Home Artifacts in field free line magnetic particle imaging in the presence of inhomogeneous and nonlinear magnetic fields
Article Open Access

Artifacts in field free line magnetic particle imaging in the presence of inhomogeneous and nonlinear magnetic fields

  • Hanne Medimagh EMAIL logo , Patrick Weissert , Gael Bringout , Klaas Bente , Matthias Weber , Ksenija Gräfe , Aileen Cordes and M. Buzug Thorsten
Published/Copyright: September 12, 2015
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information Explore this Subject
Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering
From the journal Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering Volume 1 Issue 1

Abstract

Introduction: Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an emerging medical imaging modality that detects super-paramagnetic particles exploiting their nonlinear magnetization response. Spatial encoding can be realized using a Field Free Line (FFL), which is generated, rotated and translated through the Field of View (FOV) using a combination of magnetic gradient fields and homogeneous excitation fields. When scaling up systems and/or enlarging the FOV in comparison to the scanner bore, ensuring homogeneity and linearity of the magnetic fields becomes challenging. The present contribution describes the first comprehensive, systematic study on the influence of magnetic field imperfections in FFL MPI. Methods: In a simulation study, 14 different FFL scanner setups have been examined. Starting from an ideal scanner using perfect magnetic fields, defined imperfections have been introduced in a range of configurations (nonlinear gradient fields, inhomogeneous excitation fields, or inhomogeneous receive fields, or a combination thereof). In the first part of the study, the voltage induced in the receive channels parallel and perpendicular to the FFL translation have been studied for discrete FFL angles. In the second part, an imaging process has been simulated comparing different image reconstruction approaches. Results: The induced voltage signals demonstrate illustratively the effect of the magnetic field imperfections. In images reconstructed using a Radon-based approach, the magnetic field imperfections lead to pronounced artifacts, especially if a deconvolution using the point spread function is performed. In images reconstructed using a system function based approach, variations in local image quality become visible. Conclusion: For Radon-based image reconstruction in FFL MPI in the presence of inhomogeneous and nonlinear magnetic fields, artifact correction methods will have to be developed. In this regard, a first approach has recently been presented by another group. Further research is required to elucidate the influence of magnetic field imperfections in MPI using a system function based approach.

Keywords: Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI); Field Free Line (FFL); artifacts; magnetic field inhomogeneity; gradient field nonlinearity; Radon based image reconstruction; system function based image reconstruction

1 Introduction

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an emerging medical imaging modality that detects superparamagnetic particles exploiting their nonlinear magnetization response [1]. Spatial encoding can be realized using a Field Free Line (FFL), which is generated, rotated and translated through the Field of View (FOV) using a combination of magnetic gradient fields and homogeneous excitation fields [2]. This allows for system function based or Radon-based image reconstruction [3]. When scaling up systems [4–8] and/or enlarging the FOV in comparison to the scanner bore [9], ensuring homogeneity and linearity of the magnetic fields becomes challenging. Recently, it has been demonstrated in a study comparing two specific scanner setups that field imperfections may lead to artifacts in FFL imaging using Radon-based image reconstruction [9]. The underlying effect is well-known from other imaging modalities: Because of the field inhomogeneities/nonlinearities, assumptions made in Radon-based image reconstruction [10] are violated, which may lead to image artifacts [11]. The present contribution describes the first comprehensive and systematic study on the influence of magnetic field imperfections in FFL MPI. Preliminary results of the study have been presented in [12].

2 Methods

In a simulation study using proprietary software [13], 14 different FFL scanner setups have been examined using parameters similar to [3]. Starting from an ideal scanner using perfect magnetic fields, defined imperfections have been introduced in a range of configurations:

  • – Nonlinear gradient fields (using Maxwell coils and coils with a radius of 75 %, 50 % and 25 % thereof),

  • – Inhomogeneous excitation fields (using Helmholtz coils and coils with a radius of 75 %, 50 % and 25 % thereof),

  • – Inhomogeneous receive fields (using Helmholtz coils and coils with a radius of 75 %, 50 % and 25 % thereof),

  • – A combination of nonlinear gradient fields (Maxwell50) and inhomogeneous excitation fields (Helmholtz50).

In the first part of the study, the voltage induced in the receive channels parallel and perpendicular to the FFL translation have been studied for discrete FFL angles. In the second part, an imaging process has been simulated comparing different image reconstruction approaches. Image reconstruction was performed using both a system function based approach and a Radon-based approach, the latter with and without deconvolution using the point spread function (PSF).

3 Results

The induced voltage signals (see Figs. 1 and 2) demonstrate illustratively the effect of the magnetic field imperfections. Compared to the ideal scanner, the voltage peaks occur with deformed peak shapes. Remarkably, a field imperfection may lead to a signal being detectable in the receive channel perpendicular to the FFL movement.

