Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
-
Yousef Murtaja
,
Harun Sepetcioglu
Abstract
Two different nanosized mineral fillers (nano calcium carbonate and nanoclay) were used in the high density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) composites pilot plant production. Structural and mechanical properties of the prepared composites were examined in this study. The homogenous filler distribution was confirmed in the tested samples by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. The fillers’ fortifying effect on polymer composites’ mechanical performance was confirmed as indicated by the increased elastic modulus and indentation modulus. Additionally, the possible modulation of the plastic-elastic mechanical behavior was confirmed by the type of the filler as well as its concentration used in the final composites testing articles.
1 Introduction
The study of the effect of the nano/microsized mineral fillers blended in the high density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) composite matrix on the mechanical properties of the prepared composites gained excessive attraction in the past 10 years due to their wide application in automotive, aerospace industries [1,2], formulation engineering [3], sound damping materials [4], highly conductive polymeric nanocomposites [5], dielectric material applications [6], etc. Semi-crystalline polymers exhibit, in general, a free-phase continuum system with the crystalline and amorphous phases separated with interphase. The crystalline part is formed with mutually connected spherulites consisting of crystalline lamellae dispersed in the amorphous phase [7]. The type, shape, and size of the mineral filler have a strong impact on the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic-polymer-based composites as well as on their melting behavior and crystallization kinetics [8]. Furthermore, the nature and the quality of the mutual adhesion between the filler and the polymer matrix [9], filler particle size, shape, and particle size distribution have a paramount effect on the final composite application performance [10,11]. This study offers the mechanical testing of the composites prepared from the commercial fillers compounded with HDPE in industrial-scale semi-pilot conditions. The main aim was to confirm the large-scale processability and reproducibility of the manufacturing steps during composites production.
2 Materials
HDPE of HD8100M grade used in our entire experiment was supplied by Polymer Marketing Company Limited (Thailand). The density of the resin was 0.952 g/cm3 with a melt flow index of 0.25 g/10 min. The nano calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles, also known as adaCAL-N1-C, were received from Adacal Co. (Turkey) and were treated with stearic acid prior to further processing. Particles’ average size d 50 was of 0.05 µm as obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. Nanoclay particles (i.e., EsanNANO 1-140) were supplied by EczacıbasıEsan (Turkey). Particles’ average size d 50 was of 2.7 µm as obtained from laser diffractometer measurements. SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the prepared samples showed that the nanofillers were homogeneously dispersed within the HDPE matrix (Figure 1). This fact was confirmed also by the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping study.
TEM images of the fillers used in this study: Nanoclay and nano CaCO3.
The chemical compositions and physical properties of the used nano calcium carbonate as well as that of the nanoclay are given in Table 1 and are also available in refs [12,13].
Physicochemical properties of applied fillers: nanoclay and nano CaCO3
| Filler type | Color | Density (g/cm3) | Surface area (g/m2) | Particle size (μm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoclay | Ultra white | 1.98 | 19 | 2–20 |
| Nano CaCO3 | Ultra white | 2.95 | 28 | 0.05–0.10 |
Images of both fillers captured by TEM are shown in Figure 1. For testing, the set of samples of different filler concentrations were prepared and labelled as CC for nano calcium carbonate and NC for nanoclay.
Nanoclay/HDPE nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing system composed of Banbury mixer, single screw extruder, and granule cutting unit allowing semi-pilot production in 100 kg scale. The processing temperature in the mixer was kept at 180°C and the temperature was reached in 15 min after filling the mixer chamber with both the HDPE granules and the filler [14]. The apparatus was then followed by the extruder with a conveyor belt and the cutting unit. Single screw extruder was operating at 330 rpm screw speed with five barrel temperature profiles of 200, 190, 190, 190, and 220°C. Nanoclay/HDPE nanocomposite hot mixtures were cut in water into the shape of granules. Then, they were molded as tensile and impact test specimens using a PS40E5ASE injection molding machine with a melt temperature of 210°C, mold temperature of 65°C, and injection pressure of 50 MPa [14]. Similarly, the nano CaCO3/HDPE nanocomposites were prepared by the melt mixing method as well by use of the same compounder system and the processing parameters as mentioned above in the case of nanoclay/HDPE composites preparation. For both fillers, the weight ratios of the HDPE and the fillers were maintained to obtain the samples of the given filler weight concentration such as 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 wt% for CC/HDPE composites and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt% for NC/HDPE composites.
