Startseite Tomographic particle image velocimetry of a water-jet for low volume harvesting of fat tissue for regenerative medicine
Artikel Open Access

Tomographic particle image velocimetry of a water-jet for low volume harvesting of fat tissue for regenerative medicine

  • Christoph Drobek EMAIL logo , Robert Mau und Hermann Seitz
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 12. September 2015
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Informationen für Autor*innen Erkunden Sie dieses Fachgebiet
Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering
Aus der Zeitschrift Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering Band 1 Heft 1

Abstract

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of a water-jet for water-assisted liposuction (WAL) are carried out to investigate the distribution of velocity and therefore momentum and acting force on the human sub-cutaneous fat tissue. These results shall validate CFD simulations and force sensor measurements of the water-jet and support the development of a new WAL device that is able to harvest low volumes of fat tissue for regenerative medicine even gentler than regular WAL devices.

Keywords: water-assisted liposuction; WAL; water-jet; PIV; Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry

1 Introduction

The water-assisted liposuction is a well-established and widespread method for gentle human fat tissue harvesting. A pulsating water-jet is injected into the subcutaneous fat tissue to detach clusters of fat and stem cells from the connective tissue and leave the surrounding tissue almost unharmed. The water-jet (saline, adrenalin, lidocaine) is injected through the centre of the cannula (see Figure 1) and reflected over a baffe to form a fan-shaped water-jet [1, 2].

The tissue is aspirated by a vacuum pump through the slotted holes at the side of the cannula (see Figure 1). To allow a permanent aspiration of fat tissue both injection of water and aspiration of fat tissue are conducted simultaneously.

A new WAL device for regenerative medicine with an even gentler water-jet is to develop. The water-jet is therefore investigated using numerical flow simulations (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD), experimental Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) by injecting into water and integral measurement of the acting force of the water-jet using a force sensor by injecting into air (see Figure 2).

Figure 1 Basic principle of water-assisted liposuction (WAL) [3].
Figure 1

Basic principle of water-assisted liposuction (WAL) [3].

The space-resolved results of the PIV measurements can then be compared to the integral results from the force sensor but both results are mainly used to validate the CFD simulations. Only these simulations allow the investigation of the injection of the water-jet into arbitrary fluids that are similar to fat tissue in density and viscosity.

Figure 2 Validation of CFD simulations using force sensor measurements and Particle Image Velocimetry.
Figure 2

Validation of CFD simulations using force sensor measurements and Particle Image Velocimetry.

Only the experimental investigations that use the method of Particle Image Velocimetry and their first results shall be described and discussed in this paper.

Particle Image Velocimetry is a laser-optical measurement technique based on particles that are seeded into a fluid and follow its flow. These seeding particles are then illuminated by a laser source and captured by one or more cameras twice in quick succession. The camera pictures are analysed by complex algorithms like image pre processing and cross-correlation to calculate a vector field of the velocity [4, 5].

2 Methods

2.1 Test setup

In this investigation an advanced PIV method, the Tomo-graphic Particle Image Velocimetry, is used. At usual Planar PIV and Stereo-PIV a thin light sheet is expanded of the laser beam by a special sheet optics and the positions of the illuminated seeding particles are captured by one or two cameras. In contrast to that at Tomographic PIV a volume optics expands the laser beam to a thick illumination volume that surrounds the nozzle. Three LaVision Imager sCMOS double-frame cameras (LaVision, Göttingen, Germany) that are mounted under different angles capture the positions of the illuminated seeding particles during each of the two illuminations. A volume of the positions of the seeding particles is calculated from the three recordings of the three sCMOS cameras for both recordings in quick succession using special tomographic reconstruction algorithms [6]. Subsequently the three-dimensional velocity vectors in the illumination volume are calculated from the two reconstructed seeding particle volumes using cross-correlation.

The laser source used in this setup is a nano s piv Nd:YAG double pulse laser (Litron Lasers, Rugby, UK) with a wave length of 532 nm, a pulse energy of 50 mJ and a maximum repetition rate of 20 Hz [7]. Usually a special volume optics is necessary for Tomographic PIV [8] but was not available for these first investigations. Instead an existing LaVision Planar PIV/Stereo PIV light sheet optics [9] was used by defocussing the expanded light sheet to generate a divergent 4 mm thick illumination volume.

2.2 Experiments

To investigate the velocity distribution within the water-jet the nozzle has to be placed in a transparent water basin. Uniform 10 µm glass hollow spheres are added as seeding particles.

Although it may sound easier to inject the water-jet directly into air instead of injecting the water-jet into a filled water basin this is very problematic for the cameras. Even though these water droplets reflect the laser light and are therefore a possible seeding their great range in diameter is a big problem for the cameras and may destroy them. The cameras may be damaged by the intensity of light reflected by the bigger droplets while they won’t be able to recognize the very small droplets.