Figure 1 Induced signals (with velocity compensation) for one FFL translation and various FFL angles using the phantom in the inset in the lower left corner, where the white circles represent areas filled with magnetic nanoparticles and the blue arrow indicates the movement of the FFL from its starting position (red) to the turning position (yellow). Upper/lower row: Receive channel parallel/perpendicular to the FFL movement. Left: Perfect scanner. Middle: Scanner with gradient field nonlinearity (Maxwell50). Right: Scanner with excitation field inhomogeneity (Helmholtz50).
Figure 1

Induced signals (with velocity compensation) for one FFL translation and various FFL angles using the phantom in the inset in the lower left corner, where the white circles represent areas filled with magnetic nanoparticles and the blue arrow indicates the movement of the FFL from its starting position (red) to the turning position (yellow). Upper/lower row: Receive channel parallel/perpendicular to the FFL movement. Left: Perfect scanner. Middle: Scanner with gradient field nonlinearity (Maxwell50). Right: Scanner with excitation field inhomogeneity (Helmholtz50).

Figure 2 Induced signals (without velocity compensation) for one FFL translation and various degrees of receive field inhomogeneity using the phantom of Fig. 1. Left/right: Receive channel parallel/perpendicular to the FFL movement.
Figure 2

Induced signals (without velocity compensation) for one FFL translation and various degrees of receive field inhomogeneity using the phantom of Fig. 1. Left/right: Receive channel parallel/perpendicular to the FFL movement.

Fig. 3 shows the MPI images reconstructed using different techniques. In images reconstructed using a Radon-based approach, the magnetic field imperfections lead to pronounced artifacts, especially if a deconvolution using the point spread function is performed. The artifacts are less prominent in the center than in the rest of the FOV. In images reconstructed using a system function based approach, variations in local image quality become visible.

Figure 3 MPI images reconstructed using different techniques (concentrations in mol(Fe)/l). In the phantom (see upper right corner), the concentration was 0.1 mol(Fe)/l. Columns: (a) Radon-based reconstruction using PSF deconvolution, (b) Radon-based reconstruction without PSF deconvolution, (c) System function based reconstruction (without non-negativity constraint). Rows: A) Ideal scanner, B) Nonlinear gradient field (Maxwell25), C) Inhomogeneous excitation field (Helmholtz25), D) Inhomogeneous receive field (Helmholtz25), E) Nonlinear gradient field and inhomogeneous Tx field (Maxwell50,Helmholtz50). Note: Some of the images have been published in [12]; they are reproduced here with permission of IEEE.
Figure 3

MPI images reconstructed using different techniques (concentrations in mol(Fe)/l). In the phantom (see upper right corner), the concentration was 0.1 mol(Fe)/l. Columns: (a) Radon-based reconstruction using PSF deconvolution, (b) Radon-based reconstruction without PSF deconvolution, (c) System function based reconstruction (without non-negativity constraint). Rows: A) Ideal scanner, B) Nonlinear gradient field (Maxwell25), C) Inhomogeneous excitation field (Helmholtz25), D) Inhomogeneous receive field (Helmholtz25), E) Nonlinear gradient field and inhomogeneous Tx field (Maxwell50,Helmholtz50). Note: Some of the images have been published in [12]; they are reproduced here with permission of IEEE.

4 Conclusion

Radon-based image reconstruction in FFL MPI in the presence of inhomogeneous and nonlinear magnetic fields is prone to severe artifacts, therefore artifact correction methods will have to be developed. In this regard, a first approach has recently been presented by Murase et al. [14]. Moreover, a method to predict the extent of artifacts to be expected based on magnetic field properties would be desirable as well.

Further research is required to elucidate the influence of magnetic field imperfections in MPI using a system function based image reconstruction approach. This is subject of ongoing studies.

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grant numbers 13N11090, 13EZ1140A/B and 01EZ0912, of the European Union and the State Schleswig-Holstein (Programme for the Future – Economy) under grant number 122-10-004, of the German Research Foundation (DFG) under grant number BU 1436/7-1 and of the Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences funded by Germany’s Excellence Initiative [DFG GSC 235/2].

Author’s Statement

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest. Material and Methods: Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

References

[1] Buzug TM, Bringout G, Erbe M, et al. Magnetic particle imaging: introduction to imaging and hardware realization. Z Med Phys 2012;22(4):323-334.10.1016/j.zemedi.2012.07.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Weizenecker J, Gleich B, Borgert J. Magnetic particle imaging using a field free line. J Phys D: Appl Phys 2008;41: 105009, 3 pp.10.1088/0022-3727/41/10/105009Search in Google Scholar