Millipore water (USA) with a conductivity of 0.06 µS/cm, ethylene glycol p.a., (Lach-Ner, Czechia), and 99% pure diiodomethane of ACS reagent grade (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) were used as wetting liquids for contact angle measurements.
3 Methods
3.1 SEM and TEM
TEM (FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit Biotwin model, FEI Company, USA) was used to characterize the shape and morphology of the filler particles. TEM images were taken by placing nanofiller samples on a standard 400 grid copper mesh. Dispersions of acetone fillers were ultrasonicated for 15 min and were casted on the copper mesh and air dried. TEM measurements were performed at 120 kV accelerating voltage. Nano CaCO3 and nanoclay’s distributions in HDPE matrix were analyzed by TEM. An ultra-thin section of about 100 nm thickness were cut from filled samples using a microtome device (CM1950) supplied by Leica Microsystems Inc. (Buffalo Grove, USA) in a low-temperature environment. For further examination of the distribution of nanofillers, the composites were characterized by SEM using a Zeiss EvoLS10 equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (Germany).
3.2 Thermal analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were performed according to ASTM E1356 by using a TA Instrument S10 model (Waters, USA) at a nitrogen flow rate of 50 mL/min. Virgin HDPE and its nanocomposites’ glass transition temperatures (T g) were determined from DSC curves by means of the midpoint method at 10°C/min heating rate from 30 to 300°C [13,15].
3.3 Uniaxial tensile testing
Universal Testing Machine Autograph AGS-100 Shimadzu (Japan) and Zwick 1456 multipurpose tester (Germany) equipped with Compact Thermostatic Chamber TCE Series were used for tensile testing of injection-molded specimens. All data ptwere recorded as per CSN EN ISO 527-1 and CSN EN ISO 527-2 standards taking the tested gauge length of 8 cm. All experiments were performed at room temperature up to break with 50, 100, and 200 mm/min deformation rates. Strength at break, Young’s modulus, and strain at break were obtained from the stress-strain dependence plot(s). Each experiment was repeated 10×, and the mean values and standard deviations were calculated. All experiments were performed at the laboratory ambient conditions of 25°C temperature.
3.4 Charpy impact testing
Impact tests were carried out using Zwick 513 Pendulum Impact Tester (Germany) according to the CSN EN ISO 179-2 standard, allowing 25 J energy drop. Each experiment was repeated 10×, and the mean values and standard deviations were calculated. All experiments were performed at the laboratory ambient conditions of 25°C temperature.
3.5 Surface free energy (SFE) characterization
The SFE of the studied composites and pure HDPE was determined by the static contact angle of wetting measurements based on axisymmetric drop shape analysis. All measurements were performed at 23°C and repeated 7× with a Krüss DSA 30 (Krüss, Germany). The Owens, Wendt, Rabel, and Kaelble extended Fowkes theory was used to calculate the SFE of the tested composites and pure HDPE from the average static contact angles for water, ethylene glycol, and diiodomethane [16,17].
3.6 Micro hardness
Micro-indentation tests were performed on a micro-indentation tester (Micro Combi Tester, Anton Paar, Austria), according to the CSN EN ISO 14577 standard. The applied diamond tip was of the cube corner shape (Vickers, Anton Paar, Austria). Measurement parameters were set as follows: maximum load of 3 N, loading rate (unloading rate) of 6 N/min, and holding time of 90 s. All experiments were performed according to the depth-sensing indentation method, allowing simultaneous measurement of the acting force on the indentor and the displacement of the indentor’s tip. The indentation hardness (H IT) was calculated as the maximum load (F max) on the projected area of the hardness impression (A p). Indentation modulus (E IT) was calculated from the plane strain modulus of elasticity (E*) using an estimated Poisson’s ratio (ν) of the samples (0.3–0.4 [18,19]):
Each measurement was repeated 10×, and mean values and standard deviations were calculated. All experiments were performed at the laboratory ambient conditions of 25°C temperature.