Figure 3 Tomographic PIV Setting with Laser and optics on the left side, 4 mm illumination volume around the nozzle in the water basin and the three double-frame sCMOS cameras on the right.
Figure 3

Tomographic PIV Setting with Laser and optics on the left side, 4 mm illumination volume around the nozzle in the water basin and the three double-frame sCMOS cameras on the right.

Since the timing of injection, illumination and capturing is very important all these devices have to be synchronised. To time nozzle, laser and cameras on each other the WAL device, the laser and the cameras are connected to a LaVision Programmable Timing Unit (PTU). When the pump of the WAL device is activated by the user to inject through the nozzle the signal is tapped and passed into the PTU. The PTU then triggers both the laser to illuminate the seeding particles and the cameras to capture the position of the seeding particles.

2.3 Calibration

To obtain results of a high quality special attention has to be paid to the calibration of the three cameras.

Since only an illumination volume with a thickness of up to 4 mm is available for this investigation it is only necessary to perform a single calibration that uses the two layers of the 3D calibration plate (see Figure 4).

3 Results

The results of this study allow a first insight into the velocity distribution within the water jet. Also the form of the water-jet can be reconstructed plotting the isosurfaces of velocity.

Figure 4 3D calibration plate in the water basin during calibration used for 4 mm thick illumination volume.
Figure 4

3D calibration plate in the water basin during calibration used for 4 mm thick illumination volume.

Figure 5 shows a time series of vectors and isolines of velocity in the symmetry plane (y=2 mm) of the 4 mm illumination volume plus the three-dimensional isosurfaces of the velocity within the entire 4 mm illumination volume in the water basin around the WAL nozzle.

The upper left image in Figure 5 shows the velocity distribution just after the start of the injection of the WAL water-jet at 0.05 s. Before the injection the water in the basin rests, the velocity is zero. With the water-jet entering the basin it displaces more and more resting water while transferring momentum to that surrounding water. This surrounding water is accelerated and starts to move. At 0.15 s and 0.2 s the velocity vectors at first point away from the water-jet and then even point towards it. This indicates that there are vortices next to the main stream of the water-jet. Turbulence is created.

The spatial extent of the water-jet is visualised by plotting different isosurfaces of the velocity. Isosurfaces for 0.1 m/s (cyan), 0.6 m/s (yellow), 0.8 m/s (magenta) and 1.0 m/s (red) are shown in Figure 5.

While the water-jet is still very small at 0.05 s, it increases in size constantly. More resting water is displaced by injected water with its higher velocity. The volume covered by the isosurfaces grows during the time-series. The 0.1 m/s isosurface is the outermost isosurface of the four and therefore a good indication for the spatial extent of the water-jet.

The more the water-jet enters the basin the higher velocities inside the water-jet can be measured. The yellow isosurface that represents 0.6 m/s is already recognizable inside the water-jet at 0.05 s. The velocity inside the water-jet at 0.1 s already reached 0.8 m/s which is indicated by the magenta isosurface. At 0.2 s the velocity reaches 1.0 m/s in the very tail of the water-jet.

Figure 5 Time series of velocity vectors and velocity isosurfaces (cyan 0.1 m/s, yellow 0.6 m/s, magenta 0.8 m/s, red 1.0 m/s). Upper left: 0.05 s after injection, upper right: 0.10 s after injection, lower left: 0.15 s after injection, lower right: 0.20 s after injection.
Figure 5

Time series of velocity vectors and velocity isosurfaces (cyan 0.1 m/s, yellow 0.6 m/s, magenta 0.8 m/s, red 1.0 m/s). Upper left: 0.05 s after injection, upper right: 0.10 s after injection, lower left: 0.15 s after injection, lower right: 0.20 s after injection.

It is also to mention how the water-jet is ‘cut’ by the illumination volume. While at 0.05 s the cyan isosurface is still surrounding the water-jet it opens up more and more over time. At 0.1 s and 0.15 s there is still a band formed by the cyan isosurface.

Also the outer isosurfaces fragment more and more over time (see Figure 5 in the lower right image). This occurs due to the breakup of the water-jet and the collapse of the bigger vortices next to the water-jet. Smaller regions of the same velocity and therefore more fragmented isosur-faces are the result.

The fragmentation of the outer isosurfaces also occurs due to the thin illumination volume of 4 mm which only allows the observation of a 4 mm slice of the fan-shaped water-jet. In the boundary region of the illumination volume seeding particles are once illuminated and once not so that an incorrect cross-correlation and therefore an incorrect calculation of the velocity vectors results.

4 Conclusion and outlook

Particle Image Velocimetry measurements are carried out to support the development of a new WAL device for regenerative medicine. The PIV measurements are to compare to force sensor measurements and to validate CFD simulations. The WAL nozzle is placed in a transparent water basin and injects water seeded with glass hollow spheres. To observe a volume instead of a thin sheet of the water-jet an advanced PIV method, the Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry, is used.

The first Tomographic PIV measurements show promising results. During the beginning of the injection form and extent of the entire water-jet is observable within the 4 mm illumination volume. While the injection proceeds more momentum is transferred from the injected water to the surrounding water in the basin. Vortices develop from the mean flow and it is harder to observe the fluid flow especially at the boundary of the illumination volume.