[3] KnoppTErbeMSattelTF, et al. A Fourier slice theorem for magnetic particle imaging using a field-free lineInverse Probl201127: 09500414 pp.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Goodwill PW, Konkle JJ, Zheng B, et al. Projection x-space magnetic particle imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2012;31(5):1076-1085.10.1109/TMI.2012.2185247Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Konkle JJ, Goodwill PW, Saritas EU, et al. Twenty-fold acceleration of 3D projection reconstruction MPI. Biomed Tech (Berl) 2013;58(6):565-576.10.1515/bmt-2012-0062Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Murase K, Hiratsuka S, Song R, et al. Development of a system for magnetic particle imaging using neodymium magnets and gradiometer.Jpn J Appl Phys 2014;53(6):067001.10.7567/JJAP.53.067001Search in Google Scholar

[7] BenteKWeberMGraeserMSattelTF, et al. Electronic field free line rotation and relaxation deconvolution in magnetic particle imagingIEEE Trans Med Imaging2015342644651.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Bringout G, Stelzner J, Ahlborg M. Concept of a rabbit-sized FFL-scanner. International Workshop on Magnetic Particle Imaging (IWMPI) 2015), accepted. Abstract will be available in IEEE Xplore Digital Library.10.1109/IWMPI.2015.7107032Search in Google Scholar

[9] Erbe M, Knopp T, Sattel TF, et al. Influence of Magnetic Field Optimization on Image Quality Achieved for Eflcient Radon-based Reconstruction in Field Free Line Imaging in MPI. Springer Proceedings in Physics 140, 2012.10.1007/978-3-642-24133-8_36Search in Google Scholar

[10] Radon J. Über die Bestimmung von Funktionen durch ihre Integralwerte längs gewisser Mannigfaltigkeiten. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königlich-Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig.Mathematisch-Physische Klasse 1917;69:262-277.Search in Google Scholar

[11] O’Donnell M, Edelstein WA. NMR imaging in the presence of magnetic field inhomogeneities and gradient field nonlinearities.Med Phys 1985;12(1):20-26.10.1118/1.595732Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Medimagh H, Weissert P, Bringout G, et al. Artifacts in Field Free Line Magnetic Particle Imaging. International Workshop on Magnetic Particle Imaging (IWMPI) 2015), accepted. Abstract will be available in IEEE Xplore Digital Library.10.1109/IWMPI.2015.7107043Search in Google Scholar

[13] Knopp T, Sattel TF, Biederer S, et al. Model-based reconstruction for magnetic particle imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2010; 29 (1):12-18.10.1109/TMI.2009.2021612Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Murase K, Banura N, Mimura A, et al. Simple and practical method for correcting the inhomogeneous sensitivity of a receiving coil in magnetic particle imaging. Jpn J Appl Phys 2015;54:038001.10.7567/JJAP.54.038001Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2015-9-12
Published in Print: 2015-9-1