4 Results and discussion
Results of the tensile testing experiments of the studied composites are shown in Figure 2. Obtained stress vs strain deformation dependencies exhibited typical patterns corresponding to the elastic region (does not exceed 3% strain for small deformations), elastic-plastic transition region (does not exceed 10% strain for small deformations), and the stress plateau draw region occurred for 5 wt% nanoclay/HDPE composites and 15 wt% for CC/HDPE composites at strains exceeding 18% (NC/HDPE composites) and 12% (CC/HDPE composites), respectively [20]. Similar dependencies were found in our previous studies for industrial HDPE mineral composites at the same deformation rate [13,15]. Pure HDPE exhibited more stiff tensile deformation behavior in the absence of the stress plateau draw region. In contrary to that CC/HDPE composites, were characteristic of more elasto-plastic behavior as reflected for 1 wt% filler concentration (Figure 1b). In the case of NC/HDPE composites, there is a significant influence of elastic-plastic properties. With increasing filler concentration, greater plastic behavior was observed, as reflected by the increased stress plateau draw region, as shown in Figure 2b. The abovementioned behavior was also accompanied by the corresponding increase in the Young’s modulus of elasticity with increasing filler concentration for both mineral fillers, as shown in Figure 3. Such behavior was confirmed for all applied deformation rates, as given in Table 2. For example, the absolute value of the modulus of elasticity of 970.1 ± 111.7 MPa for original HDPE was increased to 1470.0 ± 54.7 MPa by about 51.5% in the case of CC/HDPE composites with 5 wt% filler concentration. For the NC/HDPE composites, the modulus E was increased by about 34.5% to the absolute value of 1304.9 ± 83.7 MPa with 4 wt% filler concentration. These corresponded very well with previously published data that stiff mineral filler particles were responsible for the observed steady increase in the modulus of elasticity of polymer-based composites with increasing filler content [21,22].
(a) General mechanical behavior of NC/HDPE and (b) CC/HDPE composites with different filler concentrations from tensile testing experiments as obtained for 50 mm/min deformation rates at ambient temperature expressed as stress vs strain dependencies.
Young’s modulus and filler concentration dependencies of the CC/HDPE and NC/HDPE composites obtained with tensile testing experiments for different deformation rates.
Results of the tensile testing experiments of the studied HDPE composites at 50, 100, and 200 mm/min deformation rates. Filler concentrations indicated in the sample description are given in wt%
| Sample | Young’s modulus (MPa) | Upper yield (MPa) | Strain at break (%) | Fracture toughness (kJ/m2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate (mm/min) | Rate (mm/min) | Rate (mm/min) | ||||||||
| 50 | 100 | 200 | 50 | 100 | 200 | 50 | 100 | 200 | ||
| HDPE | 970.1 ± 111.7 | 943.8 ± 142.2 | 1,099.2 ± 16.2 | 24.5 ± 1.1 | 24.8 ± 1.1 | 25.6 ± 0.4 | 20.5 ± 0.1 | 25.8 ± 5.0 | 16.6 ± 0.6 | 36.69 ± 5.15 |
| CC_1% | 837.5 ± 10.8 | 648.2 ± 419 | 1,202.7 ± 32.1 | 25.4 ± 0.6 | 24.3 ± 1.1 | 25.1 ± 0.5 | 30.8 ± 3.1 | 33.2 ± 6.7 | 19.8 ± 0.3 | 31.48 ± 2.43 |
| CC_3% | 1,288.9 ± 54.7 | 1,368 ± 2.5 | 1,167.7 ± 23.7 | 24.4 ± 0.4 | 25.0 ± 0.2 | 24.7 ± 0.8 | 22.0 ± 0.8 | 19.8 ± 1.0 | 22.9 ± 1.5 | 17.26 ± 0.92 |
| CC_5% | 1,322 ± 10.8 | 1,034.3 ± 299 | 1,237.9 ± 13.7 | 23.6 ± 0.5 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 25.0 ± 1.1 | 25.0 ± 3.0 | 28.5 ± 14.7 | 17.2 ± 3.1 | 26.29 ± 1.04 |
| CC_10% | 1,465.1 ± 12.3 | 1,112.8 ± 273 | 1,316.4 ± 0.4 | 24.3 ± 1.3 | 25.2 ± 1.0 | 26.3 ± 0.7 | 18.6 ± 2.3 | 20.5 ± 7.4 | 14.1 ± 0.4 | 28.69 ± 3.4 |