Therefore it is desirable to prevent the cutting-off of the water-jet and enlighten it entirely. So the light sheet optics is to replace with a new volume optics that is able to expand a cube-shaped illumination volume of 20 mm around the nozzle.

For illumination volumes thicker than 4 mm the calibration process will be more complex. Instead of one calibration where the 4 mm illumination volume matches the two levels of the 3D calibration plate coincidentally several manual calibration processes at different parallel planes within the illumination volume each using the two levels of the 3D calibration plate have to be performed.

To allow a calibration with several parallel planes the 3D calibration plate has to be moved in y-direction using a linear table that guarantees accuracy in movement. This linear table is mounted on a calibration portal that allows pulling up the calibration plate after the calibration without destroying this calibration by jiggling at the PIV setup (see Figure 6).

When all this is accomplished useful measurements of the WAL injectors can be conducted to compare different nozzles, flow rates or pressure levels.

Funding: The authors like to thank the Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Bau und Tourismus MecklenburgVorpommern which provided funding of the project with financial resources by the Europäischer Fonds für regionale Entwicklung EFRE. (European Regional Development Fund ERDF).

Figure 6 Concept of the new calibration portal for Tomographic PIV that allows the calibration of a 20 mm illumination volume.
Figure 6

Concept of the new calibration portal for Tomographic PIV that allows the calibration of a 20 mm illumination volume.

Author's Statement

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest. Material and Methods: Informed consent: Informed consent is not applicable. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

References

[1] Human Med AG. http://www.humanmed.com. 26.03.2015Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Drobek C, Mau R, Seitz H. Towards the CFD-based simulation of rigid body movement and shear stress of human cells in fluid flow. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 2014; 59 Suppl. 1:921–924Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Stabile M, Ueberreiter K, Schaller HE, Hoppe DL. Jet-assisted fat transfer to the female breast: preliminary experiences. European Journal of Plastic Surgery 2014 37:267–27210.1007/s00238-014-0934-8Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Adrian RJ, Westerweel J. Particle Image Velocimetry. 1st ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 2011Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Raffel M, Willert C, Wereley S, Kompenhans J. Particle Image Velocimetry. 2nd ed. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer 200710.1007/978-3-540-72308-0Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Elsinga GE, Wieneke B, Scarano F, Schröder A. Tomographic 3D-PIV and Applications. p 103–125. In: Schröder A, Willert CE, editors. Particle Image Velocimetry: New Developments and Recent Applications. Series: Topics in Applied Physics. Volume: 112. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer 200810.1007/978-3-540-73528-1_6Suche in Google Scholar

[7] LaVision GmbH. Datasheet Nd:YAG PIV Laser. 2014Suche in Google Scholar

[8] LaVision GmbH. Datasheet Compact Volume Optics. 2013Suche in Google Scholar

[9] LaVision GmbH. Datasheet Light Sheet Optics. 2011Suche in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2015-9-12
Published in Print: 2015-9-1