© 2015 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Development and characterization of superparamagnetic coatings
  3. Research Article
  4. The development of an experimental setup to measure acousto-electric interaction signal
  5. Research Article
  6. Stability analysis of ferrofluids
  7. Research Article
  8. Investigation of endothelial growth using a sensors-integrated microfluidic system to simulate physiological barriers
  9. Research Article
  10. Energy harvesting for active implants: powering a ruminal pH-monitoring system
  11. Research Article
  12. New type of fluxgate magnetometer for the heart’s magnetic fields detection
  13. Research Article
  14. Field mapping of ballistic pressure pulse sources
  15. Research Article
  16. Development of a new homecare sleep monitor using body sounds and motion tracking
  17. Research Article
  18. Noise properties of textile, capacitive EEG electrodes
  19. Research Article
  20. Detecting phase singularities and rotor center trajectories based on the Hilbert transform of intraatrial electrograms in an atrial voxel model
  21. Research Article
  22. Spike sorting: the overlapping spikes challenge
  23. Research Article
  24. Separating the effect of respiration from the heart rate variability for cases of constant harmonic breathing
  25. Research Article
  26. Locating regions of arrhythmogenic substrate by analyzing the duration of triggered atrial activities
  27. Research Article
  28. Combining different ECG derived respiration tracking methods to create an optimal reconstruction of the breathing pattern
  29. Research Article
  30. Atrial and ventricular signal averaging electrocardiography in pacemaker and cardiac resynchronization therapy
  31. Research Article
  32. Estimation of a respiratory signal from a single-lead ECG using the 4th order central moments
  33. Research Article
  34. Compressed sensing of multi-lead ECG signals by compressive multiplexing
  35. Research Article
  36. Heart rate monitoring in ultra-high-field MRI using frequency information obtained from video signals of the human skin compared to electrocardiography and pulse oximetry
  37. Research Article
  38. Synchronization in wireless biomedical-sensor networks with Bluetooth Low Energy
  39. Research Article
  40. Automated classification of stages of anaesthesia by populations of evolutionary optimized fuzzy rules
  41. Research Article
  42. Effects of sampling rate on automated fatigue recognition in surface EMG signals
  43. Research Article
  44. Closed-loop transcranial alternating current stimulation of slow oscillations
  45. Research Article
  46. Cardiac index in atrio- and interventricular delay optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy and cardiac contractility modulation
  47. Research Article
  48. The role of expert evaluation for microsleep detection
  49. Research Article
  50. The impact of baseline wander removal techniques on the ST segment in simulated ischemic 12-lead ECGs
  51. Research Article
  52. Metal artifact reduction by projection replacements and non-local prior image integration
  53. Research Article
  54. A novel coaxial nozzle for in-process adjustment of electrospun scaffolds’ fiber diameter
  55. Research Article
  56. Processing of membranes for oxygenation using the Bellhouse-effect
  57. Research Article
  58. Inkjet printing of viable human dental follicle stem cells
  59. Research Article
  60. The use of an icebindingprotein out of the snowflea Hypogastrura harveyi as a cryoprotectant in the cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells
  61. Research Article
  62. New NIR spectroscopy based method to determine ischemia in vivo in liver – a first study on rats
  63. Research Article
  64. QRS and QT ventricular conduction times and permanent pacemaker therapy after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
  65. Research Article
  66. Adopting oculopressure tonometry as a transient in vivo rabbit glaucoma model
  67. Research Article
  68. Next-generation vision testing: the quick CSF
  69. Research Article
  70. Improving tactile sensation in laparoscopic surgery by overcoming size restrictions
  71. Research Article
  72. Design and control of a 3-DOF hydraulic driven surgical instrument
  73. Research Article
  74. Evaluation of endourological tools to improve the diagnosis and therapy of ureteral tumors – from model development to clinical application
  75. Research Article
  76. Frequency based assessment of surgical activities
  77. Research Article
  78. “Hands free for intervention”, a new approach for transoral endoscopic surgery
  79. Research Article
  80. Pseudo-haptic feedback in medical teleoperation
  81. Research Article
  82. Feasibility of interactive gesture control of a robotic microscope
  83. Research Article
  84. Towards structuring contextual information for workflow-driven surgical assistance functionalities
  85. Research Article
  86. Towards a framework for standardized semantic workflow modeling and management in the surgical domain
  87. Research Article
  88. Closed-loop approach for situation awareness of medical devices and operating room infrastructure
  89. Research Article
  90. Kinect based physiotherapy system for home use
  91. Research Article
  92. Evaluating the microsoft kinect skeleton joint tracking as a tool for home-based physiotherapy
  93. Research Article
  94. Integrating multimodal information for intraoperative assistance in neurosurgery
  95. Research Article
  96. Respiratory motion tracking using Microsoft’s Kinect v2 camera
  97. Research Article
  98. Using smart glasses for ultrasound diagnostics
  99. Research Article
  100. Measurement of needle susceptibility artifacts in magnetic resonance images
  101. Research Article
  102. Dimensionality reduction of medical image descriptors for multimodal image registration
  103. Research Article
  104. Experimental evaluation of different weighting schemes in magnetic particle imaging reconstruction
  105. Research Article
  106. Evaluation of CT capability for the detection of thin bone structures
  107. Research Article
  108. Towards contactless optical coherence elastography with acoustic tissue excitation
  109. Research Article
  110. Development and implementation of algorithms for automatic and robust measurement of the 2D:4D digit ratio using image data
