resulted in a noteworthy reduction in contents of chlorophyll over the uninoculated control (Table 4). Inoculation of M. incognita plus P. vexans caused a 25.08% reduction in chlorophyll contents while a 32.72% reduction was caused by M. incognita plus R. solanacearum (% data not shown). Inoculation of P. vexans plus R. solanacearum and all the three pathogens together caused 15.02 and 35.49% reductions in chlorophyll contents, respectively. Foliar spray of 0.20 mg/mL TiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita plus P. vexans caused a 68.31% increase in chlorophyll contents while M. incognita plus R. solanacearum, P. vexans plus R. solanacearum, and all the three pathogens together caused 67.46, 59.03, and 40.31% increases over their respective controls. Foliar spray of 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita plus P. vexans caused a 122.50% increase in chlorophyll contents while M. incognita plus R. solanacearum, P. vexans plus R. solanacearum, and all the three pathogens together caused 138.78, 107.11, and 108.84% increases over their respective controls (Table 5).

Inoculation of all the pathogens together caused a high reduction in carotenoid contents (Table 4). Inoculation of M. incognita plus P. vexans caused a 37.80% reduction in carotenoid contents while a 40.55% reduction was caused by M. incognita plus R. solanacearum (% data not shown). Inoculation of P. vexans plus R. solanacearum and all the three pathogens together caused 34.84 and 42.91% reductions in carotenoid, respectively. Spraying three pathogens together caused 50.0, 36.25, and 46.90% increases over their respective controls. Similarly, the use of 0.05 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita plus P. vexans caused a 54.11% increase in the carotenoid content while M. incognita plus R. solanacearum, P. vexans plus R. solanacearum, and all the three pathogens together caused 54.63, 39.27, and 46.90% increases over their respective controls. Spraying with 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs to plants with M. incognita plus P. vexans caused a 59.18% increase in the carotenoid content while M. incognita plus R. solanacearum, P. vexans plus R. solanacearum, and all the three pathogens together caused 61.59, 48.34 and 54.14% increases over their respective controls (Table 5).

3.3.3 Blight and wilt indices

Blight and wilt indices were 5 when P. vexans, R. solanacearum, and M. incognita were inoculated in combinations (Table 5). Indices were recorded as 2 when plants inoculated with two or three pathogens were sprayed with 0.10 (mg/mL)/0.20 (mg/mL) SiO2-NPs except for plants inoculated with three pathogens sprayed with 0.10 mg/mL SiO2-NPs (Table 5).

3.3.4 Nematode multiplication and galling

Galling and multiplication of nematode significantly reduced after the application of SiO2-NPs followed by TiO2-NPs (Figures 4 and 5). The spray of 0.20 mg/mL SiO2-NPs resulted in the greatest reduction in galling and nematode population, whereas the spray of 0.05 TiO2-NPs resulted in the least. Inoculation of P. vexans or R. solanacearum also harmed galling and nematode multiplication. R. solanacearum showed a stronger detrimental effect on nematode multiplication and galling than P. vexans. Together had a greater adverse effect than alone (Figures 4 and 5).

3.4 Molecular docking analysis

R. solanacearum protein containing the X-ray crystallographic (PDB IDs: 1UQX and 3ZI8) was retrieved from the website of Protein Data Bank RCSB PDB. The bacterium R. solanacearum, which is found all over the world and causes deadly wilt in a wide range of crops, has been revealed to produce R. solanacearum lectin, a powerful l-fucose-binding lectin with a tandem repetition in its sequence of amino acids. The catastrophic bacterial wilt disease can be caused by a powerful l-fucose-binding lectin that can infect a wide spectrum of plants [21,22].

Docking was used to ascertain the best-docking pose of SiO2-NPs’ inactive pocket of amino acids of R. solanacearum of protein, as well as its binding affinity and confirmation within the binding sites. For the analysis and involvement of amino acids, the best-docking pose with a binding energy (global energy) of −31.61 and −43.00 kcal/mol was chosen for 1uqx.pdb and 3zi8.pdb, respectively. The important amino acids that participate in the nonbinding interaction with SiO2-NPs are LYS63, VAL5, GLN2, GLN3, ALA1, VAL76, LEU75, TYR101, ASP74, GLU94, SER73, PRO72, and LYS71 of the protein (1uqx.pdb) while amino acids, such as TYR37, THR38, GLU28, GLY39, ALA40, CYS30, TRP31, ASP32, LYS34, SER15, VAL13, TRP10, GLY11, TRP76, ASN79, GLY78, ILE59, LEU54, ALA58, SER57, and GLY56, for 3zi8.pdb found around the NPs stabilize the interaction between receptor and ligand (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Molecular docking study of NPs (c) against two receptors (a) PDB: 1uqx and (b) PDB: 3zib of R. solanacearum, (d and e) demonstrating active sites around NPs and (f and g) different non-bonding amino acid interactions with NPs.
Figure 6

Molecular docking study of NPs (c) against two receptors (a) PDB: 1uqx and (b) PDB: 3zib of R. solanacearum, (d and e) demonstrating active sites around NPs and (f and g) different non-bonding amino acid interactions with NPs.