© 2015 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Article
  2. Development and characterization of superparamagnetic coatings
  3. Research Article
  4. The development of an experimental setup to measure acousto-electric interaction signal
  5. Research Article
  6. Stability analysis of ferrofluids
  7. Research Article
  8. Investigation of endothelial growth using a sensors-integrated microfluidic system to simulate physiological barriers
  9. Research Article
  10. Energy harvesting for active implants: powering a ruminal pH-monitoring system
  11. Research Article
  12. New type of fluxgate magnetometer for the heart’s magnetic fields detection
  13. Research Article
  14. Field mapping of ballistic pressure pulse sources
  15. Research Article
  16. Development of a new homecare sleep monitor using body sounds and motion tracking
  17. Research Article
  18. Noise properties of textile, capacitive EEG electrodes
  19. Research Article
  20. Detecting phase singularities and rotor center trajectories based on the Hilbert transform of intraatrial electrograms in an atrial voxel model
  21. Research Article
  22. Spike sorting: the overlapping spikes challenge
  23. Research Article
  24. Separating the effect of respiration from the heart rate variability for cases of constant harmonic breathing
  25. Research Article
  26. Locating regions of arrhythmogenic substrate by analyzing the duration of triggered atrial activities
  27. Research Article
  28. Combining different ECG derived respiration tracking methods to create an optimal reconstruction of the breathing pattern
  29. Research Article
  30. Atrial and ventricular signal averaging electrocardiography in pacemaker and cardiac resynchronization therapy
  31. Research Article
  32. Estimation of a respiratory signal from a single-lead ECG using the 4th order central moments
  33. Research Article
  34. Compressed sensing of multi-lead ECG signals by compressive multiplexing
  35. Research Article
  36. Heart rate monitoring in ultra-high-field MRI using frequency information obtained from video signals of the human skin compared to electrocardiography and pulse oximetry
  37. Research Article
  38. Synchronization in wireless biomedical-sensor networks with Bluetooth Low Energy
  39. Research Article
  40. Automated classification of stages of anaesthesia by populations of evolutionary optimized fuzzy rules
  41. Research Article
  42. Effects of sampling rate on automated fatigue recognition in surface EMG signals
  43. Research Article
  44. Closed-loop transcranial alternating current stimulation of slow oscillations
  45. Research Article
  46. Cardiac index in atrio- and interventricular delay optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy and cardiac contractility modulation
  47. Research Article
  48. The role of expert evaluation for microsleep detection
  49. Research Article
  50. The impact of baseline wander removal techniques on the ST segment in simulated ischemic 12-lead ECGs
  51. Research Article
  52. Metal artifact reduction by projection replacements and non-local prior image integration
  53. Research Article
  54. A novel coaxial nozzle for in-process adjustment of electrospun scaffolds’ fiber diameter
  55. Research Article
  56. Processing of membranes for oxygenation using the Bellhouse-effect
  57. Research Article
  58. Inkjet printing of viable human dental follicle stem cells
  59. Research Article
  60. The use of an icebindingprotein out of the snowflea Hypogastrura harveyi as a cryoprotectant in the cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells
  61. Research Article
  62. New NIR spectroscopy based method to determine ischemia in vivo in liver – a first study on rats
  63. Research Article
  64. QRS and QT ventricular conduction times and permanent pacemaker therapy after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
  65. Research Article
  66. Adopting oculopressure tonometry as a transient in vivo rabbit glaucoma model
  67. Research Article
  68. Next-generation vision testing: the quick CSF
  69. Research Article
  70. Improving tactile sensation in laparoscopic surgery by overcoming size restrictions
  71. Research Article
  72. Design and control of a 3-DOF hydraulic driven surgical instrument
  73. Research Article
  74. Evaluation of endourological tools to improve the diagnosis and therapy of ureteral tumors – from model development to clinical application
  75. Research Article
  76. Frequency based assessment of surgical activities
  77. Research Article
  78. “Hands free for intervention”, a new approach for transoral endoscopic surgery
  79. Research Article
  80. Pseudo-haptic feedback in medical teleoperation
  81. Research Article
  82. Feasibility of interactive gesture control of a robotic microscope
  83. Research Article
  84. Towards structuring contextual information for workflow-driven surgical assistance functionalities
  85. Research Article
  86. Towards a framework for standardized semantic workflow modeling and management in the surgical domain
  87. Research Article
  88. Closed-loop approach for situation awareness of medical devices and operating room infrastructure
  89. Research Article
  90. Kinect based physiotherapy system for home use
  91. Research Article
  92. Evaluating the microsoft kinect skeleton joint tracking as a tool for home-based physiotherapy
  93. Research Article
  94. Integrating multimodal information for intraoperative assistance in neurosurgery
  95. Research Article
  96. Respiratory motion tracking using Microsoft’s Kinect v2 camera
  97. Research Article
  98. Using smart glasses for ultrasound diagnostics
  99. Research Article
  100. Measurement of needle susceptibility artifacts in magnetic resonance images
  101. Research Article
  102. Dimensionality reduction of medical image descriptors for multimodal image registration
  103. Research Article
  104. Experimental evaluation of different weighting schemes in magnetic particle imaging reconstruction
  105. Research Article
  106. Evaluation of CT capability for the detection of thin bone structures
  107. Research Article
  108. Towards contactless optical coherence elastography with acoustic tissue excitation
  109. Research Article