  111. Research Article
  112. Automated high-throughput analysis of B cell spreading on immobilized antibodies with whole slide imaging
  113. Research Article
  114. Tissue segmentation from head MRI: a ground truth validation for feature-enhanced tracking
  115. Research Article
  116. Video tracking of swimming rodents on a reflective water surface
  117. Research Article
  118. MR imaging of model drug distribution in simulated vitreous
  119. Research Article
  120. Studying the extracellular contribution to the double wave vector diffusion-weighted signal
  121. Research Article
  122. Artifacts in field free line magnetic particle imaging in the presence of inhomogeneous and nonlinear magnetic fields
  123. Research Article
  124. Introducing a frequency-tunable magnetic particle spectrometer
  125. Research Article
  126. Imaging of aortic valve dynamics in 4D OCT
  127. Research Article
  128. Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an additional tool for the assessment of stent structures
  129. Research Article
  130. Simple concept for a wide-field lensless digital holographic microscope using a laser diode
  131. Research Article
  132. Intraoperative identification of somato-sensory brain areas using optical imaging and standard RGB camera equipment – a feasibility study
  133. Research Article
  134. Respiratory surface motion measurement by Microsoft Kinect
  135. Research Article
  136. Improving image quality in EIT imaging by measurement of thorax excursion
  137. Research Article
  138. A clustering based dual model framework for EIT imaging: first experimental results
  139. Research Article
  140. Three-dimensional anisotropic regularization for limited angle tomography
  141. Research Article
  142. GPU-based real-time generation of large ultrasound volumes from freehand 3D sweeps
  143. Research Article
  144. Experimental computer tomograph
  145. Research Article
  146. US-tracked steered FUS in a respiratory ex vivo ovine liver phantom
  147. Research Article
  148. Contribution of brownian rotation and particle assembly polarisation to the particle response in magnetic particle spectrometry
  149. Research Article
  150. Preliminary investigations of magnetic modulated nanoparticles for microwave breast cancer detection
  151. Research Article
  152. Construction of a device for magnetic separation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
  153. Research Article
  154. An IHE-conform telecooperation platform supporting the treatment of dementia patients
  155. Research Article
  156. Automated respiratory therapy system based on the ARDSNet protocol with systemic perfusion control
  157. Research Article
  158. Identification of surgical instruments using UHF-RFID technology
  159. Research Article
  160. A generic concept for the development of model-guided clinical decision support systems
  161. Research Article
  162. Evaluation of local alterations in femoral bone mineral density measured via quantitative CT
  163. Research Article
  164. Creating 3D gelatin phantoms for experimental evaluation in biomedicine
  165. Research Article
  166. Influence of short-term fixation with mixed formalin or ethanol solution on the mechanical properties of human cortical bone
  167. Research Article
  168. Analysis of the release kinetics of surface-bound proteins via laser-induced fluorescence
  169. Research Article
  170. Tomographic particle image velocimetry of a water-jet for low volume harvesting of fat tissue for regenerative medicine
  171. Research Article
  172. Wireless medical sensors – context, robustness and safety
  173. Research Article
  174. Sequences for real-time magnetic particle imaging
  175. Research Article
  176. Speckle-based off-axis holographic detection for non-contact photoacoustic tomography
  177. Research Article
  178. A machine learning approach for planning valve-sparing aortic root reconstruction
  179. Research Article
  180. An in-ear pulse wave velocity measurement system using heart sounds as time reference
  181. Research Article
  182. Measuring different oxygenation levels in a blood perfusion model simulating the human head using NIRS
  183. Research Article
  184. Multisegmental fusion of the lumbar spine a curse or a blessing?
  185. Research Article
  186. Numerical analysis of the biomechanical complications accompanying the total hip replacement with NANOS-Prosthetic: bone remodelling and prosthesis migration
  187. Research Article
  188. A muscle model for hybrid muscle activation
  189. Research Article
  190. Mathematical, numerical and in-vitro investigation of cooling performance of an intra-carotid catheter for selective brain hypothermia
  191. Research Article
  192. An ideally parameterized unscented Kalman filter for the inverse problem of electrocardiography
  193. Research Article
  194. Interactive visualization of cardiac anatomy and atrial excitation for medical diagnosis and research
  195. Research Article
  196. Virtualizing clinical cases of atrial flutter in a fast marching simulation including conduction velocity and ablation scars
  197. Research Article
  198. Mesh structure-independent modeling of patient-specific atrial fiber orientation
  199. Research Article
  200. Accelerating mono-domain cardiac electrophysiology simulations using OpenCL
  201. Research Article
  202. Understanding the cellular mode of action of vernakalant using a computational model: answers and new questions
  203. Research Article
  204. A java based simulator with user interface to simulate ventilated patients
  205. Research Article
  206. Evaluation of an algorithm to choose between competing models of respiratory mechanics
  207. Research Article
  208. Numerical simulation of low-pulsation gerotor pumps for use in the pharmaceutical industry and in biomedicine
  209. Research Article
  210. Numerical and experimental flow analysis in centifluidic systems for rapid allergy screening tests
  211. Research Article
  212. Biomechanical parameter determination of scaffold-free cartilage constructs (SFCCs) with the hyperelastic material models Yeoh, Ogden and Demiray
  213. Research Article
  214. FPGA controlled artificial vascular system
  215. Research Article