4 Discussion

The growth of fungus P. vexans had been reduced when SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs were present in the PDA medium. In this study, SiO2-NPs were found more effective against P. vexans compared to TiO2-NPs. SEM photographs suggest that SiO2-NPs showed disturbed mycelia and conidia of P. vexans. Moreover, confocal images showed penetration of SiO2-NPs in mycelia and conidia. The antifungal property of silica NPs may be present due to the breakdown of the cell wall by forming hydrogen bonds between lipopolysaccharides present in the cell wall and hydroxyl groups present in silica NPs [23]. Silicon amendments have been shown to be effective at preventing fungal diseases [6,24]. SiO2-NPs were found effective against bacterial pathogens, such as Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and R. solanacearum, and a few other tested pathogens in vitro and under greenhouse conditions [25].

The application of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum in the current study. Deformed cells of R. solanacearum were observed under the SEM when the bacterium was grown in the medium with the disk of SiO2-NPs. Foliar spray of SiO2-NPs was demonstrated to be superior to the TiO2-NPs foliar spray. Si mitigates disease intensity in crops [26]. Plants absorb Si in the mono-silicic acid form [27]. Si depositions in plant cell walls, leaves, and stems provide a barrier to host plants against pathogens. Lsi1 and Lsi2 are the transporters of Si present in the cell membrane of plants [28,29]. Polymerization of Si occurs in the extracellular spaces of epidermal cells and xylem vessels [30]. Ayana et al. [31] showed that the population of R. solanacearum was significantly reduced in Si fertilizer-treated tomato plants. Si could reduce bacterial diseases [32]. SEM micrograph showed deformed cells of R. solanacearum grown in the medium with the disk of TiO2-NPs. TiO2-NPs could inhibit the development of bacterial pathogens. TiO2-NPs at 200 mg/L inhibit the progress of fungus Rhizoctonia solani, bacterium Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and hatching of root-knot nematode (M. incognita) [33]. Norman and Chen [34] found that TiO2-NPs’ treatment reduces 93% of lesions caused by X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola in poinsettia plants treated with 75 mm. The TiO2-NPs’ treatment could modify the bacterial community structure [35]. Therefore, the current study confirmed that the application of foliar of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs is effective in reducing the disease complex of eggplant.

The adverse effect of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs was also observed on eggs and J2 was referred to the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita. Sudanophilic lipids and weakly acidic mucopolysaccharides are present in nematode cuticles. In addition, nematodes’ hypodermis contains lipids, glycogen, and acidic muco-polysaccharides [36]. The SEM of second-stage juveniles of M. incognita confirmed that the application of SiO2-NPs/TiO2-NPs harmed nematodes cuticle by affecting glycogen, lipid, and mucopolysaccharides. These are also found to have the potential to reduce galling and multiplication of M. incognita on eggplant. Si application dramatically reduced root-knot nematodes in the roots of the hosts and Si-treated plants have high phenolic compounds and high callose deposition in roots after nematode attack [37]. Similarly, M. incognita J2 mortality was 4.3 and 2% was observed in 800 and 400 mg/mL of TiO2-NPs [38].

Previous studies reported that 500 mg/L SiNPs and SiO2-NPs’ treatment increased plant growth and improved seed germination in maize crops [39,40]. Improvement in the seed germination of soybean was reported after treatment with nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2 and they also improve the water- and nutrient-absorbing ability of seeds [8,41].

Plants sprayed with TiO2-NPs have increased photosynthesis plant growth and chlorophyll contents [42]. Applications of TiO2-NPs (<20 nm in size) increased shoot lengths, root length, chlorophyll content, and phosphorus uptake in wheat [43]. An increase in the growth of eggplants without pathogens by the application of SiO2-NPs and TiO2-NPs may be attributed to the above-mentioned reasons. Kang et al. [44] reported that silica NPs reduce the growth of Fusarium fungus and improve the growth of the Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plant. Ahamad and Siddiqui [45] found SiO2-NPs to be most effective against M. incognita compared to ZnO and TiO2-NPs. Spraying carrot plants with SiO2-NPs had the greatest impact on plant growth parameters. The docking study of NPs showed better activity against R. solanacearum carried out to understand the involvement of various amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature residues of the protein. Certain amino acids (Figure 6) in 1uqx.pdb, such as ALA1, GLN2, LYS63, ASP74, LEU75, VAL76, and ASP74, as well as some amino acids in 3zi8.pdb, such as TRP10, SER15, TYR37, SER57, ALA58, ASN79, and TYR37, form hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms of SiO2-NPs, and other nonbonding interactions can hinder microbe proliferation in the host plant. The nature of the contact, as well as active residues that are critical to the growth of R. solanacearum in various plants, is disclosed by molecular docking. To develop antimicrobial drugs in the future, a mechanistic method based on molecular docking could be interpreted by taking into account the amino acid residues of bacterial and fungal proteins.

5 Conclusion

Wilt and blight indices were reduced by the application of SiO2/TiO2-NPs. The reduction in disease indices by SiO2/TiO2-NPs also confirms the antibacterial and antifungal efficiencies of used NPs. The application of SiO2-NPs will be eco-friendly and can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides to manage the disease complex of eggplant. A molecular docking investigation was also conducted to learn more about the interaction of SiO2-NPs with the protein of R. solanacearum at the binding site. Certain amino acid residues of bacterium explained in the discussion part formed hydrogen bonds with SiO2-NPs’ surface.

  1. Funding information: This study was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2021/339), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this article and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-01-03
Revised: 2022-02-09
Accepted: 2022-03-13
Published Online: 2022-04-11

© 2022 Masudulla Khan et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
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  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
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  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0097
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles; Ralstonia solanacearum; Phomopsis vexans; Meloidogyne incognita; docking simulation
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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Heruntergeladen am 24.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0097/html
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