  110. Development and implementation of algorithms for automatic and robust measurement of the 2D:4D digit ratio using image data
  111. Research Article
  112. Automated high-throughput analysis of B cell spreading on immobilized antibodies with whole slide imaging
  113. Research Article
  114. Tissue segmentation from head MRI: a ground truth validation for feature-enhanced tracking
  115. Research Article
  116. Video tracking of swimming rodents on a reflective water surface
  117. Research Article
  118. MR imaging of model drug distribution in simulated vitreous
  119. Research Article
  120. Studying the extracellular contribution to the double wave vector diffusion-weighted signal
  121. Research Article
  122. Artifacts in field free line magnetic particle imaging in the presence of inhomogeneous and nonlinear magnetic fields
  123. Research Article
  124. Introducing a frequency-tunable magnetic particle spectrometer
  125. Research Article
  126. Imaging of aortic valve dynamics in 4D OCT
  127. Research Article
  128. Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an additional tool for the assessment of stent structures
  129. Research Article
  130. Simple concept for a wide-field lensless digital holographic microscope using a laser diode
  131. Research Article
  132. Intraoperative identification of somato-sensory brain areas using optical imaging and standard RGB camera equipment – a feasibility study
  133. Research Article
  134. Respiratory surface motion measurement by Microsoft Kinect
  135. Research Article
  136. Improving image quality in EIT imaging by measurement of thorax excursion
  137. Research Article
  138. A clustering based dual model framework for EIT imaging: first experimental results
  139. Research Article
  140. Three-dimensional anisotropic regularization for limited angle tomography
  141. Research Article
  142. GPU-based real-time generation of large ultrasound volumes from freehand 3D sweeps
  143. Research Article
  144. Experimental computer tomograph
  145. Research Article
  146. US-tracked steered FUS in a respiratory ex vivo ovine liver phantom
  147. Research Article
  148. Contribution of brownian rotation and particle assembly polarisation to the particle response in magnetic particle spectrometry
  149. Research Article
  150. Preliminary investigations of magnetic modulated nanoparticles for microwave breast cancer detection
  151. Research Article
  152. Construction of a device for magnetic separation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
  153. Research Article
  154. An IHE-conform telecooperation platform supporting the treatment of dementia patients
  155. Research Article
  156. Automated respiratory therapy system based on the ARDSNet protocol with systemic perfusion control
  157. Research Article
  158. Identification of surgical instruments using UHF-RFID technology
  159. Research Article
  160. A generic concept for the development of model-guided clinical decision support systems
  161. Research Article
  162. Evaluation of local alterations in femoral bone mineral density measured via quantitative CT
  163. Research Article
  164. Creating 3D gelatin phantoms for experimental evaluation in biomedicine
  165. Research Article
  166. Influence of short-term fixation with mixed formalin or ethanol solution on the mechanical properties of human cortical bone
  167. Research Article
  168. Analysis of the release kinetics of surface-bound proteins via laser-induced fluorescence
  169. Research Article
  170. Tomographic particle image velocimetry of a water-jet for low volume harvesting of fat tissue for regenerative medicine
  171. Research Article
  172. Wireless medical sensors – context, robustness and safety
  173. Research Article
  174. Sequences for real-time magnetic particle imaging
  175. Research Article
  176. Speckle-based off-axis holographic detection for non-contact photoacoustic tomography
  177. Research Article
  178. A machine learning approach for planning valve-sparing aortic root reconstruction
  179. Research Article
  180. An in-ear pulse wave velocity measurement system using heart sounds as time reference
  181. Research Article
  182. Measuring different oxygenation levels in a blood perfusion model simulating the human head using NIRS
  183. Research Article
  184. Multisegmental fusion of the lumbar spine a curse or a blessing?
  185. Research Article
  186. Numerical analysis of the biomechanical complications accompanying the total hip replacement with NANOS-Prosthetic: bone remodelling and prosthesis migration
  187. Research Article
  188. A muscle model for hybrid muscle activation
  189. Research Article
  190. Mathematical, numerical and in-vitro investigation of cooling performance of an intra-carotid catheter for selective brain hypothermia
  191. Research Article
  192. An ideally parameterized unscented Kalman filter for the inverse problem of electrocardiography
  193. Research Article
  194. Interactive visualization of cardiac anatomy and atrial excitation for medical diagnosis and research
  195. Research Article
  196. Virtualizing clinical cases of atrial flutter in a fast marching simulation including conduction velocity and ablation scars
  197. Research Article
  198. Mesh structure-independent modeling of patient-specific atrial fiber orientation
  199. Research Article
  200. Accelerating mono-domain cardiac electrophysiology simulations using OpenCL
  201. Research Article
  202. Understanding the cellular mode of action of vernakalant using a computational model: answers and new questions
  203. Research Article
  204. A java based simulator with user interface to simulate ventilated patients
  205. Research Article
  206. Evaluation of an algorithm to choose between competing models of respiratory mechanics
  207. Research Article
  208. Numerical simulation of low-pulsation gerotor pumps for use in the pharmaceutical industry and in biomedicine
  209. Research Article
  210. Numerical and experimental flow analysis in centifluidic systems for rapid allergy screening tests
  211. Research Article
  212. Biomechanical parameter determination of scaffold-free cartilage constructs (SFCCs) with the hyperelastic material models Yeoh, Ogden and Demiray
  213. Research Article
  214. FPGA controlled artificial vascular system
  215. Research Article