| CC_15% | 1,470 ± 54.7 | 1155 ± 255 | 1,360.7 ± 1.7 | 24.6 ± 0.2 | 25.3 ± 1.1 | 28.1 ± 2.8 | 20.1 ± 2.6 | 19.7 ± 6.9 | 11.2 ± 2.2 | 31.79 ± 3.94 |
| NC_1% | 1,121.4 ± 26.8 | 982.9 ± 217 | 1,150.5 ± 23.0 | 23.6 ± 1.5 | 26.5 ± 0.5 | 27.4 ± 2.4 | 32.8 ± 15.9 | 19.3 ± 4.6 | 16.4 ± 6.0 | 29.21 ± 2.21 |
| NC_2% | 1,265.4 ± 51.9 | 1,070.9 ± 303 | 1,215.6 ± 48.8 | 25.8 ± 3.2 | 27.4 ± 2.2 | 30.0 ± 2.8 | 21.2 ± 8.7 | 20.5 ± 10.5 | 12.1 ± 0.6 | 24.37 ± 1.0 |
| NC_3% | 1,248.7 ± 28.1 | 982.7 ± 213 | 1,134.9 ± 61.2 | 27.3 ± 1.9 | 23.9 ± 1.6 | 22.4 ± 0.4 | 19.8 ± 3.2 | 31.1 ± 11.2 | 26.6 ± 2.2 | 28.44 ± 0.09 |
| NC_4% | 1,304.9 ± 83.7 | 1,060.1 ± 240 | 1,328.3 ± 78.0 | 23.3 ± 0.1 | 23.9 ± 0.3 | 27.9 ± 2.5 | 27.6 ± 2.2 | 35.7 ± 7.2 | 14.4 ± 5.9 | 23.35 ± 0.27 |
| NC_5% | 1,255 ± 11.9 | 1,018.8 ± 246 | 1,223.3 ± 25.0 | 23 ± 0.2 | 23.5 ± 0.2 | 24.7 ± 0.2 | 28.9 ± 2.7 | 32.88 ± 10 | 20.5 ± 2.1 | 22.06 ± 1.42 |
Upper yield vs filler concentration dependencies of the HDPE composites are shown in Figure 4. They are typical non-linear patterns for both fillers under study (nanoclay and nano calcium carbonate). However, in the case of CC/HDPE composites, the significant changes in the upper yield with increasing filler concentration were not observed with the exception of the composites with 4 and 5 wt% filler concentration for the 200 mm/min deformation rate, where the original values of 25.6 ± 0.4 MPa were increasing up to 26.3 ± 0.7 MPa and up to 28.1 ± 2.8 MPa, respectively.
Upper yield and filler concentration dependencies of the CC/HDPE and NC/HDPE composites obtained with tensile testing experiments for different deformation rates.
The results of the filler concentration strain at break dependencies measured at different deformation rates are shown in Figure 5. In the case of CC/HDPE composites, observed trend was such that the strain at break was decreased with increasing filler concentration, thus reflecting the loss of plastic behavior, indicating more brittle-like mechanical behavior. This fact fits very well with the well-known theory that polymers with higher crystallinity exhibit higher elastic properties than amorphous systems, which exhibit more plastic behavior [22]. However, the opposite trend was observed for the NC/HDPE composites, where the increased strain at break with increasing filler concentration was found. This was most probably due to the preferential orientation of the individual platelet shape like nanoclay filler particles in the polymer macromolecular chains interphase induced during sample injection molding processing [20]. The comparison of the obtained magnitudes of the elongation at break parameter for 5 wt% nanocomposite filler concentrations (both the nano-clay as well as of the nano-calcium carbonate) confirmed higher plasticity of the composite matrix composed from the nanoclay flat like filler particles for all applied deformation rates. This finding was also in agreement with the mutual comparison of the observed magnitudes of the Young’s modulus of elasticity, where the CC/HDPE samples exhibited higher modulus of elasticity than the NC/HDPE samples.
Strain at break and filler concentration dependencies of the CC/HDPE and NC/HDPE composites obtained with tensile testing experiments for different deformation rates.
Observed fracture toughness vs filler concentration dependencies of the tested composites are shown in Figure 6. A decrease in the fracture toughness was found for all the composites studied in comparison with the virgin polymer (HDPE). The most significant decrease of about 52.96% was found for the composites containing nano CaCO3 of 3 wt% filler concentration. For NC/HDPE composites, the observed fracture toughness was decreased to 22.06 ± 1.42 kJ/m2 magnitude, which was about 39.87% decrease compared to the virgin HDPE. These results clearly demonstrate the higher brittle character of the composites in comparison to the virgin HDPE.