  216. Simulation based investigation of source-detector configurations for non-invasive fetal pulse oximetry
  217. Research Article
  218. Test setup for characterizing the efficacy of embolic protection devices
  219. Research Article
  220. Impact of electrode geometry on force generation during functional electrical stimulation
  221. Research Article
  222. 3D-based visual physical activity assessment of children
  223. Research Article
  224. Realtime assessment of foot orientation by Accelerometers and Gyroscopes
  225. Research Article
  226. Image based reconstruction for cystoscopy
  227. Research Article
  228. Image guided surgery innovation with graduate students - a new lecture format
  229. Research Article
  230. Multichannel FES parameterization for controlling foot motion in paretic gait
  231. Research Article
  232. Smartphone supported upper limb prosthesis
  233. Research Article
  234. Use of quantitative tremor evaluation to enhance target selection during deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor
  235. Research Article
  236. Evaluation of adhesion promoters for Parylene C on gold metallization
  237. Research Article
  238. The influence of metallic ions from CoCr28Mo6 on the osteogenic differentiation and cytokine release of human osteoblasts
  239. Research Article
  240. Increasing the visibility of thin NITINOL vascular implants
  241. Research Article
  242. Possible reasons for early artificial bone failure in biomechanical tests of ankle arthrodesis systems
  243. Research Article
  244. Development of a bending test procedure for the characterization of flexible ECoG electrode arrays
  245. Research Article
  246. Tubular manipulators: a new concept for intracochlear positioning of an auditory prosthesis
  247. Research Article
  248. Investigation of the dynamic diameter deformation of vascular stents during fatigue testing with radial loading
  249. Research Article
  250. Electrospun vascular grafts with anti-kinking properties
  251. Research Article
  252. Integration of temperature sensors in polyimide-based thin-film electrode arrays
  253. Research Article
  254. Use cases and usability challenges for head-mounted displays in healthcare
  255. Research Article
  256. Device- and service profiles for integrated or systems based on open standards
  257. Research Article
  258. Risk management for medical devices in research projects
  259. Research Article
  260. Simulation of varying femoral attachment sites of medial patellofemoral ligament using a musculoskeletal multi-body model
  261. Research Article
  262. Does enhancing consciousness for strategic planning processes support the effectiveness of problem-based learning concepts in biomedical education?
  263. Research Article
  264. SPIO processing in macrophages for MPI: The breast cancer MPI-SNLB-concept
  265. Research Article
  266. Numerical simulations of airflow in the human pharynx of OSAHS patients
https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0061
Keywords for this article
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI); Field Free Line (FFL); artifacts; magnetic field inhomogeneity; gradient field nonlinearity; Radon based image reconstruction; system function based image reconstruction
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 3.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Development and characterization of superparamagnetic coatings
  3. Research Article
  4. The development of an experimental setup to measure acousto-electric interaction signal
  5. Research Article
  6. Stability analysis of ferrofluids
  7. Research Article
  8. Investigation of endothelial growth using a sensors-integrated microfluidic system to simulate physiological barriers
  9. Research Article
  10. Energy harvesting for active implants: powering a ruminal pH-monitoring system
  11. Research Article
  12. New type of fluxgate magnetometer for the heart’s magnetic fields detection
  13. Research Article
  14. Field mapping of ballistic pressure pulse sources
  15. Research Article
  16. Development of a new homecare sleep monitor using body sounds and motion tracking
  17. Research Article
  18. Noise properties of textile, capacitive EEG electrodes
  19. Research Article
  20. Detecting phase singularities and rotor center trajectories based on the Hilbert transform of intraatrial electrograms in an atrial voxel model
  21. Research Article
  22. Spike sorting: the overlapping spikes challenge
  23. Research Article
  24. Separating the effect of respiration from the heart rate variability for cases of constant harmonic breathing
  25. Research Article
  26. Locating regions of arrhythmogenic substrate by analyzing the duration of triggered atrial activities
  27. Research Article
  28. Combining different ECG derived respiration tracking methods to create an optimal reconstruction of the breathing pattern
  29. Research Article
  30. Atrial and ventricular signal averaging electrocardiography in pacemaker and cardiac resynchronization therapy
  31. Research Article
  32. Estimation of a respiratory signal from a single-lead ECG using the 4th order central moments
  33. Research Article
  34. Compressed sensing of multi-lead ECG signals by compressive multiplexing
  35. Research Article
  36. Heart rate monitoring in ultra-high-field MRI using frequency information obtained from video signals of the human skin compared to electrocardiography and pulse oximetry
  37. Research Article
  38. Synchronization in wireless biomedical-sensor networks with Bluetooth Low Energy
  39. Research Article
  40. Automated classification of stages of anaesthesia by populations of evolutionary optimized fuzzy rules
  41. Research Article
  42. Effects of sampling rate on automated fatigue recognition in surface EMG signals
  43. Research Article
  44. Closed-loop transcranial alternating current stimulation of slow oscillations
  45. Research Article
  46. Cardiac index in atrio- and interventricular delay optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy and cardiac contractility modulation
  47. Research Article
  48. The role of expert evaluation for microsleep detection
  49. Research Article
  50. The impact of baseline wander removal techniques on the ST segment in simulated ischemic 12-lead ECGs
  51. Research Article