  216. Simulation based investigation of source-detector configurations for non-invasive fetal pulse oximetry
  217. Research Article
  218. Test setup for characterizing the efficacy of embolic protection devices
  219. Research Article
  220. Impact of electrode geometry on force generation during functional electrical stimulation
  221. Research Article
  222. 3D-based visual physical activity assessment of children
  223. Research Article
  224. Realtime assessment of foot orientation by Accelerometers and Gyroscopes
  225. Research Article
  226. Image based reconstruction for cystoscopy
  227. Research Article
  228. Image guided surgery innovation with graduate students - a new lecture format
  229. Research Article
  230. Multichannel FES parameterization for controlling foot motion in paretic gait
  231. Research Article
  232. Smartphone supported upper limb prosthesis
  233. Research Article
  234. Use of quantitative tremor evaluation to enhance target selection during deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor
  235. Research Article
  236. Evaluation of adhesion promoters for Parylene C on gold metallization
  237. Research Article
  238. The influence of metallic ions from CoCr28Mo6 on the osteogenic differentiation and cytokine release of human osteoblasts
  239. Research Article
  240. Increasing the visibility of thin NITINOL vascular implants
  241. Research Article
  242. Possible reasons for early artificial bone failure in biomechanical tests of ankle arthrodesis systems
  243. Research Article
  244. Development of a bending test procedure for the characterization of flexible ECoG electrode arrays
  245. Research Article
  246. Tubular manipulators: a new concept for intracochlear positioning of an auditory prosthesis
  247. Research Article
  248. Investigation of the dynamic diameter deformation of vascular stents during fatigue testing with radial loading
  249. Research Article
  250. Electrospun vascular grafts with anti-kinking properties
  251. Research Article
  252. Integration of temperature sensors in polyimide-based thin-film electrode arrays
  253. Research Article
  254. Use cases and usability challenges for head-mounted displays in healthcare
  255. Research Article
  256. Device- and service profiles for integrated or systems based on open standards
  257. Research Article
  258. Risk management for medical devices in research projects
  259. Research Article
  260. Simulation of varying femoral attachment sites of medial patellofemoral ligament using a musculoskeletal multi-body model
  261. Research Article
  262. Does enhancing consciousness for strategic planning processes support the effectiveness of problem-based learning concepts in biomedical education?
  263. Research Article
  264. SPIO processing in macrophages for MPI: The breast cancer MPI-SNLB-concept
  265. Research Article
  266. Numerical simulations of airflow in the human pharynx of OSAHS patients
https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0085
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
water-assisted liposuction; WAL; water-jet; PIV; Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 3.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Article
  2. Development and characterization of superparamagnetic coatings
  3. Research Article
  4. The development of an experimental setup to measure acousto-electric interaction signal
  5. Research Article
  6. Stability analysis of ferrofluids
  7. Research Article
  8. Investigation of endothelial growth using a sensors-integrated microfluidic system to simulate physiological barriers
  9. Research Article
  10. Energy harvesting for active implants: powering a ruminal pH-monitoring system
  11. Research Article
  12. New type of fluxgate magnetometer for the heart’s magnetic fields detection
  13. Research Article
  14. Field mapping of ballistic pressure pulse sources
  15. Research Article
  16. Development of a new homecare sleep monitor using body sounds and motion tracking
  17. Research Article
  18. Noise properties of textile, capacitive EEG electrodes
  19. Research Article
  20. Detecting phase singularities and rotor center trajectories based on the Hilbert transform of intraatrial electrograms in an atrial voxel model
  21. Research Article
  22. Spike sorting: the overlapping spikes challenge
  23. Research Article
  24. Separating the effect of respiration from the heart rate variability for cases of constant harmonic breathing
  25. Research Article
  26. Locating regions of arrhythmogenic substrate by analyzing the duration of triggered atrial activities
  27. Research Article
  28. Combining different ECG derived respiration tracking methods to create an optimal reconstruction of the breathing pattern
  29. Research Article
  30. Atrial and ventricular signal averaging electrocardiography in pacemaker and cardiac resynchronization therapy
  31. Research Article
  32. Estimation of a respiratory signal from a single-lead ECG using the 4th order central moments
  33. Research Article
  34. Compressed sensing of multi-lead ECG signals by compressive multiplexing
  35. Research Article
  36. Heart rate monitoring in ultra-high-field MRI using frequency information obtained from video signals of the human skin compared to electrocardiography and pulse oximetry
  37. Research Article
  38. Synchronization in wireless biomedical-sensor networks with Bluetooth Low Energy
  39. Research Article
  40. Automated classification of stages of anaesthesia by populations of evolutionary optimized fuzzy rules
  41. Research Article
  42. Effects of sampling rate on automated fatigue recognition in surface EMG signals
  43. Research Article
  44. Closed-loop transcranial alternating current stimulation of slow oscillations
  45. Research Article
  46. Cardiac index in atrio- and interventricular delay optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy and cardiac contractility modulation
  47. Research Article
  48. The role of expert evaluation for microsleep detection
  49. Research Article
  50. The impact of baseline wander removal techniques on the ST segment in simulated ischemic 12-lead ECGs
  51. Research Article
  52. Metal artifact reduction by projection replacements and non-local prior image integration