Fracture toughness and filler concentration dependencies of the CC/HDPE and NC/HDPE composites as obtained with Charpy impact testing.
It was found by DSC thermal analysis that the HDPE filled with nano CaCO3 exhibited higher thermal stability in comparison with the virgin HDPE as reflected by increasing T g from 103.9°C (virgin HDPE) to 126.6°C for 15 wt% CC/HDPE composites. These results were in excellent agreement with the published data of Viljoen and Labuschagné [23]. Similarly, the T g increased with increasing nano-clay content in the nano-clay/HDPE composites to 128.2°C, thus confirming that the fillers enhanced interaction with the base HDPE matrix.
Results of the SFE calculations are given in Table 3. Obtained results indicated that both fillers (CaCO3 as well as nanoclay) contributed to the observed decrease in the originally more polar character of the virgin HDPE to less polar one as indicated by the observed increase in the dispersive part of SFE from 4.19 ± 0.81 mJ/m2 (virgin HDPE) to 39.51 ± 0.63 mJ/m2 (5 wt% CC/HDPE composites) and to 32.86 ± 2.42 mJ/m2 (3 wt% NC/HDPE composites). The magnitude of the total SFE was increased from 19.48 ± 2.91 mJ/m2 (virgin HDPE) by about 103.8% up to 39.70 ± 1.09 mJ/m2 (5 wt% CC/HDPE composites) and by about 69.18% up to 32.95 ± 2.58 mJ/m2 (3 wt% NC/HDPE composite). Observed results indicate further improvement in the composites interface’s adhesive properties, for example, suitable for coating or adhesive joints technical applications.
Total SFEs and their components (polar and dispersive) of the studied HDPE composites calculated by Owens, Wendt, Rabel, and Kaelble approach from contact angle measurements performed by means of the axisymmetric drop shape analysis (measured at 23°C temperature)
| Sample | SFE (mJ/m2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Polar | Dispersive | |
| HDPE | 19.48 ± 2.91 | 15.29 ± 2.10 | 4.19 ± 0.81 |
| CC_1% | 36.51 ± 33.80 | 15.61 ± 14.82 | 15.61 ± 14.82 |
| CC_3% | 36.49 ± 14.86 | 11.84 ± 7.77 | 24.65 ± 7.08 |
| CC_5% | 39.70 ± 1.09 | 0.19 ± 0.46 | 39.51 ± 0.63 |
| CC_10% | 23.45 ± 4.41 | 0.01 ± 0.07 | 23.44 ± 4.34 |
| CC_15% | 26.19 ± 0.05 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 25.78 ± 0.03 |
| NC_1% | 30.44 ± 1.04 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 30.32 ± 1.00 |
| NC_2% | 30.28 ± 0.92 | 1.19 ± 0.15 | 29.09 ± 0.76 |
| NC_3% | 32.95 ± 2.58 | 00.08 ± 0.16 | 32.86 ± 2.42 |
| NC_4% | 29.22 ± 0.66 | 0.22 ± 0.13 | 29.00 ± 0.53 |
| NC_5% | 23.45 ± 4.41 | 0.01 ± 0.07 | 23.44 ± 4.34 |
The composites micro-indentation testing results are shown in Figure 7 where indentation modulus E IT vs filler concentration patterns are shown. These were characteristic with the gradual increase in the indentation modulus with increasing concentrations of both fillers, confirming the fortification effect of the fillers on the mechanical properties of the tested samples.
Indentation modulus (EIT) vs filler concentration dependencies. Filler type: full circle – Nano CaCO3 and empty diamond – Nanoclay. *Point omitted for linear regression.