  52. Metal artifact reduction by projection replacements and non-local prior image integration
  53. Research Article
  54. A novel coaxial nozzle for in-process adjustment of electrospun scaffolds’ fiber diameter
  55. Research Article
  56. Processing of membranes for oxygenation using the Bellhouse-effect
  57. Research Article
  58. Inkjet printing of viable human dental follicle stem cells
  59. Research Article
  60. The use of an icebindingprotein out of the snowflea Hypogastrura harveyi as a cryoprotectant in the cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells
  61. Research Article
  62. New NIR spectroscopy based method to determine ischemia in vivo in liver – a first study on rats
  63. Research Article
  64. QRS and QT ventricular conduction times and permanent pacemaker therapy after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
  65. Research Article
  66. Adopting oculopressure tonometry as a transient in vivo rabbit glaucoma model
  67. Research Article
  68. Next-generation vision testing: the quick CSF
  69. Research Article
  70. Improving tactile sensation in laparoscopic surgery by overcoming size restrictions
  71. Research Article
  72. Design and control of a 3-DOF hydraulic driven surgical instrument
  73. Research Article
  74. Evaluation of endourological tools to improve the diagnosis and therapy of ureteral tumors – from model development to clinical application
  75. Research Article
  76. Frequency based assessment of surgical activities
  77. Research Article
  78. “Hands free for intervention”, a new approach for transoral endoscopic surgery
  79. Research Article
  80. Pseudo-haptic feedback in medical teleoperation
  81. Research Article
  82. Feasibility of interactive gesture control of a robotic microscope
  83. Research Article
  84. Towards structuring contextual information for workflow-driven surgical assistance functionalities
  85. Research Article
  86. Towards a framework for standardized semantic workflow modeling and management in the surgical domain
  87. Research Article
  88. Closed-loop approach for situation awareness of medical devices and operating room infrastructure
  89. Research Article
  90. Kinect based physiotherapy system for home use
  91. Research Article
  92. Evaluating the microsoft kinect skeleton joint tracking as a tool for home-based physiotherapy
  93. Research Article
  94. Integrating multimodal information for intraoperative assistance in neurosurgery
  95. Research Article
  96. Respiratory motion tracking using Microsoft’s Kinect v2 camera
  97. Research Article
  98. Using smart glasses for ultrasound diagnostics
  99. Research Article
  100. Measurement of needle susceptibility artifacts in magnetic resonance images
  101. Research Article
  102. Dimensionality reduction of medical image descriptors for multimodal image registration
  103. Research Article
  104. Experimental evaluation of different weighting schemes in magnetic particle imaging reconstruction
  105. Research Article
  106. Evaluation of CT capability for the detection of thin bone structures
  107. Research Article
  108. Towards contactless optical coherence elastography with acoustic tissue excitation
  109. Research Article
  110. Development and implementation of algorithms for automatic and robust measurement of the 2D:4D digit ratio using image data
  111. Research Article
  112. Automated high-throughput analysis of B cell spreading on immobilized antibodies with whole slide imaging
  113. Research Article
  114. Tissue segmentation from head MRI: a ground truth validation for feature-enhanced tracking
  115. Research Article
  116. Video tracking of swimming rodents on a reflective water surface
  117. Research Article
  118. MR imaging of model drug distribution in simulated vitreous
  119. Research Article
  120. Studying the extracellular contribution to the double wave vector diffusion-weighted signal
  121. Research Article
  122. Artifacts in field free line magnetic particle imaging in the presence of inhomogeneous and nonlinear magnetic fields
  123. Research Article
  124. Introducing a frequency-tunable magnetic particle spectrometer
  125. Research Article
  126. Imaging of aortic valve dynamics in 4D OCT
  127. Research Article
  128. Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an additional tool for the assessment of stent structures
  129. Research Article
  130. Simple concept for a wide-field lensless digital holographic microscope using a laser diode
  131. Research Article
  132. Intraoperative identification of somato-sensory brain areas using optical imaging and standard RGB camera equipment – a feasibility study
  133. Research Article
  134. Respiratory surface motion measurement by Microsoft Kinect
  135. Research Article
  136. Improving image quality in EIT imaging by measurement of thorax excursion
  137. Research Article
  138. A clustering based dual model framework for EIT imaging: first experimental results
  139. Research Article
  140. Three-dimensional anisotropic regularization for limited angle tomography
  141. Research Article
  142. GPU-based real-time generation of large ultrasound volumes from freehand 3D sweeps
  143. Research Article
  144. Experimental computer tomograph
  145. Research Article
  146. US-tracked steered FUS in a respiratory ex vivo ovine liver phantom
  147. Research Article
  148. Contribution of brownian rotation and particle assembly polarisation to the particle response in magnetic particle spectrometry
  149. Research Article
  150. Preliminary investigations of magnetic modulated nanoparticles for microwave breast cancer detection
  151. Research Article
  152. Construction of a device for magnetic separation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
  153. Research Article
  154. An IHE-conform telecooperation platform supporting the treatment of dementia patients
  155. Research Article
  156. Automated respiratory therapy system based on the ARDSNet protocol with systemic perfusion control
  157. Research Article
  158. Identification of surgical instruments using UHF-RFID technology
  159. Research Article
  160. A generic concept for the development of model-guided clinical decision support systems
  161. Research Article
  162. Evaluation of local alterations in femoral bone mineral density measured via quantitative CT
  163. Research Article
  164. Creating 3D gelatin phantoms for experimental evaluation in biomedicine
  165. Research Article
  166. Influence of short-term fixation with mixed formalin or ethanol solution on the mechanical properties of human cortical bone
  167. Research Article
  168. Analysis of the release kinetics of surface-bound proteins via laser-induced fluorescence
  169. Research Article
  170. Tomographic particle image velocimetry of a water-jet for low volume harvesting of fat tissue for regenerative medicine
  171. Research Article
  172. Wireless medical sensors – context, robustness and safety
  173. Research Article
  174. Sequences for real-time magnetic particle imaging
  175. Research Article
  176. Speckle-based off-axis holographic detection for non-contact photoacoustic tomography
  177. Research Article
  178. A machine learning approach for planning valve-sparing aortic root reconstruction
  179. Research Article
  180. An in-ear pulse wave velocity measurement system using heart sounds as time reference
  181. Research Article
  182. Measuring different oxygenation levels in a blood perfusion model simulating the human head using NIRS
  183. Research Article
  184. Multisegmental fusion of the lumbar spine a curse or a blessing?
  185. Research Article
  186. Numerical analysis of the biomechanical complications accompanying the total hip replacement with NANOS-Prosthetic: bone remodelling and prosthesis migration
  187. Research Article
  188. A muscle model for hybrid muscle activation
  189. Research Article
  190. Mathematical, numerical and in-vitro investigation of cooling performance of an intra-carotid catheter for selective brain hypothermia
  191. Research Article
  192. An ideally parameterized unscented Kalman filter for the inverse problem of electrocardiography
  193. Research Article
  194. Interactive visualization of cardiac anatomy and atrial excitation for medical diagnosis and research
  195. Research Article
  196. Virtualizing clinical cases of atrial flutter in a fast marching simulation including conduction velocity and ablation scars
  197. Research Article
  198. Mesh structure-independent modeling of patient-specific atrial fiber orientation
  199. Research Article
  200. Accelerating mono-domain cardiac electrophysiology simulations using OpenCL
  201. Research Article
  202. Understanding the cellular mode of action of vernakalant using a computational model: answers and new questions
  203. Research Article
  204. A java based simulator with user interface to simulate ventilated patients
  205. Research Article
  206. Evaluation of an algorithm to choose between competing models of respiratory mechanics
  207. Research Article
  208. Numerical simulation of low-pulsation gerotor pumps for use in the pharmaceutical industry and in biomedicine
  209. Research Article
  210. Numerical and experimental flow analysis in centifluidic systems for rapid allergy screening tests
  211. Research Article
  212. Biomechanical parameter determination of scaffold-free cartilage constructs (SFCCs) with the hyperelastic material models Yeoh, Ogden and Demiray
  213. Research Article
  214. FPGA controlled artificial vascular system
  215. Research Article
  216. Simulation based investigation of source-detector configurations for non-invasive fetal pulse oximetry
  217. Research Article
  218. Test setup for characterizing the efficacy of embolic protection devices
  219. Research Article
  220. Impact of electrode geometry on force generation during functional electrical stimulation
  221. Research Article
  222. 3D-based visual physical activity assessment of children
  223. Research Article
  224. Realtime assessment of foot orientation by Accelerometers and Gyroscopes
  225. Research Article
  226. Image based reconstruction for cystoscopy
  227. Research Article
  228. Image guided surgery innovation with graduate students - a new lecture format
  229. Research Article
  230. Multichannel FES parameterization for controlling foot motion in paretic gait
  231. Research Article
  232. Smartphone supported upper limb prosthesis
  233. Research Article
  234. Use of quantitative tremor evaluation to enhance target selection during deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor
  235. Research Article
  236. Evaluation of adhesion promoters for Parylene C on gold metallization
  237. Research Article
  238. The influence of metallic ions from CoCr28Mo6 on the osteogenic differentiation and cytokine release of human osteoblasts
  239. Research Article
  240. Increasing the visibility of thin NITINOL vascular implants
  241. Research Article
  242. Possible reasons for early artificial bone failure in biomechanical tests of ankle arthrodesis systems
  243. Research Article
  244. Development of a bending test procedure for the characterization of flexible ECoG electrode arrays
  245. Research Article
  246. Tubular manipulators: a new concept for intracochlear positioning of an auditory prosthesis
  247. Research Article
  248. Investigation of the dynamic diameter deformation of vascular stents during fatigue testing with radial loading
  249. Research Article
  250. Electrospun vascular grafts with anti-kinking properties
  251. Research Article
  252. Integration of temperature sensors in polyimide-based thin-film electrode arrays
  253. Research Article
  254. Use cases and usability challenges for head-mounted displays in healthcare
  255. Research Article
  256. Device- and service profiles for integrated or systems based on open standards
  257. Research Article
  258. Risk management for medical devices in research projects
  259. Research Article
  260. Simulation of varying femoral attachment sites of medial patellofemoral ligament using a musculoskeletal multi-body model
  261. Research Article
  262. Does enhancing consciousness for strategic planning processes support the effectiveness of problem-based learning concepts in biomedical education?
  263. Research Article
  264. SPIO processing in macrophages for MPI: The breast cancer MPI-SNLB-concept
  265. Research Article
  266. Numerical simulations of airflow in the human pharynx of OSAHS patients
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 18.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0061/html
Scroll to top button