  53. Research Article
  54. A novel coaxial nozzle for in-process adjustment of electrospun scaffolds’ fiber diameter
  55. Research Article
  56. Processing of membranes for oxygenation using the Bellhouse-effect
  57. Research Article
  58. Inkjet printing of viable human dental follicle stem cells
  59. Research Article
  60. The use of an icebindingprotein out of the snowflea Hypogastrura harveyi as a cryoprotectant in the cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells
  61. Research Article
  62. New NIR spectroscopy based method to determine ischemia in vivo in liver – a first study on rats
  63. Research Article
  64. QRS and QT ventricular conduction times and permanent pacemaker therapy after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
  65. Research Article
  66. Adopting oculopressure tonometry as a transient in vivo rabbit glaucoma model
  67. Research Article
  68. Next-generation vision testing: the quick CSF
  69. Research Article
  70. Improving tactile sensation in laparoscopic surgery by overcoming size restrictions
  71. Research Article
  72. Design and control of a 3-DOF hydraulic driven surgical instrument
  73. Research Article
  74. Evaluation of endourological tools to improve the diagnosis and therapy of ureteral tumors – from model development to clinical application
  75. Research Article
  76. Frequency based assessment of surgical activities
  77. Research Article
  78. “Hands free for intervention”, a new approach for transoral endoscopic surgery
  79. Research Article
  80. Pseudo-haptic feedback in medical teleoperation
  81. Research Article
  82. Feasibility of interactive gesture control of a robotic microscope
  83. Research Article
  84. Towards structuring contextual information for workflow-driven surgical assistance functionalities
  85. Research Article
  86. Towards a framework for standardized semantic workflow modeling and management in the surgical domain
  87. Research Article
  88. Closed-loop approach for situation awareness of medical devices and operating room infrastructure
  89. Research Article
  90. Kinect based physiotherapy system for home use
  91. Research Article
  92. Evaluating the microsoft kinect skeleton joint tracking as a tool for home-based physiotherapy
  93. Research Article
  94. Integrating multimodal information for intraoperative assistance in neurosurgery
  95. Research Article
  96. Respiratory motion tracking using Microsoft’s Kinect v2 camera
  97. Research Article
  98. Using smart glasses for ultrasound diagnostics
  99. Research Article
  100. Measurement of needle susceptibility artifacts in magnetic resonance images
  101. Research Article
  102. Dimensionality reduction of medical image descriptors for multimodal image registration
  103. Research Article
  104. Experimental evaluation of different weighting schemes in magnetic particle imaging reconstruction
  105. Research Article
  106. Evaluation of CT capability for the detection of thin bone structures
  107. Research Article
  108. Towards contactless optical coherence elastography with acoustic tissue excitation
  109. Research Article
  110. Development and implementation of algorithms for automatic and robust measurement of the 2D:4D digit ratio using image data
  111. Research Article
  112. Automated high-throughput analysis of B cell spreading on immobilized antibodies with whole slide imaging
  113. Research Article
  114. Tissue segmentation from head MRI: a ground truth validation for feature-enhanced tracking
  115. Research Article
  116. Video tracking of swimming rodents on a reflective water surface
  117. Research Article
  118. MR imaging of model drug distribution in simulated vitreous
  119. Research Article
  120. Studying the extracellular contribution to the double wave vector diffusion-weighted signal
  121. Research Article
  122. Artifacts in field free line magnetic particle imaging in the presence of inhomogeneous and nonlinear magnetic fields
  123. Research Article
  124. Introducing a frequency-tunable magnetic particle spectrometer
  125. Research Article
  126. Imaging of aortic valve dynamics in 4D OCT
  127. Research Article
  128. Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an additional tool for the assessment of stent structures
  129. Research Article
  130. Simple concept for a wide-field lensless digital holographic microscope using a laser diode
  131. Research Article
  132. Intraoperative identification of somato-sensory brain areas using optical imaging and standard RGB camera equipment – a feasibility study
  133. Research Article
  134. Respiratory surface motion measurement by Microsoft Kinect
  135. Research Article
  136. Improving image quality in EIT imaging by measurement of thorax excursion
  137. Research Article
  138. A clustering based dual model framework for EIT imaging: first experimental results
  139. Research Article
  140. Three-dimensional anisotropic regularization for limited angle tomography
  141. Research Article
  142. GPU-based real-time generation of large ultrasound volumes from freehand 3D sweeps
  143. Research Article
  144. Experimental computer tomograph
  145. Research Article
  146. US-tracked steered FUS in a respiratory ex vivo ovine liver phantom
  147. Research Article
  148. Contribution of brownian rotation and particle assembly polarisation to the particle response in magnetic particle spectrometry
  149. Research Article
  150. Preliminary investigations of magnetic modulated nanoparticles for microwave breast cancer detection
  151. Research Article
  152. Construction of a device for magnetic separation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
  153. Research Article
  154. An IHE-conform telecooperation platform supporting the treatment of dementia patients
  155. Research Article
  156. Automated respiratory therapy system based on the ARDSNet protocol with systemic perfusion control
  157. Research Article
  158. Identification of surgical instruments using UHF-RFID technology
  159. Research Article
  160. A generic concept for the development of model-guided clinical decision support systems
  161. Research Article
  162. Evaluation of local alterations in femoral bone mineral density measured via quantitative CT
  163. Research Article