5 Conclusion
Two different nano-sized mineral fillers (nano CaCO3 and nanoclay) were used in the HDPE composites pilot plant production. The structural as well as mechanical properties of the prepared composites were studied. The fortifying effect of the fillers on the polymer composite’s mechanical performance was confirmed as indicated by the increased elastic modulus and the indentation modulus. For example, the absolute value of the modulus of elasticity 970.1 ± 111.7 MPa for original HDPE was increased by about 51.5% to 1470.0 ± 54.7 MPa in the case of nano CC/HDPE composites with 5 wt% filler concentration. For the NC/HDPE composites, the modulus of elasticity was increased by about 34.5% to the absolute value of 1304.9 ± 83.7 MPa with 4 wt% of filler concentration. Additionally, there was confirmed possible modulation of the plastic-elastic mechanical behavior by the type of the filler as well as its concentration used in the final composites testing articles, as confirmed by the increased stress plateau draw region that occurred during the tensile testing and decreased elongation at break with increasing filler concentration. From the practical point of view, the 5 wt% filler concentration seems to be the most favorable one for both CC/HDPE as well as nano-clay/HDPE composites. Simultaneously, the higher thermal stability was found for both nanocomposites in comparison to the virgin HDPE, thus confirming that the fillers enhanced interaction with the HDPE matrix. Based on the abovementioned conclusions, it seems to be advantageous for the application of the latter nanocomposites as the structural elements in the complex product designs offering combined elasto-plastic mechanical behavior in the relatively wide deformation rates regimes accompanied with the higher thermal stability.
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Funding information: Financial support from the internal grants of Palacky University in Olomouc (project number IGA_PrF_2021_031) and of Tomas Bata University in Zlin (project numbers IGA/FT/2021/004 and IGA/FT/2021/005) are gratefully acknowledged. Financial support to the author YM by Fischer scholarship of the Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc in 2021 year is gratefully acknowledged as well.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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© 2022 Yousef Murtaja et al., published by De Gruyter
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- Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
- Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
- Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
- Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
- Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
- Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
- Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
- MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
- Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
- Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
- Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
- Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
- A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
- HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
- Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
- A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
- Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
- Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
- A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
- Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
- Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
- Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
- Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
- Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
- Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
- Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
- Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
- Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
- The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
- Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
- Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
- Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
- Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
- Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
- Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
- Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
- Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
- Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
- Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
- Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
- Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
- Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
- Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
- Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
- Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
- Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
- Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
- Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
- Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
- Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
- Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
- An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
- Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
- Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
- A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
- Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
- Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
- Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
- Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
- Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
- Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
- PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
- Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
- Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
- Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
- Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
- Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
- Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
- Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
- Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
- Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
- Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
- Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
- Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
- An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
- Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
- Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
- Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
- Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
- The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
- Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
- Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
- Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
- Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
- A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
- Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
- Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
- Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
- Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
- Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
- The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
- Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
- Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
- Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
- Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
- Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
- Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
- Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
- Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
- Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
- Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
- Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
- Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
- Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
- Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
- Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
- Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
- Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
- Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
- Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
- Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
- Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
- Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
- Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
- Review Articles
- Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
- Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
- The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
- Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
- Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
- Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
- State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
- Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
- A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
- Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
- Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
- Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
- A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
- Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
- Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
- Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
- Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
- Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
- Framework materials for supercapacitors
- An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
- Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
- Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
- A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
- Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
- Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
- Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
- Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
- Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
- Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
- Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
- Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
- 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
- Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
- A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
- Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
- Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
- A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
- Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
- Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
- Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
- Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
- Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
- Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
- Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
- Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
- Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
- Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
- Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
- Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
- Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
- Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
- Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
- Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
- Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
- Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
- Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
- Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
- A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
- Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
- Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
- Rapid Communications
- Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
- Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Research Articles
- Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
- Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
- Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
- Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
- Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
- In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
- Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
- Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
- Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
- Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
- N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
- Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
- Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
- Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
- Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
- Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
- Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
- Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
- Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
- MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
- Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
- Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
- Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
- Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
- A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
- HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
- Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
- A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
- Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
- Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
- A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
- Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
- Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
- Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
- Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
- Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
- Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
- Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
- Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
- Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
- The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
- Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
- Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
- Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
- Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
- Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
- Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
- Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
- Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
- Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
- Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
- Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
- Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
- Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
- Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
- Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
- Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
- Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
- Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
- Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
- Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
- Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
- Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
- An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
- Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
- Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
- A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
- Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
- Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
- Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
- Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
- Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
- Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
- PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
- Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
- Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
- Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
- Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
- Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
- Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
- Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
- Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
- Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
- Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
- Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
- Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
- An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
- Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
- Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
- Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
- Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
- The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
- Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
- Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
- Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
- Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
- A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
- Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
- Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
- Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
- Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
- Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
- The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
- Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
- Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
- Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
- Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
- Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
- Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
- Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
- Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
- Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
- Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
- Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
- Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
- Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
- Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
- Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
- Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
- Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
- Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
- Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
- Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
- Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
- Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
- Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
- Review Articles
- Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
- Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
- The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
- Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
- Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
- Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
- State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
- Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
- A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
- Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
- Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
- Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
- A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
- Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
- Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
- Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
- Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
- Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
- Framework materials for supercapacitors
- An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
- Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
- Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
- A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
- Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
- Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
- Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
- Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
- Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
- Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
- Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
- Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
- 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
- Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
- A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
- Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
- Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
- A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
- Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
- Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
- Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
- Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
- Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
- Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
- Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
- Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
- Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
- Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
- Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
- Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
- Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
- Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
- Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
- Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
- Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
- Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
- Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
- Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
- A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
- Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
- Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
- Rapid Communications
- Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
- Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