  164. Creating 3D gelatin phantoms for experimental evaluation in biomedicine
  165. Research Article
  166. Influence of short-term fixation with mixed formalin or ethanol solution on the mechanical properties of human cortical bone
  167. Research Article
  168. Analysis of the release kinetics of surface-bound proteins via laser-induced fluorescence
  169. Research Article
  170. Tomographic particle image velocimetry of a water-jet for low volume harvesting of fat tissue for regenerative medicine
  171. Research Article
  172. Wireless medical sensors – context, robustness and safety
  173. Research Article
  174. Sequences for real-time magnetic particle imaging
  175. Research Article
  176. Speckle-based off-axis holographic detection for non-contact photoacoustic tomography
  177. Research Article
  178. A machine learning approach for planning valve-sparing aortic root reconstruction
  179. Research Article
  180. An in-ear pulse wave velocity measurement system using heart sounds as time reference
  181. Research Article
  182. Measuring different oxygenation levels in a blood perfusion model simulating the human head using NIRS
  183. Research Article
  184. Multisegmental fusion of the lumbar spine a curse or a blessing?
  185. Research Article
  186. Numerical analysis of the biomechanical complications accompanying the total hip replacement with NANOS-Prosthetic: bone remodelling and prosthesis migration
  187. Research Article
  188. A muscle model for hybrid muscle activation
  189. Research Article
  190. Mathematical, numerical and in-vitro investigation of cooling performance of an intra-carotid catheter for selective brain hypothermia
  191. Research Article
  192. An ideally parameterized unscented Kalman filter for the inverse problem of electrocardiography
  193. Research Article
  194. Interactive visualization of cardiac anatomy and atrial excitation for medical diagnosis and research
  195. Research Article
  196. Virtualizing clinical cases of atrial flutter in a fast marching simulation including conduction velocity and ablation scars
  197. Research Article
  198. Mesh structure-independent modeling of patient-specific atrial fiber orientation
  199. Research Article
  200. Accelerating mono-domain cardiac electrophysiology simulations using OpenCL
  201. Research Article
  202. Understanding the cellular mode of action of vernakalant using a computational model: answers and new questions
  203. Research Article
  204. A java based simulator with user interface to simulate ventilated patients
  205. Research Article
  206. Evaluation of an algorithm to choose between competing models of respiratory mechanics
  207. Research Article
  208. Numerical simulation of low-pulsation gerotor pumps for use in the pharmaceutical industry and in biomedicine
  209. Research Article
  210. Numerical and experimental flow analysis in centifluidic systems for rapid allergy screening tests
  211. Research Article
  212. Biomechanical parameter determination of scaffold-free cartilage constructs (SFCCs) with the hyperelastic material models Yeoh, Ogden and Demiray
  213. Research Article
  214. FPGA controlled artificial vascular system
  215. Research Article
  216. Simulation based investigation of source-detector configurations for non-invasive fetal pulse oximetry
  217. Research Article
  218. Test setup for characterizing the efficacy of embolic protection devices
  219. Research Article
  220. Impact of electrode geometry on force generation during functional electrical stimulation
  221. Research Article
  222. 3D-based visual physical activity assessment of children
  223. Research Article
  224. Realtime assessment of foot orientation by Accelerometers and Gyroscopes
  225. Research Article
  226. Image based reconstruction for cystoscopy
  227. Research Article
  228. Image guided surgery innovation with graduate students - a new lecture format
  229. Research Article
  230. Multichannel FES parameterization for controlling foot motion in paretic gait
  231. Research Article
  232. Smartphone supported upper limb prosthesis
  233. Research Article
  234. Use of quantitative tremor evaluation to enhance target selection during deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor
  235. Research Article
  236. Evaluation of adhesion promoters for Parylene C on gold metallization
  237. Research Article
  238. The influence of metallic ions from CoCr28Mo6 on the osteogenic differentiation and cytokine release of human osteoblasts
  239. Research Article
  240. Increasing the visibility of thin NITINOL vascular implants
  241. Research Article
  242. Possible reasons for early artificial bone failure in biomechanical tests of ankle arthrodesis systems
  243. Research Article
  244. Development of a bending test procedure for the characterization of flexible ECoG electrode arrays
  245. Research Article
  246. Tubular manipulators: a new concept for intracochlear positioning of an auditory prosthesis
  247. Research Article
  248. Investigation of the dynamic diameter deformation of vascular stents during fatigue testing with radial loading
  249. Research Article
  250. Electrospun vascular grafts with anti-kinking properties
  251. Research Article
  252. Integration of temperature sensors in polyimide-based thin-film electrode arrays
  253. Research Article
  254. Use cases and usability challenges for head-mounted displays in healthcare
  255. Research Article
  256. Device- and service profiles for integrated or systems based on open standards
  257. Research Article
  258. Risk management for medical devices in research projects
  259. Research Article
  260. Simulation of varying femoral attachment sites of medial patellofemoral ligament using a musculoskeletal multi-body model
  261. Research Article
  262. Does enhancing consciousness for strategic planning processes support the effectiveness of problem-based learning concepts in biomedical education?
  263. Research Article
  264. SPIO processing in macrophages for MPI: The breast cancer MPI-SNLB-concept
  265. Research Article
  266. Numerical simulations of airflow in the human pharynx of OSAHS patients
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 7.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0085/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen