Journal

Journal of Optical Communications

Editor-in-Chief: Ralf Th. Kersten
Editorial Board: Ishwar Aggarwal , M.C. Amann , Massimo Artiglia , John Ballato , J.M.H. Elmirghani , Rainer Fechner , Hiroo Kanamori , Kurt Lösch and Michel Papuchon

Language: English

First published: January 1, 1980

Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year

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About this journal

Objective
This is the journal for all scientists working in optical communications. Journal of Optical Communications was the first international publication covering all fields of optical communications with guided waves. It is the aim of the journal to serve all scientists engaged in optical communications as a comprehensive journal tailored to their needs and as a forum for their publications. The journal focuses on the main fields in optical communications (see “Topics”).

Topics

Optical communications with guided waves
Fibers: Theory of single-/ multimode step-/ graded-index fibers; theory of properties (dispersion, attenuation, etc.); manufacturing; materials; splicing and coupling; experimental results and measurements of parameters (attenuation, bandwidth, profile, mode- mixing, strength, etc.)
Cables: Production methods; construction; measurements and results on test links; theory on influence of cabling to fibers; splicing and coupling; economic aspects; undersea-cables
Sources: Technology of ternary and quaternary III-V compounds for LED and laser; theory; material research; measurements on behaviour and life-span; new experimental methods; coupling to fibers; new structures
Detectors: Technology of all kind of detectors; new devices and structures; theory (especially on noise, multiplication and bandwidth); test procedures; experimental results; coupling with fibers
Measurements and standards: Problem of standards for measurements and data sheets; investigation of test procedures; system standardization of elements (i.e. dimensions)
Systems: Theory of system configuration, modulation methods (digital, multilevel, analogue); comparison between different systems; influence of elements on system behaviour; reports on test links; system properties (theoretical/experimental); system description and measurements
Applications: Long distance links; high-bit-rate communication; databus-systems; CATV; special applications
Integrated optics: Theory and experiments of integrated optical wave-guides (monomode, multimode) concerning optical communications/ as couplers, distributors, exchange elements, splitters, unidirectional elements; new technologies; materials (i.e. dielectrics, semiconductors); measurement-techniques; new devices

Article formats
Original research articles on each of sections outlined

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Top research articles
International editorial board
Comprehensive outlook on optical communications
Wide forum for research exchange
Ahead of print publishing

Complete Archive Access

As of 2026, all De Gruyter journal subscriptions include access to every issue, from Volume 1, Issue 1 through to today, meaning subscribers can access even more research at no additional cost.

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Investigation and performance evaluation of the optical channel for visible light vehicular communication system employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

June 30, 2025

Sarmad R. Ramzi, Atheer A. Sabri, Samir M. Hameed

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The integration of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has become a common approach for reducing traffic congestion and enhancing the safety of roadways and underground tunnels. Visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising alternative for vehicular environments, offering unlicensed optical spectrum, high data rates, and immunity to radio frequency (RF) interference. This study examines the performance of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based VLC system employing Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) coding for error correction, aiming to explore the physical layer characteristics of VLC systems in a vehicular tunnel environment. By utilizing MATLAB as a simulation tool, the channel model was analyzed by incorporating the line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) propagation models, dynamic speed, and various data rates. At a vehicle speed of around 50 km/h, the simulated scenario was capable of attaining a bit error rate (BER) of 3.5 × 10 −5 when the data rate was 1.5 Mbps. However, for a data rate of 2.4 Mbps, the BER value was 0.18 %, with a significant increment when exhibiting high speed due to the instant change in the channel conditions. The results offer valuable insights into the feasibility of VLC in underground tunnels and highlight the critical trade-offs between data rate, mobility, and link reliability in dynamic vehicular environments.
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Improving signal integrity using EDFA amplifiers in multi-channel WDM optical systems

November 25, 2025

Manoj Kumar Shukla, Keshav Kumar, Hunny Pahuja, Sachin Chawla, Shippu Sachdeva

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Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a modern technology used in optical fiber communication. It works on multiple data signals with different wavelengths to travel together in one fiber. The paper shows the design and simulation of a WDM system using Opti System software. Our goal is to check how well the system performs by looking at important factors like bit error rate (BER), optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), and Q -factor. The system includes laser sources, modulators, WDM multiplexers, optical fiber, amplifiers (EDFA), and demultiplexers to send and receive multiple signals at once. We will study things like channel spacing, fiber loss, and noise affect the signal quality of a system. Opti system tools like spectrum analyzers, eye diagrams, and BER graphs were used to check the system’s performance. The optical spectrum shows various channels working together in the C-band. BER and Q -factor results show that the received signal is above threshold but can be better with some improvements. The system works well up to 50 km using amplifiers. This project shows that WDM over multiple channels is a good way to send fast and clear data over long distances using optical fiber.
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Ultra-wide dense wavelength division multiplexing and ultra-high channel capacity based outdoor free space/optical wireless system applications in heavy atmospheric channel condition

November 14, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Sundararajan Rajeshkannan, Balaji Sambandam Ramachandran, Nalini Neelamegam, Chandran Ramesh Kumar, Vijayalakshmi Sankaran, Asmaa Eisa

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This paper has clarified the simulation performance study of ultra-wide dense wavelength division multiplexing and ultra-high channel capacity based outdoor free space/optical wireless system applications in heavy atmospheric channel condition. We have demonstrated that the OWC channel can be reached to 20 km transmission distance with suitable signal to noise ratio while FSO channel can be reached to 250 m with minimum bit error rate through the use of BPSK modulation scheme. This work attempts to study the performance of UW-DWDM optical wireless communication (OWC) and free-space optical (FSO) channels under fog conditions using BPSK and NRZ-OOK modulation. The dense fog density level has bad effects on the performance of both OWC and FSO communication channels. The FSO/OWC communication channels performance is studied under light/thick/dense fog density levels. Non-return to zero (on–off keying (NRZ-OOK) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation schemes are applied through the FSO/OWC communication channel. Ultra-wide dense wavelength division multiplexing channels are employed to study the channel data rate capacity.
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High speed dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) transceiver optical communication system simulation study based hybrid FSO/OFC channel for local area network applications

September 5, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Arulanantham Dhandapani, Mohanraj Ramya, Chandran Ramesh Kumar, Rajendran Kanchana, Chilukuri Prathima, Faten Kamel Madian

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This paper has demonstrated the simulation study of the high speed dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) transceiver optical communication system based hybrid FSO/OFC channel for local area network applications. The modulation techniques are employed such as coherent binary frequency shift keying (CBFSK), coherent binary phase shift keying (CBPSK), noncoherent binary frequency shift keying (NBFSK), and differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK). The spectral channel losses and the spectral channel dispersion are demonstrated versus the spectral operating wavelengths and FSO/OFC communication channel based on different modulation technique with the optimum network reach. Output modulated power and maximum Q factor are clarified against various amplification techniques and the spectral operating wavelengths for both FSO and OFC communication channel based on DBPSK modulation technique with the optimum network reach. Optimum output modulated power and optimum signal per noise ratio (signal quality) are studied and simulated in relation to overall network reach based FSO/OFC communication channel with DBPSK modulation technique and EDFA–Raman–EDFA amplification technique.
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Quantum-secured Free-space Optical Communication for disaster management: a QPSK-Based system with hybrid atmospheric modelling and advanced mitigation strategies

December 1, 2025

Jeyaseelan Jeyarani, Jeyaseelan Alan

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This investigation examines the use of a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)-based Free-space Optical (FSO) Communication system combined with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for improved security and dependability in disaster management situations. We tackle the problems caused by atmospheric turbulence by utilizing a hybrid gamma–gamma and log–normal channel model to precisely characterize the FSO link. The proposed system’s purpose is to offer secure, high-bandwidth communication for emergency response coordination, telemedicine, and data transmission in environments affected by disasters. We present a system design and performance evaluation based on the hybrid atmospheric model, discuss the potential advantages, drawbacks, and countermeasures of the approach, and propose future research avenues, encompassing real-time adjustment, modulation variability, and field testing. Our implementation of real-time adaptation mechanisms lowers the BER by about 30 % under conditions affected by turbulence, while hybrid FSO/RF switching maintains uninterrupted connectivity during severe atmospheric attenuation.
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A comprehensive review on underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) systems: present and future prospective

July 8, 2025

Vivek Arya

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Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) is a compelling technology for a small, high-speed, and cost-effective underwater communication solution due to its low latency, high bandwidth, and enhanced security attributes. UWOC is a widely accepted technology in several maritime industrial services, significantly contributing to the early detection of floods, tsunamis, natural calamities, real-time data streaming, and military/naval tactical operations. Thus, in this work, a comprehensive review on UWOC systems is studied considering the impact of path loss owing to water turbulence, misalignment, and attenuation effects. A deep study of existing work, its architecture, challenges, applications, and future scope is illustrated. This study realized that UWOC scenarios can be regarded as a substitute to fulfill the need of high throughput and huge data communications like imaging, video transmission, real-time, high-speed sensor networks, etc.
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Analysis of PAPR reduction algorithms for optical OFDM 5G radio waveform system for visible light communication

January 10, 2025

Arun Kumar, T.D.N.S.S Sarveswara Rao, Gireesh Babu C.N., Nishant Gaur, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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The integration of Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with the 5G radio waveforms has lately been attracting special attention toward its possible Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems. On the other hand, however, a key challenge in the Optical OFDM is the presence of very high PAPR, degrading the overall system performance by introducing nonlinear distortions in the optical transmitter. In the present paper, different kinds of PAPR reduction algorithms specifically developed for Optical OFDM in VLC systems are developed and investigated. Analyze techniques like clipping, selective mapping (SLM), partial transmit sequence (PTS), and companding for their PAPR reduction efficiency along with the preservation of spectral efficiency and signal integrity. Based on the above aspects, various performance metrics, such as BER, computational complexity, and SNR, have been considered in order to understand each technique’s trade-off. It can be clearly seen that the hybrid and adaptive approaches achieve greater PAPR reduction without much loss of performance and are thus appropriate for future generation optical communication systems. This analysis underlines the use of optimized PAPR reduction algorithms to achieve robust and efficient systems for 5G VLC applications.
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Autoencoder-driven MIMO architecture for underwater optical wireless communications systems

December 31, 2025

Haneen Majid Shalol, Mustafa Dh. Hassib, Ahmed Al Asadi

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A deep autoencoder-based multiple-input multiple-output (AE-MIMO) architecture is proposed for underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems operating in low-noise, turbulence-affected channels. A low-noise regime is assumed (normalized noise variance σ n 2 ∈ [ 1 0 − 4 , 1 0 − 2 ] ${\sigma }_{n}^{2}\in [1{0}^{-4},1{0}^{-2}]$ ). Unlike conventional schemes, the model jointly learns transmitter and receiver mappings via a differentiable neural pipeline informed by Beer–Lambert attenuation, log-normal turbulence, and additive Gaussian noise. Evaluations across SISO, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO configurations demonstrate that AE-aided schemes consistently outperform conventional baselines by achieving 3–4 dB lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements at symbol error rate (SER) ≤ 1 0 − 3 ${\le} 1{0}^{-3}$ . In particular, the proposed 3 × 2 AE-MIMO achieves a 22 % increase in effective 3 dB bandwidth, a fifty-three-fold reduction in SER at moderate SNR, 56 % faster convergence, and requires 7 dB less SNR to maintain SER ≤ 1 0 − 3 ${\le} 1{0}^{-3}$ in turbid water. These gains align with diversity gain and capacity scaling predictions, confirming the model’s physical validity. The framework exhibits strong robustness against attenuation, scattering, and fading, making it suitable for high-throughput, low-latency underwater applications such as autonomous vehicle coordination, IoT sensor networks, and real-time inspection.
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Performance investigation of fiber Bragg gratings with diverse chirp profiles in a multistage approach for chromatic dispersion compensation

April 22, 2025

Soumitra Renuka Devarajan, Joseph Zacharias

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This paper presents the performance analysis of fiber Bragg gratings with diverse chirp profiles in compensating chromatic dispersion in wavelength division multiplexed long-haul optical fiber systems. The method employs multistage pairs of circulators and tanh-apodized fiber Bragg gratings with different chirp profiles. The research studies the performance achieved by the combinations of different chirp functions to effectively tackle the impacts of chromatic dispersion in long-haul optical fiber communication systems. The study examines the system performance, considering different transmission distances, channel spacings, and transmitter power levels. Comparative scrutiny is also performed to analyze the impact of three different modulation schemes on the chromatic dispersion compensation technique. The results also demonstrate that the proposed approach brings about exceptional compensation of chromatic dispersion over long-haul spans exceeding 100 km with constricted channel spacings of 50 GHz and 25 GHz and also at input power levels as low as −15 dBm. These discoveries suggest that the proposed technique is a promising strategy for addressing chromatic dispersion in long-haul optical fiber communication systems, enabling reliable and efficient data transmission over extended reaches.
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Optimized heuristic LEACH variants for energy-efficient routing in passive optical networks

July 15, 2025

Ashima, Amit Kishor, Ravi Agrawal, Tarun Kumar, Vikas Sharma

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To increase scalability and energy economy in Optical Wireless Sensor Networks (OWSNs), LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) and its variants have been exhaustively investigated. Random LEACH selects cluster heads (CHs) probabilistically to maximize energy consumption; LEACH-C builds on this by selecting CHs dependent on residual energy, so greatly extending network lifetime. By means of further combination of dynamic clustering and load balancing, the proposed modified LEACH-C algorithm guarantees constant cluster sizes and efficient energy distribution. Based on simulation results, strong solutions for OWSNs: modified LEACH-C beats random LEACH-C in obtaining longer network lifetime (1,353 rounds) and higher communication efficiency. Computational complexity, communication overhead, load balancing difficulties, and scalability constraints are the challenges that need to be addressed. Node configurations and large-scale projects drawing attention to these challenges. If performance we want to increase performance and address these challenges, future directions demand the integration of hybrid energy models, adaptive reclustering systems, and machine learning for dynamic CH selection. Moreover quite essential for guaranteeing the resilience and adaptability of Modified LEACH-C in various WSN environments are security enhancements and practical testing.
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All optical photonic crystal ternary inverters based on nonlinear directional couplers

February 2, 2026

Hojjat Sharifi, Fazel Sharifi

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In this article, a general approach is suggested for creating all-optical photonic crystal ternary inverters. Ternary inverters enable logic operations using three distinct states, offering higher speed and efficiency compared to conventional binary systems. These structures utilize threshold detectors constructed from nonlinear directional couplers, where the threshold value can be tuned by adjusting the radii of the rods within the coupler. To implement ternary inverters, threshold detectors with different threshold levels are integrated with a binary switch. The effectiveness of these designs is evaluated using finite difference time domain and planewave expansion methods. According to simulation results, the worst case propagation delay of the proposed all-optical ternary inverters is approximately 2.5 ps and the smallest contrast ratio of the proposed inverters is about 11.6 dB. All optical photonic crystal ternary negative inverter, ternary positive inverter and ternary standard inverter are proposed in this paper. The binary switch has been designed using threshold logic concept and process variation analysis of the structures is done with Monte-Carlo simulations.
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Feed forward ANN approach for PAPR abatement in an ADO-OFDM VLC system

June 2, 2025

Nishant Sharan, Ajit Kumar, Vipul Dixit

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Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), is one of the most commonly used multi-carrier modulation strategy in visible light communication (VLC) systems. The integration of OFDM enhances the immunity against ISI and supports high-speed data to a significant number of users. However, the summation of identical phase symbols during the IFFT process shoots the peak power leading to a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) issue in an OFDM-based optical system (O-OFDM). High PAPR has been a considerable matter of concern over the past decade as it negatively impacts the bit error rate (BER) of the system. The work intends to implement the feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) in an asymmetrically clipped direct current biased optical OFDM (ADO-OFDM) system in order to mitigate the PAPR while preserving the BER performance of the system. The application of a feed-forward network optimizes parameters in real time to minimize PAPR levels and maintain optimal signal quality in an ADO-OFDM system. The feed-forward ADO-OFDM shows a PAPR of 10 dB for a reference CCDF of 10 −3 achieving a reduction of 2 dB compared to the typical ADO-OFDM system.
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VLC-based collision avoidance system for vehicles on curved roads in hilly areas

June 16, 2025

Mohit Kumar Srivastava

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Hilly areas with winding and curved roads pose significant challenges for vehicle navigation, particularly in situations where visibility is limited. The problem becomes more pronounced at night or during adverse weather conditions. To address this issue, we propose an innovative solution using visible light communication (VLC) for collision avoidance. VLC technology can provide real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure such as traffic lights, road signs, and roadside beacons, which improves situational awareness and enhances road safety. This paper discusses the design, implementation, and evaluation of a VLC-based collision avoidance system for vehicles navigating curved roads in hilly terrains. With a transmission power of 0.5 W, the system achieves an acceptable BER of less than 10 −9 up to 32 m, ensuring reliable short-range collision avoidance. Increasing the transmission power to 1 W extends the communication range to 38 m, maintaining the same BER. We demonstrate how VLC can effectively mitigate the risks of accidents due to limited visibility, providing a safer driving experience for motorists in challenging environments.
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Performance prediction of visible light communication system using machine learning: a comparative analysis of classifiers

May 26, 2025

Prabhjot Kaur, Ramandeep Kaur, Rajandeep Singh, Gurpreet Kaur

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The performance of a VLC system depends heavily on various parameters, such as link distance, transmitter and irradiance half-angles, detection surface area, optical concentration factor, and incidence angle. However, predicting the system’s performance in real-world conditions based on combinations of these parameters is challenging. To address this, this paper proposes a machine learning-based prediction model that assesses the feasibility of VLC system configurations using known parameter values. A synthetic dataset was generated through the optical simulation software Optisystem, and multiple machine learning algorithms were trained on this data. The classifiers, including multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest classifier (RFC), logistic regression (LR), naïve Bayes (NB), decision tree (DTR), and K-nearest neighbors (K-NN), were compared for this task. Results show that both MLP and RFC (with 50 estimators) achieved the highest accuracy of 95 %. However, MLP is preferred due to its superior cross-validation score of 84 and an ROC AUC of 98, making it the most effective model for predicting VLC system performance.
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Investigation of low crosstalk heterogeneous weakly coupled multicore fiber with standard cladding diameter

March 13, 2025

Umar Farooque, Veer Chandra, Tarique Rashid, Anand Saurav, Pooja Kumari

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In this work, standard cladding diameter based weakly coupled heterogeneous multicore fibers (SC-WC-Het-MCFs) have been investigated using COMSOL and MATLAB simulation platforms to obtain low crosstalk (XT) and peak bending radius ( R pk ) values. Therefore, fiber design parameters dependent fluctuations in the crosstalk and worst crosstalk (XT W ) levels have been analyzed for the 6-core and 8-core MCFs arranged in rectangular, square, circular and double ring layouts. Further, for all the considered MCF structures, in order to obtain mode effective area value, A eff ≈80 μm 2 , core parameters, peak bending radius and crosstalk values have been obtained. The lowest values of the crosstalk have been obtained as −39.13 dB and −18.18 dB in the circular layout, respectively for the 6-core and 8-core SC-WC-Het-MCFs. Further, compared to the 6-core and 8-core double ring layout SC-WC-Het-MCFs, the value of the R pk for the circular layout is slightly higher in case of 6-core, while it is significantly lower in case of 8-core SC-WC-Het-MCF. Thus, compared to the double ring structure reported in the literature, the circular arrangement of cores in SC-WC-Het-MCF results in low XT and R pk and is simple in design. Hence, the low XT and R pk of the circular layout SC-WC-Het-MCF may be suitable for the long-distance transmission applications.
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Physical layer analysis of optical MIMO NOMA waveform for 64-QAM in visible light communications

March 31, 2025

Arun Kumar, Piruthiviraj P, Sumit Chakravarty, Sanjeev Sharma, N. R. Nithin Kumar, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This paper discusses three optical non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques – multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), rate-splitting (RS), and auxiliary signal superposition (ASSP) – as efficient physical-layer security solutions to protect transmitted data. With these sophisticated NOMA methods, higher-layer encryption approaches can be avoided while improving security. This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the current survey papers on MIMO NOMA, RS NOMA, and ASSP NOMA, providing comparative analysis of their methodologies, merits, and demerits. The research discovers the major gaps in the current methods, specifically their capability to combat eavesdropping attacks, maximize spectral efficiency, and provide robustness across different channel conditions. To overcome these limitations, this paper suggests a new framework that combines MIMO, RS, and ASSP into an integrated security-enhanced NOMA system. By integrating these methods, the suggested approach improves secrecy capacity, decreases signal interception threats, and enhances system robustness in optical wireless communications. The combined application of these strategies results in remarkable performance gains, such as improved interference management, improved user fairness, and efficient power allocation. The results of this work prove the potential of this hybrid NOMA system as a more efficient and secure solution for future optical communication networks.
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Enhancing network security based on 10G-EPON with the use of the Hill cipher algorithm

July 8, 2025

Ekhlass Mousa, Essam N. Abdulla, Salah A. Adnan

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As the necessity for critical network operations has grown dramatically, security concerns with optical access networks are becoming increasingly important. This study evaluates the security of self-protected long-distance 10 Gbps Ethernet passive optical networks (10G-EPON), which aims at solving some of the limitations of both networks and offers a creative, robust alternative. In accordance with the institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE 802.3 av) requirements series, the solution permits secure mutual identification and key management In an optical distribution network (ODN), optical line terminals (OLTs) are connected to optical network units (ONUs). 10G-EPON with full services can provide consumers with effective gigabit transmission with ensured quality of service (QoS) in a variety of FTTx situations (fiber-to-the-premises/node/curb/business/users/home). The only equipment it uses is passive, with the exception of the central office and customer facilities. A secure 10G-EPON network with an optimum link distance of 75 km can support 32 splitting ratio with an optimum level of BER roughly 10 −9 and a minimal allowable quality factor of 6. The optimum distance link between optical successive network design terminals is 20 km as per IEEE 802.3 av specification. 10G-EPON can transmit data at symmetric 10 Gbps upstream (U/S) and downstream (D/S) with a minimum permissible receiving sensitivity of −34.6 dB for direction of U/S and −32 dBm for direction of D/S.
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Nonlinear Four Wave Mixing suppression based on Serial OQPSK modulation

April 11, 2025

Supriya S. Sindhu, Joseph Zacharias

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Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is used in optical fiber communication systems to increase the capacity. However, increasing power and decreasing channel spacing in DWDM system leads to non-linear effects like four wave mixing (FWM). In this paper, offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation is done with the help of lithium niobate (LiNb) Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZM) to suppress the FWM. Here, a radio frequency (RF) carrier sine wave is used to improve the system performance. The OQPSK modulation is done here using two different configurations namely serial and parallel. Comparative analysis shows better system performance with FWM suppression for the serial OQPSK configuration than the parallel configuration. The efficacy of Serial OQPSK system is also confirmed by comparing it to other advanced modulation techniques such as 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and polarization-multiplexed (PM)-QPSK.
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Design and performance analysis of chirped fiber Bragg grating for 16 × 20 Gbps DWDM system

April 10, 2025

Chiranjit Ghosh

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This paper examined the impact of chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) on the 16 × 20 Gbps DWDM system’s performance. An approach to compensate dispersion in a 16 × 20 Gbps DWDM system over a 100 km conventional fiber is employed that comprises cascaded chirped fiber Bragg gratings. To get the highest Q factor for every channel, the gratings are optimized in terms of apodization strength, chirp parameter, and grating length. By changing the input power per channel from 0 dBm to +12 dBm, the impact of the nonlinear FWM effect in our suggested system is examined. For all channels, an average Q factor of 15.11 was achieved at an input power of +10 dBm. Even at high input power (+12 dBm) for all 16 channels, the average Q factor is above the predetermined threshold of 6, demonstrating the effectiveness of the configuration for simultaneous dispersion compensation and high tolerance to nonlinear effect.
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Machine learning based on raw ensemble predictions scheme for TWDM-PON

October 8, 2025

Fay F. Ridha, Essam N. Abdulla, Ali H. Abdulhadi

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As optical communication systems have developed quickly, more sophisticated methods that were previously only used for long-distance transmissions having progressively navigated into systems with faster speeds are needed for a variety of applications, including mobile front haul and optical access networks. Machine learning (ML) is a technique that has garnered significant attention in the field of short-optical reach communications for applications such as passive optical network (PON), indoor wireless communications, and signal processing due to its adaptability, high accuracy, and implementation efficiency. This work focuses on ML and neural networks (NN) techniques that is applicable to complicated systems and optimization. The datasets for different classifiers and classification features need to be trained and tested utilizing raw ensemble predictions, a calibration phase starts after the raw ensemble predictions are finished in order to assess the accuracy of the predictions made in the preceding phase and make any necessary improvements. The proposed ML methods use a database, which was validated utilizing experimental derived data from the TWDM-PON system to estimate the Q-factor, logarithm of bit error rate (Log(BER)), and receiver sensitivity. The classifier accuracy of the mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), and the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) results from simulations are performed utilizing Python.
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Simulative analysis of scalable and low-latent photonic switch for data center applications

May 23, 2025

Harpreet Kaur, Rajinder Singh Kaler

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Data center requirements for entertaining many users in a minimum amount of time with maximum speed are expensive and power-hungry. To overcome this problem, we present a fast, scalable, all-photonic 3-stage interferometric-loop-based interconnecting switch for data centers. A short response time of 1.33 ns is achieved by utilizing semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based non-linearities, which is superlative to previously reported techniques. The high values of (Optical signal-to-noise ratio) OSNR of 20.93 dB, extinction ratio (ER) of 19.9 dB, and Q-factor of 24.5 show excellent working of implemented configuration. The structure is also evaluated for an optimized bias current of 0.15 A to achieve improved error-rate of 10 −17 . To check the stage-wise power consumption, continuous monitoring and evaluation of power per stage is done. The measurement shows performance enhancement when the high input power imposes its effect on it. The parametric comparison is performed using received power, Q-factor, and ER for 2 × 2, 4 × 4, and 8 × 8 switching interconnects. The consistency in extinction ratio shows that configuration can handle high powers and also maintain good quality of service simultaneously. The design ensures high switching accuracy and signal quality through SOA-based amplification, non-blocking architecture, and integrated 3R-regeneration for longer, high-speed transmissions. The parameter reliability with progressing stage proves that proposed structure is a good solution to scalability and latency challenges for data centers.
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Semantic interpretation of visible light communication traffic signals for autonomous driving

November 25, 2025

Gitanjali S. Mate, Aparna Tiwari, Seema Kedar, Archana Jadhav, Dipali Himmatrao Patil

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Visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising technology to enable high-speed, secure, and interference-free communication in intelligent transportation systems. This paper presents a novel framework for the semantic interpretation of VLC-based traffic signals to enhance the perception and decision-making capabilities of autonomous vehicles. By embedding semantic information – such as traffic states, warnings, and control commands – into modulated light signals emitted by traffic infrastructure, the proposed system allows autonomous vehicles to receive and interpret critical road information in real time. The framework integrates signal decoding, temporal synchronization, and semantic parsing to extract actionable insights from received optical signals. A deep learning-based classifier is used to map decoded messages to high-level driving decisions under varying ambient lighting and environmental conditions. Extensive simulations demonstrate the system’s robustness, achieving over 95 % accuracy in semantic message recognition and maintaining reliable communication at distances up to 30 m in outdoor conditions. This work highlights the potential of VLC as a dual-purpose medium for both illumination and intelligent traffic signalling, providing a scalable solution for enhancing situational awareness in autonomous driving.
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Design and evaluation of passive optical networks for smart food processing systems

November 6, 2025

Kapil kumar, Vishal Kumar, Prince, Anuj Yadav, Vikas Sharma

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The rapid growth of digital technologies has significantly impacted the food processing industry. Ensuring high efficiency, safety, and real-time monitoring has become essential. This paper explores the integration of passive optical networks (PON) into smart food processing systems. With their high bandwidth, low latency, and scalable architecture, PONs enable seamless communication between Internet of things (IoT) devices, sensors, and cloud platforms. The study highlights the benefits, challenges, and architectural design of PONs for food industries, contributing to a future-ready, automated, and sustainable food supply chain.
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Secured multiplexed optical fiber transmission scheme using chaotic signal

September 15, 2025

Rahul Kaushik, Vineet Khandelwal, Ankur Sood

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A secure optical transmission through fiber link is proposed where chaotic masking of original signal is implemented. The chaotic based transmission is largely preferred for long distance communication that includes personal, commercial and military applications. The information in secure communication system is concealed by the chaotic signal. By integrating unpredictable chaotic signal with input data stream, the system effectively masks transmitted information, rendering it indistinguishable from random noise to unauthorized entities. In proposed design, channel capacity is enhanced by implementing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and polarization division multiplexing (PDM) to simultaneously send data over eight multiplexed streams at high speed. A detailed simulation, demonstrates reliable data recovery at the receiver via synchronized chaos generation and optical subtraction. This achieves secure and high-speed transmission with low bit error rate (BER) and improved received power levels over longer distances. The system performance is analyzed for BER, Q-factor, received power and signal to noise ratio (SNR) levels.
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Optimized channel capacity for DWT-OFDM based NOMA with adaptive power allocation in VLC system communication

September 29, 2025

Rusul M. Kadhim, Thamer M. Jamel, Qussay S. Tawfeeq

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The visible light communication (VLC) is considered one of the most promising alternatives for indoor communications due to its unlicensed spectrum and inherent security features. Since light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are limited in modulation bandwidth, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely adopted to support high data rates, while non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) enhances spectral efficiency in multi-user scenarios. This work integrates discrete wavelet transform-based OFDM (DWT-OFDM) with adaptive spatial modulation (ASM) to further improve overall system performance. Compared with conventional FFT-OFDM, DWT-OFDM offers higher spectral efficiency, stronger noise resilience, and lower error probability. Moreover, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to maximize channel characteristics under both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. MATLAB simulations demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a BER of 3 × 10 −6 at an SNR of 18 dB, along with a PAPR reduction exceeding 5 dB compared to FFT-OFDM, confirming its efficiency and reliability for next-generation VLC networks.
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VLC application in peak to average power reduction in optical NOMA waveform using PAPR methods

September 8, 2025

Jyoti A. Dhanke, A. B. Gurulakshmi, R. Krishnamoorthy, Nishant Gaur, Arun Kumar, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This work presents a novel peak-to-Average aower ratio (PAPR) reduction method for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) waveforms based on an Airy function-based partial transmit sequence (PTS) strategy. The new approach is evaluated over NOMA systems with 64, 256, and 512 subcarriers and compared with traditional PTS, selective mapping (SLM), and clipping and filtering methods. Performance assessment takes into account significant parameters such as PAPR reduction, bit error rate (BER), and power spectral density (PSD). Findings show that the Airy-based PTS scheme efficiently reduces PAPR for all subcarrier configurations with a competitive BER, especially in high-subcarrier applications where conventional methods tend to deteriorate. PSD analysis also verifies that the suggested method maintains spectral integrity, reducing out-of-band emissions. Such a conclusion makes Airy-based PTS a promising means of improving the efficiency of NOMA waveforms in 5G and forthcoming wireless networks via an optimal performance balance between spectral efficiency, reduction of PAPR, and BER performance.
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UAV-enabled triple-hop mixed RF/FSO networks: reliability and altitude optimization

August 7, 2025

Deepika Latka, Mona Aggarwal, Swaran Ahuja

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This paper presents a detailed performance analysis of a UAV-assisted three-hop mixed radio frequency (RF)/free-space optical (FSO) wireless communication system employing decode-and-forward (DF) relaying. The system comprises a source node communicating with a mobile UAV relay over an RF link subject to generalized Rician fading, followed by an FSO link from the UAV to a ground-based relay experiencing Gamma–Gamma atmospheric turbulence with pointing errors. The final hop from the relay to the destination user is modeled as an RF link undergoing Rayleigh fading, with opportunistic user scheduling to enhance link reliability. Closed-form expressions for the end-to-end outage probability are derived, along with an asymptotic analysis that provides insights into the diversity and coding gains. Furthermore, a location optimization framework is proposed, wherein the UAV’s altitude and corresponding elevation angle are jointly optimized to minimize the asymptotic outage probability. Simulation results corroborate the analytical findings, verified through extensive Monte Carlo trials and reveal the significant impact of fading severity, pointing error, UAV altitude, and scheduling strategy on overall system performance. The proposed model offers valuable design guidelines for next-generation UAV-enabled hybrid RF/FSO communication systems.
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Design and evaluation of dispersion compensation techniques in multi-channel optical transport networks

September 16, 2025

Zainab H. Ibrahim, Noor J. Jihad, Zainab N. Jameel

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The integrity of high speed, long -term optical transmission is greatly affected by the presence of chromatic spread. The study examines the efficiency of three spread management strategies -performs, later and in a symmetrical hybrid approach conversion in the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Using the Opti system simulation software, an eight-channel WDM network was modeling in a transfer length of 100 km–500 km, which included both non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) modulation format with 1 GBPS and 3 GBPs data rates. The most important performance parameters, including bit error rate (BER), Q-factor, optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), and eye diagrams, were examined. The symmetrical hybrid scheme, incorporating both dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) elements at transmitter and receiver ends, emerged as the most effective overall – delivering the clearest eye diagrams and lowest BER values even at 500 km. These results offer clear guidance for designing robust and efficient long-haul optical links, especially in networks where transmission quality and scalability are critical. The results suggest that pre-compensations provide better stability and signal protection in growth distance, while fiber and fibers that meet hybrid methods accept grams-all detect the most reliable performance of the measured matrix. These findings emphasize the importance of tiled spread control to maintain signal fidelity in advanced WDM systems.
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Analytical study of intercarrier interference in chirp-based AFDM system

December 25, 2025

Mohit Kumar Singh

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Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing (AFDM) has emerged as a robust modulation scheme capable of handling the challenges posed by doubly dispersive wireless channels. By utilizing chirp-based waveforms, AFDM offers inherent resilience against time and frequency dispersion, positioning it as a potential alternative to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), especially in high-mobility environments. However, like OFDM, AFDM is still susceptible to Intercarrier Interference (ICI), particularly in the presence of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). In this work, I derive analytical expressions for the ICI coefficients and the resulting Carrier-to-Interference Ratio (CIR) in AFDM. To understand the impact of ICI, I evaluate the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of AFDM under both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels. Simulations results compare the BER performance of AFDM with and without ICI, clearly highlighting the performance degradation due to ICI.
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Nature-inspired routing and optical communication for next-generation IoT systems

February 6, 2025

Rajni Rani, Sharad Sharma

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In this paper, we explore the interconnection of natural processes and current technologies to satisfy the emerging requirements of next-generation Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems. Motivated by biological networks, we propose a novel routing and optical communication approach that leverages nature’s ability for self-organization, flexibility and resilience. This paper presents a model for bio-inspired routing protocols to be used in Internet of Things networks in order to improve scalability, reduce latency and maximize data transmission efficiency. Moreover, we investigate the potential of optical communication technologies, which are fast, low-latency and energy-efficient, to support the immense data transmission requirements of Internet of Things systems. The research finds key barriers and opportunities for integrating nature-based approaches.
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Simulative study of different photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) types configuration based optical fiber communication channel system for short range indoor applications

September 5, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Poornima Pandian, Radhika Rajendran, Garapati Satyanarayana Murthy, Rajendran Kanchana, Sundararaju Vijayakumar, Said Kamel Saber

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This paper has highlighted the simulative study of different photonic crystal fibers types configuration based optical fiber communication channel system for short range indoor applications. The overall system signal loss is studied in relation to different fiber types and various spectral operating wavelengths at various temperature variations with the optimum indoor reach. Besides the overall system dispersion is demonstrated versus the different fiber types and various ambient temperature variations at various near infrared spectral operating wavelengths with the optimum indoor reach. As well as the output system power is simulated and analyzed against different fiber link range and various transmission bit rates based various photonic crystal fibers configurations for the fiber communication channel. Overall transmission data rate is clarified versus different fiber types and fiber link range at different ambient temperature variations with the optimum indoor reach. Moreover the signal per noise ratio is indicated against different fiber link range and various ambient temperature variations based various photonic fiber communication channel configurations.
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Wide band supercontinuum generation utilizing high nonlinear double clad Mach–Zehnder interferometer

September 29, 2025

Tahreer S. Mansour

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Supercontinuum generation with improved coherence is very important issue in the optical communication system especially in the application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) that maintains the phase stability of the propagating pulse. In this work all fiber setups that consist of two interferometers were used to make compactness and alignment free compared with free space bulk optics setup, one with five nested Mach–Zehnder inferometer (MZI) and the second with Sagnac MZI interferometers. The sensing heads of the two interferometers high nonlinear fiber double clad fiber DCF13 that etched using 40%HF acid in four levels leads to decrease its diameter. Obtaining these levels is achieved by varying the time interval of the etching process as (10, 20, 30, and 40) minutes. Supercontinuum generation with Sagnac interferometer in this work has good performance when compared with nested MZI setup. This performance due to feedback the pulses and make counterclockwise propagating pulse that interfere with the clock wise pulse and leads to enhance the optical signal to noise ratio. The maximum OSNR was obtained that is 9.577 dB for Sagnac interferometer and 30 us rising time and 18 dBm amplification value of EDFA and 99.3 nW output power with 3 nm band (1,529.5–1,532.5) nm while for the first interferometer the output power in uW but with minimum OSNR that is 8.94 dB and −32.5 dBm noise power and 50 us rising time.
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Dynamic Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks using AI-Powered Optical Waveguides

April 2, 2025

Vikas Sharma, Pritibha Sukhroop, Rajni Rani, Sachin Kumar

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Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are decentralized, self-organizing networks with mobile nodes that communicate wirelessly without relying on a fixed infrastructure. Despite their potential, MANETs face numerous challenges, including dynamic network topology, limited bandwidth, and unreliable communication links. The integration of optical waveguides in MANETs can address some of these challenges by enabling high-speed data transfer and improving network capacity. However, the dynamic nature of MANETs requires efficient and adaptive routing protocols to ensure stable and reliable communication. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, particularly machine learning and deep learning, offer promising solutions to optimize path discovery, traffic management, and decision-making processes in these networks. This paper explores the application of AI-driven optical waveguides for dynamic routing in MANETs, highlighting their potential to optimize routing performance, enhance network reliability, and reduce latency in real-time operations. By leveraging AI techniques for intelligent routing decisions, optical waveguides can significantly improve the efficiency and scalability of MANETs, paving the way for more advanced mobile communication systems.
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Spectrum fragmentation mitigation in elastic optical networks: a chronologically structured review using a 7-point analytical framework

September 30, 2025

Srishty Purnasha, Neetu Mourya, Sneha Srivastava, Ashutosh Kumar Singh

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Elastic optical networks (EONs) play a critical role in enabling scalable, flexible, and high-capacity optical communication to meet rising data demands. However, their dynamic spectrum allocation paradigm leads to spectrum fragmentation, resulting in inefficient resource utilization and degraded network performance. This study presents a chronologically structured review of fragmentation mitigation techniques using a 7-point analysis strategy, encompassing optimization strategies, technical methodologies, simulation topologies, assessment metrics, empirical findings, strengths, constraints and trade-offs. The analysis traces the shift from heuristic and static strategies toward adaptive metaheuristic, multipath-aware, and learning-driven approaches, alongside the emergence of specialized metrics and architectural refinements. Through the visualized performance and deployability timelines, the study reveals how innovation has progressed and where practical implementation remains challenged by centralized assumptions and limited physical-layer modeling. The findings provide a consolidated perspective on the evolution of fragmentation control and highlight future directions toward real-time adaptability, architectural scalability, and physically grounded optimization in EONs.
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Efficient hybrid signal detection for optical NOMA with 512-QAM in visible light communication

July 17, 2025

Arun Kumar, Chandrashekhara K T, P. Radhakrishnan, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This work presents a hybrid signal detection scheme for optical non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems using 512-QAM modulation in visible light communication (VLC) networks. As future VLC systems demand ultra-high data rates and superior spectral efficiency, they require high-order modulation like 512-QAM, which is highly susceptible to noise, nonlinearities, and channel distortions, complicating reliable detection. To tackle these challenges, a hybrid detection strategy combining traditional algorithms – such as minimum mean square error (MMSE) and zero-forcing (ZF) – with advanced machine learning techniques like deep neural networks (DNNs) is proposed. This approach harnesses the low complexity and speed of conventional detectors alongside the adaptive learning and nonlinear handling capabilities of DNNs, enabling robust detection under challenging conditions. Simulations conducted under Rayleigh fading in a MIMO-VLC setup using MATLAB 2016 extensively evaluate BER and PSD performance. Results demonstrate that the hybrid model achieves the target BER of 10 −3 with up to a 13 dB SNR improvement over traditional methods. Moreover, it ensures better spectral containment, minimizing interference and enhancing bandwidth utilization. These outcomes highlight the potential of hybrid detection schemes to realize high-capacity, energy-efficient, and reliable VLC systems, making them suitable for smart indoor environments such as wireless data hubs, augmented reality, and smart lighting in hospitals and intelligent buildings.
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PAPR reduction in DCO-OFDM VLC system using VLM precoding and nonlinear companding techniques

August 1, 2025

Maha F. Shatti, Atheer A. Sabri, Samir M. Hameed

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Visible light communication (VLC) is a promising and viable optical wireless communication (OWC) system that utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to achieve high data rates, energy efficiency, and resistance to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Direct-current biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) is a widely used scheme in VLC due to its high spectral efficiency. However, it suffers from significant challenges related to its elevated peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which causes nonlinear distortion and signal clipping due to LED limitations. To address this issue, this paper proposes a combination of Vandermonde-like matrix (VLM) precoding and nonlinear companding transform (NCT) techniques (specifically A -law and μ -law) over DCO-OFDM-based VLC. The VLM precoding minimizes the autocorrelation of the OFDM signal, hence reducing its PAPR, and NCT compresses the dynamic range of the signal. Simulation results indicated that the hybrid techniques achieved a PAPR reduction of around 3.5 dB (by 76 %); this is in the best case reduction compared to the conventional DCO-OFDM while maintaining an acceptable bit error rate (BER), moderately higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is required.
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Performance analysis of the photonic crystal–based X-OR gate for the terahertz applications

January 30, 2025

Rama Prabha Krishnamoorthy, Robinson Savarimuthu

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A key component of high-speed switching networks is an optical logic gate. This study presents the design and analysis of an all-optical XOR gate based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PC) structure, aiming to enhance high-speed switching in optical networks. The XOR gate, with two input and one output waveguide, is constructed on a hexagonal lattice, optimized for operation at a wavelength of 1,550 nm. The design is evaluated using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) approach, which simulates the optical performance of the structure. Key performance metrics, including the bit rate, contrast ratio, and delay time, are computed, showing that the proposed logic gate achieves a high contrast ratio of 30.35 dB and a minimal delay time of 0.4 ps. The results confirm the potential of this all-optical XOR gate for integration into high-speed optical circuits, offering low power consumption and high efficiency. This work demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing photonic crystal structures for high-performance optical logic gates in future communication systems. The simplicity of fabrication in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D-PC)-based all-optical logic gate can often be attributed to its simple design.
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Highly efficient 100 × 14 GHz WDM-RoF optical system with OFC generator for 5G mm-wave applications

April 14, 2025

Alabbas A. Al-Azzawi

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An efficient WDM-RoF optical system is investigated and demonstrated, by utilizing two innovative optical frequency comb (OFC) generators with center wavelengths of 1,552 nm and 1,572 nm. The OFC generator is designed by utilizing two cascaded optical modulators. A sinusoidal RF signal is applied to drive both modulators, where a single optical frequency modulator (FM) is connected in series with a single optical lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulator (LiNb-MZM). The proposed OFC source can generate seven flat comb lasers with a constant spacing of 0.5 nm among lasers. Two OFC sources with center wavelengths of 1,552 nm and 1,572 nm are evaluated in WDM-RoF system. The proposed WDM-RoF system demonstrates an effective transmission of 14 signals with a carrier RF of 100 GHz over a maximum transmission distance of 130 km. The system can achieve a quality transmission at input data rate up to 12 Gb/s. Improving the transmission distance, number of channels and optical bandwidth confirm that the proposed WDM-RoF system can cater the 5G millimeter-wave applications.
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A New Proposed Scheme to Generate Arbitrary Microwave Waveform by Using Four C-Bands Laser

November 29, 2017

Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi, Ritesh Kumar, Akash Srivastava, Nimish Kumar Srivastava

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A completely photonic approach to generate a arbitrary microwave waveform having chirp nature is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A chirp signal may be defined as the signal whose frequency increases or decreases with respect time. Signal may have arbitrary shape, it may be sinusoidal wave, triangular wave, or may have some other wave shape. Chirp signal is used to identify the pattern of moving signal having deterministic nature. In this paper an arbitrary chirped microwave waveform has been generated experimentally by using four c-band lased schemes. The chirp microwave waveform can be used in Radar system to improve its range Doppler resolution. The paper give the specific details about various performance parameters like input signal frequency and power, output signal parameters viz output frequency, chirp rate, chirp bandwidth, time bandwidth product (TBWP), etc. The overall model and its performance parameters are computed through experimental setup.
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Smart connectivity in motion: high-speed optical backhaul for mobile ad hoc networks

March 10, 2025

Vikas Sharma, Pritibha Sukhroop, Sachin Kumar, Rajni Rani

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Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are a transformative concept for wireless communications, especially in fluid and distributed settings. But the fundamental difficulties in controlling connectivity and providing reliable high-speed data transfer between the mobile nodes demand for inventive approaches. One of the most important components of the proposed solution is high-speed optical backhaul that addresses the shortage of necessary infrastructure to provide fast, reliable communication within MANETs. The introduction of optical backhaul in MANET technology that could facilitate connectivity on the move in a smart way is discussed in this paper. We are discussing the possibilities of optical communication, its pros and cons in mobile environment, its technical challenges in implementation followed in future directions. The paper also presents a detailed analysis of the architecture, protocols, and practical considerations for deploying optical backhaul in a MANET context, discussing how it can enhance scalability, reduce latency, and improve overall network performance.
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Passive optical networks for next-gen culinary automation

September 23, 2025

Himanshu Agarwal, Amit Kishor, Ravi Agarwal, Ashima, Vikas Sharma

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In today’s fast-paced lifestyle, preparing meals at home has gained importance due to rising dining costs and time constraints, offering benefits of affordability, convenience, and nutrition. However, maintaining dietary variety is essential to prevent monotony, which can often be achieved through creative use of common ingredients and cooking techniques rather than relying on an extensive range of items. To address this, RecipeLens is introduced as an innovative solution that combines ingredient detection with intelligent recipe suggestions, enhanced by the integration of optical communication technologies . Leveraging high-speed and reliable data transmission, optical communication improves the responsiveness of smart kitchen environments by enabling rapid and secure exchanges between mobile devices, cloud databases, and AI modules. RecipeLens utilizes the MobileNet_v2 model for fast and accurate ingredient classification, with recipes dynamically sourced from the Food Recipe API . The inclusion of optical communication reduces latency, enhances user interaction, and ensures seamless image processing and recipe retrieval. Furthermore, optical sensors hold potential for real-time ingredient quality assessment, such as freshness detection and feedback. By blending advanced recognition, recipe recommendations, and high-speed data exchange, RecipeLens empowers users to enhance culinary creativity, explore diverse meals, and enjoy the richness of home cooking with greater efficiency, accessibility, and innovation.
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Simulative study of optical digital signal processing based space/mode division multiplexing system with elevated hybrid ultra wide-band EDFA/Raman/EDFA amplification over SDM/few mode fibers

September 23, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Muthappa Perumal Chitra, Vasumathi Gunasekaran, Nalini Neelamegam, Pattabhirama Mohan Patnala, Praveena Kakarla, Aisha abd Rahman Ahmed

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This paper has highlighted the simulative study of optical digital signal processing based space/mode division multiplexing system with elevated hybrid ultra wide-band EDFA/Raman/EDFA amplification over SDM/Few mode fibers. Possible transmission system distance is measured in relation to the signal attenuation for SDM/FMF fibers through different pumping power levels at the same operating simulation parameters. As well as the possible system bit rate is demonstrated against the signal dispersion coefficient for both SDM and few mode fiber (FMF) fibers through different levels of the pumping power. Optical signal per noise ratio per channel, optical received channel power, signal per noise ratio at receiver, electrical received power at receiver, and overall system bit error rate are clarified against various pumping power levels with SDM/FMF fibers at the optimum signal attenuation/dispersion coefficient under the same operating simulation parameters. Possible transmission distance is indicated in relation to different signal attenuation levels with SDM and FMF fibers in the presence and absence of amplification under the same operating simulation parameters. Moreover, possible transmission bit rate per channel is demonstrated in relation to different signal dispersion levels with both FMF and SDM fibers across with/without amplification under the same operating simulation parameters.
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Simulation study of optical time division multiplexing/dense wavelength division multiplexing system based static/dynamic optical transparent networks demonstration through all optical fiber amplifiers

November 28, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Vanitha Lingaraj, Sivakumar Jothilingam, Pattabhirama Mohan Patnala, Ashok Raja, Pennada Siva Satya Prasad, Hegazy Mahmoud Ramadan

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This paper has clarified the simulation study of optical time division multiplexing/wavelength division multiplexing system based static/dynamic optical transparent networks demonstration through all-optical fiber amplifiers. Received signal power per channel is measured against network reach for both static and dynamic networks in the presence of all-optical Raman/erbium doped fiber amplifier/semiconductor optical amplifier amplifiers. Data rate transmission per channel is demonstrated against repeater spacing for all proposed optical fiber amplifiers based on various near infrared operating wavelengths for both static and dynamic optical transparent networks. In addition, the overall signal per noise ratio is clarified in relation to network throughput and various near infrared operating wavelengths for the static and dynamic transparent optical network based on all proposed amplification techniques. Moreover, the overall system bit error rate is studied and tested against network throughput and various near infrared operating wavelengths for both static and dynamic transparent optical networks based on all proposed amplification techniques.
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Performance analysis of a PPM-OOK based hybrid modulation scheme for Satellite-to-Underwater FSO communication

February 17, 2025

Syed Abrar Ahmed, Divya Rani M. S.

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This paper examines the performance of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) links using single-input and single-output (SISO) and selection combining (SC) receiver diversity techniques. To accurately model the effects of underwater turbulence on light propagation, the Malaga gamma (MG) distribution is employed for both weak and strong turbulence conditions. Analytical bit error rate (BER) expressions for on–off keying modulated UWOC links are derived for both SISO and SC receivers, utilizing the MG distribution’s power series representation. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to validate the analytical BER results. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of UWOC systems operating in various underwater environments.
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Enhancing of underwater wireless optical communication system based on single photon detector

December 18, 2025

Mazin Ali A. Ali, Mustafa Bahaaldin Hayif, Abdulrahman Bilal Ali, Muna B. Aldeen, Yasser Yassin Khudair

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This work investigates a simulation model of an underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system. Several water scenarios are considered: Harbor I (HA-I), Harbor II (HA-II), Coastal Ocean (CO), Clear Ocean (CL), and Pure Sea (PU). A laser diode (LD) with modulation schemes (NRZ-OOK) transmits data at various speeds of 2.5 Gbps, 5 Gbps, and 10 Gbps. To identify the optical signal, a single-photon detection (SPD), APD and PIN photodiodes are utilized. The analytical evaluation of the performance is executed using Q-factor, received power and bit error rate (BER). According to the results, the PU achieved an underwater distance of 35.5 m, 35 m, 34.5 m, for data transmitted 2.5, 5 and 10 Gbps by SPD detector in succession with a Q-factor of 5.4 dB. The APD and PIN photodiodes acquired the distance less than the SPD detector. The APD and PIN photodetectors can detect the received signal under water type PU at 28 m and 23 m, respectively. The comparatively positive outcome indicates that a system utilizing single-photon detection (SPD) and an NRZ-OOK modulation method holds promise for long-distance underwater optical communication with high bandwidth.
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Handling contention resolution and congestion control in optical burst switching (OBS) for 5G networks

December 3, 2025

Amit Kumar Garg

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Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is emerging as a promising framework for the next wave of high-speed transport networks, but it does face significant challenges like burst contention and network congestion that can compromise performance. This paper presents the Adaptive Contention Resolution Protocol (ACRP), which merges proactive and reactive strategies to address these issues. The protocol’s performance has been evaluated through comprehensive simulations on the NSFNET topology. The results reveal that proposed ACRP outshines in comparison to traditional techniques like Just-Enough-Time (JET) with Tail-Drop and Basic Deflection Routing, achieving as much as a 40% reduction in Burst Loss Probability (BLP) and a 30% enhancement in average end-to-end delay under heavy load. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive solutions for the resilience of future optical transport networks.
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Design and analysis of digital to analog converter (DAC) using quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier

March 13, 2025

Kousik Mukherjee

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Digital to analog converter (DAC) based on amplifying action of quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier is designed and performance is investigated numerically using Matlab. The performance of the DAC is analyzed by calculating resolution or step size (1.001 mW), dynamic range (11.762 dB), relative output (RO), desired relative output (DRO), absolute error (0.15 %) etc. The dynamic range values offer nearly ideal behavior. The effect of amplified spontaneous emission noise is also investigated on dynamic range and absolute error. An error as low as 0.5 % is achieved at operating speed more than 4 Tb/s. Moreover, the design is simple and uses only four QDSOAs.
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Mach–Zehnder interferometer-enabled optical flip-flop for photonic memory applications

May 6, 2025

Rakesh Kumar, Bharat Bhushan Sharma, Ritesh Jaiswal, Priyansh Pal, Prachi Singh, Samarth Bhardwaj, Surender Singh Bisht, Kamal Kishor Upadhyay

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Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) play a crucial role in various applications, including optical networks, optical tomography, and optical logic systems. High-speed performance is particularly essential for applications in optical networks and logic circuits. SOA-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers (SOA-MZIs) have been widely utilized to demonstrate all-optical Boolean operations such as XOR, OR, AND, and NOR. A rate equation model for SOA-MZIs has been developed to analyze key optical logic devices, including the J-K Flip Flop. Simulation results indicate that these flip-flop circuits can operate efficiently at high speeds. Additionally, optical pseudo-random bit stream (PRBS) generators are vital for all-optical encryption systems. This study provides an in-depth discussion on the design principles, theoretical analysis, and experimental validation, demonstrating its potential for future high-performance optical computing applications having extinction ratio 25.08 dB, quality factor 55.30 dB and Optical cost of 6 unit.
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Coupling optics of laser diode to triangular index fiber via upside down tapered cylindrical microlens on the tip of the fiber

May 29, 2025

Anirban Lahiri, Mithun Maity, Jayanta Aich, Sankar Gangopadhyay

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Using the ABCD matrix framework, we estimate the coupling optics (CO) between a laser diode (LD) and a tapered cylindrical lensed circular core triangular index fiber (TIF). It is essential to note that the coupling optics provide nice performance in the vertical plane, whereas the horizontal plane exhibits inferior results. Taking care of the performance in the vertical plane only, we theoretically predict and assess the coupling efficiency (CE) using ABCD matrix formalism. We provide analytical formulae for coupling efficiencies. The said studies have been carried out for two frequently utilized wavelengths, namely 1.3 and 1.5 µm. In terms of coupling efficiency, the wavelength of 1.5 µm has been identified to be more effective. Our theory addresses the narrow aperture that the cylindrical microlens (CML) provides. The findings indicate the possibility of ensuring improved optical signal transmission by optimizing lens radius and distance of the laser source from the coupler. It will be highly beneficial to the designers and packagers dealing with this kind of coupler.
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A comparative study of routing protocols, AI, and passive optical networks in the evolution of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS)

February 24, 2025

Vikas Sharma, Pritibha Sukhroop, Sachin Kumar, Rajni Rani

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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) have gained significant attention in wireless communication due to their decentralized nature, flexibility, and adaptability. However, MANETs face challenges such as dynamic topologies, limited resources, and unpredictable mobility patterns, necessitating intelligent routing protocols for optimal performance. This research presents a comparative study of traditional MANET routing protocols and recent advancements incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI). We analyze the improvements AI brings to routing efficiency by comparing AI-driven techniques with conventional methods. Additionally, the paper investigates the integration of Passive Optical Networks (PONs) with MANETs, focusing on how optical technologies can enhance network performance by providing high-capacity, low-latency backhaul links. These links could complement AI-based routing decisions, improving overall network stability and data transmission. The study highlights both the opportunities and challenges of merging AI with traditional routing protocols and PONs, offering insights into future research directions aimed at optimizing MANET performance. The synergy between AI and PONs may offer a promising solution to address the dynamic and resource-constrained nature of MANETs in real-world applications.
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Atmospheric turbulence-resilient hybrid MIMO RF/FSO communication systems: adaptive N-SM and OAM-OMI assisted M-ary SPPM modulation with advanced diversity multiplexing for next-generation wireless networks

June 30, 2025

Ebrahim E. Elsayed, Mohamed A. Yakout, Ahmed S. Samra

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This study presents a novel evaluation framework for optimizing free-space optical (FSO) communication systems by integrating multilevel modulation with orbital angular momentum (OAM)-based data stream multiplexing to maximize spectral efficiency (SE). The proposed architecture synergizes pulse-position modulation (PPM) and dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM), while mitigating impairments from optical nonlinearities and atmospheric turbulence. Key innovations include the fusion of N -encoded adaptive spatial modulation (SM) with L -ary spatial PPM (SPPM) and a diversity strategy employing mixed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), multiple-input single-output in an M :1 ratio, and single-input single-output (SISO) configurations. Incorporating SM into FSO systems substantially reduces bit error rate by counteracting turbulence-induced signal degradation. The performance of SPPM, MIMO, and hybrid MIMO-SPPM/MPPM schemes is rigorously analyzed across RF, FSO, and hybrid RF/FSO channels under weak turbulence and dynamic atmospheric conditions. Simulations demonstrate that the hybrid MIMO/OAM-SPPM/MPPM model achieves an average symbol error probability of 10 −10  at 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) – outperforming conventional approaches by orders of magnitude. Optimal SE is attained via hybrid modulation over hybrid RF/FSO links, with 4 × 4 MIMO-RF/DWDM-FSO configurations achieving 49 bits/s/Hz at 25 dB SNR and 55 bits/s/Hz at 17 dB SNR – surpassing SISO RF (16 bits/s/Hz) and FSO (21 bits/s/Hz) benchmarks.
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Modified modelling of 16-channels WDM-RoF system in the presence of OPC and FBG for 5g applications

September 26, 2025

Pravesh Kumari, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep Arya

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This paper introduces an innovative approach that employs wavelength division multiplexing-radio-over-fiber (WDM-RoF) technology to facilitate high-speed data transmission across an extended distance of 340 km. With the rapid growth of next-generation wireless networks, there is an increasing demand for cost-effective and energy-efficient optical communication systems that can deliver higher data rates over long-haul links without compromising signal integrity or overall network reliability. To address this requirement, the proposed model demonstrates a 16-channel WDM-RoF system that integrates optical phase conjugation (OPC) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for enhanced performance. The use of OPC effectively mitigates nonlinear distortions accumulated during fiber transmission, while the inclusion of FBG provides precise wavelength filtering and stabilization, thereby improving spectral efficiency, minimizing crosstalk, and reducing interference between densely packed channels. The system successfully achieves a transmission rate of 12 Gbps per channel at a carrier frequency of 250 GHz, maintaining a typical bit error rate (BER) of 10 −9 across the 340 km span. Such performance validates the robustness and scalability of the proposed configuration for long-distance, high-capacity optical communication. The main objective of this work is to enable faster and more reliable data transmission using a single fiber optic cable, making it a promising and practical solution for emerging 5G as well as future 6G wireless communication infrastructures.
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A passive optical network-approach for multiaccess edge computing optimization

July 10, 2025

Pritibha Sukhroop, Vivek Bhardwaj, Vikas Sharma, Rajni Rani, Sachin Kumar

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OptiDRL casts MEC resource allocation as a multiobjective decision-making problem, balancing latency, energy usage, and resource utilization. A DRL agent is learned in this context with a well-crafted reward function that balances these objectives. The optical integration provides ultra-low latency and high-throughput communication, further improving system efficiency. We deploy and test OptiDRL on simulation environments mimicking real-world MEC environments. Experimental results show that OptiDRL outperforms current state-of-the-art benchmark algorithms with a significant latency reduction of up to 35 %, resource saving of 25 %, and scalability improvement under changing workload scenarios. This paper proves the potential in integrating optical networking with DRL to advance intelligent MEC resource management.
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Performance analysis of PMD compensator using VSB modulated data

January 21, 2025

Gurpreet Kaur, Rajinder Singh Kaler

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This paper investigates the performance of 40 Gb/s vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation under various second-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) models. A comparative study reveals that the planar sweep model demonstrates lower bit error rates (BER) and better eye opening compared to Bruyere and EMTY models. Key insights on received optical power and differential group delay (DGD) effects are also presented.
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Effect of beam divergence angle and waterbodies on 16 QAM signal transmission in underwater communication

July 28, 2025

Rajat Paliwal, Piyush Patel, Ahmad Atieh

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Spectrally efficient 16 QAM system for underwater communication using commercial high-power LEDs is proposed in this letter. The transmitted beam divergence (BD) angle and the effect of 10 different types of waters are investigated to enable reliable communication. The results show that a BD angle of 0.029° is needed to achieve a maximum transmission distance of 6.9 m and 4.9 m when using Osram and Luminus LEDs, respectively. The effect of transmitted data rate on distance for the optimized BD angle show that at data rate of 0.5 Gbps Osram LED supported 6.6 m link distance, which reduced to 3.7 m for the Luminus LED in pure water. The proposed system is evaluated for 10 different types of waters at fixed data rate of 0.5 Gbps while using Luminus LED. The results show that waters with lower attenuation, such as Pure Water (PW), Jerlov I, Jerlov IA, and Clear Ocean (CL), enabled longer transmission distances of 3.7 m, 3.7 m, 3.6 m, and 3.4 m, respectively. Conversely, higher attenuation in Harbor I, Jerlov III, and Harbor II waters achieved shorter distances of 2.1 m, 1.6 m, and 1.5 m, respectively. The % Error Vector Magnitude (% EVM), Symbol Error Rate (SER), and Bit Error Rate (BER) metrics are used to evaluate the proposed system performance.
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Design and performance assessment of a 6.4 Tbps long-haul flex-grid DWDM system with coherent modulation and digital dispersion compensation

July 29, 2025

Anuj Kumar, Ghanendra Kumar, Chakresh Kumar

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As the demand for optical communication systems that are both high-capacity and spectrally efficient continues to grow, so too does the need for flex-grid DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex) systems. Coherent modulation schemes offer an excellent means of overcoming the bandwidth constraints of fixed-grid DWDM optical communication systems, while easily achieving acceptable levels of impairment. However, the spacing between the channels can have large effects on overall system performance. The channel spacing is vital to system design, as it must represent a trade-off between spectral efficiency and signal quality. This paper provides a thorough investigation of the performance of flex-grid DWDM optical communication systems based on coherent modulation formats DP-QPSK and 16-QAM at various channel spacings (25 GHz, 37.5 GHz, 50 GHz). An OptiSystem simulation framework provided system level simulation, and signal performance analysis was performed using MATLAB. The system used was multiple channels of 100 Gbps, for transmission over standard single-mode fiber (SMF) spans of 100–1,000 km using EDFAs for amplification. Key performance parameters including Bit Error Rate (BER), OSNR, Q-factor, eye diagrams, and spectral efficiency were recorded and analyzed.
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Improved signal throughput in optical OFDM using hybrid optimization algorithms

January 29, 2026

Shashi Raj K, Ramanamma Parepalli, Arun Kumar, Sunil Devidas Bobade, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (Optical OFDM) is a key modulation technique for high-speed optical communication systems; however, its performance is significantly degraded by chromatic dispersion and phase noise, which impair subcarrier orthogonality and introduce inter-symbol and inter-carrier interference. To overcome these limitations, this work proposes an enhanced signal detection scheme for optical OFDM based on a hybrid equalization framework integrated with quasi-reduced maximum likelihood detection (QRM-MLD). The proposed approach is evaluated against conventional detection methods, including zero-forcing equalization, minimum mean square error, maximum likelihood, and successive interference cancellation. MATLAB-based simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid QRM-MLD scheme achieves substantial performance gains under various channel impairment conditions. At a target bit error rate of 10 −3 , the proposed method requires up to 10 dB lower signal-to-noise ratio compared to uncompensated optical OFDM and offers approximately 2–7 dB improvement over conventional detection schemes. Capacity analysis further confirms its superiority, achieving a value of 290 at an SNR of 50 dB. Overall, the proposed hybrid detection strategy significantly improves detection accuracy, spectral efficiency, and robustness, making it a strong candidate for next-generation high-capacity optical OFDM communication systems.
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Implementation of data transmission mechanism in a Bi-directional optical fiber network

January 17, 2025

Dinesh Venkat Gummadi, Harish Naidu Karanam, Sivanaga Akshaya Samudrala, Harshavardhan Nampally, Sagabala Prasanna Preethi Priya Darshini, Manoj Sindhwani, Shippu Sachdeva, Manoj Kumar Shukla

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Passive optical network (PON) has become the leader in delivering broadband high-speed connectivity. The paper introduces a detailed description of PON, its working principle, key features, and their potential applications. In addition, we discuss the types of PON architectures including GPON, EPON, and XG-PON with merits and demerits. Finally, we discuss the technical considerations of PONs in data transmission mechanisms, network design, and component selection. This paper further demonstrates the use of PON technology via a case study on the design and implementation of a bidirectional optical fiber network. Within this project, we went ahead to demonstrate the use of PON components including optical splitters, transmitters, receivers, and power controllers towards the development of an efficient and functional network structure. It mainly covered the results of the project since the PONs appeared to be a promising solution for obtaining high-performing and reliable broadband services.
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Avoiding light paths leading to destructive interference based on orthogonality and optical diversity in MISO-VLC systems using FSTD-SBC algorithms

June 2, 2025

Mountadher Essa, Adnan Sabbar

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In visible light communication (VLC) systems, optical diversity improves system performance by utilizing multiple light sources at the transmitter. At the same time, orthogonal data transmission is used to distinguish overlapping optical signals at the photodetector. Based on these concepts, this paper suggests an innovative method to alleviate optical channel blockage by leveraging optical diversity and the orthogonality property; this is achieved by combining a modified version of frequency switching transmit diversity (FSTD) on the transmitter side with select best combining (SBC) on the receiver side in multiple input single output (MISO)-VLC systems. On this basis, the effectiveness of the suggested method is evaluated in free space optical across varying distances and different signal to noise ratio (SNR). The results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms conventional orthogonal techniques in MISO-VLC systems. Specifically, the proposed methodology achieved a bit error rate (BER) of 6.7 × 10 −4 at a distance of 40 m with an SNR of 5 dB, whereas the FSTD technique recorded a BER of 1.5 × 10 −3 under identical conditions. This superiority is attributed to integrating the SBC technique into the proposed approach, which allows for avoiding paths that lead to destructive interference with the optical signal.
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Characterization of FSO link performance considering weak to high turbulence conditions

May 29, 2025

Sanmukh Kaur, Aanchal Sharma, Ajay Sharma

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Utilizing a line-of-sight link, free space optics (FSO) is a technology that employs a beam of light for the purpose of establishing an optical connection between two distant points, enabling the exchange of information. FSO communication through clear atmosphere suffers from challenges arising due to variations in refractive index of the air caused by random fluctuations in the atmospheric temperature. This results in a reduction of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal, subsequently impacting the overall performance of the link. The present study evaluates the outage probability, average capacity, and bit error rate (BER) performance of FSO communication system under turbulent environment utilizing binary phase shift keying (BPSK) as modulation technique. To evaluate the system’s error performance across varying turbulence levels, the probability density function (PDF) of the received irradiance, post-traversing the atmosphere has been represented through the Gamma–Gamma (G–G) model. Simulation results show that the BER improves from 10 −2 to 10 −4 with the increase in SNR from 5 dB to 20 dB under moderate turbulence conditions. Higher channel capacity up to 6.8 bits/s/Hz has been achieved, along with significant reduction in outage probability with an increased in the SNR values.
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Performance enhancement of Q factor and BER using Raman amplification in optical communication systems

December 16, 2025

Keshav Kumar, Manoj Singh Adhikari, Indu Bhardwaj, Sachin Chawla, Manoj Sindhwani

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With growing needs of data transmission, optical fiber communication is a suitable option for higher bandwidth applications and less attenuation requirements. However, for long distance communication, signal degradation is a major issue including nonlinear effects. So, to resolve this challenge, optical amplifiers play a major role. In the proposed LR-PON system, a 10 Gb/s PRBS-modulated NRZ signal is transmitted from the optical line terminal (OLT) and propagated through an optical link of 100 km. The Raman pump is applied in a backward configuration to ensure a more uniform signal gain and reduced relative intensity noise transfer. Simulation results reveal that as the Raman pump power increases from 0 to 26 dBm, the received optical power improves significantly due to the distributed gain provided by the amplifier. Consequently, the Q-factor rises from approximately 5 to 12, while the corresponding bit error rate (BER) decreases from about 10 −3 to 10 −9 . The improvement in Q-factor clearly demonstrates enhanced signal quality and reduced inter-symbol interference. The Raman amplification thus extends the PON reach without the need for additional active components in the distribution segment, maintaining the cost-efficiency and passive nature of the network.
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Enhancing of optical spectrum efficiency through reducing the baud rate for advanced modulation techniques

March 12, 2025

Osamah N. Qasim, Wael A.H. Hadi

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An essential consideration for an optical network design engineer when starting a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network is to improve spectrum efficiency by selecting the optimal baud rate (symbol rate). In this paper will provide a concise overview of the rising baud rates and modulation types, highlighting the key advantages and issues associated with their increments and elucidating the reciprocal correlation that binds them together. Two systems for phase shift keying (PSK) modulations and quadrature shift keying (QAM) modulations are designed and simulated. The results show that the best type of modulation to use for the capacity 100G and 200G is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) for different fiber lengths (5, 10, 80, 400, 800 and 6,400 km) depending on the comparison of the type of modulation with received optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) and log of bit error rate (BER). In this case higher order modulation can be used, but that will direcvtly affect optical reach and that is what will highlight by studying the effect of changing the types of modulation for many of the distances that mentioned to get better modulation order than QPSK for required capacity 100G and 200G within those lengths that provide smaller baud rate and better spectrum efficiency.
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Modeling and simulation of sleep-controlled ONUs for energy efficient WDM-PON systems

December 16, 2025

Manoj Kumar Shukla, Keshav Kumar, Sachin Chawla, Raghav Dwivedi, Indu Bhardwaj, Shippu Sachdeva

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High data rates applications are the current demand of data communication networks which uses optical fibers as a backbone network. This demand has raised the power consumption of optical network units in passive optical networks (PONs). So cyclic sleep techniques in PONs can save the energy consumption during idle slots and low traffic conditions. In the proposed paper cyclic sleep is implemented at the ONU with the help of a single-drive MZM placed after Gaussian filter in every channel because of less energy feature and high bandwidth objective. MZM is being driven by a low-frequency NRZ/PRBS control signal. The results shown in this paper well represents less power consumption using cyclic sleep which results in more energy efficiency to improve the power savings. In the proposed paper cyclic sleep is implemented at the ONU with the help of a single-drive MZM placed after Gaussian filter in every channel. With taking the assumed values of power, the estimated average ONU electrical power is 1.1 W, corresponding to ∼45 % electrical energy saving.
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Comparative analysis and performance evaluation of EDFA, SOA, and Raman amplifiers in passive optical networks

December 16, 2025

Keshav Kumar, Mohit Kumar Srivastava, Manoj Singh Adhikari, Kirti, Abhishek Bajaj, Sachin Chawla

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With broadband services, the demand among users for high-speed networks is rising day by day. But due to various parameters such as attenuation, scattering, and dispersion, the signal quality is degraded specifically for long distance communication. Due to which passive optical networks comes in picture where for better coverage and capacity with good signal quality, optical amplifiers play a major role. Optical amplifiers enhance the optical signal power directly, i.e., without converting in electrical domain. This paper represents a comparative analysis of three major optical amplifiers: Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), and Raman amplifiers, in terms of net gain, efficiency, and noise figure in passive optical environment. As per proposed results, EDFA demonstrates the highest net gain (≈34.6 dB), confirming its superior amplification efficiency and low noise figure. SOA, with a gain of ≈ 18.3 dB, provides moderate amplification suitable for compact or integrated systems but exhibits pattern-dependent gain saturation. The Raman amplifier, though distributed in nature, shows limited gain at lower pump powers (−12.96 dB at 10 dB pump), but performance improves with increased pump power to 26 dB, achieving ≈ 7 dB net gain.
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Performance evaluation of dispersion compensation techniques in optical fiber networks

August 8, 2025

Shivani Goyal, Hunny Pahuja, Manoj Sindhwani, Shippu Sachdeva

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In optical fiber communication, signals are transmitted as light pulses over long distances through optical fibers. During transmission, these pulses experience losses primarily due to attenuation and dispersion, which degrade the system’s overall performance and reduce available bandwidth. As modern applications demand higher data rates and broader bandwidth, managing dispersion becomes increasingly important. Dispersion is a key factor that limits transmission efficiency by causing pulse broadening, which in turn shortens the transmission distance and lowers the achievable bit rate. To enhance system performance and support higher bit rates, various dispersion compensation techniques are employed. In this study, we use OptiSystem version 7.0 to model and evaluate the effectiveness of different compensation methods – pre-compensation, post-compensation, and symmetrical compensation. Dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) is used across varying transmission lengths to analyse its impact. Performance metrics such as quality factor (QF), bit error rate (BER), and eye diagrams are assessed at the receiver to determine the effectiveness of each compensation technique.
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Gain flatness level with gain profile ripple and fiber system bandwidth performance optimization with multi pump all optical fiber distributed Raman amplifiers

June 4, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Govindanaidu Damodaran Vignesh, Sreeja Vijay, Vasudhevan Veeraragavan, Merline Arulraj, Ata Kishore Kumar, Hegazy Mahmoud Ramadan

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This paper has clarified the gain flatness level with gain profile ripple and bandwidth performance optimization for multi pump all optical fiber distributed Raman amplifiers. Raman gain and gain ripple variations are demonstrated against various pumping Raman amplifiers level number. Output power variations are measured against various pumping Raman amplifiers level number and ambient temperature variations. Effective Raman gain, average signal per noise ratio, average repeater spacing is estimated against various number of Raman pumps and number of links per fiber core based on various values of relative refractive index difference percentage with number various number of links per fiber core. Effective Raman gain is measured at effective length versus number of Raman pumps and relative refractive index fiber core difference with various number of links per fiber core. Effective Raman gain, average repeater spacing, average bit rate per channel are demonstrated at effective length versus various pumping Raman amplifiers level number and ambient temperature variations.
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Orthogonal modulation enabled OAM-VLC supported system incorporating multicolor lasers and multicast overlay

June 10, 2025

Ravinder Singh, Ajay Kumar Mahajan

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The concept of orbital angular momentum (OAM), often known as “twisted light,” has attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to its potential utilization in fiber-based and free-space (fiberless) optical communication systems. Despite the lack of research on Red/Green/Blue laser diodes (RGB LDs) combined with OAM, this new strategy has tremendous potential for improving visible light communication (VLC). This study introduces a 9 × 10 Gbps VLC system that combines RGB LDs with OAM beams using orthogonal modulation. Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes LG 0 , 0 , LG 14 , 0 , and LG 40 , 0 are the three OAM beams that are used in the proposed arrangement. Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is employed to perform multicast data transfer at the rate of 20 Gbps. This study compares the Log BER performance of unicast polarization shift keying (PolSK), multicast DPSK, and unicast nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) schemes across different VLC transmission ranges. Results revealed that the combination of LG 0 , 0 and RED-LDs offered enhanced bit error rates (BER) as compared to higher order OAM beams. The proposed system can successfully covered ≥1.3 m VLC link within the acceptable BER limits (≯10 −9 ).
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Adaptive multi-band OFDM-based transceiver design and performance evaluation for spectrally-efficient and resilient optical communication systems

September 11, 2025

Noor J. Jihad, Zainab N. Jameel, Murooj A. Almohsin

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This paper presents the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of a spectrally-efficient and resilient multi-band optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) transceiver architecture tailored for high-capacity long-haul communication systems. The proposed system employs both single-polarization (SP) and dual-polarization (DP) OFDM schemes, integrating 128 subcarriers per band, a 40 Gb/s data rate, and a cyclic prefix of 15 symbols. The optical transmission architecture supports 1,000 km of standard single-mode fiber (SMF) connectivity, which follows the ITU-T G.655 NRZSF specifications. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) are spread every 50 km of links. Solution for cumulative chromatic spread 16.75 P S/NM/km. The system was assessed through simulation using both Opti-system software and MATLAB. The primary matrix for evaluation was the bit error rate (BER) and there was clarity in constellation charts at various optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) levels. The findings suggest BER for the DP-MB-OFDM system can achieves a BER of 10 −9 when the OSNR reaches 24 dB. This indicates that DP-MB-OFDM has both high noise immunity and strong transmission capacity. In contrast, one-single polarization MB-OFDM (SP-MB-OFDM) system shows a saturation effect around 10 −5 BER under similar conditions. This system sheds light on the efficiency and profits of using polarization multiplexing (PM) to increase system performance. Further analysis of signal spectrum and constellation diagrams confirm that the inter-symbol interference is insignificant.
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Evaluating the suitability of the firefly algorithm for optimization in optical and IoT networks

July 22, 2025

Rajni Rani, Sharad Sharma

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The Internet of things (IoT) is a quickly developing field that is defined by networked smart devices that communicate with one another to carry out intelligent tasks. Because of the energy, latency, and bandwidth limits, these networks must be optimized efficiently. This study investigates whether the firefly algorithm (FA), a metaheuristic inspired by nature, is appropriate for optimizing crucial parameters in IoT networks. The paper provides a thorough examination of the algorithm’s routing ability, energy economy, and convergence. The FA’s advantages and disadvantages in several IoT settings are illustrated through comparative analyses with alternative optimization methods like PSO and GA. According to the findings, FA offers a favorable trade-off between computational cost and performance, which makes it appropriate for lightweight and flexible IoT optimization tasks.
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Transmission incoherent visible light for the MIMO-UWOC system

April 24, 2025

Mustafa Bahaaldin Hayif, Mazin Ali A. Ali, Zeyad A. Saleh, Mohammed F. Majeed, Qusai N. Jaleel

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This paper proposed a new approach for an underwater visible light communication (UVLC) system using MIMO (2Tx/2Rx) technology. The BER performance, Q -factor, and data rate of the UVLC system are looked at in coastal waters of the Jerov type ( J 1 C , J 3 C , J 5 C , J 7 C , and J 9 C ). The applied system takes into account the angles ranging from 0 to 15° and 45°. The results indicated that 32-PPM outperformed other modulation techniques.
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Mitigation of the problem of dispersion in optics communications systems

April 14, 2025

Zainab H. Ibrahim, Noor J. Jihad, Zainab N. Jameel

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Nowadays, the optical communications systems have vital role in the communication field. Though the optical communications systems have many advantageous conditions, the dispersion was considered one of the main problems. This paper aims to investigate the impact of dispersion and attenuation on the performance of optical high-speed networks, by using Opti-System 2021 simulation tool, this study measures the key performance parameters within a basic optic link to characterize a transmission system comprehensively. Opti-system 21 software has been used to simulate single mode fiber over different distances of transmission. In addition, the operating wavelength has been used over the range of 1,550 nm to analyze the impact of attenuation and dispersion along the transmission length through computer simulations. By analyzing these effects, this study offers insights into optimizing network design and performance in order to enhance the data transmission and reliability through optical communication systems. Furthermore, the effective wavelength has been utilized over the range of 1,550 nm to study the impact of attenuation and dispersion along the transmission length through computer simulations. By investigating these properties, these paper proposals perceptions into optimizing networks designs and presentation in order to improve the data transmission and reliability through optical communications systems, this study dealings the main performance parameters within an essential optical communication.
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A hybrid deep learning and companding technique for distortion-resilient optical NOMA VLC with 1024-QAM modulation

December 30, 2025

Murigendrayya M. Hiremath, Venkatachalam Revathi, Arun Kumar, Prashanta Chandra Pradhan, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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Visible light communication (VLC) has gained significant attention as a next-generation wireless technology due to its unlicensed bandwidth, high security, and seamless integration with LED illumination. To support high data rates and user scalability, power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with 1024-QAM modulation enhances spectral efficiency; however, this combination introduces high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), resulting in nonlinear signal distortion and degraded bit error rate (BER) performance in intensity-modulated optical systems. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a deep learning-based nonlinear companding framework for waveform optimization in Optical NOMA. The proposed technique significantly reduces PAPR, achieving 3.2 dB, 4.4 dB, and 5.3 dB at a CCDF of 10 −3 for 256, 512, and 1024 subcarriers, respectively, outperforming A-Law, μ-Law, and PTS by up to 7.5 dB improvement. BER analysis further confirms its superiority, achieving a BER of 10 −3 at only 8.9 dB SNR, compared to 15.2 dB (A-Law), 13.1 dB (μ-Law), 11.4 dB (PTS), and 17.8 dB for the unprocessed Optical NOMA waveform. These results demonstrate improved power efficiency, reduced nonlinear distortion, and enhanced detection reliability, making the proposed method a strong candidate for high-speed VLC-based NOMA systems.
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Throughput analysis of optical NOMA waveform through RNN and CNN neural networks with 256-QAM

April 24, 2025

Arun Kumar, P. Radhakrishnan, Ch. Raja, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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Optical non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a critical communication technology that allows multiple users to access the same frequency spectrum at the same time, greatly improving spectral efficiency. This paper explores neural network-based encryption methods to protect NOMA systems with high throughput. In particular, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are used to study and improve encryption mechanisms. CNNs learn spatial features of the data, whereas RNNs are good at modeling temporal dependencies. Simulation outcomes show that RNN-based encryption provides better performance in dynamic scenarios with increased security against eavesdropping and lower bit error rate (BER). Under a Rayleigh fading channel, RNN encryption lowers the BER at SNR to 6.1 dB, which is better than CNN (8.1 dB), MIMO-NOMA (10.2 dB), OFDM (13 dB), and OTFS (15 dB). In the same way, in Rician channel conditions, RNN attains 5 dB BER, outperforming CNN (7.1 dB), MIMO-NOMA (9.1 dB), OFDM (12.1 dB), and OTFS (10.1 dB). RNN also enhances power spectral density (PSD), reducing it to −810 dB from −700 dB of CNN, −590 dB of MIMO-NOMA, and −400 dB and −510 dB of OFDM and OTFS, respectively. These advancements emphasize the compromises between complexity, throughput, and present a promising avenue for optical NOMA systems using deep learning-based methods.
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Performance evaluation of post quantum digital signature algorithms over WDM optical communication system

August 1, 2025

Marwa M. Hamood, Tayseer S. Atia, Arwa A. Moosa

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The advent of quantum computing necessitates the integration of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) into high-speed optical networks to safeguard against emerging threats. This study rigorously evaluates NIST-standardized PQC digital signature algorithms – CRYSTALS-Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+ – in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems, addressing the critical interplay between cryptographic robustness, file size dynamics, and optical network performance. Through comprehensive OptiSystem simulations, we analyze transmission fidelity (BER, Q-factor), power efficiency, and channel spacing impacts across single- and multi-channel WDM architectures. Key findings reveal that compact lattice-based schemes like FALCON-512 achieve high Q-factor at optimum power (−2) dBm for small files (≤45 bits), making them ideal for latency-sensitive applications such as real-time financial transactions. Conversely, large files (>200 bits) demand adaptive power allocation (−12 dBm–−10 dBm) and hybrid error correction (LDPC + FEC) when using SPHINCS + , despite its 41 kB signature overhead. Optimal channel spacing (0.8 nm for metro networks, 1.6 nm for long-haul links) balances spectral efficiency and resilience to distortions. The results underscore the necessity of context-aware cryptographic frameworks: FALCON-512 excels in low-power, high-security metro-scale deployments (50–100 km), while SPHINCS + suits archival data with high throughput tolerance. This work provides actionable insights for designing quantum-safe optical networks, harmonizing PQC standards with the evolving demands of high-capacity, low-latency infrastructure.
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FBG-based optical code division multiple access system with Spectral Amplitude Coding

September 8, 2025

Noor J. Jihad, Mustafa Dhia Hassib, Atheer A. Sabri, Murooj A. Abd Almuhsan

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Spectral Amplitude Coding (SAC)-based high-speed optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) network with fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based encoders and decoders is provided in this research. The system makes use of FBG filters to provide exact wavelength-selective encoding and decoding, which minimizes the impact of multiple access interference (MAI) and increases system scalability. Phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) is reduced and bit error rate (BER) performance is enhanced with a modified and additional amplitude coding method. The FBG-SAC OCDMA system shown here has zero crosstalk, enhanced transmission quality, and multiuser capabilities, according to numerical simulation. Quantitative research is also done on the impact of important factors including channel spacing, FBG reflectivity, and code length. The findings validate the viability and effectiveness of the suggested architecture for high-capacity optical access networks of the future.
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Simulative study of light sources for enhancement of optical peak pulse power and energy with the management for time bandwidth product of an ultrashort optical pulse train

March 12, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Bhavani Gajendran, Patan Saleem Akram, Narasimham Anil Kumar, Nalini Neelamegam, Vasudhevan Veeraragavan, Hazem Hazem Ali Emam

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This paper highlighted the simulative study of the best selection of various light sources for the improvement of the optical peak pulse power and energy with the management for time bandwidth product of an ultrashort optical pulse train. Pulse duty cycle, rectangular/Gaussian pulse peak power, Sech pulse peak power, pulse separation, average pulse intensity, peak intensity and total pulse energy are measured against the pulse duration at 10 MHz repetition rate, 1 mW average power and 1 mm spot diameter. Pulse energy, average pulse intensity, and peak pulse intensity variations are clarified against the repetition rate and average power variations at 1 mm spot diameter. Time bandwidth product, Gaussian chirp parameter and Accumulated group delay dispersion variations are demonstrated versus spectral laser source wavelength and spectral width at 10 ns pulse duration. Time bandwidth product and Gaussian chirp parameter are also clarified against laser spectral line width at first/second/third/fourth spectral operating wavelength windows.
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Laser diode transmission characteristics management for high optical fiber coupling system stability with various spectral wavelength windows

March 12, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Madhini Murugesh, Niranjana Siddharthan, Arulraj Simon Prabu, Chandran Ramesh Kumar, Chilukuri Prathima, Orabi Salem Orabi

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This paper demonstrated the laser diode transmission characteristics management for high optical fiber coupling system stability with various spectral wavelength windows. Laser beam focus diameter and laser depth of field variations are clarified versus both beam lens diameter and lens focal length at the different spectral operating wavelength windows. Aperture transmission and transmitted power variations are demonstrated versus laser beam aperture diameter and laser power variations at aperture diameter of 1 mm. First and second fiber mode diameter variations are measured versus spectral fiber transmission wavelength for identical and nonidentical two fibers core diameter and numerical aperture. Fiber splice losses are clarified against both lateral offset and angular misalignment for identical and nonidentical fibers core diameter and numerical aperture. Fundamental mode field diameter and V parameter are indicated versus spectral fiber transmission wavelength and numerical aperture variations at fiber core radius of 5 μm.
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Simulative performance evaluation of high speed long distance soliton propagation data transmission system based on dispersion control in optical fiber system

October 1, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Sasireka Perumalsamy, Garapati Satyanarayana Murthy, Alagar Manavalan Balamurugan, Chandran Ramesh Kumar, Natarajan Meenakshisundaram, Karem Tarek Anwer

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This paper has highlighted the simulative performance evaluation of high speed long distance soliton propagation data transmission system based on dispersion control in optical fiber system. The dispersion management for the soliton fiber system is demonstrated based on both symmetrical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and symmetrical dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) fiber compensation system. The soliton pulse dispersion is measured versus the single mode fiber cable and symmetrical FBG compensation lengths based on the different data rates transmission. Overall system dispersion, overall system data rate transmission, overall optical/electrical system signal per noise ratio, overall system transmission distance and overall system bit error rate are demonstrated clearly against various symmetrical DCF compensation lengths with/without the soliton fiber transmission system. Improvement ratio in both dispersion management and data rate transmission are clarified against symmetrical FBG and DCF compensation techniques and single mode fiber cable length variations. As well as the overall system dispersion and data rate transmission are studied and highlighted in relation to hybrid FBG/DCF compensation techniques and without any dispersion compensation in the presence and absence of soliton fiber transmission system.
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Monomode triangular index fiber excitation through upside down tapered cylindrical microlens on its end face: study of coupling in the presence of mechanical offsets

July 28, 2025

Anirban Lahiri, Angshuman Majumdar, Mithun Maity, Anup Kumar Maiti, Sankar Gangopadhyay

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The analytical evaluation of the coupling optics, taking care of lateral and angular offsets, has been presented for an upside-down tapered cylindrical microlensed (UDTCM) single-mode circular core triangular index fiber (TIF) excited by laser diode (LD). ABCD matrix appropriate for this system in the transverse plane is being used in order to derive analytical formulae of coupling efficiencies (CE) in presence of the said kinds of mechanical offsets. Distribution of fields of both the LD and TIF are taken to be Gaussian type. This study employs two wavelengths 1.3 µm and 1.5 µm and three TIFs of different V numbers. Using the prescribed formulae, the concerned prediction involves little computation. This paper highlights the tolerance of the coupler with respect to the said types of mechanical offsets. The outcomes concerned with UDTCM will be helpful for optical packages.
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Performance enhancement in coherent optical systems using unequal channel spacing

June 4, 2025

Sama Salam Saleh, Qussay Salim Al-Jubouri

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An essential part of communication networks are data representations, this has an impact on transmission distance, maximum bit rate, system capacity, and various linear and nonlinear. In order to eliminate effects, the proposed approach provides long-distance optical transmission at high rates with using 12.5 GHz unequal channel spacing. Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM) is also demonstrated as a technique to enhance Spectral Efficiency. Opti System (2017) Version 15 is used to simulate this work. A 100 Gbps data rate over a 1,000 km transmission distance is being investigated, and two data formats, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), are being compared; these representations are realized using (4 and 8) Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) channels. The QPSK format achieves the best −3.67 Bit Error Rate (BER) at the receiver over that distance while using one Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) at −1 dBm optimal power and maximum OSNR value at utilizing 16-QAM is 24.42 dB. In addition, we investigate how an advanced fiber system with a high effective area and ultra-low loss impacts the performance of 16-QAM, considering into consideration both linear and nonlinear effects, the result achieved 25.81 dB at −2 dBm optimal launched power. Approximately 20 % of the combined Forward Error Correction (FEC) threshold is equal to the 0.033 BER baseline level.
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Parallel Mach–Zehnder interferometer-based optical ALUs for high-efficiency computing

April 10, 2025

Kamal Kishor Upadhyay

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This paper presents a novel approach for designing full adder and subtractor functionalities within the optical domain. By leveraging cutting-edge optical technologies, the proposed model achieves a high-quality factor of 60.70 and an extinction ratio of 29.80, outperforming existing methodologies. Furthermore, the model requires only 14 optical cost units, making it a highly efficient and cost-effective solution for optical computing. This study provides an in-depth discussion on the design principles, theoretical analysis, and experimental validation, demonstrating its potential for future high-performance optical computing applications.
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Visible light communication and quadrant photodiode based vehicle positioning for enhanced road safety

September 11, 2025

Aparna Tiwari, Seema Kedar, Suresh Kumar, Bharati Shukla

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The increasing demand for advanced safety features in autonomous and connected vehicles has spurred significant research into vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems. This paper presents a novel VLC-enabled vehicular safety framework that integrates visible light positioning (VLP) with angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation to enhance spatial awareness and intervehicle distance tracking. The proposed system leverages existing vehicular lighting infrastructure, such as LED headlights and taillights, not only for illumination but also as a medium for optical communication and spatial localization. Photodiode-based receivers detect modulated light signals and extract angular information to estimate the relative positions of nearby vehicles. By analyzing angular displacement and using known geometric baselines between sensors, the system triangulates object locations and determines vehicle separation with high accuracy. Further analysis using time-to-collision (TTC) metrics demonstrated the strong impact of vehicle separation and relative speed on collision risk. For example, a separation of 5.51  m corresponds to a TTC of 2.75 s at a relative speed of 2 m/s, but this decreases sharply to 1.10 s at a relative speed of 5 m/s, underscoring how higher speeds significantly reduce available reaction time for drivers or automated systems. This approach provides a low-latency, GPS-independent solution for position estimation and situational awareness, particularly effective in constrained environments such as tunnels, underground parking structures, and dense urban areas.
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Mitigating nonlinear scattering: enhancing Brillouin, Raman, and Rayleigh performance in optical systems

October 1, 2025

Riyaz Saiyyed, Keshav Kumar, Hunny Pahuja, Manoj Sindhwani, Manoj Kumar Shukla, Sachin Chawla

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The outline and techniques of elevated momentum, inflated amplitude optical communication setup is grievously restrained by nonlinear scattering phenomena, consisting of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and Rayleigh scattering (RS). This implication stipulated the signal to weaken, the spectrum to widen, and the noise to eventually become louder, which truncated the potency of transmission and the dependability of the network as an unabridged. Wielding complex simulation models molded in OptiSystem, this scrutiny glance at the causes, repercussions, and mechanism to alleviate these nonlinear scattering effects in depth. To lower localized intensity hotspots, which productively terminate nonlinear gain processes, multi-wavelength pumping perspective and dispersion control blueprints are presented. To diminish Rayleigh scattering, we inspect revamping backscattering analysis, optical amplification techniques, and distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. The simulation outcome manifests that the advocated approaches perform because they augment the SBS threshold power, lower the SRS gain, meliorate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and magnify the spectral efficiency. This research not only enhances our theoretical accomplishment of nonlinear scattering in optical fibers, but it also anticipates us practical design objectives for upcoming high-performance optical networks.
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Explainable AI for inverse-design of optical network on chip routers

October 21, 2025

Jotiram K. Deshmukh, Kantilal Pitambar Rane, Milind P. Gajare, Monali Chaudhari

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Inverse design uses advanced AI capabilities to autonomously create the best geometries and configurations for an optical network-on-chip router. Here, we use reinforcement learning to facilitate the design process, where the system learns over time what architectures best suit the target criteria (latency, signal loss, area, throughput) to achieve the best functioning router. However, while reinforcement learning is an effective means of achieving desired output, the reinforcement learning created is often complex and non-interpretable for human engineers. Therefore, we use explainable artificial intelligence methods to make the final interpretations more interpretable and justifiable. Explainable artificial intelligence helps to explain why each move was made during the design process. Thus, reinforcement learning-inverse-designed optical network-on-chip routers will perform better under desired metrics with explainable artificial intelligence providing human designers a level of explainability and justification for human trust and verification for artificial intelligence generated things.
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Coupling dynamics in multicore fibers: a comprehensive review of weakly-coupled and strongly-coupled MCF architectures for space-division multiplexing

January 28, 2026

Shivani Goyal

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Multicore fibers (MCF) can overcome the capacity limitations of the network by enabling space-division multiplexing (SDM). Based on inter-core interaction, classification puts the MCFs into two groups. The first group is weakly-coupled (WC) MCFs. The second group is strongly-coupled (SC) MCFs. WC-MCFs are the weakly-coupled MCFs that minimize crosstalk through optimized core spacing and refractive-index engineering. Many researchers consider the independent transmission channels suitable for long-haul networks, high-capacity optical links, and emerging 5G/6G fronthaul deployment due to their stability and compatibility with existing infrastructure. Recent research highlights the complementary nature of WC and SC designs: WC-MCF is better for low-crosstalk independent-channel long-haul and practical deployment, while SC-MCF is better for maximizing spatial-spectral capacity and petabit-class core transport. In terms of capacity, strongly coupled MCF (SC-MCF) is better because its supermode-based spatial multiplexing supports far higher spatial channel counts and ultra-high petabit-class throughput compared to weakly coupled MCF.
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Advanced signal detection in optical OFDM-VLC with 256-QAM scheme: LSTM-aided BER and PSD optimization over Rayleigh channels

August 8, 2025

Fateh Bahadur Kunwar, Rajneesh Pareek, Shashi Raj K, Aziz Nanthaamornphong, Nishant Gaur, Mohit Kumar Sharma

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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of bit error rate (BER) and power spectrum density (PSD) performance for optical OFDM systems integrated with Visible Light Communication (VLC), employing various signal detection algorithms over Rayleigh fading channels. Simulation studies were conducted for 64, 256, and 512 subcarriers to evaluate BER under different SNR conditions. The proposed LSTM-based detection method achieved remarkable improvements, requiring only 6.1 dB, 8.1 dB, and 10.1 dB SNR, respectively, to attain a BER of 10 −5 , outperforming hybrid, QRM-MLD, MMSE, ZFE, and conventional optical OFDM by SNR gains ranging from 1.9 dB to 10.8 dB. Results also indicate that while increasing the number of subcarriers raises SNR demands, the LSTM detector consistently delivers superior performance, making it highly suitable for high-capacity advanced radio and VLC systems. Furthermore, PSD analysis demonstrates significant side lobe suppression, reducing out-of-band emissions from −100 dB down to −390 dB. This effective spectrum containment is crucial for minimizing spectral leakage in 5G, beyond-5G, and VLC frameworks, thereby enhancing spectrum utilization and overall system capacity. The study underscores the pivotal role of advanced detection methods like LSTM in improving throughput, reducing SNR requirements, and optimizing spectral efficiency for future optical OFDM-VLC communication systems.
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Spatially multiplexed OFDM – RoFSO transmission under different atmospheric conditions

March 18, 2025

Ankur Sood, Rahul Kaushik

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In this paper, a spatially multiplexed, OFDM-based radio over free space optical (RoFSO) communication system is proposed to enhance the data rate. The input data streams 1–4 are combined using space division multiplexing (SDM) to achieve 80 Gbps (4 × 20 Gbps) transmission rate. At SDM level, an optical carrier of 193.1 THz frequency is selected and various Laguerre Gaussian (LG) modes LG00, LG01, LG02, and LG03 are assigned to individual data streams 1–4. The RoFSO link is analyzed for different atmospheric attenuation and turbulence conditions while measuring system bit error rate (BER), Q-factor, received signal power, signal to noise ratio (SNR), etc. A comparative analysis for back to back (B2B), subcarrier multiplexed (SCM-MUX), wavelength division multiplexed (WDM-MUX), and space division multiplexed (SDM-MUX) configuration is carried out. In FSO environment, the SDM-MUX configuration is further analyzed for various haze, rain, fog, and dust conditions. Analysis shows that the extended link range is observed under low attenuation conditions. The impact of atmospheric turbulence under light rain and heavy rain conditions is also analyzed. The overall analysis estimates higher transmission rate for SDM-MUX configuration. Also, channel capacity can be enhanced by introducing additional optical modes for the selected design configuration.
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Optimizing power amplifier efficiency through PAPR reduction in optical FBMC for VLC applications

September 23, 2025

Arun Kumar, R. N. Patil, H. Devanna, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed PTS-PSO technique for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and improving bit error rate (BER) performance in optical FBMC systems with various QAM modulations. For PAPR analysis, complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) results are provided for 256-QAM, 128-QAM, and 64-QAM schemes. At a CCDF of 10 −3 , the proposed method consistently achieves the lowest PAPR compared to unmodified optical FBMC, clipping, SLM, and conventional PTS. The PAPR reductions are most pronounced for 64-QAM, where a 6.7 dB improvement over the baseline is observed, while gains of 4.4 dB and 4.9 dB are achieved for 256-QAM and 128-QAM, respectively. BER performance analysis for 256-QAM and 64-QAM further demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method. At a BER of 10 −3 , the PTS-PSO approach achieves substantial SNR reductions, reaching gains up to 10.8 dB compared to the baseline and maintaining notable advantages over clipping, SLM, and PTS. These results confirm that the proposed PTS-PSO scheme offers significant performance enhancements in both PAPR and BER metrics, providing a highly effective solution for improving spectral efficiency and transmission quality in optical FBMC systems.
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Performance of free-space quantum key distribution over Malaga turbulence channel and pointing errors

June 23, 2025

Ha Duyen Trung

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In this paper, we analyze the performance of free-space optical quantum key distribution (FSO-QKD) using the BB84 protocol with BPSK modulation under realistic channel conditions. The Málaga distribution is employed to model the composite atmospheric turbulence, considering pointing errors. We derive closed-form expressions for the average quantum bit error rate (QBER) and the secure key rate (SKR), incorporating both turbulence and misalignment effects. Numerical results demonstrate the impact of turbulence parameters and beam misalignment on system performance. The findings provide insights for the robust design of FSO-QKD systems under practical deployment conditions.
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An optical network emulation framework for underwater communication using AFDM

December 16, 2025

Arun Kumar, A.R. Aswatha, Kalpana AB, Ch. Raja, Sumit Chakravarty, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This paper integrates optical communication concepts with advanced modulation by combining the Mininet-based underwater wireless optical communication (Mininet-UWOC) emulator and affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM). The study aims to enhance underwater optical communication efficiency by analyzing signal reliability, throughput, and Doppler effects under realistic optical channel conditions. While AFDM demonstrates strong performance in terrestrial optical systems with Doppler variations, its benefits are reduced in underwater environments due to scattering and absorption losses. The findings highlight AFDM’s limitations in underwater optical communication and emphasize the need for optimized modulation techniques for reliable optical links.
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Design and analysis of 2D 4 × 4 mesh NoC architecture with novel bufferless router for optical communication

May 6, 2025

Ramanamma Parepalli, Sanjeev Sharma, Mohan Kumar Naik

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One common connectivity technology in large-scale tiled chip multiprocessors (TCMPs) is network-on-chip (NoC). There are two main types of NoC routers namely buffered and bufferless. Because of its hardware efficiency, lower energy usage, and simplified design, the latter presents a possible option. This paper suggests a new bufferless NoC router design for a 2D 4 × 4 mesh NoC architecture. Each of the four nearby peers (North, South, East, and West) and one processing element are linked to the routers that make up the suggested mesh network. The crossbar switch, input buffers, and output buffers are removed from the suggested router architecture. The combination of bufferless architecture, XY routing and dynamic prioritization establishes bufferless NoC as a robust and scalable solution for modern computing demands. Dynamic prioritization is a key feature in the proposed NoC architecture, which focuses on ensuring that data packets are processed efficiently and fairly, especially in scenarios with high traffic loads. Optical NoCs are based on optical interconnects and optical routers, and have significant bandwidth and power advantages. Our results indicate that the proposed bufferless router can lead to significant area (30.3 %) reduction over the standard BLESS. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture in terms of throughput, latency, and energy efficiency.
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Capacity and security enhancement in TWDM-NG-PON2 networks based on hybrid algorithms for image transmission

December 2, 2025

Ahmed Hussein Ali, Riam M. Zaal, Essam N. Abdulla, Hayder H. Al-khaylani

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As the number of users on optical access networks (OAN) has grown significantly, security concerns are growing. In order to solve this issue, a passive optical network (PON) second generation (TWDM-NG-PON2) design has employed bidirectional division multiplexing in both the time and wavelength domains. According to the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication (ITU-T) 989.2 series standards, the technique permits safe authentication mutual and key establishment between optical line termination (OLT) units and optical network units (ONUs) in a distribution optical network (ODN). The two algorithm ciphers have been utilize together with the Opti-System software. This work provides a new highly-speed grayscale image system transmission above bidirectional fiber link employing time and wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) with two different algorithms for each wavelength. Two grayscale images are broadcast simultaneously at 20  Gbps each, for a total capacity of 40 Gbps. Based on secure TWDM-NG-PON2 technology, military and medical communications, digital watermarking, and E-commerce considered one of its applications. According to simulation studies, a bidirectional distance fiber with a ratio of splitting 1:64 can be successfully implemented at 55 km. High security, high capacity, and an advanced long-distance communication systems that delivers efficient usage source and strengthened authenticity network are all provided by the suggested algorithm in TWDM- NG-PON2.
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Investigation of a highly suitable optical amplifier (EDFA/Raman) for a 10 × 10 Gbps WDM system using different optical signal power levels

August 13, 2025

Neha, Chakresh Kumar

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For effective communication in a long-reach passive optical network, there is a need for a cost-effective system for the regeneration of a signal. Optical amplifiers are one of the appropriate solutions for this. With keeping this scenario in mind, A highly reliable architecture of a 10 × 10 Gbps WDM system is analyzed using two different optical amplifiers erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and a Raman amplifier. The performance of two amplifiers, EDFA and Raman, is investigated at different power levels, 4 dB m, 8 dB m, and 10 dB m, over variable lengths of fiber, 50 km, 70 km, 90 km, 120 km, and 150 km. Q-factor, BER, jitter, eye diagrams, and optical spectra are considered as performance metrics for two amplifiers. 10 Gbps data is successfully transmitted over 10 channels having different frequencies ranging between 192.966 THz and 193.86 THz. The downlink transmission of data is done using a wavelength of 1,550 nm. Results show that EDFA is superior to Raman in terms of gain at a lower level of signal power. Whereas Raman is superior to EDFA at higher power in terms of noise. A maximum Q-factor of 30.62 and a minimum BER of 1 × 10 −40 , is achieved by using EDFA at 4 dB m over 50 km.
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Performance analysis of VLC-based underwater optical communication using polarization division multiplexing and advanced modulation techniques

February 5, 2025

Abhishek Sharma

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Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has emerged as a promising solution for high-speed, low-latency communication in underwater environments. This study investigates the performance of a visible light communication (VLC)-based UWOC system incorporating polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and advanced modulation schemes, including non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ). The system, utilizing red, green, and blue (RGB) wavelengths, was evaluated under three distinct environmental conditions: Pure Sea, Clear Ocean, and Coastal Ocean, each characterized by varying levels of attenuation due to differences in scattering and absorption coefficients. Through comprehensive simulations, key performance metrics such as bit error rate (BER), transmission range, and eye patterns were analyzed. Results reveal that RZ modulation consistently outperformed NRZ, providing superior signal clarity and lower BER across all conditions. Among the wavelengths, blue light demonstrated the best performance due to its lower susceptibility to attenuation, making it ideal for high-speed communication. These findings contribute to the development of robust UWOC systems for applications in environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, and autonomous vehicle communication.
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Security and network performance analysis of coexistence TWDM – NG-PON2, GPON and 10G-EPON systems based on Hill Cipher

November 17, 2025

Alaa Hussein Ali, Essam N. Abdulla, Razi J. Al-Azawi

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The challenges of operating legacy, security-related, and future network technologies simultaneously in point-to-point topologies and passive optical networks (PONs) are discussed in this study. We investigate the problems of coexistence for many types of users, such as home, business, industrial, and mobile users. Future access networks will have to support several technologies at once. In order to solve this issue, our paper demonstrates how time and wavelength division multiplexing next-generation PON2 (TWDM-NG-PON2), gigabit passive optical network (GPON), and 10 Gbps Ethernet passive optical networks (10G-EPON) may use triple coexistence multi-PON modules to coexist on the same optical distribution network for deploying of fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) network access. A grayscale image is encrypted at 2*20 Gbps for TWDM-NG-PON2, 2.5 Gbps for GPON and 10 Gbps for 10G-EPON, for a total capacity of symmetric 52.5 Gbps. According to simulation studies, a bidirectional distance fiber with a ratio of splitting 1:112 can be successfully implemented at 40 km. The downstream and upstream receiver sensitivity demonstrated is −24.8, −27.8, −28.6 dB m and −26.8, −23.8, −28.6 dBm for TWDM-NG-PON2, GPON and 10G-EPON, respectively. High security, high capacity, and a sophisticated long-distance networking that delivers efficient usage source and strengthened authenticity network are all provided by the suggested algorithm in coexistence PON.
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Autoencoder-driven PTS for power optimization of optical-NOMA waveform amplifiers

November 18, 2025

P. Radhakrishnan, Srinivasa Rao Kandula, Abdul Hussain Sharief, Kanishk Sharma, Arun Kumar, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This paper proposes an autoencoder-based partial transmit sequence (AE-PTS) framework for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction and power efficiency enhancement in optical non-orthogonal multiple access (Optical-NOMA) systems with nonlinear optical amplifiers. The encoder learns compact representations of multi-user waveforms, while a differentiable PTS module generates candidate phase-rotated subblocks. A lightweight neural selector optimally minimizes peak power, and the decoder reconstructs compliant optical waveforms under real-valued intensity and non-negativity constraints. Unlike conventional techniques, AE-PTS jointly optimizes phase selection and waveform representation, effectively reducing PAPR, mitigating nonlinear distortion, and improving BER. Extensive MATLAB simulations for 64, 128, and 256 sub-carrier optical-NOMA confirm its robustness. At a CCDF of 10 −3 , AE-PTS achieves PAPR values of 1.8 dB, 2.8 dB, and 5.2 dB, corresponding to gains of up to 10 dB over baseline optical-NOMA and 2–5 dB over conventional PTS. Capacity analysis shows AE-PTS reaching ∼200 at 50 dB SNR, compared with 100 for baseline, while training accuracy results demonstrate stable convergence across sub-carrier sizes. These simulation results establish AE-PTS as a scalable and energy-efficient solution for future optical-NOMA networks.
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An hybrid approach to MANET routing: leveraging optical networks and next-gen innovations

April 2, 2025

Vikas Sharma, Pritibha Sukhroop, Rajni Rani, Sachin Kumar

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The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies and the growing demand for high-speed, low-latency, and reliable networks have introduced a new paradigm for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). As mobile devices become more integrated into everyday life, MANETs are expected to provide versatile, efficient, and scalable communication solutions for a wide range of applications, from smart cities to emergency response systems. The introduction of next-generation (next-gen) technologies, such as optical networks, presents an exciting opportunity to enhance MANET routing protocols. Optical networks, known for their high-speed, low-latency, and large bandwidth capabilities, can significantly improve the performance of MANETs. This paper explores the integration of optical networks into MANET routing protocols, examining the role of optical technologies, the benefits and challenges of such integration, and the implications for future developments in MANETs.
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Mitigating self-induced co-channel interference in PSAP-RoF systems with photonic-based phase-controlled ring interferometer

October 8, 2025

Archa Chandrasenan, Joseph Zacharias

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In the quest to elevate the performance of public safety answering points (PSAPs), integrating cutting-edge technologies such as radio over fiber (RoF) and in-band full duplex communication (IBFD) is proving transformative. These technologies ensure high-bandwidth, low-latency connections crucial for real-time emergency responses and reliable communication in remote areas. However, a persistent challenge is mitigating self-induced co-channel interference (SICI), which can disrupt crucial communications. This paper introduces a novel solution: a photonic-based phase-controlled ring interferometer (PCRI) designed to combat SICI within IBFD systems. By leveraging coherent detection, the PCRI enhances spectral efficiency and receiver sensitivity, significantly improving signal quality. Test results demonstrate that the PCRI effectively cancels SICI, with a notable cancellation depth of 30.56 dB, and optimizes performance across a broad frequency range (10 GHz–22 GHz). The system’s efficiency is highlighted by improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) performance over varying distances, showcasing its potential for advancing PSAPs in real-time communication and interoperability.
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Deep embedded based energy efficient user grouping and Kookaburra Goshawk optimization for optimal power allocation in Terahertz MIMO-NOMA systems

January 7, 2025

Deepali Kishor Borakhade, Vikram Sadashiv Gawali, Pallavi Sapkale

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In recent years, terahertz (THz) communications have gained significant attention due to their potential for supporting ultra-high data rates in future wireless systems, particularly in multiple-input multiple-output non-orthogonal multiple access (MIMO-NOMA). However, efficient power allocation and interference management remain critical challenges. In this work, a power allocation approach is devised for THz MIMO-NOMA systems based on fuzzy integrated user pairing. First, the system model is considered and the devised work is based on grouping the users and hybrid precoding. By considering three constraints including position, signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and initial power the user grouping procedure is done. Additionally, the grouping of users is based on the deep-embedded fuzzy clustering, where the measure of distance is modified by applying the above-mentioned three parameters. Next, the hybrid precoding of the THz MIMO-NOMA scheme is done. Later, the power allocation is done based on the user grouping, which is performed concerning the established Kookaburra goshawk optimization (KGO) by employing energy efficiency (EE), a utility function. Here, the KGO is established by unifying the Kookaburra optimization algorithm (KOA) and northern goshawk optimization (NGO). The KGO for power allocation reached the maximal achievable rate, EE, sum rate, utility, and simulation time of 0.958, 0.909, 0.858, 0.899, and 3.579, respectively, for 400 users.
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Plasmonic-based SOI waveguides with non-rectangular silicon cores for enhanced optical performance

January 8, 2026

Izdihar Y. Al-Megotar, Samir M. Hameed, Riyadh Mansoor

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Optimizing optical waveguides for compact photonic integrated circuits requires the development of modified technologies capable of supporting signal routing in dense optical components. Implementing more integration density while ensuring signal integrity requires designing and implementation of compact optical waveguides with improved light confinement within subwavelength waveguide structures. The continued miniaturization of optical waveguides demands exploring advanced technologies to enhance the characteristics of the conventional silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides. Exploiting the plasmonic effect to enhance the light confinement in small-size waveguides represents a particularly promising approach. In this work, three core geometries – rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular – are designed and analyzed using a full-wave finite-integration time-domain (FITD) solver. The analysis extends to evaluate field distribution, propagation characteristics, and S-parameters across the 1.4–1.6 µm wavelength range. Findings show that non-rectangular geometries can reduce modal attenuation and modify effective mode profiles, with triangular cores exhibiting improved confinement and reduced metal-induced loss. The results reveal an improved performance with the triangle-shaped core cross-section waveguide where the loss is reduced to less than −2 dB compared to the rectangular waveguide.
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Evaluation and analysis of passive optical network in investigating real-time cell phone detection in restricted zones

July 14, 2025

Neeraj Kumar, Sharvan Kumar Garg, Sanjive Tyagi, Vikas Sharma

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This research addresses the escalating issue of unauthorized mobile phone use in restricted areas such as examination halls, defense installations, and secure business environments. To mitigate risks ranging from academic dishonesty to data breaches, the study proposes a real-time mobile phone detection system leveraging computer vision, machine learning, and IoT. Utilizing Python and the COCO (Common objects in context) pre-trained object detection model, the system accurately identifies mobile devices within a webcam’s field of view. Upon detection, it captures an image and sends an immediate email alert to designated authorities, enhancing security enforcement. The COCO model’s robustness allows for effective detection under diverse conditions, including low light, partial occlusions, and varied phone types. This eliminates the need for large training datasets, making the system easier and quicker to deploy. Python’s integration capabilities and rich libraries ensure seamless operation and high computational efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate high accuracy and minimal latency, supporting timely responses in sensitive settings. Beyond its immediate applications, this work exemplifies the potential of integrating AI, computer vision, and IoT to tackle real-world challenges. The system’s adaptability and interdisciplinary foundation offer a forward-looking solution for maintaining security in dynamically changing environments, marking a significant advancement in digital surveillance and control mechanisms.
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Performance enhancement of hybrid MIMO RF/FSO wavelength division multiplexing communication systems using adaptive modulation schemes

October 8, 2025

Ebrahim E. Elsayed, Mohamed A. Yakout, Ahmed S. Samra

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This paper focuses on improving the efficiency of multiple-input multiple-output hybrid radio frequency/free-space optical (RF/FSO) communication systems. This is achieved by employing a combination of hybrid on-off keying (OOK) modulation, M-ary digital pulse position modulation (M-ary DPPM), and M-pulse amplitude and position modulation (M-PAPM). The study aims to analyze and enhance bit-error-rate performance using techniques such as the moment generating function, the modified Chernoff bound, and the Gaussian approximation, while accounting for challenges like amplified spontaneous emission noise, atmospheric turbulence (AT), pointing errors (PEs), and interchannel crosstalk. The proposed system model is based on a passive optical network (PON) that utilizes wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for dense WDM (DWDM). By implementing eight DWDM channels in the C-band, each transmitting 2.5 Gbps data streams across eight spatial paths, the system achieves an aggregate throughput of 160 Gbps while maintaining compatibility with standard RF/FSO PON fiber networks. The integration of adaptive optics is also suggested to mitigate the effects of AT and PE, thereby improving modulation efficiency. The study reveals that the proposed M-ary hybrid DPPM-M-PAPM solution increases receiver sensitivity compared to OOK, ensuring greater reliability. It achieves a lower power penalty of 0.2–3.0 dB at a low coding level (M) of 2 under weak turbulence conditions.
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Jointly managed congestion and contention in optical burst switching with proposed proactive framework (Pro-JCCM) for the high-speed transport networks

July 29, 2025

Amit Kumar Garg

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Optical burst switching (OBS) shows a lot of promise for the future of the optical internet, still it comes with few challenges, such as contention and congestion, which can lead to a higher burst drop probability (BDP). Existing solutions tend to solve these issues separately and reactively, which limits their effectiveness. This paper introduces a new approach called the proactive framework for joint congestion and contention management (Pro-JCCM). Pro-JCCM focuses on two main components: a network state estimator (NSE) that calculates a combined congestion and contention index (CCI) for network routes, and an adaptive burst scheduling and dropping (ABSD) module that operates at the edge nodes. By proactively monitoring the CCI, the ABSD module makes smart decisions, like adjusting burst offset times or dropping low-priority bursts before they reach the network core. Simulations conducted on the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) topology show that the proposed Pro-JCCM outperforms traditional reactive methods, reducing packet drop rates by up to tenfold and increasing network throughput by over 30 % during peak loads, all while ensuring consistent end-to-end delays for improved quality of service (QoS).
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Simulation-based modeling of quantum key distribution in a Li-Fi system using free-space optics and polarization modulation

August 1, 2025

Rajeev Ranjan, Pratham Vinayak Sharma

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With increasing demands for secure high-speed wireless communications, integration of quantum key distribution (QKD) into light fidelity (LiFi) systems is a promising method for boosting data confidentiality in optical wireless networks. The BB84 protocol and Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) are utilized with a pump-assisted continuous wave laser at 1,550 nm and polarization control components to encode quantum states onto photons. They are transmitted on free space optical (FSO) links with a length ranging from 2 km to 8 km and received using Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and optical filters. Performance analysis conducted using bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor analysis. BER maintained at zero across all tested configuration and transmission distance up to 8 km indicating excellent signal integrity and security. A highest Q-factor achieved a maximum of 3,055.9, which ensures signal integrity and low interference noise. The system operates at a simulated data rate of 10 Gbps, suitable for high speed optical wireless communication. Consistently high eye height (∼172,210 units) and stable decision thresholds confirm minimal inter-symbol interference and accurate symbol recognition. And the Poincaré sphere showed even polarization stability for different optical power levels. This work presents a simulation-based implementation of a polarization encoded QKD system over a LiFi-enabled FSO communication channel, aiming to enhance secure optical wireless communication. Calculated based on quantum bit error rate (QBER) and included in the theoretical analysis to demonstrate practical secure throughput.
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Performance evaluation of GPON and XG-PON coexistence using CO-OFDM in fiber access networks

September 8, 2025

Taha I. Sabah, Ghusoon M. Ali

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This research investigates the coexistence of Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPON) and Next-Generation Passive Optical Network (XG-PON) for access networks. Advanced modulation Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO-OFDM) with 4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (4-QAM) is used for the XG-PON downstream to get a 10 Gbps data rate, and Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) modulation format is used for the upstream to get 2.5 Gbps. In contrast, for the GPON system, the NRZ modulation format is used to achieve 2.5 Gbps and 1.25 Gbps for both downstream and upstream, respectively. The network employs a 1:32 split ratio, accommodating 31 GPON users and one XG-PON user over a 20 km distance. To evaluate GPON performance, eye diagrams, Q-factor vs. distance, and received power vs. Log Bit Error Rate (BER) metrics were examined in both downstream and upstream. For XG-PON, constellation diagrams, optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) vs. log BER, error vector magnitude (EVM) vs. power receiver, and power transmission vs. log BER were used to measure system performance for CO-OFDM downstream. Eye diagrams, Q-factor, and received power vs. Log BER estimation were employed for upstream analysis. Results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves robust performance and effective coexistence between GPON and XG-PON, ensuring high-quality service delivery across both technologies.
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Analysis of 25 Gbps 4-QAM-modulated coherent OFDM-FSO link employing LDPC channel coding across diverse atmospheric scenarios

September 15, 2025

Sandeep J. Rajput, Maulik B. Patel, Suhas H. Patel

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Atmospheric turbulence and different environmental conditions severely reduce the performance and reliability of free-space optical (FSO) links. This paper describes a simulation-based analysis of signal quality of the proposed FSO link under various climatic conditions. It specifically examines the performance of a 25 Gbps 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-based coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) FSO system that is with and without the deployment of low-density parity-check (LDPC) channel coding. Several key performance indicators, such as bit error rate (BER), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received power, distance of the link and general reliability are considered. Simulation outcomes confirm that the use of LDPC channel coding makes the system resist atmosphere attenuation and turbulence by a much higher margin; that is, lower BER, higher SNR, good amount of received power, and more extended reliable communication distance. These enhancements reflect the practical advantages of LDPC coding in FSO link performance in adverse environmental conditions.
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All-optical modulator based on tapered optical fiber configuration deposited with silver nanoparticles

September 23, 2025

Anmar K. Al-Jumaily, Tahreer S. Mansour

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This study experimentally demonstrates a compact all-optical modulator based on a tapered single-mode fiber coated with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) dispersed in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. The tapered fiber was fabricated from standard SMF-28 by using a fusion splicing technique, and the waist diameter was precisely reduced to 70.824 µm to ensure strong evanescent field interaction. The Ag NPs had a particle size of 20 nm and were doped into a PVA solution with a concentration of 5 mg. This solution satisfies the two critical conditions (|W| ≫ 1 and |T| ≪ 1), which enable the Ag NPs to act effectively as all-optical devices. The nanoparticles were subsequently deposited onto the waist region of the tapered fiber that enhances the local light–matter interaction. Under optical pumping with a 980 nm laser diode, the Ag NPs induce a strong nonlinear refractive index change through the Kerr effect, leading to intensity-dependent modulation of a 1,550 nm probe signal. A clear inverted square waveform was observed in response to square-wave pump modulation, with stable operation achieved in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 1 kHz. These findings confirm that Ag NPs–coated tapered fibers provide a simple, low-cost, and efficient platform for all-optical modulation, with strong potential for ultrafast photonic and telecommunication applications.
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Throughput optimization of optical-NOMA system using ML algorithms for diverse order QAM transmission schemes

June 26, 2025

Rajneesh Pareek, Mohit Kumar Sharma, Arun Kumar

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The paper offers a design of an optical non-orthogonal multiple access (O-NOMA) system with Rayleigh fading channels by analysing the bit error rate (BER) and power spectral density (PSD) using machine learning (ML)-based and traditional signal detection methods. The primary focus is on various QAM modulation orders, such as 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, and 512-QAM. The research compares the performance of different detectors including deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional neural networks (CNN), recurrent neural networks (RNN), and conventional techniques. Among these, the DNN always yields better BER performance up to 10 −5 BER at SNR values 12 dB lower than conventional techniques. For 32-QAM, in particular, the DNN provides a gain of 10.3 dB compared to conventional techniques, while similar gains are realized for higher QAM orders. PSD analysis also shows that the DNN is compact in terms of its spectral footprint, achieving out-of-band emissions as low as −690 dB, essential for reducing interference and maximizing spectral efficiency. Such results highlight the promise of using ML-based detection – particularly DNN – as an efficient and effective method for future, high-capacity optical NOMA systems functioning over a wide range of modulation schemes.
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Performance analysis of underwater optical wireless communication system under clear oceanic environment

August 8, 2025

Dip Sarkar, Bobby Barua

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Underwater wireless communication is the use of wireless carriers, such as radio-frequency waves, acoustic waves, and optical waves, to transmit data in an unguided aquatic environment. This study focuses on underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC), leveraging the high bandwidth of optical waves for enhanced data rates. While orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and space-time block coding (STBC) are well-established in radio frequency (RF) and free-space optical systems, their application in UOWC introduces unique challenges due to underwater attenuation, scattering, and multipath effects. UOWC holds significant potential in military, offshore exploration, environmental monitoring, and disaster response, yet is constrained by severe absorption and scattering in underwater channels. This work examines coding, modulation, and channel characteristics in UOWC systems. It analyzes outage performance in terms of bandwidth, bit error rate (BER), and carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) to optimize communication links. Power penalties over varying distances are examined, showing increasing degradation with longer transmission ranges. From the analysis it is found that at a short distance of 10 m, power penalties range from approximately 11–16 dB for received optical power levels between 10 −2 and 10 −12 . At 120 m, the power penalty increases to 28–31 dB with corresponding BER values from 10 −2 to 10 −12 . These findings underscore the need for advanced signal processing and adaptive modulation to minimize power loss and enhance UOWC system efficiency in practical scenarios.
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UWOC performance based on dual polarization and raised cosine filter

February 28, 2025

Jabbar K. Mohammed, Samir M. Hameed, Riyadh Mansoor

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In underwater optical communications (UWOC) systems, when an optical signal encounters scattering objects or reflects off other underwater bodies before reaching the detector, it ultimately results in the scattering of waveform time and time spreading, which decreases the data rate due to inter-symbol interference (ISI). This paper proposes using a simple transmitter for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) combined with dual-polarization (DP), and a raised cosine filter (RCF) is utilized at the receiver. The main goal of this system is to double the data rate capacity for features of DP, improve the bit error rate (BER), and ensure an optimized coverage range for the capabilities of mitigating symbol interferences. Different attenuation cases for the proposed system are examined based on water turbidity. In addition, the proposed system is evaluated in different worse cases, such as in turbulences, channel delay, and the different inclination angle and roll-off factors. However, it can reach an acceptable coverage distance of 7 m for turbid water while it increases to 72 m for pure water at BER = 10 −6 .
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A hybrid DE-optimized PTS scheme for PAPR and BER enhancement in optical OTFS waveform for 256-QAM modulation schemes

August 8, 2025

Nidhi Gour, Surendra Yadav, Arun Kumar

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Optical orthogonal time frequency space (O-OTFS) modulation provides resilient performance in doubly dispersive and high-mobility wireless channels by symbol mapping in the delay-Doppler plane. Like conventional multicarrier systems, OTFS has the drawback of high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), thus degrading power amplifier efficiency as well as causing nonlinear distortions. In this paper, a hybrid reduction scheme of PAPR is introduced by integrating the partial transmit sequence (PTS) method with a differential evolutionary (DE) optimization algorithm. The PTS approach partitions the OTFS time-frequency signal into subblocks and performs phase rotations, while DE minimizes the PAPR by optimizing the phase vector. Simulation results show that for 64, 256, and 512 subcarriers, the DE-PTS approach achieves PAPR reductions of about 4.9 dB, 5.8 dB, and 6.4 dB, respectively, at a CCDF of 10 −3 . Further, BER analysis indicates that DE-PTS achieves a reduced SNR to attain a BER of 10 −3 from 19.2 dB (original OTFS) to 15.1 dB with a gain of 4.1 dB. These findings identify DE-PTS not only reduces PAPR dramatically but also improves BER performance without compromising system fidelity. The proposed methodology is computationally efficient and scalable and hence can be applied to real-time OTFS communication in future high-mobility wireless networks like 6G and vehicular communication.
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Review on Wavelength Division Multiplexing Free Space Optics

March 3, 2018

S. Magidi, A. Jabeena

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Wavelength division multiplexing-based free space optics (WDM FSO) has emerged as a potential communication network candidate for last-mile access among other applications. FSO has received much attention in the last few years as a complement as well as an alternative to radio frequency-based communication due to spectrum crisis among other reasons. On the other hand, WDM has been considered as one of the next-generation optical access network candidates for bandwidth efficiency and increased data rates. A hybrid network of these two technologies thus has emerged as another research direction. In this article, we present the background, progress and the current state of WDM FSO.
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Exploring visible light communication for real-time indoor metaverse connectivity

January 17, 2025

Anil Kumar Singh, Rohitashwa Pandey

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This paper investigates the use of Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology for indoor communication systems within the context of Metaverse applications. As immersive virtual environments continue to expand, the demand for high-speed, low-latency, and energy-efficient communication technologies becomes crucial. VLC, leveraging visible light from LED lamps to transmit data, presents a promising alternative to conventional radio frequency-based communication methods. In this case study, we explore the potential of VLC to support the real-time, interactive, and data-intensive requirements of indoor Metaverse applications, such as virtual reality (VR) gaming, remote collaboration, and augmented reality (AR) experiences. The study includes the design and implementation of a VLC-based communication system, analyzing its performance in terms of data rate, and BER in a typical indoor Metaverse scenario. Simulation results and experimental findings demonstrate that VLC can provide robust, high-bandwidth communication with lower interference, positioning it as a viable solution for future Metaverse infrastructure.
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Investigation of the figure of merit to 256QAM FSO link for the next-generation terrestrial network

January 17, 2025

Ajay Kumar Vyas, Santosh Kumar

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Free space optical communication (FSO) has become an emerging broadband network. Even with the potential advantages of FSO technology, atmospheric turbulence, cloud-induced fading, and other environmental conditions such as fog, aerosol, temperature changes, storms, heavy rain, aiming inaccuracy, and scintillation reduce the performance of the faithful transmission. This article presented the 256QAM-FSO link, investigated the effect of different weather conditions on the received signals, and summarized bit error rate, error vector magnitude, symbol error rate (SER), power spectral density, and signal-to-noise ratio, and constellation diagram with and without atmosphere turbulence scenarios. The power spectral density of the output signal is a maximum of 11.61 dBm in no turbulence and a minimum of −72.80 dBm for heavy rain conditions to noise ratio degraded in the worst case of heavy rain 0.01 dB and achieved 18.57 dB in the best case of no turbulence, whereas SNR is obtained 9.37 dB in case of fog. Error vector magnitude suffers more from the haze condition, and SER varies from 0.70 to 0.85. The maximum bit error rate obtained for heavy rain is 5,432. With the advanced modulation scheme, the 256QAM-FSO link will provide wide bandwidth, which is helpful for outdoor and indoor services, terrestrial transmission, mile solutions, and so on.
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Modeling and analysis of deep-sea optical fiber cables for global data traffic

July 21, 2025

Sourav Choudhary, Hunny Pahuja, Manoj Sindhwani, Shippu Sachdeva, Manoj Kumar Shukla, Manoj Singh Adhikari

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This research paper thoroughly studies modeling, simulation, and performance analysis of underwater optical fiber communication systems, with specific emphasis on submarine cable systems, which form the infrastructural backbone of the internet in the modern world. The study comprehensively covers the multilayered nature of deep-sea optical fiber cables and the engineering practices utilized to protect such systems from the dynamic and extreme nature of the seafloor. To simulate the performance of such complex systems, the paper utilizes OptiSystem, a high-end photonic and fiber-optic communication system design simulation software. Simulations are designed to mimic the nature of deployment in deep waters, testing important parameters like Bit Error Rate (BER), optical power loss, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and pulse broadening due to dispersion. The study simulates various scenarios, such as uncompensated and amplified transmission, to mimic real-world degrading and recovery processes. Emphasis is particularly given to signal integrity over distance, i.e., how loss and dispersion are prevented using Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs), Raman amplifiers, and Dispersion Compensation Modules (DCMs). Their locations, spacings, and gains are determined for best quality transmission and economic viability. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is also investigated as a technique for bandwidth multiplication with little interference and crosstalk.
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Impact of impulse profile on the soliton microcombs for high-capacity FSO-WDM-PoLSK link

October 13, 2025

Amadou Soumahoro, Douatia Koné, Aladji Kamagaté

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Improving the reliability and spectral efficiency of free-space optical (FSO) systems remains a major challenge under degraded channel conditions. Solitons represent a promising solution thanks to their ability to maintain shape through a balance between dispersion and nonlinearity. This work analyzes the impact of input pulse shaping on soliton stability in a WDM-based FSO link operating in subtropical conditions (Côte d’Ivoire). Four pulse profiles, Gaussian, super-Gaussian, Lorentzian, and hyperbolic secant are evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, bit error rate (BER), outage probability, spectral efficiency, and transmission distance. The system employs polarization shift keying (PolSK), 35 WDM channels spaced by 1 nm, and a gamma–gamma turbulence model. Results demonstrate the superiority of the Sech profile, which meets the equilibrium conditions of dissipative Kerr solitons. It achieves a reduced FWHM (∼0.105 ns), sub-picosecond jitter (<1 ps), enhanced PolSK stability, and lower power consumption. Sech pulses reach BER = 10 −6 at 16 dB SNR, sustain a maximum capacity of 5 bits/sym (175 Gbit/s over 35 channels), and extend transmission distance up to ∼25 km at 15 dB SNR, a 77 % gain over Gaussian and fivefold over super-Gaussian pulses. These findings highlight the critical role of pulse shaping in resilient, high-capacity FSO systems.
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Design and security analysis of an image encryption based on gigabit passive optical network employing fiber-FSO protection at the last mile

December 29, 2025

Zainab A. Okbi, Iman Khalil Alak, Essam N. Abdulla, Hayder H. Al-khaylani

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This work offers an extra free-space optical (FSO) and protected fiber connection channel with self-repair capabilities to protect against fiber failures in gigabit passive optical networks (GPON). The new optical network unit (ONU) and optical line terminal (OLT) in the suggested PON architecture provide self-protective capability against fiber breakpoints. An integrated single mode fiber (SMF)/FSO link not only keeps data transfer uninterrupted even when fiber link installation is limited by environmental boundaries, like a wide river or the space between two mountains. In clear Iraq’s atmospheric conditions, the network system gets an optimum range transmission of favorable weather (fog) in both directions simultaneously to wired and wireless users over a bidirectional feeder fiber link 75 km and 430 m FSO or distribution fiber (DF) for downstream (D/S) and fiber feeder link 75 km and 230 m FSO or DF for upstream (U/S) with improved fault protection capability for both directions, while the range of FSO is reduced to 400 m, 260 m, and 250 m for D/S and 220 m, 160 m, and 150 m for U/S for snow, rain, and dust respectively. Asymmetric 2.5/1.25  Gbps for D/S and U/S has been used to achieve an acceptable minimum receiver sensitivity of −33.4 dB m for uplink and −34.4 dB m for downlink with a splitting ratio of 1:16.
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Reflected intensity noise owing to offset coupling in case of excitation of triangular index fiber through upside down tapered cylindrical microlens on the end face of the fiber

September 29, 2025

Anirban Lahiri, Mithun Maity, Angshuman Majumdar, Sankar Gangopadhyay

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In optical communication technology, the coupling efficiency (CE) remains a big challenge. The slight misalignment between the fiber and the lens causes light to bounce back from the fiber end, which creates reflected intensity noise (RIN). This research presents a theoretical framework for estimating RIN in the case of laser diode (LD) excitation of triangular index fiber (TIF) through a single-mode upside down tapered cylindrical microlens (UDTCML) on the circular core fiber tip. The analysis takes care of different RIN values based on possible lateral misalignments in case of two wavelengths, 1.3 µm and 1.5 µm, and TIFs with three different V numbers in the coupling system. Using the ABCD matrix formalism, we analytically evaluate the CE when there is a lateral mismatch and thereof RIN as well. It deserves mentioning in this connection that increase of lateral mismatch causes both increase of loss due to RIN and decrease of coupling efficiency as well. The results given are useful for reducing RIN and improving CE. This information will benefit the designers and packagers concerned with optical couplers.
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Performance investigation of FSO-WDM system employing ML under dynamic environmental conditions

May 27, 2025

Kritica Sharma, Sanmukh Kaur, Hardeep Singh

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The primary objective of the present work is to enhance the performance of free space optical – wavelength division multiplexing (FSO-WDM) system under varying atmospheric conditions. The FSO-WDM network leverages 12 continuous wave (CW) laser sources with a channel spacing of 0.5 nm, transmitting data at 5 Gbps per channel using nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) modulation. The quality factor (Q-factor) of received signal has been ascertained as a function of transmission wavelength at each node considering clear air, fog, and rainy weather conditions. The proposed system demonstrates superior performance with deployment of repeaters at 1 km intervals of the FSO channel resulting in achievement of higher Q factor (35) at a wavelength of 1,550 nm in case of rainy season. A machine learning (ML) model supported by genetic algorithm (GA) has also been implemented to dynamically optimize the performance of the system in terms of Q factor and increase the power efficiency by 5 %.
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CNN based prediction of modulation techniques in Li-Fi

February 28, 2025

Aryan Singh Pundir, Rahul Kaushik, Prashast Pathak

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Visible light communication (VLC) being a key component of light-fidelity (Li-Fi), requires adaptive and efficient modulation techniques to guarantee reliable data transmission under varying channel conditions. This study focuses on the prediction of modulation techniques in VLC systems, namely, on-off keying (OOK), pulse position modulation (PPM): 4-PPM, 8-PPM and 16-PPM, 4 – differential pulse interval modulation (DPIM), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and generalized space shift keying (GSSK), using machine learning based approach. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained on a synthetic dataset which is generated under varying channel conditions and noise levels. The trained model is then used to classify modulation techniques based on signal features extracted from simulated VLC signals. The model is then exported and used to predict modulation techniques in a different dataset. The outcomes demonstrate CNNs’ effectiveness in real time modulation technique prediction. This method presents a viable way to boost Li-Fi communication effectiveness in varying environments.
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Performance enhancement of WDM-based RoF systems using EDFA amplifiers

March 21, 2025

Antariksh Singh, Vishal Gupta, Sourav Choudhary, Aman Kumar, Manoj Sindhwani, Shippu Sachdeva, Hunny Pahuja, Manoj Kumar Shukla

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Passive optical networks (PON) have transformed network access by offering cost-effective deployment, high-speed connectivity, scalability, and low power consumption. Integrating optical and wireless networks further enhances mobility and capacity while reducing operational costs. Radio over fiber (RoF) systems efficiently connect base stations to a central station via optical fibers but suffer from issues like high bit error rates (BER) and low Q-factor values. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) addresses these challenges by transmitting multiple signals over a single-mode fiber. This study simulates WDM-RoF performance under varying fiber lengths and channel spacings using OptiSystem, analyzing BER, Q-factor, and eye diagrams. To combat attenuation, semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) are evaluated in a fixed ring topology. Results identify optimal configurations for improved signal efficiency and long-distance transmission, visualized using MATLAB.
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Integration of internet of things (IoT) with passive optical networks (PON): a framework for next-generation connectivity

September 11, 2025

Vikas Sharma, Amit Kumar, Rajni Rani

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This study investigates the integration of Internet of things (IoT) and passive optical network (PON) technologies with an emphasis on their synergy, architectural design, deployment strategies, real-world applications, and related concerns. The paper provides a detailed analysis of how PON could enhance the scalability, performance, and reliability of IoT ecosystems, paving the way for advancements such as smart agriculture, smart cities, and industrial automation. A strong, high-capacity communication infrastructure is required due to the exponential rise in connected devices brought about by the IoT explosive growth. Because of their high bandwidth, low latency, and energy efficiency, passive optical networks, or PONs, have become a promising backbone for facilitating extensive IoTdeployments.
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High-precision fault management in optical fiber communication systems based on artificial intelligence

November 17, 2025

Baydaa Hadi Saoudi, Nidhal A. Mohammed, Emad Ali Abdulwahd, Riyadh Mansoor

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The delivery of high-speed internet services heavily depends on stable and secure data transmission provided by optical fiber infrastructures. Therefore, promptly addressing fiber anomalies – whether deliberate actions like optical tapping or physical issues such as fiber cuts – is essential to ensure service continuity and network robustness. If left unresolved, these disruptions can compromise network stability, cause substantial financial damage, expose sensitive data, and progressively degrade performance. To mitigate these risks, there is a pressing need for intelligent systems capable of autonomously detecting, identifying, and pinpointing faults without relying on manual inspection of OTDR (optical time-domain reflectometry) traces. This study introduces an advanced machine learning-based solution for analyzing OTDR signals during fault recovery. It integrates a semi-supervised anomaly detection ensemble to uncover both previously known and novel faults and employs a multitask BiLSTM architecture enhanced with an attention mechanism to accurately locate and classify the type of fiber issues. The semi-supervised model ensures robust performance even with limited labeled samples. Tests conducted on real OTDR datasets demonstrate high effectiveness, achieving an anomaly detection F1-score of 98.78 % and fault classification accuracy of 98.62 %, along with precise localization. Implementing this approach can greatly enhance the fault tolerance of optical networks, reducing downtime and preserving data security in the face of both attacks and accidental damages.
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DehazeNet-assisted fog removal and channel estimation for robust visible light V2V communication

September 10, 2025

Mohit Kumar Srivastava, Rakesh Ranjan, Seema Kedar

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In foggy weather conditions, road visibility is drastically reduced, significantly increasing the risk of head-on vehicle collisions. This paper proposes a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication system based on visible light communication (VLC), enhanced by a deep neural network (DNN) that estimates and corrects the channel degradation caused by fog. Traditional channel models based on physical parameters often fail under highly dynamic foggy scenarios. To address this limitation, we introduce a DehazeNet-based framework that leverages real-time camera input to extract fog characteristics and estimate the attenuation effects on the VLC channel. DehazeNet, originally designed for single image haze removal, is adapted to model and correct signal path loss due to fog-induced scattering and absorption. This enables real-time compensation of visual and communication degradation, improving both signal integrity and object visibility for vehicle detection. A time-to-collision (TTC) metric is computed from the estimated inter-vehicle distances to trigger timely warnings. At a moderate fog visibility level of 50 m, the original system shows a TTC of 1.08 s at 42 m, while the fog-suppressed system improves this to 1.40 s at 54.47 m. Thus, simulation results demonstrate that the DehazeNet-based compensation significantly enhances the effective range and accuracy of V2V communication in foggy environments, enabling earlier collision warnings and contributing to improved road safety.
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Signal detection in optical orthogonal time space modulation for efficient VLC application

October 8, 2025

Anjali Shrivastav, S. P. Meharunnisa, Surat Pyari Atti, Arun Kumar, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This paper presents a detailed analysis of the bit error rate (BER) performance of a proposed maximum likelihood (ML) detection scheme for optical orthogonal time space modulation (OTSM) systems using 64-QPSK, considering practical optical impairments and diverse channel conditions. The evaluation covers scenarios with 5 % and 10 % channel estimation errors, as well as Rayleigh and Rician fading environments. Simulation results confirm that the proposed machine learning (ML) detector consistently outperforms conventional methods – including OTSM, zero-forcing equalization (ZFE), minimum mean square error (MMSE), and conventional ML – by delivering substantial SNR gains. For instance, under 10 % and 5 % estimation errors, the target BER of 10 −3 is achieved at 12.2 dB and 10.8 dB, respectively, providing up to 6 dB improvement over baselines. In Rayleigh fading, the same BER is attained at 9.6 dB with a gain of 7.7 dB, while in Rician fading, the detector achieves optimal performance at only 6 dB, outperforming others by as much as 9.5 dB. These results underscore the robustness of the proposed ML approach against estimation inaccuracies and fading, making it well-suited for low-power, high-reliability applications in 6G, Internet of things (IoT), vehicular networks, and satellite communications.
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An intelligent autoencoder for reducing peak to average power in advanced optical 5G radio network for 64-QAM transmission schemes

April 4, 2025

Nidhi Gour, Surendra Yadav, Arun Kumar

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In this study, we present an intelligent autoencoder-based method to address the advanced optical 5G radio networks’ peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem. Effective PAPR reduction strategies are necessary because high PAPR in multicarrier communication systems, like OFDM, causes power inefficiencies and signal distortion. By utilizing autoencoders’ potent representation learning capabilities, our approach decreases PAPR by encoding and decoding signals with less amplitude fluctuations. The autoencoder is trained using a sizable dataset of multicarrier signals, which helps the model learn how to compress and rebuild signals with as few peak excursions as possible. The suggested method is tested in a 64-QAM and 256 subcarrier 5G system that is representative of metropolitan settings with substantial line-of-sight components and operates in a Rician fading channel environment. The intelligent autoencoder considerably lowers PAPR while preserving signal integrity and overall system performance, according to simulation data. By comparing the suggested method’s performance to that of conventional PAPR reduction strategies, it is shown to be more effective in terms of both bit error rate (BER) and PAPR reduction. This study demonstrates how sophisticated machine learning approaches can be incorporated into next-generation optical 5G communication systems to enable more dependable and efficient 5G networks.
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Analyzing key challenges in IOT networks: routing, resource management, and energy efficiency in optical communication using the firefly algorithm

April 24, 2025

Rajni Rani, Sharad Sharma

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The increasing demand for Internet of Things (IoT) applications necessitates efficient network management in terms of routing, resource allocation, and energy consumption. Optical communication provides a high-speed, reliable medium for IoT connectivity, but optimizing its performance remains a challenge. This research explores the integration of the Firefly Algorithm (FA) for improving routing efficiency, resource management, and energy conservation in optical IoT networks. A comparative analysis with traditional optimization techniques demonstrates the superiority of FA in enhancing network performance. The proposed method is validated through simulation results, showing significant improvements in data transmission latency, energy consumption, and resource utilization. Additionally, this paper integrates insights from recent advancements in nature-inspired routing protocols, machine learning-based optimization techniques, and edge computing solutions.
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Estimation of spectrum sensing efficiency for optical OFDM for QAM schemes using SVM methods for VLC applications

September 11, 2025

Fateh Bahadur Kunwar, Vijendra Kumar Maurya, Dibakar Sinha, Sai Krishna Edpuganti, Aziz Nanthaamornphong, Arun Kumar

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This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of spectrum sensing techniques for optical OFDM signals using various modulation formats, highlighting the superiority of the proposed support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Performance is assessed in terms of probability of detection (Pd) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for 64-QAM, 256-QAM, and 512-QAM signals. For 64-QAM, the proposed SVM achieves a Pd of one at an SNR of 2 dB, significantly outperforming other methods such as conventional SVM, compressed sensing, matched filter, energy detection, and optical OFDM, which require higher SNRs ranging from 4 dB to 9.5 dB. Similar trends are observed for 256-QAM, where the proposed SVM achieves Pd = 1 at 6.5 dB, offering up to 8.5 dB SNR gain over other techniques. For 512-QAM, the proposed SVM achieves full detection at 9 dB, compared to 11 dB–16.5 dB for the others. These results demonstrate consistent SNR gains, confirming the robustness and reliability of the proposed method under low SNR conditions. Additionally, power spectral density (PSD) analysis reveals a significant reduction in spectral leakage, with the proposed method showing up to 500 W/MHz improvement in PSD. Overall, the proposed SVM approach is highly effective for spectrum sensing in high-order optical OFDM systems, offering both enhanced detection and spectral efficiency.
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Channel-aware outage modeling for dual-hop mixed optical wireless communication systems

June 16, 2025

Anshul Vats, Meenakshi Gupta, Shilpi Pal, Yogita Arora, Neera Aggarwal, Mona Aggarwal

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This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the outage performance in a dual-hop mixed communication system that combines Free Space Optical (FSO) and Underwater Optical Communication (UWOC) links. The closed-form expressions of the outage probability of the system are derived, while considering practical channel conditions. Specifically, the FSO hop is modeled using Gamma–Gamma statistics to account for pointing errors and atmospheric turbulence, while the UWOC channel follows an Exponential Generalized Gamma (EGG) fading distribution to capture underwater impairments. To validate the analytical results, extensive numerical simulations are conducted, highlighting the impact of key parameters – such as path loss, scintillation, angle-of-arrival variations, water salinity, and pointing instability – on the performance of the considered system.
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Visible light communication for vehicle-to-vehicle systems: a deep neural network-based signal detection framework

September 26, 2025

Archana Jadhav, Dipali Himmatrao Patil, Gitanjali S. Mate, Aparna Tiwari, Seema Kedar

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Visible light communication (VLC) is emerging as a promising alternative to conventional radio frequency-based vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication due to its high data rate, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and use of energy-efficient LED-based vehicular lighting systems. However, signal detection in dynamic V2V-VLC environments remains a significant challenge due to factors such as high mobility, channel fading, ambient light interference, and misalignment between transmitter and receiver. This paper proposes a robust deep neural network (DNN) architecture specifically designed for accurate and reliable signal detection in V2V-VLC systems. Through extensive simulations and experimental evaluations under varying vehicular conditions, our framework achieves superior detection accuracy of 99.8 % at a distance of 1 m and 98.4 % at 5 m while exhibiting greater resilience compared to traditional signal processing methods. The research aims to enhance communication reliability in intelligent transportation systems, paving the way for safer and more efficient autonomous driving environments.
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Design of high nonlinear photonic crystal fiber for ultrashort pulse laser generation

January 24, 2025

Reem A. Hanoon, Ali H. Abdulhadi, Abdulla K. Abass

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This work demonstrates an optimal design for photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as a saturable absorber with high nonlinearity and low confinement losses. Using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1 as simulation software, the propagation characteristics of the proposed PCF in terms of effective refractive index, effective mode area, chromatic dispersion, confinement loss, and nonlinearity were successfully simulated and examined in detail. A Finite Element Method (FEM) combined with a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition was applied to evaluate the PCF structure across a broad wavelength range from 1,000 nm to 2,000 nm. The proposed PCF features five concentric rings of air-filled holes symmetrically arranged in a hexagonal structure, with the silica core doped with a uniform level of concentration of 10 % mol of germanium (Ge). Simulation results indicate a remarkably low confinement loss at a wavelength of 1,550 nm, specifically on the order of 5 × 10 −7 (dB/m). Additionally, it reveals a high nonlinearity of 11.2 (1/W.Km) coupled with a simultaneously low negative chromatic dispersion of −14.2 (ps/nm.m). This makes it an excellent candidate for various applications involving advanced nonlinear optical systems. Such findings highlight the possibility of the proposed Ge-PCF as a promising saturable absorber for ultrashort pulse laser generation, offering a viable and practical alternative to traditional saturable absorbers in the mid-infrared region.
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Design and performance enhancement of wavelength division multiplexing system utilizing f-OFDM based on frequency comb generator

August 8, 2025

Eman Eymad Mohammed, Wael A. H. Hadi

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This paper proposes and evaluates performance enhancement of a high-capacity wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system integrating flattened optical frequency comb generator used as a multi-carrier generator source (MCS) with filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (f-OFDM) modulation, a two stages comb source employing two electro-absorption (EA) modulators, phase (PM) and amplitude (AM) modulators, respectively achieving 120 comb lines with ≤1 dB spectral flatness spaced by 25 GHz that serve as optically subcarriers. a data rate of 480 Gbps is achieved using a set of eight lines selected to transmit 60 Gbps per line, while the system scalability to achieve up to 7.2 Tbit/s using all 120 comb lines. Numerical results are carried out using OptiSystem software. The result shows the impact of different launch power levels and fiber transmission distances without employing dispersion compensation or optical amplification on the bit error rate (BER) performance beyond which nonlinear effects degrade the system. Results confirms the possibility of employing flattened optical comb sources with f-OFDM modulation for high-capacity and adaptable optical networks.
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Machine learning–based cognitive radio for spectrum detection in the optical 5G network for 256-QAM

March 27, 2025

Himanshu Sharma, Surendra Yadav, Arun Kumar

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The rapid expansion of 5G optical networks demands advanced spectrum sensing techniques to maximize radio frequency spectrum utilization and support diverse applications. Intelligent hybrid spectrum sensing integrates multiple sensing methodologies, such as energy detection, matched filtering, and cyclostationary feature detection, with machine learning algorithms to enhance detection accuracy, reduce latency, and improve network performance. By leveraging historical data, machine learning enables adaptive decision-making, predicting spectrum availability in real-time while dynamically adjusting to varying signal conditions. This hybrid approach overcomes the limitations of individual techniques, such as sensitivity to noise and high computational complexity, by optimizing the sensing process and ensuring reliable spectrum access. Furthermore, intelligent hybrid spectrum sensing facilitates the coexistence of licensed and unlicensed users, mitigating interference and enhancing spectrum efficiency. This capability is crucial for supporting high-speed data transmission, ultra-low latency communication, and emerging applications like autonomous systems, smart cities, and the Internet of Things (IoT). As 5G networks evolve toward higher-order modulation schemes, such as 256-QAM, robust spectrum sensing becomes increasingly vital in maintaining network reliability and efficiency. The implementation of intelligent hybrid spectrum sensing in optical 5G networks ensures enhanced spectral efficiency, seamless connectivity, and improved network resilience, making it a key enabler for future wireless communication advancements.
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Bit error rate improvement with ultra-wide high-speed wavelength division multiplexing through FSO communication channel based hybrid amplification techniques: simulative study

July 7, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Govindanaidu Damodaran Vignesh, Ngangbam Phalguni Singh, Pattabhirama Mohan Patnala, Ata Kishore Kumar, Natarajan Meenakshisundaram, Shafek Ali Shafek

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This study explores how high-speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) through free space optics (FSO) can improve the bit error rate (BER). It examines hybrid amplification methods and their effects on signal quality. Simulations analyze signal gain and noise figures across different modulation schemes, such as unipolar and bipolar NRZ and RZ types, before the FSO channel. The impact of the operating wavelength on optical power is also investigated, focusing on bipolar and unipolar NRZ modulations at various data rates. Optical power levels are compared with and without amplification, considering different modulation schemes and data rates in the FSO link. The BER pattern for bipolar NRZ modulation at a wavelength of 1,550 nm is shown after different FSO distances. Additionally, the Q factor and overall system BER are evaluated for multiple amplification techniques. These measurements are based on the bipolar NRZ modulation scheme at the 1,550 nm wavelength as the FSO link length varies.
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Optimization of QoS in 5G optical networks for futuristic high-speed, low-latency applications

January 8, 2026

Piyush Kulshreshtha, Amit Kumar Garg

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5G networks support emerging high-speed and low-latency applications, such as remote healthcare and connected cars. Such applications require a consistent quality of service (QoS) to be supported by the underlying optical networks. A combination of spatio-temporal graph neural networks (STGNNs) and twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3), with modifications, is proposed here to solve the problem of QoS optimization through metrics, such as delay, throughput, and jitter. The STGNNs extract the dynamic topology-related features from the network. Modified TD3 helps in learning an adaptive routing policy for optimization of QoS metrics. The proposed model, labelled as spatio-temporal optical network recurrent model with TD3 (STORM-TD3) is validated through simulation. Compared to DDPG, the existing approach, it reduces the end-to-end delay by 9 %, jitter by 1.65 %, maintaining the same level of throughput, and is recommended for deployment in 5G optical networks for QoS optimization.
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Ultra high tera bit capacity reach through multicore fibers based on high power efficient transmission spatial division multiplexing technology for advanced optical fiber communication links

June 30, 2025

Govindaraj Ramkumar, Soman Shibu, Ramachandran Ashwini, Pattabhirama Mohan Patnala, Mandyam Venkatanaresh, Sajiv George, Wafaa Fahim Hossam Zain

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This paper has clarified the ultrahigh terabit capacity reach through multicore fibers based on high power efficient transmission spatial division multiplexing technology for advanced optical fiber communication links. The system spectral efficiency is measured against signal to noise ratio variations in the presence of various modulation techniques. These modulation techniques are namely that differential phase shift keying (DPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Channel loss into the fiber link per core fiber is demonstrated versus the spectral operating wavelength variations with different core fibers. The forward error correction is clarified versus both number of transmitted channel per fiber link and data transmission bit rates. The spectral system efficiency is indicated in relation to both number of transmitted channel per fiber link and data transmission bit rates. Total SDM multiplexing system bit rate and the total SDM multiplexing system distance capacity product are clarified against the number of fiber core and number of links per fiber core at various modulation techniques.
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Analyze the mitigation effect of FWM for SD-WDM system

April 4, 2025

Ghanendra Kumar, Chakresh Kumar, Deepak Sahu, Parashuram

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Four-wave mixing (FWM) is the most dominating feature for 440 × 14 Gbps super dense wavelength division multiplexing system, which almost spoil the performance of super dense communication signals. So, the effect of FWM has mitigated with the implementation of optical phase conjugation with combination of dispersion modified fiber and fiber grating compensator. Further, power level of the transmitting signals has also enhanced with the arrangement of RAMAN-SOA hybrid optical amplifier. Furthermore, final analysis has recommended that proposed techniques are the acceptable approach for the proposed super dense communication system.
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Enhanced WDM system with dynamic bandwidth allocation and performance monitoring

March 18, 2025

Dinesh Venkat Gummadi, Harshavardhan Nampally, Preethi Sagabala, Manoj Sindhwani, Hunny Pahuja, Shippu Sachdeva, Manoj Kumar Shukla

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In satisfying the world bandwidth demand, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology has gained paramount importance for modern telecommunication networks. Here, WDM provides simultaneous transmission of multiple data streams in one optical fiber, utilizing the high bandwidth capacity of optical fibers to answer the immense growth in data traffic. This paper presents the new WDM architecture with OADM, dynamic bandwidth allocation, and system performance monitoring for optimal utilization of the entire optical communication systems. Dynamic allocation of optical resources using the tunability of WDM permits enhanced flexibility for bandwidth reconfiguration and reduced operational costs. OADMs allow for the drop and add of a wavelength on demand, thereby providing an efficient mechanism for forwarding traffic through point-to-point, multicast, and mesh network topologies. These features greatly enhance the scalability and survivability of optical networks, especially with the advent of the next generation of broadband services such as video conferencing and distance learning.
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Conflict resolution in nested transactions using ConvLTSM and Crow search algorithm in distributed optical data center databases with fiber delay lines and load balancing

April 9, 2025

Meenu, Udai Shanker

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This paper addresses the issue of conflict resolution in nested transactions within distributed databases of optical data centers, where efficient data processing and management are crucial. We propose a novel approach using conflict resolution in nested transactions via ConvLTSM (Convolutional long short-term memory) along with the Crow Search algorithm (CSA) for optimizing database performance. A key component of our approach is the integration of fiber delay lines (FDLs), which play a critical role in enhancing system efficiency by minimizing overall delays and ensuring optimal resource utilization. The use of FDLs helps in controlling the timing of data transmission, ensuring that transactions are processed in a timely manner, and reducing bottlenecks within the system. The incorporation of FDLs along with load balancing techniques significantly improves the throughput of nested transactions, reduces latency, and ensures consistency across the distributed system. By optimizing the timing and distribution of transaction data, FDLs facilitate better resource management, leading to more efficient and reliable database operations. Our experimental results, with a load of 0.6 and a buffering of 10, show that the transaction loss probability is 7.27 × 10 −5 and the average delay is 1.54 slots. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in mitigating conflicts, improving data integrity, and optimizing the performance of optical data centers.
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Integration of IOT and optical networks for enhanced connectivity and performance

April 22, 2025

Rajni Rani, Sanjive Tyagi, Vikas Sharma

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The integration of Internet of things (IoT) and optical networks represents a significant evolution in modern communication systems. Optical networks, known for their high bandwidth and low latency, can provide the necessary backbone to support the vast data exchange required by IoT devices. This paper explores the potential of combining IoT with optical networks, analyzing how this convergence can enhance connectivity, increase performance, and tackle the growing demands of future smart environments. Challenges, opportunities, and future directions for this integration are discussed, alongside case studies and applications that showcase the benefits of such an integrated approach.
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Simulative study of hybrid doped optical fiber amplifiers characteristics analysis for performance improvement and loss management in optical transmission communication system capacity

July 29, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Kalaiyarasi Duraisamy, Govindanaidu Damodaran Vignesh, Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Muthuraman, Balamuralitharan Balakrishnan, Ngangbam Phalguni Singh, Hazem Hazem Ali Emam

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This paper has clarified the hybrid doped optical fiber amplifiers characteristics analysis for performance improvement and loss management in optical transmission communication system capacity. We have employed different optical amplifications such as praseodymium (Pr) doped fiber amplifier, erbium (Er) doped fiber amplifier, ytter bium (Yb) doped fiber amplifier, and thulium doped fiber amplifier. Optical amplifier gain and noise are simulated versus different spectral operating wavelengths based on various doped fiber amplifiers with various modulation schemes. Alternate mark inversion (AMI), bipolar return to zero (BiRZ), and unipolar non return to zero (UNRZ) modulation schemes are employed in this work. Q factor and bit error rates are demonstrated for the overall fiber system based on Er-Yb doped amplifier with different modulation schemes against maximum transmission distance at various data transmisssion.
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Passive optical network optimization and analysis using toward trustworthy fintech: a blockchain-BiLSTM approach for accurate, auditable fraud detection

September 24, 2025

Ruchin Kumar, Sharvan Kumar Garg, Vivek Kumar, Vikas Sharma

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FinTech fraud has become a pressing challenge as financial services increasingly migrate online. While digital platforms have transformed banking, payments, lending, and insurance, they have also expanded the attack surface for fraudulent activities. Industry studies estimate that organizations lose about 5 % of annual revenue to fraud, with global losses projected at US$5–5.5 trillion annually. The surge in digital payments further exacerbates this problem; for instance, the U.S. Automated Clearing House (ACH) processed over 33 billion transactions in 2024, exceeding manual auditing capacity. Insurance fraud, particularly in healthcare, also remains substantial, consuming 3–10 % of expenditures. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an integrated fraud-detection framework that combines blockchain technology with bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) neural networks. Blockchain offers transparent, tamper-proof, and auditable ledgers for secure data sharing, while BiLSTM models capture sequential dependencies in transactions by learning from both past and future contexts. This integration overcomes the limitations of rule-based, isolated AI, and purely cryptographic methods that often fail against sophisticated schemes. Experimental evaluation on simulated credit card and lending datasets demonstrates significant improvements in fraud detection accuracy, auditability, and false-positive reduction. The proposed blockchain–BiLSTM framework enhances trust, compliance, scalability, and security, providing a robust foundation for next-generation FinTech fraud prevention.
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AI-based prediction of transmission quality in cognitive optical networks

February 24, 2025

Shankar M. Patil, Shilpa M. Satre, Gurunath T. Chavan, Prakash A. Kharade

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Quality of Transmission (QoT) prediction is done by a proposed method in optical networks. It uses a Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) model trained with data from a comprehensive optical model. The RBFN model is enhanced with several techniques to improve its accuracy. The key objective is to enhance hardware utilization by significantly reducing the required system margin, potentially up to the order of dBs. To achieve this, the study employs the Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) model, capitalizing on input data related to connectivity and signal characteristics for QoT prediction. The proposed method achieves good performance (MSE: 0.802, MAE: 0.2) but is slower than some existing methods. However, compared to these existing methods, the proposed method has 1.54 %, 5.32 %, and 5.46 % higher performance than SOM-RBF, AHFSE, and Wavelet-chaos NN. This research also contributes to the field by introducing a new cognitive-based QoT model that uses deep learning techniques. The study showcases the potential for practical implementation and optimization in relevant applications, emphasizing the intersection of artificial intelligence and optical network resource utilization.
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Design and analysis of 2D photonic crystal based DEMUX using Y-shaped junction

November 25, 2025

D.T. Hemanth Kumar, C.L. Triveni, B.S. Rohini, M.R. Dakshayini

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Lithium niobate with its electro-optic properties is used as dielectric rods arranged in a 15 × 13 square lattice within an air medium to simulate and develop a two-dimensional optical demultiplexer (DEMUX) based on photonic crystals (PhCs). To steer light, a Y-shaped line defect is added, which serves as a 1 × 2 DEMUX. Using an eigenfrequency-based analysis, the structure’s photonic bandgap (PBG) is determined to be a bandgap between the first and second bands in the frequency range of 2.1188 × 10 14  Hz to 2.4604 × 10 14  Hz. A wave optics model is used to study the transmission characteristics in the 1.55 µm–1.60 µm operational wavelength range. Effective input and output light routes are made possible by the inclusion of line defect faults. The finite element method (FEM) is used to generate field profiles, and S-parameter analysis sheds light on power flow and signal behavior at various ports. Electric (E) and magnetic (H) field distributions are recovered by periodic port analysis; resonances are detected at 1.5359 µm with peak transmissions of 0.49 achieving 50 % and quality factors of 1,097, respectively. The design is appropriate for wavelength-selective switching applications like splitters and all-optical switches in elastic optical networks (EONs) due to its low crosstalk, low reflection, and efficient wavelength separation.
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High speed data rate multi ultra-low loss core pure silica fibers with maximum potential capacity based on high Raman amplifier bandwidth

May 23, 2025

Natarajan Meenakshisundaram, Manimaraboopathy Maruthu Pandian, Arulraj Simon Prabu, Balaji Sambandam Ramachandran, Vasudhevan Veeraragavan, Patan Saleem Akram, Ahmed Ali Zahran

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This paper has indicated the high speed data rate multi ultra-low loss core pure silica fibers with maximum potential capacity based on high Raman amplifier bandwidth. Standard single mode fibers and ultra-low loss pure silica core fibers are used as a fiber link. Different laser diode spectral line width is demonstrated. The total fiber per link and per channel capacity is measured through the use of optical Raman amplification. The optical signal per noise ratio is tested per fiber link and per core. The used fiber losses and dispersion are clarified. The repeater spacing is also measured through the use of all optical fiber Raman amplifiers. Overall the fiber system capacity product per link and per channel is clarified. The signal per noise ratios and bit error rates are demonstrated through the receiver system.
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Optical fibers performance parameters management under the control of spectral functional light sources with various wavelength windows and thermal effects

March 12, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Parimala Arumugam, Bussa Ashreetha, Sivakumar Jothilingam, Patan Saleem Akram, Meha Soman, Firoz Mostafa Ali

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This paper has clarified the high speed performance signature of single-mode/multimode graded index silica-doped fibers in point to point link transceiver communication system. Fiber signal attenuation is studied versus ultraviolet wavelength region and different germanium dopant ratios added to silica fibers in point to point link. The fiber signal attenuation is also clarified versus near infrared wavelength region and different germanium dopant ratios added to silica fibers in point to point link. Fiber scattering loss is demonstrated against spectral operating wavelength region and different thermal effects of fiber temperature in point to point link. The modal fiber dispersion is investigated clearly and clarified in relation to fiber numerical aperture at different relative refractive index difference at operating spectral wavelength of 1,550 nm and 1,300 nm near infrared regions.
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Performance investigations on underwater optical wireless communication system using distinguished Laguerre polynomial beams for various ocean water environments

September 25, 2025

Dhurgham Abdulridha Jawad Al-Khaffaf

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This work numerically investigates the performance of spatial division multiplexing (SDM) technique using a single spatial green laser at 532 nm to be used to transmit two user’s signals over the underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) channel for the first time. The proposed system presents high order Laguerre polynomial modes (LP 3 0 and LP 3 1 ) with OOK-NRZ modulation scheme. The overall system capacity is transporting 40 Gb/s binary data, each a distinct beam transmits 10 Gb/s. This study offers a comprehensive investigation on the three types of water coeffiecients (scattering and absorption) such as a pure ocean (PO), costal ocean (CO), and turbid harbor (TH) environments. Log 10 (BER), quality factor, and eye plots are utilized as metrics for the system performance. The achievable findings have a great performance even at the huge attenuation losses of 0.151 m -1 , 0.339 m -1 , and 2.195 m -1 for PO, CO, and TH environments, respectively. According to the numerical results, the higher attenuation causes an additional considerable deterioration in the UOWC transmission distances, which is degraded from 180 m in PO to 85 m and 16 m for CO and TH water types, respectively. The system is superior whole prior researches of the compared underwater articles with respect to the transmission length and transmitted data rate per user. This highlights the capability of high order of LP multiplexing for improving the system capacity in the underwater transmission.
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Resilient optical backbone for robust and disaster-tolerant 5G networks: a critical review and solution

September 9, 2025

Harpreet Kaur, Rajinder Singh Kaler

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5G communication networks rely heavily on optical fiber backbones for high capacity and low latency. Natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and fires pose severe threats to infrastructure, causing fiber cuts, power outages, and equipment failures that can disrupt services when they are needed most. This paper presents comprehensive study of resilient optical network design for disaster-resistant 5G infrastructure. We review various disasters and their impacts on 5G networks, and we analyze resilient optical architectures (mesh topologies, ring networks, dual-homing of nodes, software-defined networking) that enhance survivability. We explore fault protection mechanisms like Automatic Protection Switching (APS) for fast failover, dynamic rerouting through intelligent control planes, and geographic route diversity to prevent single points of failure. Real-world case studies, including global and Indian examples, show both successes and shortcomings during disasters. To address these challenges, we propose a 5G optical transport network design with hybrid mesh-ring topology, dual-homed links, and SDN-based adaptive restoration for resilient recovery. Key challenges like cost, complexity, and operational constraints are examined, and future directions are outlined, including AI-driven network management, Beyond 5G (B5G) integration of satellite/FSO (Free Space Optics) links, and quantum-safe communications for secure and resilient networks. The goal is to guide the development of 5G and beyond communication infrastructures to maintain essential connectivity even amid large-scale disasters.
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Neural network-based peak power and throughput analysis of optical OFDM waveforms with 1024-QAM for high-capacity computer networks

November 6, 2025

Fateh Bahadur Kunwar, Somendra Shukla, Shikha Singh, Jyoti A. Dhanke, A. B. Gurulakshmi, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This work presents a neural network-based framework for peak power suppression and throughput enhancement in optical OFDM systems employing 1024-QAM modulation for high-capacity computer networks. Optical OFDM signals inherently suffer from high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which leads to nonlinear distortions in the optical channel and degrades bit error rate (BER) performance. To address this challenge, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based scheme is proposed and evaluated under different subcarrier configurations. The analysis demonstrates that the proposed method consistently achieves significantly lower PAPR values, recording only 1.8 dB, 3.5 dB, and 5.5 dB at a complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of 10 −3 for 64, 256, and 512 subcarriers, respectively. In comparison, conventional schemes such as SLM, PTS, SVM, and RNN exhibit considerably higher PAPR levels. Similarly, BER performance analysis shows that the proposed method achieves target BER of 0.001 at 7 dB and 9 dB SNR for 256 and 512 subcarriers, representing up to 13 dB improvement over traditional techniques. These results confirm the robustness, scalability, and efficiency of the proposed NN framework in reducing peak power and improving signal reliability. The findings highlight its potential for integration into next-generation optical communication and computer networking systems requiring high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency.
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Vehicle-to-vehicle communication to avoid head-on collisions on highways using visible light communication under foggy conditions

September 9, 2025

Mohit Kumar Srivastava, Keshav Kumar, Preeti Agarwal Mittal

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Adverse weather conditions, especially fog, significantly impair the performance of traditional radio frequency (RF)-based vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems, leading to increased risks of head-on collisions on highways. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a novel V2V communication approach based on Visible Light Communication (VLC) for effective collision avoidance under foggy conditions. By utilizing vehicle headlights as VLC transmitters and rear-facing photodetectors as receivers, the system ensures line-of-sight communication with minimal interference and high accuracy. The proposed system enables real-time data exchange, including vehicle speed and heading, and uses this information to calculate relative distance and Time-to-Collision (TTC). A warning mechanism is triggered if TTC falls below a safety threshold, allowing drivers or autonomous systems to take corrective actions. Simulation results demonstrate that as visibility improves to 50 m, the uncoded system sustains reliable communication up to 42.00 m, giving a TTC of 1.08 s. The LDPC-coded system extends this range to 51.03 m, increasing the TTC to 1.31 s. The VLC-based V2V communication offers improved reliability and responsiveness in low-visibility scenarios, making it a viable alternative to RF-based methods for highway safety applications.
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High speed 8PSK optical modulator using silicon/electro-optic polymer hybrid coupled ring resonator

March 11, 2025

Hailu Dessalegn Ayalew, Srinivas Talabattula, Pushparaghavan Annamalai, Pragya Mishra

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In this paper, we proposed high speed 8PSK optical modulator using silicon/electro-optic polymer hybrid coupled ring resonators (Si/EO-PHCRR). The design comprises of two coupled ring resonator (CRRs) that has a primary and secondary rings and a single ring resonator (SRR), which acts as a delay line. The two CRRs are arranged in parallel within the two branches of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), collectively producing a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) at the output terminal of MZI. The SRR is also configured in series with MZI and functions as an angle modulator, essentially serving as a π /4 phase shift modulator that operates based on the bit pattern applied to it. The CRR ensures a high energy storing capability that enhances the modulation efficiency and enables relatively high extinction ratio with better design flexibility and negligible losses. Thus, in this system, a 3 dB modulation bandwidth f 3d B = 51.14 GHz is realized with the moderate quality factor of Q = 3,839 and tunability of the modulator is found to be 723.65 pm/V with an extinction ratio of 29 dB. Also, the performance analysis of the modulator have be done at the bit rate of 150 Gbps and resulted in a high optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of 17.98 dB with a BER of 10 −9 at the span of 100 Km dispersion shifted fiber.
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Security challenges from physical to network layers in satellite free-space optical communication

September 16, 2025

Indu Bala, Vivek Arya

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Satellite-based free-space optical (FSO) communication has emerged as a transformative paradigm, offering spectrum-efficient connectivity with ultra-high bandwidth to support bandwidth-intensive applications and enable global coverage. As compared to the conventional RF systems, FSO provides distinct advantages such as high data rates, interference immunity, and license-free operation. Despite its unique characteristics like narrow optical beams, dynamic orbital environments, and increasing architectural complexity, there exist diverse security vulnerabilities across multiple protocol layers. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the security issues in satellite FSO systems, spanning the physical, data link, and network layers is provided. Critical threats and vulnerabilities at each layer are analyzed, followed by a discussion of state-of-the-art countermeasures, including physical-layer security mechanisms, adaptive beam control, advanced cryptographic schemes, quantum key distribution, and AI-driven anomaly detection. Key challenges, such as scalability, trust management, atmospheric impairments, and post-quantum security, are also highlighted as pressing concerns for future FSO networks. Furthermore, the chapter offers insights and design recommendations for developing intelligent, secure, and resilient satellite-based FSO communication infrastructures capable of addressing evolving cyber security threats while maintaining high performance.
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Fiber optic system dispersion compensation management within optical fiber communication channels through the control of all hybrid optical amplifiers: simulative study

March 28, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Manimaraboopathy Maruthu Pandian, Arulraj Simon Prabu, Ata Kishore Kumar, Ravi Shankara Subhramanya Raju Battula, Thankamony Devakhi Subha, Marian Habbib Adel

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This study has clarified the simulative study of the modulated fiber optic system dispersion compensation management within optical fiber communication channels through the control of all hybrid optical amplifiers. VCSEL laser diode output power, gain, and resonance frequency are clarified with spectral wavelength windows, spectral line width, and thermal effects variations. VCSEL device bandwidth variations are demonstrated against the spectral wavelength windows and thermal effects variations. Fiber channel loss and fiber bit rate capacity are clarified in both single mode step index/graded fiber with different amplification stages and thermal effects variations. Total fiber dispersion and total pulse width per fiber link are indicated versus various amplification techniques and fiber channel types. Signal quality factor, bit error rate, and the total estimated output power are measured at the receiver against various amplification techniques and fiber channel types.
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Atmospheric turbulence mitigation in adaptive MIMO hybrid RF/FSO links using MPPM/M-QAM modulation and TAS-MRC diversity under pointing errors

June 16, 2025

Ebrahim E. Elsayed, Mohamed A. Yakout, Ahmed S. Samra

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Ground-based Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication networks are gaining prominence due to their high data rates, bandwidth efficiency (BE), cost-effectiveness, and security. However, their performance is hindered by atmospheric turbulence, weather conditions, and pointing errors. This work proposes a hybrid Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Radio Frequency (RF)/FSO system with adaptive modulation to address these challenges. We analyze M-ary Pulse Position Modulation (MPPM) over Gamma–Gamma fading channels under varying turbulence levels and pointing errors, employing equal gain combining diversity to improve robustness. Closed-form expressions for the average bit error rate and outage probability are derived using the Meijer G-function. Furthermore, a novel hybrid MPPM/M-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation scheme is introduced to enhance BE and link reliability. The proposed system is compared with conventional methods, demonstrating superior performance via Monte Carlo simulations. Additionally, a MIMO hybrid RF/FSO system using transmit aperture selection and maximal ratio combining is analyzed to mitigate fading effects. Derived expressions for the average symbol error probability validate the gains of the hybrid modulation approach. The adaptive transmission modulation scheme significantly improves BE over nonadaptive techniques, leveraging the complementary strengths of RF and FSO channels.
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Investigative optimization of nonlinear ion-ion interactions in thulium–erbium doped cascaded fiber amplifier for S + C band

January 6, 2025

Krishna Sarma, Mohd Mansoor Khan

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A combination of a thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in a sequential configuration has been identified to design a hybrid amplifier. The proposed amplifier module delivers a flat and high gain. This method is potentially an effective strategy to fully utilize the S + C band (1,460 nm–1,565 nm) for amplifying fiber optic signals. The proposed TDF-EDF hybrid amplifier has an optimum average flat-band gain of 24.27 dB from 1,460 nm to 1,516 nm with a maximum gain of 47.07 dB at 1,528 nm. The parametric optimization has been performed considering the optical pumping configuration with corresponding power, input-signal power, amplifier length, ion density with its radius, and the hybrid amplifier’s numerical aperture (NA). The nonlinear clustering-ion effects known as the ion-ion interaction mechanism (IM) have been aimed to distort the signal gain with broadband flat-gain profile minimally. Apparently, the optimized parameter reduced the gain deterioration by the IM effect to 1.12 % with homogeneous up-conversion (HUC) and 8.14 % with the combined effect of HUC and pair-induced quenching (PIQ) corresponding to the maximum gain. In the flat-band region, the HUC and HUC + PIQ combination have the respective gain deteriorating contributions of 0.67 % and 5.24 %. For the input signal power of −40 dBm, the gain flatness of the hybrid amplifier is obtained as 3.27 dB for 1,460 nm–1,516 nm regions without IM effects. However, with HUC and HUC + PIQ, gain flatness has been reduced to 3.08 dB and 2.19 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the gain variation ratio (GVR) of 0.05 (preferably GVR < ${< }$ 0.4) is obtained from 1,472 nm to 1,504 nm wavelength region indicating a flatter gain response.
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Performance analysis of 10 Gbps underwater optical wireless communication system using NRZ, duobinary, and AMI modulation under diverse water types

December 30, 2025

Gunasekaran Thangavel, Ramasamy Ganeshmurthi, Amsaveni Manigandan, Maralawadi Venkatasubbaiah Kumudavalli, Muthukrishnan Vijaya Maheswari

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Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) presents a promising solution for achieving high-speed underwater data transmission. This study investigates the performance of non-return-to-zero (NRZ), duobinary, and alternate mark inversion (AMI) modulation formats at 10 Gbps under diverse aquatic environments including pure sea (PS), clear ocean (CO), coastal ocean (CS), harbor I (HI), and harbor II (HII). Quantitative performance is evaluated in terms of Q factor, bit error rate (BER), and eye diagram analysis with increasing transmission range. For example, in PS water at 50 m, NRZ achieves a Q factor of 6.21 dB and BER of 10 −9.6 , outperforming duobinary ( Q = 4.79 dB, BER = 10 −6.8 ) and AMI ( Q = 3.69 dB, BER = 10 −3.96 ). Across all ranges and water types, NRZ consistently provides the best performance, while duobinary offers intermediate results and AMI shows the highest degradation in turbid waters such as harbor I and harbor II. The findings highlight NRZ’s robustness for high-speed UOWC links, particularly in clear waters, and its relative advantage over duobinary and AMI in maintaining reliability over extended distances.
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Self-homodyne-direct-detection FSOC: a resilient approach to atmospheric turbulence and weather variations

December 29, 2025

Yogesh Kumar Gupta, Aditya Goel

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Free space optics (FSO) technology is gaining attention for 6G and beyond networks due to its ability to provide secure data transmission, operate without the need for licensed spectrum, and support significantly higher data rates. Although the FSO system has various advantages, long-distance communication transmissions are inadequate. The dependability of FSO technology is predominantly influenced by various weather factors. This paper’s results seek to enhance the efficiency of FSO technology for long-distance communication. The present work utilised a combined methodology that mixes multi-beam combinations and self-homodyne direct-detection (SHDD) approaches inside a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) FSO technology. The system is assessed through several implementations of single beam (SB), 4 multiple beams (MB4), and 8 multiple beams (MB8). This paper utilises the gamma–gamma (GG) channel model. The findings show that MB provided the best performance throughout a range of 1.6–12 km, with all lengths depending on the surrounding conditions. The link quality is determined by calculating the bit error rate (BER), Q factor and Eye height.
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Comprehensive performance evaluation of high-split FTTH networks under optical amplification constraints

January 6, 2026

Ahmed Y. Musaaed, Noor J. Jihad, Zainab N. Jameel

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This paper presents a performance evaluation of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) systems considering the impact of optical splitter ratios and the use of optical amplification. The analysis focuses on four splitter ratios 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, and 1:128 across distances up to 40 km. Key performance metrics such as Q-factor and bit error rate (BER) are calculated based on a power budget model that includes fiber attenuation, connector and splice losses, and splitter loss. The simulation is conducted both with and without a 10 dB optical amplifier placed before the splitter. Results show that lower split ratios maintain high signal quality and low BER across longer distances, while higher split ratios experience performance degradation much earlier due to increased losses. This paper presents a performance analysis of an FTTH system simulated using Opti-System 23 under split ratios ranging from 1:16 to 1:256, with and without optical amplification. The system employs a 1,490 nm downstream optical transmitter operating at 10 Gb/s over 40 km of single-mode fiber. Results demonstrate that deploying an optical amplifier with 10 dB gain and 4 dB noise figure enables a reduction in transmitter power from 10 dBm to 6 dBm while maintaining acceptable eye-diagram quality and signal performance at higher split ratios.
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Comparative analysis of RF semi-quantum key distribution (QKD) under noisy RF channels

January 28, 2026

Venkatachalam Revathi, Trupti Shripad Tagare, Sumit Chakravarty, Jayanta Kumar Baruah, Arun Kumar, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This paper presents a comparative investigation of two quantum communication architectures – standard quantum key distribution (QKD) and semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) – operating over noisy RF channels and enhanced with quantum phase estimation (QPE) feedback for phase noise mitigation. In QKD, both communicating parties are fully quantum-capable, while in SQKD, one party is restricted to limited classical-level quantum operations. The study evaluates performance under realistic noise models incorporating depolarizing noise, thermal relaxation, and Gaussian-distributed phase noise, examining the impact of QPE pilot configurations on phase tracking, residual error, and error rates. Simulation results reveal that while QPE feedback significantly improves robustness in both architectures, the SQKD configuration exhibits slower convergence, higher residual errors, and more variable key error rates due to the classical party’s limited corrective capabilities. These findings highlight the trade-offs between hardware complexity and performance in quantum-secured RF communication systems.
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Advanced modulation techniques based discrete–lumped Raman optical amplifiers for high bandwidth capability of free space optics communication system

October 31, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Rajalakshmi Ramanathan, Vanitha Lingaraj, Sujatha Jamuna Anand, Herald Anantha Rufus Nehemiah, Sajiv George, Rahma Farid

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This paper has clarified the simulative study of advanced modulation techniques based discrete–lumped Raman optical amplifiers for high bandwidth capability of free space optics communication system. The work studies how free-space optical (FSO) systems work in rain with advanced different modulations schemes and wavelengths. The spectral infrared operating wavelengths are employed through this FSO channel system. Output modulated power and visibility range are demonstrated versus the spectral operating wavelength and various rain weather conditions at the optimum FSO channel length based on different modulation schemes. The optimum visibility range can be achieved at 16-QAM modulation technique compared to other modulation techniques. Signal per noise ratio and bit error rates are studied and simulated against the link range based FSO channel and various spectral operating wavelengths at different rain weather conditions.
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High bit rate secure FSO system utilizing Hill coding

June 16, 2025

Adil Fadhil Mushatet, Elaf A. Fadil, Essam N. Abdulla

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To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to build a secure free space optical communication system with a high bit rate of 80 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexing using a Hill coding cipher. The signal message was encrypted by applying an algorithm secure coding. According to the obtained results, in the event of favorable weather (fog), the link distance was about 4.4 km. The link distance was degraded in the bad weather (dust) to become 1.4. Furthermore, the suggested system has a communication merit (bitrate product repeater distance) of roughly 352 Gb/s km in fog conditions and 112 Gb/s km in dust conditions. This is regarded as the highest communication merit when compared to prior attempts and investigations. The effectiveness of the proposed encryption cipher has also been evaluated by a revision of various security studies, key space, correlations, histogram analyses, and results comparison with other alternative approaches. When compared to earlier studies and researches, this is thought to have the best communication merit. In addition, According to the outcomes, integrating cryptographic encryption and decryption methods into FSO systems maintained data security and offered resistance to eavesdropping assaults.
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Enhancing MIMO-VLC system performance using reflective phase change materials

October 2, 2024

Ajit Kumar

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In this paper, the impact of phase change materials (PCM) as reflecting surfaces on the bit error rate (BER) performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) systems has been investigated. The optical properties of PCM, including absorption and reflection characteristics have been analyzed to optimize the design and functionality of PCM-based VLC systems. The current study investigates the BER performance of 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 MIMO-VLC systems using non-line of sight (NLoS) signal under varying refractive index, temperature, and incidence angle conditions. Additionally, different types of PCM has been assessed, such as organic compounds, salt hydrates, and paraffin wax, to determine their suitability for implementation in MIMO-VLC systems.
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Effective Spectrum Utilization–based analysis of fragmentation aware spectrum allocation in elastic optical network

September 26, 2025

Vasundhara, Amit Kumar, Abhilash Mandloi

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This paper presents an innovative resource allocation strategy for Multi-Core Fiber (MCF)-based Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) enabled Elastic Optical Networks (EON). The methodology incorporates crosstalk (XT)-aware spectrum slice allocation, dynamic core selection, and Effective Spectrum Utilization (ESU) to alleviate intercore interference while guaranteeing efficient resource utilization and scalability. The method minimizes fragmentation and maintains transmission quality by adaptively balancing spectral and spatial resources, even amid fluctuating traffic demands. Simulation results on benchmark topologies indicate significant performance enhancements: the Bandwidth Blocking Probability (BBP) improves by 13.33 % for NSFNET and 6.66 % for USNET, while fragmentation reduction achieves 23 % and 22.22 %, respectively. Moreover, the Connection Acceptance Success Ratio (CASR) increases by 2.02 % for NSFNET and 1.41 % for USNET. These results validate the efficacy of the proposed scheme in improving resource utilization, network performance, and scalability in SDM-EON.
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Cost-optimized centralized laser architecture for optical distribution networks

July 10, 2025

Gurpreet Kaur, Simranjit Singh, Parth Sethi

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For next-generation passive optical networks (NG-PON), this study investigates the technological and financial viability of centralized laser source designs, commonly known as optical distribution networks (ODNs). Conventional ODNs are expensive because they use separate lasers at each optical line terminal (OLT). This study suggests a centralized laser source architecture in which several OLTs are fed by a single high-power laser via passive optical splitters. A centralized laser source with a minimum output power of 10 mW can meet the required network performance, with quality factors exceeding six and low bit error rates, according to simulations done for a 6-OLT deployment in Chandigarh, India. Centralized laser ODNs are an appealing option for large-scale deployments, as cost analysis shows initial savings of roughly 63 % when compared to traditional configurations. The proposed system also demonstrates dependability, scalability, and compatibility with emerging technologies, making it ideal for future network expansions.
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Visible light communication in aircraft cabins: challenges and opportunities in power, coverage, and handover management

November 25, 2024

Ajit Kumar

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Visible light communication (VLC) presents a compelling solution for enhancing in-flight connectivity within commercial aircraft cabins. This study investigates the power distribution, coverage area, and handover performance of VLC systems inside aircraft based on line-of-sight (LoS) and first reflection signal. Results indicate that received power levels at different receiver positions are significantly affected with varying half-power semi-angles. Analysis of first reflection signal power distribution reveals maximum reflected power is achieved at semi-angle equal to 45°. Simulated coverage areas demonstrate the importance of half-power semi-angle size in determining signal confinement and separability. Handover simulations highlight the dynamic nature of passenger mobility and its impact on handover frequency, with smaller semi-angles resulting in higher handover counts. While directional transmission offers benefits such as interference mitigation and spatial reuse, it also introduces challenges related to handover frequency and coverage area. These findings underscore the need for careful optimization of VLC system designs and handover algorithms to ensure seamless connectivity and optimal performance in diverse aircraft environments.
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Wavelength division multiplexed fiber systems performance analysis through optisystem simulation configuration based on multi pumped all optical amplifiers

September 5, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Jayabalan Vinothkumar, Arul Albert Isaac, Alagar Manavalan Balamurugan, Ata Kishore Kumar, Palani Karthikeyan, Marian Habbib Adel

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This paper has demonstrated the wavelength division multiplexed fiber systems performance analysis through the optisystem simulation configuration based on multi pumped all optical amplifiers. Raman amplification gain, amplifier noise figure and optical output power are measured against different pump amplification levels and single mode fiber length at different spectral operating wavelengths. Either data rate per channel or per link is clarified versus the input signal power with multipumped Raman amplifiers (Seven pumps) and without Raman amplification. As well as the data rat fiber capacity product per channel or per link is indicated in relation to the optimum input signal power with seven multipumped Raman amplifiers. Overall system Q factor, bit error rates and output power at receiver side are measured clearly against various amplification pump levels (Five/seven pumps) in the presence and absence of dispersion compensated fiber compensation.
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Simulation studies on a vertical cavity surface emitting LASER (VCSEL) based radio over fiber link for satellite intermediate frequency (IF) signal distribution

February 28, 2025

Nivedhitha S, Ashok P, Ganesh Madhan M, Murali Krishna K, Yuvaraaj M, Selvam C

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Radio over fiber (RoF) for satellite intermediate frequency (IF) signal distribution is essential for long-distance, low-loss IF signal transmission from satellite ground stations. The optical connection uses low-loss optical transmission windows for operation. Satellite communication infrastructure requires sophisticated optical components including laser sources, optical modulators, and photodetectors to preserve signal integrity and bandwidth. Satellite-based services through hundreds of channels offer audio and image displays of film quality. By sending broadcast signals from earth satellites, they address the issues of distortion and range. There are many more clients in the line of sight for the satellites. Hence, optical transmission of satellite signals from a single antenna will be economical along with better signal to noise ratio. This paper investigates the cost-effective distribution of satellite IF signals for a Ku band radio over fiber link. The model consists of an ideal low noise block converter arrangement in the antenna, followed by an 850 nm VCSEL based multimode fiber link. The receiver part of the link has a PIN photo detector and blocks to extract the data from IF band of (Digital video broadcasting- satellite) DVB-S modulated signal. The link performance is evaluated based on scatter plot and error vector magnitude. The effect of operating temperature and the link length on the overall performance is also examined.
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High-speed integrated optical transceivers for ultra-high modulation data rates in different optical communication applications

March 25, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Manimaraboopathy Maruthu Pandian, Arulanantham Dhandapani, Kavitha Subramaniam, Balaji Sambandam Ramachandran, Thankamony Devakhi Subha, Said Kamel Saber

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This article has clarified high-speed integrated optical transceivers for ultra-high modulation data rates in different optical communication applications. The total APD and PIN photodiode responsitivity performance signature is indicated in relation to temperature variations for various operating wavelengths. APD/PIN photodiode signal per noise ratio is measured versus the operating spectral wavelength at both room thermal effects and at high thermal effects. Various photodiodes quantum efficiency performance signature are clarified against temperature variations for various operating wavelengths. The total APD and PIN photodiodes sensitivity performance signature is demonstrated versus temperature variations for various operating wavelengths. Various light sources are tested with single mode step index/graded index fiber channel and various light detectors.
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Security analysis of an image encryption algorithm based on Blowfish in GPON

May 6, 2025

Rusul Musadaq, Sarah N. Abdulwahid, Nassren N. Abd Alwahed, Essam N. Abdulla

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Optical access network security concerns are increasingly urgent as the demands of important network functions have been significantly increased. This study evaluates gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) security and provides an innovative, resilient solution. In accordance with the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication (ITU-T) G.984.6 standard series, the approach allows for safe mutual authentication and establishment of keys between optical line termination (OLT) units and optical network units (ONUs) in an optical distribution network (ODN). The Blowfish cipher algorithm has been used in combination with the Opti-System software. Fiber to the home (FTTH), based on GPON technology, offers cost-effective triple-play services. Aside from the customer premises and central office, it operates entirely on passive equipment. Telecom operators support FTTH systems based on GPON because they are flexible in reacting to future technologies as well as services. A network with a maximum reach of 65 km can accommodate up to 64 users using secure GPON technology at a minimum acceptable quality factor of 6, a maximum BER level of about 10 −9 and optimum reach between optical consecutive network terminals of 20 km in accordance with G.984.6 ITU-T requirements. GPON transmits 2.5 Gbps downstream (D/S) and 1.25 Gbps upstream (U/S) data transmission with a minimum allowable receiving sensitivity of −35.8 dBm for uplink and −34.3 dBm for downlink has been achieved.
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Evaluation and analysis of passive optical network in investigating drilling time relative to material thickness

June 16, 2025

Ashok kumar, Ashish Kumar Singh, Abhishek Yadav, Sonendra Sharma, Vikas Sharma

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This study investigates the influence of key process parameters – abrasive flow rate, traverse speed, material properties, and milling depth – on reducing machining time using abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM). A modified abrasive feed system was developed to explore the effects of mass flow rate changes on traverse speed and machining efficiency, revealing traverse speed as a critical factor in Controlled Depth Milling (CDM). Materials such as brass, AL 2024, AL 6061, AISI 304, titanium, and tool steel were tested, with findings showing that increased traverse speed reduces surface waviness. A novel “Machinability Index” was proposed to assess how material type affects milling time, with low-machinability materials requiring slower speeds. Surface roughness was predicted using a model based on solid particle erosion and jet penetration, which aligned well with experimental results. The study also examined abrasive waterjet trepanning for aerospace materials, analyzing parameters like pressure and traverse speed using a full factorial design. Empirical models were developed to understand their effects on kerf width, surface texture, and hole roundness. The research highlights the potential of integrating optical communication systems for real-time process monitoring and automation, enhancing precision and efficiency in advanced manufacturing environments.
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Simulation study on different pulse modulation schemes for efficient underwater optical communication

April 2, 2025

Ganesh Madhan Muthu, Ashok Panchapakesan, Manopriyadharshini Kannappan, Shobana Dhanushkodi, Chavithra Muthuvelu

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Underwater Optical Communication (UWOC) uses visible light (wavelengths around 450–550 nm) to transmit data through water. The system consists of LED/laser transmitters and photodetector receivers that convert electrical signals to light pulses and vice versa. While offering high bandwidth (Gbps) and low latency, the technology is limited by water turbidity, scattering, and absorption, typically restricting effective range to 10–100 m in clear water. The transfer of data from underwater unmanned systems or sensors to a surface vessel or land-based station poses a considerable obstacle in marine surveillance and research. In this work, 4 and 8 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes and different pulse modulation techniques namely Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), Differential Pulse Interval Modulation (DPIM), and Dual-Header Pulse Interval Modulation (DH-PIM) are analyzed with Forward Error Correction (FEC) for assessing the performance of underwater optical communication systems for efficient data transmission. An exponential gamma function is used to model the underwater channel, and the performance is estimated for data rates of 100 Mbps, 500 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 2 Gbps. For 2 Gbps transmission incorporating FEC, 4-QAM performs best among all the modulation technique considered, as it provides maximum transmission range of 34.9 m, for a transmitted power of 5 mW at BER of 10 −15 . In the case of pulse modulation techniques, 8-PPM gives maximum distance of 29.6 m under similar operating conditions.
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Analysing the efficiency of optical system for visible light communication for different modulation schemes

August 11, 2025

Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the efficiency of optical systems for visible light communication (VLC) employing high-order modulation schemes such as 256- quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 512-QAM. It evaluates and compares four advanced optical waveforms – orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC), and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) – in terms of bit error rate (BER) and power spectral density (PSD) performance under realistic VLC channel conditions. Simulation results reveal that at a BER of 10−3, optical NOMA achieves up to a 6 decibel (dB) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain over OFDM, while UFMC and FBMC demonstrate gains of approximately 4 dB and 2 dB, respectively, illustrating their robustness to noise and suitability for high data-rate applications. PSD analysis shows that Optical NOMA achieves the most compact spectral distribution with power levels near −350 W/MHz, significantly reducing out-of-band emissions compared to OFDM’s −200 W/MHz. This underscores the superior spectral efficiency and interference mitigation capabilities of these advanced schemes. The findings highlight that adopting FBMC, UFMC, and especially NOMA in VLC systems can dramatically enhance throughput and spectral utilization, making them highly promising for next-generation optical wireless networks that demand high capacity, low interference, and dense deployment scenarios.
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High optical fiber system capacity product based on various light sources with the employment of all optical fiber amplifiers through space division multiplexing systems

May 22, 2025

Sajiv George, Kumutha Ragupathi, Chandramohan Kanmani Pappa, Arulraj Simon Prabu, Monisha Ravichandran, Patan Saleem Akram, Saber Ali Mahmoud

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This paper has highlighted the simulation study of high optical fiber system efficiency product based on various light sources with the employment of all optical fiber amplifiers through space division multiplexing systems. The modulation techniques are used that are namely non return to zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK), return to zero on off keying (RZ-OOK) and return to zero differential phase shift keying (RZ-DPSK). These modulation techniques are employed to increase the fiber rate capacity. Various light sources are also employed such as continuous wave (CW) laser, distributed feedback laser (DFB) and vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). Space division multiplexing is used through the fiber cable system to increase the number of users per fiber system. The dispersion compensated fiber is mixing with single mode fiber to reduce the dispersion effects and consequently increase the fiber data rates. Amplification techniques are employed to increase the transmission distance up to 500 km fiber reach.
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Design and performance evaluation of an optical communication system for 5G applications

August 5, 2025

Omar Raad Kadhim, Samar K. Ibrahim, Mudhafar Hussein Ali, Arwa A. Moosa, Hamid Shimal Aldulaimi

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With the escalating demand for high-capacity optical communication systems, particularly in the context of 5G networks, there is a critical need for transmission technologies that can support large data volumes over extended distances while minimizing signal attenuation. This study presents the design and performance evaluation of a dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)-based optical communication system using OptiSystem software. The system was assessed under two scenarios to identify optimal parameters for high-performance data transmission. The primary objective was to improve transmission quality by minimizing dispersion and extending the reach of the optical link. Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ) modulation was identified as an effective format due to its improved spectral efficiency and compatibility with DWDM architectures. To counteract signal degradation caused by scattering, absorption, and losses, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) with a gain of 15 dB were implemented. In the first scenario, signal power levels ranging from −15 dBm to 15 dBm and bit rates from 5 Gb/s to 40 Gb/s were simulated over a 100 km single-mode fiber link. System performance was analyzed using Q-factor values and eye diagram analysis across eight DWDM channels. The second scenario extended the transmission distance to 300 km, demonstrating a notable decline in Q-factor with increased fiber length, thereby emphasizing the importance of amplifier placement and modulation strategy in long-haul optical systems.
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Turbulence-resilient adaptive modulation and diversity coding for DWDM-based hybrid MIMO-RF/FSO systems

June 23, 2025

Ebrahim E. Elsayed, Mohamed A. Yakout, Ahmed S. Samra

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This research introduces an enhanced transmission framework for hybrid multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) radio frequency/free-space optical (RF/FSO) communication systems, utilizing diversity coding techniques to combat turbulence-induced signal degradation. The proposed system achieves an aggregate data rate of 20 gigabits per second (Gbps) through eight channels operating at 2.5 Gbps each over a 1,500-meter (m) link, with comprehensive performance evaluation of bit error rate (BER), outage probability (OP), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) across three primary diversity combining methods: maximum ratio combining (MRC), selection combining (SC), and equal-gain combining (EGC). Analysis confirms the superior performance of Alamouti coding (AC), space-time coding (STC), space-time block coding (STBC), space-time trellis coding (STTC), orthogonal STBC (O-STBC), and quasi-orthogonal STBC (QO-STBC) in hybrid DWDM-MIMO-RF/FSO networks, particularly in reducing mean-square error while improving turbulence resilience. Simulation results demonstrate that QO-STBC and STTC implementations combined with MRC or SC significantly enhance BER, SNR, and outage characteristics in MIMO-DWDM FSO systems, with MRC showing better performance than both SC and EGC in minimizing BER and OP. Furthermore, numerical analysis reveals that DWDM-augmented QO-STBC/STTC in RF/FSO links reduces power penalties across BER thresholds under diverse turbulence conditions (weak, moderate, and strong), surpassing non-DWDM FSO configurations.
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Maximizing constructive interference based on orthogonality and diversity in MISO-VLC systems using FSTD-MRC algorithms

May 23, 2025

Mountadher Essa, Adnan Sabbar

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Spatial diversity in Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems serves as a robust technique for enhancing system performance by utilizing multiple light sources at the transmitter. Meanwhile, the concept of transmitting data orthogonally is employed to facilitate the separation of overlapping optical signals at the photodetector. Therefore, this paper presents a modification for the Frequency Switching Transmit Diversity (FSTD) technique to achieve a higher diversity order while preserving its orthogonality property. As a result of the increased diversity order, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) technology is suggested at the receiver to effectively combine received signals; this technique maximizes constructive interference while minimizing the impact of signals degraded by attenuation and obstructions. Additionally, MRC mitigates the effects of unwanted radiation, such as sunlight and ambient light. On this basis, the results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieved a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 3.4×10 −5 at a transmission distance of 40 m with a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of 5 dB. In comparison, the conventional FSTD technique recorded a BER of 1×10 −3 under the same conditions. These findings highlight the superiority of the proposed approach in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of VLC systems, effectively mitigating the impact of optical channel blockages.
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Enhancing Q-factor and BER in optical wireless systems using cryogenic Li-Fi architecture

December 11, 2025

Ritesh Kumar Kushwaha, Rajeev Ranjan, Pratham Vinayak Sharama

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The study present a comparative analysis of a light fidelity (Li-Fi) free-space optical (FSO) communication system under temperature conditions of room temperature (298 K) and cryogenic (120 K). In this study, both device and link-level performance metrics were evaluated through simulation including, LED quantum efficiency, avalanche photodiode (APD) gain, Q-factor and the bit error rate (BER). Results indicate improved system performance in cryogenic operation with the LED quantum efficiency increasing from 0.5 to 0.7, APD gain increasing from 3 to 5, and the Q-factor increasing from 4.29552 to 6.44374, while the BER improving from 8.55087 × 10 −6 to 5.36521 × 10 −11 . Changes in performance were associated with reduced phonon scattering and thermal noise at cryogenic temperatures, which improved radiative recombination efficiency and optical signal detection. The potential of cryogenic operation enables Li-Fi systems to provide reliable communications while minimizing noise and maintaining signal integrity for applications such as deep-space communication and quantum networking.
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Nonlinear FWM effects management and FWM system performance analysis in ultra wide optical wavelength division multiplexing systems

June 16, 2025

Govindaraj Ramkumar, Govindanaidu Damodaran Vignesh, Manimaran Arjunan, Priscilla Mohanadoss, Ramachandran Vidhya Muthulakshmi, Mandyam Venkatanaresh, Ayman Zain Hedaman

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This paper has highlighted the nonlinear FWM (fourwave mixing) effects management and FWM system performance analysis in ultra wide optical wavelength division multiplexing systems. The optical output power is measured with the fiber propagation length based on first/second signals and first/second induced signals. The FWM output power is demonstrated with channel spacing, dispersion coefficient and input signal power based on various modulation techniques. FWM system signal per noise ratio and BER are clarified with the dispersion coefficient with different modulation techniques in FWM system. Maximum transmit power per channel is investigated with the propagation fiber length with different modulation techniques. Maximum mixing efficiency is measured with the fiber dispersion coefficients and channel spacing. Normalized conversion efficiency is demonstrated against the operating wavelength. The FWM power penalty is analyzed and measured against input signal power and total fiber dispersion coefficient. Total system bit rate and total system disperstion are clarified in relation to input signal power with/without chirped FBG with NRZ-PSK modulation technique.
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Highly SNR uniformity and power efficient model for indoor VLC based on DCO-GFDM modulation

April 22, 2025

Haidar Zaeer Dhaam, Faris Mohammed Ali

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Innovation of new light emitting diodes (LEDs) distribution for indoor visible light communication (VLC) systems is necessary to mitigate challenges like signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) uniformity. In addition, creating proper lighting in indoor environments is essential for occupants’ comfort and energy efficiency, where uniform illuminance is needed. This article proposes optimum LEDs distribution to find higher illuminance uniformity based on various semi-angles of light half power and analyzes the best SNR uniformity. The higher SNR uniformity improves user experience by ensuring consistent data transmission quality throughout the room and maintaining a lower bit error rate (BER). The proposed VLC model comprises 16 illuminance units with 30 × 30 LED chips placed in the ceiling of a standard room (5 × 5 × 3 m 3 ). Considering the reflections, the receiver’s delay spread is relatively high due to this higher number of transmitters. This VLC model is examined using a flexible advanced modulation based on multiple subcarriers in different scenarios to mitigate delay spread issues. Optical generalized frequency division multiplexing (OGFDM) modulation is utilized due to its high spectral efficiency and inter-symbol interference reduction. Employing the same power as the standard VLC model with 4 LED transmitters reveals a notable improvement in illuminance and SNR uniformities, power received, and illuminance and SNR values fulfilled by the proposed model.
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Enhanced absolute added correlative coding for low earth orbit optical intersatellite links

January 31, 2025

Amrita Gill, Gnanam Gnanagurunathan, Nafizah Khan

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This paper presents the polarization division multiplexed absolute added correlative coding (PDM-AACC) in an optical intersatellite link (OISL). It is modeled to operate in a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite broadband constellation network, and its receiver front-end (RFE) comprises avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Its performance is then comparatively investigated against two other OISLs adopting the absolute added correlative coding (AACC) and the 4-pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) formats, respectively. When transmitting 20 Gbps over the maximum LEO-LEO link distance of 6,000 km, the 4-PAM and AACC needed a minimum transmitter laser power of 36 dBm and 29 dBm to meet the bit-error rate (BER) requirement of less than 10 −9 , whereas the PDM-AACC required 27 dBm. It also supported longer transmission ranges, narrower telescope pointing error angles, and smaller telescope aperture diameter sizes in comparison to the 4-PAM and the AACC. The modeled PDM-AACC modulated OISL further improved on the receiver sensitivities of the latter two by 10 dBm and 2 dBm in addition to increasing its spectral efficiencies. The bit rate of all three links were then doubled to 40 Gbps. While the 4-PAM and AACC sustained it for distances of 2,800 km and 4,800 km, the PDM-AACC met the BER requirement for distances of up to 6,200 km.
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Performance evaluation of free space optical communication in diverse geographical regions in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu

June 2, 2025

N. Sakthi Praveen Kumar Reddy, Muskan Kumari Sarraf, G. Aarthi, Jagana Bihari Padhy, N. Sangeetha, Aashita Srivastava

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Free space optical communication (FSOC) is an emerging technology that allows data transmission at higher speeds via modulated photonic beams. FSOC provides numerous advantages, including huge bandwidth, low costs, low latency, quick deployment, and unlicensed spectrum. FSOC systems are emerging as a viable alternative to traditional communication methods. This paper presents a performance evaluation of the FSOC system in five different geographical regions of Tamil Nadu, namely Madurai, Kodaikanal, Kanyakumari, Coimbatore, and Nagapattinam. We selected these areas due to their varied environmental conditions, which include interior plains, coastal areas, hill stations, and river deltas. We analyzed the impact of environmental conditions, including rainfall rates and atmospheric turbulence, on key performance metrics, including received power, BER (bit error rate), and Q-Factor (quality factor). We also compared three configurations, pre, post, and inline amplification, with varying intensities of rainfall and turbulence. The findings show that when there is heavy rainfall and low turbulence, the Q-factor for the preamplification setup at the 1.5 km range in Coimbatore is 5.03, but under normal rain conditions, it is 3.63 at the 3.5 km range. As such, our study indicates that the preconfiguration may be adopted across various climatic conditions for the above geographical regions.
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Simulative study of high-speed single-mode photonic crystal fiber channel based all-optical multi-pumped Raman amplification with hybrid symmetrical FBG/DCF dispersion compensation schemes

September 11, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Govindanaidu Damodaran Vignesh, Sharon Sweeti, Nithya Dorairajan, Venkatesh Peruthambi, Nesayyan Nirmal Singh, Amany Hossam

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This paper has simulated the high-speed single-mode photonic crystal fiber channel based all-optical multi-pumped Raman amplification with hybrid symmetrical FBG/DCF dispersion compensation schemes. Maximum Q factor is demonstrated in relation to single-mode PCF length for previous work and proposed model at various operating signal wavelengths and single pump Raman configuration. As well as the overall system bit error rate is studied against single-mode PCF length for previous work and proposed model at different operating signal wavelengths and single pump Raman configuration. Optical signal gain is stimulated versus different spectral operating wavelengths and various optical Raman amplification configuration of pumps at different fiber distance. Moreover, overall system bit rate is clarified against the single-mode PCF length and various spectral operating wavelengths at different pump Raman configuration levels. Overall system dispersion, overall system bit rate, and overall system attenuation are demonstrated clearly against various amplification pumping configuration without compensation and with hybrid DCF/FGB compensation techniques at optimum operating spectral wavelength band and optimum single-mode PCF length. It is evident that hybrid symmetrical FBG/DCF dispersion compensation schemes have presented the optimum system dispersion with the optimum system data rates.
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Underwater VLC channel estimation based on the deep combined Q-network

December 16, 2025

Nidhal Abd Mohammed, Morteza Valizadeh, Mehdi Chehel Amirani

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Underwater visible light communication (VLC) systems are increasingly considered as a promising alternative for communication in aquatic environments due to their high data rates and low latency. However, the performance of VLC systems in underwater environments is significantly affected by factors such as distance and salinity level, leading to channel impairments that must be accurately estimated for reliable communication. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for channel estimation in underwater VLC (UVLC) systems, where the channel model is assumed to follow a log-normal distribution based on the distance and salinity level of the water. We leverage the power of deep learning, specifically a deep neural network with Q-layers, to estimate the channel conditions dynamically. The Q-layers enable the network to model the nonlinearities inherent in the channel estimation problem, providing robust performance even in the presence of varying environmental conditions. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance compared to traditional estimation techniques, offering a significant improvement in the reliability and accuracy of underwater VLC systems. Simulation results show that the proposed Q-network-based estimator achieves up to 31 % lower NMSE than ChanEstNet under high turbulence (distance >15 m), and improves BER performance by nearly 18 % in long-distance UVLC conditions.
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Enhanced spectrum sensing in optical-NOMA for 256-QAM: a hybrid energy and matched filter detection approach

May 6, 2025

Himanshu Sharma, Surendra Yadav, Arun Kumar

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Optical non-orthogonal multiple access (Optical-NOMA) is an advanced technique of optical wireless communications that increases spectral efficiency by enabling several users to share the same frequency and power resources through power-domain multiplexing. Spectrum sensing is important in cognitive radio networks, especially in fading channels. This paper analyzes the detection capability of energy detection (ED), matched filter (MF), compressive sensing (CS), and a new hybrid scheme involving ED and MF (ED + MF). The new approach enhances detection capability with an increased probability of detection (Pd) at lower signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). In Rayleigh fading, the hybrid scheme achieves Pd = 1 at −1 dB, better than MF (0.5 dB) and ED (2 dB), with gains of 1 dB and 3 dB, respectively. Likewise, in Rician fading, Pd = 1 is achieved at −1 dB, better than MF (0.7 dB), ED (1 dB), and CS (2 dB), with gains of 2 dB and 3 dB over CS and ED. The analysis validates enhanced detection by decreasing false alarm probability (Pfa) without compromising precision. Further, bit error rate (BER) versus SNR analysis provides a gain of 1.3 dB–4.8 dB in Rayleigh fading and 1.2 dB–5.5 dB in Rician fading. The hybrid scheme improves optical-NOMA performance with reduced BER and increased spectral efficiency in fading channels.
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Gain-flattened two-segment SOA for WDM optical communication systems

September 10, 2025

Nithin Vogirala, Mangalpady Rajaram Shenoy

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We present the design and characteristics of a two-segment semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), whose segment lengths and bias current ratio are optimized for application to in-line amplification of 8 WDM channels in the C-band of optical communication. We show that the gain flatness and noise figure can be improved by tailoring the longitudinal carrier density profile. The differential gain among the channels is also reduced due to the contrasting gain and transmission spectra of the two gain segments. Numerical simulation of the amplifier characteristics is carried out by using a well-established model, available in the literature, for the conventional SOA. For an input channel power of −40 dBm, with a bias current of 100 mA to the two-segment SOA, a channel gain of 21.5 dB with a gain flatness of 1.3 dB and a noise figure of 7.9 dB is obtained.
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Integration of AI in passive optical networks (PON): enhancing performance and efficiency

September 16, 2025

Amit Kumar, Vikas Sharma, Rajni Rani, Ashok Kumar

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Passive Optical Networks (PON) have emerged as a foundational technology in modern broadband infrastructure, renowned for their ability to deliver high-speed, high-bandwidth communication with low energy consumption and long-term scalability. However, as digital services expand and network traffic grows exponentially – driven by the proliferation of cloud computing, real-time applications, IoT devices, and video streaming – the limitations of traditional PON architectures are becoming increasingly evident. Static network configurations and conventional management strategies struggle to adapt to fluctuating demands, ensure consistent Quality of Service (QoS), and respond swiftly to faults or security threats. In response to these challenges, Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers a promising solution by introducing automation, adaptability, and data-driven intelligence into optical networks. This paper explores the integration of AI techniques into PON systems across key application domains, including fault detection, traffic forecasting, dynamic resource allocation, QoS optimization, and cyber security enhancement. By leveraging AI, PONs can achieve improved operational efficiency, predictive maintenance, enhanced user experience, and robust security, setting the foundation for intelligent and self-optimizing next-generation access networks. The study also discusses performance metrics, visual representations, challenges, and future directions to guide ongoing research and practical implementations.
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Hybrid DCT-DST precoding techniques for PAPR reduction in Flip-OFDM-based visible light communication systems

September 25, 2025

Zainab A. Tumaa, Mustafa Dh. Hassib

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Visible light communication (VLC) systems have become the frontrunner of communication, and optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM), particularly its specific version called Flip-OFDM, is one of the modulation schemes of high data rate VLC. Nevertheless, one major obstacle to O-OFDM is that it has a large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that causes nonlinear distortion in light emitting diodes and reduces energy efficiency. This paper offers three precoding techniques: discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete sine transform (DST), and a combined DCT and DST, as a precoding method in reducing PAPR in Flip-OFDM-based VLC systems. We have simulated the bit error rate (BER) and PAPR for multimetric modulation orders (4–256 QAM) and the VLC channel. At 4-QAM, the DST method significantly reduces PAPR by 4.5 dB, but the DCT peak-to-average power ratio is lower. The PAPR saving was 2.8 dB at the same QAM using the hybrid DCT and DST precoding method. Additionally, hybrid precoding at 256-QAM provided the best performance BER (10 −5  dB) since it enhances power distribution and effectively lowers noise and inter-symbol interference at large constellation mapping like 256-QAM. These improvements indicate that the three precoding methods can perform well and are easy to use in VLC systems.
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Multiple crop disease detection using EfficientNetB0 – a CNN model

July 2, 2025

Ritesh Kumar Kushwaha, Meenakshi Munjal, Sania Chauhan, Devanshu Saini

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Agriculture, the backbone of livelihood as well as the global food security system. Nowadays, it is heavily affected by several diseases. Manually detecting and recognizing diseases in crops in an extensive range is a complicated task, as it requires a great deal of labor and vast experience. To prevent damage to large-scale productions, this project aims to propose the use of Deep Learning approach. A powerful CNN model used to extract features from the dataset provided, and based on that model trained and evaluated. This image segmenting technique used in the model evaluation on the parameters-accuracy, recall, precision, & F1-score and differentiating the disease plants and the healthy ones. The trained model provided the tremendous 99.9 % accuracy in detecting wheat diseases. This approach will help in further advancements as well as help the farmers in safeguarding the crops.
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Enhancement of underwater visible light communications transmission by using optical IPS-MSK modulation

December 30, 2025

Salama Touré, Khadija Amadou Tidiane Ly, Leila Graini

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This paper introduces a novel underwater visible light optical communications (UVLC) system architecture employing optical Minimum Shift Keying modulation with independent pulse shaping (IPS-MSK). The system under consideration is configured with a non-line- of-sight (NLOS) channel, and its performance is evaluated numerically under various aquatic conditions, such as different water types (pure seawater, clear ocean, and coastal ocean), depths, link ranges and turbulence strengths, considering different data rates. The effect of transmitter optical power and receiver aperture diameter has also been investigated. The key parameters used are bit error rate (BER), quality factor (Q), eye diagram and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Results shown that, when combined with IPS-MSK modulator, UVLC system demonstrates enhanced capacity, extended transmission range, and improved performance, particularly, in clear water. At data rate up to 40 Gbps, an underwater distance of 102 m and 100 m is achieved in the pure seawater and clear ocean, respectively, with a target Q-factor of 6. Coastal water demonstrated shorter transmission distance of 1 m while maintaining similar Q-factor. The findings confirm that the proposed system could be advantageous choice for higher data rate UVLC system over long-range in clear water, and for short-range applications in turbid water.
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Optimizing energy consumption in passive optical networks through renewable integration

October 6, 2025

Sweta Bhardwaj, Aruna Bansal, Vikas Sharma, Mukesh Ruhela

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Passive optical networks (PONs) are widely recognized for their high bandwidth, scalability, and cost-effectiveness in modern broadband access systems. However, the increasing global demand for high-speed data services has led to concerns over the energy consumption and environmental impact of large-scale PON deployments. This study investigates the integration of renewable energy sources – such as solar and wind power – into PON architectures to optimize energy usage and reduce carbon emissions. A hybrid power supply model is proposed, wherein renewable energy generation is complemented by smart energy management techniques to ensure reliable operation under variable supply conditions. The research evaluates the performance of the proposed approach through simulation and analytical modeling, focusing on parameters such as power consumption, network uptime, and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential. Results demonstrate that renewable-integrated PONs can achieve up to XX% reduction in grid energy consumption while maintaining quality of service (QoS) standards. This work highlights the potential of combining optical access technologies with sustainable energy solutions to enable greener, more energy-efficient communication networks.
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Hybrid intelligent self-optimizing OBS burst assembly approach for 5G optical networks

July 8, 2025

Amit Kumar Garg

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One networking technology driving the creation of 5G networks is optical burst switching (OBS). High bandwidth low latency flexible resource allocation and cost effectiveness are just a few of its benefits. However, OBS does have some disadvantages. It requires precise network component synchronization and is susceptible to packet loss due to burst contention. This research approach uses a hybrid intelligent method that combines optimization and predictive functions to present a burst assembly strategy for OBS that is customized for 5G optical networks. This strategy seeks to reduce latency and improve overall network performance by dynamically generating bursts based on the networks current state. The best burst assembly parameters are found using an improved optimization technique and adaptive decision-making is supported by a forecasting learning model that predicts future network conditions. In comparison to previous solutions, the computational results show that this novel mechanism has significantly improved throughput and decreased average latency which ultimately lowers the likelihood of blocking in 5G network scenarios.
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Design and performance evaluation of DWDM networks using reconfiguration and modulation methods

April 18, 2025

Deepthi Prakash, Manjunath Managuli, Pavan Kunchur, Gururaj Kulkarni

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In optical fibers, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) can amplify signals at different wavelengths, thus improving network connectivity, bandwidth requirements, and reduced transmission capacity. As the communication expanse and numeral of stations upturn, fiber nonlinearity and dispersion effects limit the efficiency of (DWDM) dense wavelength division multiplexing systems. This paper supports learning-based dense wavelength division multiplexing network reconfiguration (RLR), modulation-ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM) differential quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) to improve transmission, which has no positive effect in most cases. Configure redundancy at limited alteration and worldwide system level for better presentation. With new modifications (such as wavelength selection, modulation transformation, path planning, bandwidth transformation, etc.) according to previous studies, this work provides a comprehensive combination to support strategy selection. MatLab and OptiSystem simulator work together to simulate solutions.
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Simulative study of near field light intensity measurement and two-dimension intensity profile for the guided modes based step/linear/spline index core profile shape with different core segments

January 10, 2025

Nellore Kapileswar, Jutur Naga Vishnu Vardhan, Phani Kumar Polasi, Judy Simon, Aarthi Elaveini Mathiyalakendran, Saber Ali Mahmoud

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This paper demonstrated the near field light intensity measurement and two-dimension intensity profile for the guided modes based step/linear/spline index core profile shape with different core segments. The refractive index is designed versus radial position for one fiber, two fibers, and 10 fibers per cable. The fiber is designed with different shape profiles with 5 μm core radius, and the fiber refractive index axis ranges from 1.4 to 1.5. The two-dimension intensity profile, near field light intensity plot and with different shape profiles radial intensity profiles are demonstrated and measured for the guided modes of the fiber at different wavelength windows based on the three different designed fibers. Nonlinear propagation parameter, total power launched in fiber core, effective fiber area, and effective refractive index are studied with different shape profile structures versus the spectral operating wavelength based on the three different designed fiber structures.
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Lowering the PAPR by using the PTS method for high-speed optical OTFS systems

January 31, 2025

Arun Kumar, T.D.N.S.S. Sarveswara Rao, Aneesh Kumar Mishra, Shekhar Kumar Swarnkar, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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Orthogonal time frequency selective (OTFS) is a two-dimensional modulation technique that encodes data in the delay-Doppler domain, offering robust communication in dynamic environments. However, the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in OTFS waveforms can degrade the performance of power amplifiers (PA) in the system. To address this, the proposed work introduces a partial transmission sequence (PTS) method to effectively reduce PAPR while preserving system throughput. The study evaluates the PTS technique’s performance in terms of key metrics, including bit error rate (BER) and power spectral density (PSD), using MATLAB 2016 for simulation. Results demonstrate that the proposed PTS method significantly outperforms traditional approaches, achieving a PAPR reduction of 1–3.8 dB and reducing power consumption by up to 30 %. These improvements highlight the potential of the PTS method for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of OTFS systems, making it a promising solution for high-performance wireless and optical communication networks. The findings underline the effectiveness of integrating PTS in OTFS to address PAPR challenges while ensuring minimal impact on system performance, paving the way for its application in next-generation communication technologies.
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High speed optical modulation fiber systems for ultra high spectral efficiency improvement through the digital shift keying techniques employment

April 14, 2025

Ramachandran Thandaiah Prabu, Govindanaidu Damodaran Vignesh, Manimaraboopathy Maruthu Pandian, Arulanantham Dhandapani, Ata Kishore Kumar, Binu Sukumar, Yossif Khaled Ali

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This paper simulates the high speed optical modulation fiber systems for ultra high spectral efficiency improvement through the digital shift keying techniques employment. The electrooptic modulators are used with compensated fiber communication system. The optical fiber system is composed of three hybrid fibers that are namely single mode/highly nonlinear/dispersion shifted fibers. The Raman amplification system is demonstrated with 10 km dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) for ultra high speed long distance transmission can be achieved up to 450 km. The digital shift keying techniques are used through this work that are namely ASK (amplitude shift keying), PSK (phase shift keying) and FSK (frequency shift keying). The signal per noise ratio/BER and optical/electrical power are measured to detect the high system spectral efficiency. The distributed bidirectional Raman amplification is used for the efficient power transferred through the optical fiber system. The hybrid fiber system with distributed Raman amplification have achieved the optimum optical modulated fiber systems.
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Adaptive spectrum sensing in optical OFDM using high-order QAM for VLC applications

August 1, 2025

Nishnat Gaur, Jyoti Atul Dhanke, Krishnamoorthy R, Arun Kumar, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of spectrum sensing techniques for Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (Optical OFDM) systems under high-order modulation in Rician and Rayleigh fading channels. Using MATLAB simulations, we evaluate the proposed Hybrid Energy-Cyclostationary Detection with Machine Learning (HECD-ML) algorithm against conventional methods such as Energy Detection (ED), Cyclostationary Detection, Matched Filter (MF), and standard Optical OFDM. Results show that the proposed HECD-ML approach significantly outperforms existing techniques in both detection accuracy and bit error rate (BER). Specifically, the proposed method achieves a probability of detection (Pd) = 1 at −2.5 dB SNR in Rician and −2 dB in Rayleigh channels, offering a detection gain of 2.5–9.5 dB over traditional techniques. Additionally, it achieves a BER of 10 −3 at 6.2 dB (Rician) and 7.2 dB (Rayleigh), demonstrating an SNR gain of 2–8.6 dB. These improvements indicate enhanced sensitivity, faster detection, reduced error rates, and greater spectral efficiency in low-SNR and fading conditions, making the proposed method highly suitable for dynamic visible light communication (VLC) scenarios. However, the increased computational complexity and reliance on simulation-based validation highlight the need for future work focusing on real-world implementation and system optimization under practical constraints.
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Building trust through explainable AI in adaptive optical transport networks

September 11, 2025

Sachin Kumar, Pritibha Sukhroop, Vikas Sharma, Ashok Kumar, Rajni Rani

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This paper introduces a novel approach to incorporate XAI in adaptive optical transport systems that aims to increase the interpretability and transparency of AI-based decisions. The research focuses on two key goals: (1) to develop and test how to design interpretable AI models, which can explain their decisions in optical network management tasks, and (2) to measure the effect of explainability on operator trust, fault localization, and overall system performance. The proposed architecture employs well-known XAI methods (e.g., SHAP, LIME, attention-based visualization) combined with supervised and reinforcement learning, for functions’ dynamic bandwidth allocation, path reconfiguration, and for the root-cause failure analysis.
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Ultra-wideband amplification utilizing O-shape hybrid fiber amplifier

December 16, 2025

Thamer Fahad Al-Mashhadani, Mohammed Kamil Salh Al-Mashhadani, Ali Yaseen Ali, Mohammed K. Awsaj, Hayder G. Fahad, Mudhafar Hussein Ali, Norhana Arsad

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An ultra-wideband amplification utilizing a proposed O shape-hybrid fiber amplifier (OS-HFA) is experimentally demonstrated. Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) is combined with erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) within a simple design. Low power of 50 mW with standard 1,480 nm pump unit that achieves gain in conventional (C)-band is used with EDFA while 750 and 500 mW of pump power units of 1,410 and 1,495 nm, respectively, are used for RFA. These two pump unit wavelengths are used to achieve peak gain at S and L band regions. A 103 nm flatness gain bandwidth from 1,515 to 1,618 nm and average gain of 27 dB is obtained at −30 dBm input power. While wider flatness gain bandwidth of 107 nm from 1,515 to 1,622 nm and an average gain of 17 dB are achieved at large input signal of −5 dBm.
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Design and performance evaluation of a 64 × 800 Gbps DWDM free-space optical system with power optimization and signal integrity enhancements

June 4, 2025

Anuj Kumar, Ghanendra Kumar, Chakresh Kumar

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This paper describes the design and performance evaluation of a 64 × 800 Gbps DWDM FSO system with a focus on power efficiency and signal integrity. A novel power optimization framework is implemented that ensures real-time power allocation of a signal mitigates signal attenuation based on atmospheric conditions. To reduce crosstalk between channels and to enhance spectral efficiency, a new approach to channel spacing that minimizes nonlinear impairments is incorporated. Furthermore, the system utilizes hybrid optical amplification with an EDFA and Raman amplifiers, which increases the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) and improves transmission distance. The proposed configuration features 64 channels spaced 50 GHz apart and comprises 50 spans in which each span consist of 30 km dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF) and 70 km single-mode fiber (SMF). Also, 64QAM modulation format is employed for mitigating atmospheric turbulence interference and, thus, improving long-term performance reliability. This paper describes the enhancement of the BER and Q-factor to improve the overall signal and noise management, total Optical Power, Power Consumption per Bit, and Spectral Efficiency of the system for further integrity. The proposed study offers a fundamentally strong approach toward ultra-high-speed optical communication in free-space.
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ACE-PPO and MDE-IDS: a novel approach for efficiency and security in 5G optical networks

December 16, 2025

Piyush Kulshreshtha, Amit Kumar Garg

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This paper proposes a novel dual-strategy intelligent framework to enhance the efficiency and security of high-speed 5G optical networks. The framework, labeled as attention and curriculum learning enhanced proximal policy optimization (ACE-PPO), is introduced for efficiency optimization. It manages optical signal processing beamforming and power control by focusing on key features like user locations and channel conditions, improving spectral efficiency and signal quality without requiring the overheads of explicit channel state information (CSI). For security, an intrusion detection system (MDE-IDS) based on a mutual distillation ensemble model is proposed. It synergistically combines a temporal convolutional network, a convolutional neural network, and a transformer, using a cross-attention gate and mutual distillation to boost robustness against sophisticated cyber threats in a 5G optical network. Simulations show ACE-PPO outperforms baselines, achieving a 14 % higher signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and 5 % lower power consumption, while MDE-IDS provides higher detection accuracy. The framework forms a holistic approach for intelligent and resilient 5G optical networks.
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Spectral-spatial coding and turbulence-aware modulation strategies for ultra-reliable dense WDM hybrid MIMO-RF free space optical communication networks

September 23, 2025

Ahmed H. Abbas, Noor J. Jihad, Zainab N. Jameel

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A turbulence flexible hybrid communication structure that adds free space optical (FSO), multi-output (MIMO) and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) links with an adaptive radio frequency (RF), presented in this article. In order to reduce turbulence and gesture to reduce atmospheric losses such as gamma-old, a two-layer spectral-sustainable coding form and disturbance-zeal adaptive modulation are suggested. Continuous coupling accessibility and reliability are ensured by dynamic switching of the system between optical and RF paths based on real-time information (CSI). Bit error rate (BER) is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation in MATLAB. During the strong disturbance, the proposed architecture holds less than 10 −3 , while under weak disturbance it maintains more than 4 bits/s/Hz. According to the results, “the proposed architecture is a strong candidate for future back-hauls with high capacity, satellites and final-meal access networks applications such as the spectral stable variety and integration of adaptive modulation increases the strength of the system in unfavorable optical wireless conditions since the integration of intermediate diversity conditions.
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Theoretical study of the factors affecting the pulse energy generated by erbium-doped optical fiber lasers

October 1, 2025

Methag Abdalwahed Kadim, Israa Talib, Tareq A. Al Attabi, Hussein B. Al Husseini

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In this work, dispersion, nonlinearity, gain factor associated with the pumping pulse, attenuation, and others – can be incorporated into the general equation for signal propagation in optical fibers through a laser resonator where the type and modulation depth of the saturable absorber directly affect pulse shaping and energy extraction. The equation is solved using the split-step Fourier transform method (SSFM), which requires creating a time and frequency lattice, slicing the resonator into small distances, and iteratively solving the equation for each segment until the end of the resonator is reached. The results showed that the energy increases with the effect of the pumping energy, which is represented by the g o factor. The pulse width initial T o and T 2 modulated depth represent the effects of the change method on the oscillation of the factors resulting in pulses. Heavily doped fibers can enhance gain but may also introduce quenching effects. Optimal doping balances gain and energy extraction without degrading beam quality.
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Flexi-grid optical network C-band capacity and spectral efficiency with various multi-carrier modulation schemes

July 8, 2025

Adarsha Maskibail, Ugra Mohan Roy, Malathi Sathish

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This study presents a rigorous analysis of theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) formulations for M-Ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) formats, substantiated through comprehensive simulation models. The investigation focuses on high-capacity flexi-grid optical networks employing coherent detection systems to achieve 1 Tbps data transmission using PM-16QAM, PM-32QAM, and PM-64QAM modulation formats. The simulation outcomes closely align with theoretical predictions across both back-to-back and 800 km transmission scenarios, demonstrating the validity of BER-based system assessment methodologies. The evaluation considers a four-subcarrier super-channel configuration for each modulation format. Corresponding C-band capacities of 24 Tbps, 32 Tbps, and 38.4 Tbps are achieved for PM-16QAM, PM-32QAM, and PM-64QAM, yielding spectral efficiencies of 5.0 b/s/Hz, 6.67 b/s/Hz, and 8.0 b/s/Hz, respectively. Forward Error Correction (FEC) BER thresholds of 3.7 × 10 −2 are applied for PM-16QAM and PM-32QAM, and 5.6 × 10 −2 for PM-64QAM, based on Soft-Decision FEC (SD-FEC) threshold. It is further demonstrated that PM-16QAM with 50 GHz channel spacing and PM-32QAM and PM-64QAM with 37.5 GHz spacing are capable of supporting terabit-scale flexi-grid transmission. The maximum achievable transmission distances are 1,600 km, 1,200 km, and 800 km for PM-16QAM, PM-32QAM, and PM-64QAM, respectively, under realistic system constraints.
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Investigations on the performance of IRS-assisted underwater wireless optical communication

November 10, 2025

Indu Bala

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Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has emerged as a key technology to overcome the bottleneck of acoustic and radio frequency systems, offering high data rates and low latency. However, the severe absorption, scattering, turbulence, and water turbidity restrict the achievable communication range. To address this challenge, this work investigates the role of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) in extending UWOC coverage under diverse channel conditions. Closed-form expressions for maximum achievable link distance are derived for conventional relaying schemes, namely detect-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF), and are further extended to passive and active IRS-assisted configurations under both coherent and incoherent combining for UWOC. Analytical modeling and simulations are conducted for different water types, including pure sea, clear ocean, coastal, and harbor waters, to evaluate performance under varying extinction coefficients. Results demonstrate that while direct UWOC links are limited to a few tens of meters, IRS-assisted systems, particularly with coherent combining and active surfaces, enable significant range extensions. Comparative analysis confirms that IRS schemes achieve superior performance as compared to AF/DF relays, with DF relaying still dominating under stringent reliability requirements. The findings establish IRS as a promising enabler for robust, long-distance UWOC links in next-generation marine networks.
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A performance study of an inter-UAV-based free space optical (FSO) system in the maritime environment

June 12, 2025

Vijaya Ratnam Nallagonda, N. Siva Nagaraju, Dantuluri Bhavani, Rajesh Gogineni, Suneel Mudunuru, Prabu Krishnan

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Recent advances in optical communication technology have enabled users to access high-data services on maritime links using the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-based free space optical (FSO) system. However, ensuring reliable data communication for maritime links is a significant challenge due to harsh weather conditions. To address the growing demand for maritime links, we have proposed a maritime UAV-based FSO communication system that can support high-speed data rates and provide extended communication coverage. This paper investigates various aspects of maritime UAV-based FSO systems, including the basic architecture, different channel characteristics, and application scenarios. The paper also includes an analysis of the outage probability of the Inter UAV-based FSO communication system, considering the lognormal distributed channel model for the maritime Inter UAV-based FSO link with heterodyne detection (hd). Additionally, it presents an accurate analytical channel model between UAVs. It compares analytical and simulation results, considering maritime turbulence, pointing error, and hovering UAV fluctuations.
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Enhancing transmission reach: performance analysis of WDM RoF PON OFDM system design with varied QAM schemes

January 28, 2025

Jayeshkumar C. Prajapati, Shyamkumar A. Pankhaniya, Kishor G. Maradia

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Radio over fiber is upcoming and maturing technology in terms of security, reliability, and coverage for long-distance optical-wireless communication systems. The nonlinear behavior and dispersive nature of optical channels are performance restrictive factors limiting the long reach in such systems. Along with enhancing channel capacity and bandwidth for radio signals over a long distance, the use of OFDM-based such systems can overcome various performance degrading effects like phase modulation, electrical power attenuation, chromatic dispersion, and multipath fading. Here, we propose our design of an 8 channels WDM RoF PON system using the OFDM scheme. Performance analysis is carried out in terms of performance comparison for various modulation schemes like 8, 16, 128, 256, and 512 QAM levels applied on information for long transmission reach of a system up to 500Kms. 8 channels WDM system model is developed to analyze the performance at a higher data rate. System performance is evaluated with Q factor and EVM level parameters of recovered signals at various transmission distances.
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An orbital angular momentum incorporated UWOC system employing WMZCC and DPS codes under pure sea, clear ocean and coastal sea

January 23, 2025

Simarpreet Kaur, Vikas Wasson

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The adoption of twisted light beams and optical code division multiplexing (OCDMA) in underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) represents a significant step forward in underwater communication technology, offering new possibilities for secure and high-speed data transfer in challenging underwater environments. A weight managed zero cross correlation (WMZCC) code-based UWOC system is demonstrated, capable of providing four users with a 10 Gbps capacity in various ocean/sea conditions, including coastal, clear and pure seas. The WMZCC code is having lower code lengths, mapping free user generation, least multiple access interference (MAI) and easy to generate code matrix. By using the Q factor as an assessment criteria, the performance comparisons between OAM-WMZCC codes and OAM diagonal permutation shift (DPS) has been established. The findings show that OAM-WMZCC performs better than OAM-DPS because of the ZCC code and DPS has variable cross correlation. Further, it is also observed that OAM beam Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) 0,0 offered highest Q factor due to least mode diameter and LG 90,0 provide least performance because of maximum energy leakage at receiver. In comparison to OAM-DPS codes in UWOC, the presented OAM-WMZCC codes provide Q factor enhancements of 28 %, and without using OAM in the system, the presented system surpassed the performance of DPS codes by 21 %.
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Design of improved routing algorithm for optical network-on-chip

September 10, 2025

Anandrao Vijay Sutar, Shilpa P. Gaikwad

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Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) is designed to provide energy-efficient and high-performance intercore communication in multicore computers, ONoC is a novel on-chip optical interconnect technology. Sending optical signals via optical interconnects enables low energy consumption, reduced communication delay, and a significant increase in bandwidth capacity. Although considerable research has been conducted on the design of ONoC architecture and routing strategies to ensure correct communication, most current systems employ methods first proposed for electrical interconnections. ONoC communications are in the development stage. The design strategy aims to optimize the utilization of optical waveguide installations by utilizing appropriate channels between Processing Element (PE) nodes. Using an ONoC design is innovative as it serves as a basic component and helps to build bigger ONoC systems. An enhanced adaptive routing method for ONoC is presented in this study. This adaptive method avoids congestion by distributing resources to channels using a buffer allocation technique. This suggested approach chooses the best available way to route the packets by means of adaptive routing and a five-port nonblocking optical router that automatically assigns the buffering resources to many ONoC channels. Proposed technique results are evaluated against X–Y routing on metrics including global average delay and connection usage. The suggested approach is surpassing X–Y routing based on the various standard performance measurements.
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An economical transmitter diversity and optical comb generation based free space optical system

April 24, 2025

Simarpreet Kaur

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Ultra-high-speed data transmission can be achieved through a combination of multiplexing techniques such as wavelength and polarization division multiplexing (WPDM). However, these systems are facing the two utmost constraints i.e. high cost and inter-channel interference (ISI). For the economical operations, optical comb generation (OCG) emerged as a promising technique for meeting the ever-increasing data demands in modern optical communication systems. On the other hand, an ISI can be suppressed using diverse pulse shapes in optical line terminal (OLT) for each transmitter referred as transmitter diversity (TR D ). In this work, a reach enhanced and cost effective free space optical system (FSO) is presented by incorporating WPDM and TR D supporting 900 Gbps under different weather turbulences such as clear atmosphere (CA), rain and haze. The capacity is tripled by using three diverse angles of polarization (TDAP) such as horizontal, vertical and 45° tilted (45°T). Results revealed that the horizontal TDAP performed best and the proposed system can successfully covered 10 km under CA, 2.5 km under rain and 3.7 km under the effects of rain.
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Optimizing YOLOv5-powered real-time surveillance using optical communication networks

July 29, 2025

Sanjeev Sharma, Anjali Shrivastav, Jitesh Shinde, Ashish B. Jirapure, Jyotsna S. Gawai, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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In today’s push toward smarter and safer cities, having a reliable system for nighttime surveillance has become increasingly important. To address this, our study presents an advanced monitoring setup that uses multiple cameras positioned in different directions to act as perceptual sensors. These cameras work together to provide better situational awareness and enhance public safety, especially during low-light conditions. At the core of this system is the YOLOv5 model, which we have fine-tuned specifically for real-time object detection in challenging urban environments at night. With over 50 security cameras deployed in a distributed network, there is a need for fast and efficient data transmission. To handle this, we use a high-speed optical communication backbone that ensures smooth, low-latency streaming of video footage to a centralized processing unit. This optical network setup allows the system to respond quickly and process visual data effectively, even when under heavy load. In our experiments, a multi-scale version of the YOLOv5 model (YOLOv5MS) achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 88.7 %, proving its capability to perform well under real-world conditions. By combining cutting-edge computer vision with high-speed optical transmission, this system demonstrates a major step forward in building intelligent, responsive surveillance solutions for modern cities.
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Design and analysis of optical MIMO communications for 256-QAM for reconfigurable holographic surfaces

May 6, 2025

Arun Kumar, Sumit Chakravarty, Sunil Devidas Bobade, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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Optical multiple‐input multiple‐output (HMIMO) systems leverage reconfigurable holographic surfaces (RHS) to dynamically shape electromagnetic wavefronts, offering superior beamforming and spectrum utilization for next‐generation 6G networks for 256-QAM. By integrating these surfaces into traditional MIMO architectures, HMIMO systems effectively handle high data rates, low latency, and enhanced energy efficiency – even in millimeter‐wave and terahertz bands. Through MATLAB simulations under Rayleigh and Rician fading models, this research demonstrates that HMIMO systems substantially outperform conventional optical MIMO. In Rayleigh environments, where multipath scattering dominates, Optical HMIMO’s adaptable beamforming mitigates rapid signal fluctuations. Under Rician fading, the strong line‐of‐sight component further boosts beamforming gains and spectral efficiency. The study highlights significant improvements in reliability (outage probability), beamforming gain, and spectral efficiency across diverse antenna configurations and SNR levels, underscoring the scalability and robustness of optical-HMIMO for urban and high‐mobility 6G scenarios.
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Performance analysis of FSO OFDM for 256-QAM scheme under optical diverse channel

September 23, 2025

Arun Kumar, A. R. Aswatha, K. Ashok, Devaraju Ramakrishna, Aziz Nanthaamornphong

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This study presents a detailed performance evaluation of the proposed free space optical-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (FSO-OFDM) system compared with conventional schemes such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) under diverse optical channel conditions. Bit error rate (BER) results in Rayleigh fading channels indicate that the proposed method attains a BER of 10 −3  at only 6.2 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), yielding gains of 7.6 dB, 6.2 dB, 5.3 dB, and 3.4 dB over OFDM, FBMC, NOMA, and UFMC, respectively. In Rician fading channels, the same BER is achieved at just 5.4 dB SNR, with improvements of 7.2 dB, 5.8 dB, 4.8 dB, and 3.0 dB compared to the respective schemes. Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) analysis at a complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of 10 −3 shows a value of 10.8 dB for the proposed system, reducing nonlinear distortions and improving amplifier efficiency. Capacity analysis confirms a peak of 300 units at 50 dB SNR, surpassing all competitors. Power spectral density (PSD) results reveal sidelobe suppression beyond −200 dBW/MHz, with significant out-of-band emission reductions. Overall, FSO-OFDM offers superior robustness, spectral efficiency, and throughput for high-capacity optical communication systems.
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A comparative study of dual-tone MWP links based on dual-drive MZM and DPMZM for tackling 3IMDs profile

June 20, 2025

Pulkit Berwal, Sarika Singh

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This paper presents an overlook of different linearization schemes for generating linearized photonic signals of two different microwave photonic links based on dual-drive dual electrode Mach–Zehnder modulator (DE-MZM) and dual parallel MZM (DP-MZM). Linearization techniques used for respective links is mixed polarization and bias stabilization along with phase shifters. In this paper, problem of third order intermodulation distortion (3IMDs) products is taken into account which can deteriorate performance of the link profoundly. 41 dB improvements in suppression of 3IMDs are reported by launching appropriate values of polarization angles in DE-MZM link when compared to conventional non-linearized single MZM link. Also, suppression of 68 dB in powers of 3IMDs is reported for dual parallel configuration of same optical modulator by adjusting values of phase shifters and bias optimization of sub modulators.
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Leveraging machine learning for space division multiplexing performance: a classifier-focused evaluation

June 4, 2025

Hardeep Kaur, Ramandeep Kaur, Rajandeep Singh, Gurpreet Kaur

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This paper explores space division multiplexing as a next-generation solution for optical fiber communication systems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how well machine learning algorithms predict the performance of SDM systems. Using simulations of SDM systems, the study evaluates classifiers such as multilayer perceptron, random forest classifier, logistic regression, naive Bayes, decision tree, and k-nearest neighbors. The performance of the classifiers is measured in terms of accuracy, cross-validation scores, and ROC (area under the curve) (AUC). The findings from dataset 1 show that MLP and KNN reach the maximum accuracy of 93. Though logistic regression has the best cross-validation score of 87, MLP is still chosen due to its superior ROC score of 99. In dataset 2, MLP achieves the maximum accuracy of 84. MLP is favoured because of its higher cross-validation score of 79 obtained using logistic regression, compared to its superior ROC score of 92. Although logistic regression exhibits good cross-validation performance, the study prefers MLP because of its superior accuracy and remarkable ROC-AUC scores in both datasets, indicating its robust classification abilities across a wide range of data distributions.
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Realization of 32 × 4 × 40 Gbps PDM/MDM-FSO system using orbital angular momentum beams

March 11, 2025

Vivek Arya

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A mode division multiplexing (MDM)-based free space optics (FSO) system is considered as a potential contender to offer an ultra-high capacity wireless connection. Also, polarization division multiplexing (PDM) technique is extensively used in an FSO system to tackle the costing issue in the multiservice providers’ scenario. Thus, a PDM/MDM-FSO system using orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams for 128 users is proposed to enhance the spectral efficiency as well system capacity. OAM [0, 0] and OAM [1, 0] modes are operated under the severe climate conditions. The results exhibit that the system offers maximum FSO range of 3,300 m at 32 × 4 × 40 Gbps transmission rate under very clear, light rain, and haze atmospheric conditions. Besides, for acceptable quality factor of value 6, received power of −16 to −13 dBm is obtained for all operating modes and polarization beams under very clear condition over 2,000 m range. It is also seen that maximum beam divergence of 4.3–7 mrad can be sustained with the polarized OAM beams. As compared to existing works, this work indicates best performance in terms of link capacity, spectral efficiency, and data rate.
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A novel approach for routing optimization in 5G optical networks

March 10, 2025

Amit Kumar Garg, Piyush Kulshreshtha

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Optical Networks form the core network of 5G networks. Efficient routing implementation is essential for optimizing the 5G optical core network performance. A new approach to routing is proposed through an RL agent, which is an extended version of the TD3 algorithm with features such as averaging of losses, Prioritized Experience Replay (PER), and annealing of priorities to enhance the trade-off between exploration and exploitation in RL. The approach is validated using experimental evaluation with an OMNeT++ simulator to check the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in optimizing the latency, throughput, and energy in network routing. It significantly outperforms existing agents based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), and State-Action-Rewards-State-Action (SARSA) algorithms. A detailed comparison with the existing algorithms demonstrates that there was a reduction in latency and energy and increase in throughput. The proposed algorithm outperformed DDPG, PPO, and SARSA algorithms, achieving a 76 % reduction in network delays, a 2.6 % reduction in energy consumption, and 1.8 % improvement in throughput and thus contributes to the ongoing efforts of addressing the routing and energy challenges in dynamic 5G Optical networks.
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Data augmentation and simultaneous prediction of optical properties of a porous core single mode fiber: CTGAN in the domain of optics

February 7, 2025

Afiquer Rahman, Md. Aslam Mollah

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Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) architectures have garnered significant interest due to their versatile applications across various fields. However, the complexity of PCF designs and the computational demands of full vectorial finite element method (FV-FEM) simulations pose challenges in fully realizing their potential. While prior research has explored artificial neural networks (ANNs) to accelerate simulation predictions, proposed approaches were often limited by sample size and generalizability. In this manuscript we introduce conditional generative adversarial networks (CTGAN) to augment real datasets, facilitating more effective ANN training. We evaluate CTGAN’s performance by comparing the quality of augmented data with real data and assess the predictive accuracy of ANNs trained on both augmented and real datasets. Our results demonstrate enhanced predictive accuracy, with higher R 2 values for optical property predictions from structural parameters using the augmented dataset-trained ANN. Furthermore, the mean squared error (MSE) during ANN training decreased significantly (from 0.0051 to 0.0011), requiring fewer convergence epochs of only 88 compared to 114 for the real dataset. The proposed approach enables faster optical property predictions while reducing the required dataset generation simulations by up to 27.9 %.
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A revolutionary framework for cloud security: enhancing data protection during transmission and migration over optical networks

May 22, 2025

Divya Mishra, Sanjive Tyagi, Vikas Sharma, Vishwas Mishra

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Data protection during cloud transmission and migration is the focus of this research, which introduces a novel security architecture. This research introduces a multi-layered system that combines advanced encryption techniques, adaptive access control, and continuous security evaluations to address major shortcomings in existing security frameworks. Unlike more conventional methods, this architecture can guarantee that any data stored in the cloud will remain intact, private, and accessible at all times. Our framework significantly enhances the accuracy of threat detection, reaction time, and resource management efficiency, as shown by the comparison study with current models in simulated cloud settings. The findings highlight the system’s capacity to improve operating efficiency while reducing security risks, showing a significant improvement over traditional security procedures. Enhanced scalability and flexibility define this novel method, which is poised to revolutionize cloud data security practices in several sectors and spur more investigation into successful cloud computing security tactics.
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Reflected intensity noise for laser diode to upside down tapered parabolic microlens on the circular core graded index fiber

April 9, 2025

Mithun Maity, Anup Kumar Maiti, Angshuman Majumdar

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The coupling reliability of laser-to-fiber coupling has become a significant concern in optical communication technologies. However, it appears that different categories of misalignment degrade the coupling efficiency (CE) when it comes to fiber-to-lens coupling. Unexpected noise gets generated by the lateral asymmetry because of back-reflection from the fiber endpoint to the laser diode (LD). In this article, we present an easily understood theoretical approach for determining the reflected intensity noise (RIN) when an LD is coupled to a graded index fiber (GIF) with an upside-down tapering parabolic microlens (UDTPML) on the fiber tip. We exhibit the RIN values concerning probable lateral alignment errors. The pertinent ABCD matrix has been applied to derive the relevant CE in the context of lateral misalignment. The findings will provide significant guidance for minimizing such noise in optical fiber couplers, leading to more efficient and reliable optical technology. Further, the study not only meets the current demands of high-speed data transmission but also paves the way for future advancements in optical technology.
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Tunable fiber laser comb based on four wave mixing phenomenon in Brillouin erbium fiber laser cavity

September 26, 2025

Mohammed Kamil Salh Al-Mashhadani, Thamer Fahad Al-Mashhadani, Ibrahim Khalil Sileh, Ali Yaseen Ali, Mohammed K. Awsaj, Hayder G. Fahad

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A tunable fiber laser comb is experimentally demonstrated in linear Brillouin erbium fiber laser (BEFL) cavity with an assistant of four wave mixing (FWM) process. Two nonlinear processes are contributed, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and FWM in this study, to improve the efficiency of the laser cavity. The number of the generated Stokes and anti-Stokes signals is improved to be 120 Single space channels. The recorded Stokes lines cover 9 nm in L-band region of 1,580 nm. Furthermore, the tuning range of the proposed cavity is also improved to 50 nm that covers C- and L-band regions from 1,550 to 1,600 nm. Three parameters are associated to achieve such wide tuning range in the proposed setup: high Brillouin pump (Bp) of 8 dBm, pre-amplification technique for inserting Bp signal, and using wide erbium emission peak in FWM section.
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Proactive congestion-aware burst scheduling (PCABS) technique for contention issues in high-speed transport networks using optical burst switching (OBS)

July 22, 2025

Amit Kumar Garg

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Optical burst switching (OBS) is emerging as a promising approach for the next generation of the optical internet, achieving a balance between the coarse granularity of circuit switching and the finer granularity of packet switching. However, one of the major challenges OBS networks face is burst contention at core nodes, which can lead to a high burst drop probability (BDP) and a decline in quality of service (QoS). The traditional ways to resolve contention, like using fiber delay lines (FDLs) and wavelength conversion, often tend to be reactive, costly, and not very effective. This paper introduces a novel, proactive scheme for dealing with contention, known as Proactive Congestion-Aware Burst Scheduling (PCABS). In this approach, core routers keep checks on their local contention levels and regularly share this information with edge routers. The edge routers then use these data to adjust the timing of outgoing bursts, creating a buffer to help prevent potential contention issues. The PCABS algorithm and its analytical model have been presented a thorough performance assessment conducted using OMNeT++. Simulation results on the NSFNET topology demonstrate that PCABS greatly reduces the network-wide BDP and enhances throughput when compared to standard OBS (FDL). This clearly shows that PCABS is an efficient way to resolve contention in the ever-evolving landscape of OBS environments.
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Performance evaluation of 64-QAM OFDM based FSO transmission for millimeter wave 5G applications

October 17, 2025

Zainab F. Mohammad

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This article presents a simulation architecture to investigate the performance of high dynamic range orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as a modulation technique to transmit the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) basebands signal over free space optics (FSO) for the fifth generation/new radio (5G/NR) signals for millimeter wave (mm-wave) applications that broadcasting at 28 GHz. The evaluation study of this FSO system is carried out using the opti-system software (2024). The combination of FSO and 64QAM-OFDM systems has led to a high data rate at lower cost of wireless networks. The performance of the system has been analysed and compared with different values of the CW laser power, FSO range under different weather condition. Moreover, the FSO channel was modeled using both log-normal and gamma–gamma turbulence distributions. The performance analysis is based on bit error rate (BER),Q-factor, signal to noise ratio (SNR), error vector magnitude (EVM),optical spectrum analyses and cancellation diagram. According to the results obtained, the presented system can be considered as a good candidate for 5G and beyond mobile communication systems.
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Next-generation 4 × 4 × 10 Gbps FSO network with polarization-integrated Laguerre/Hermite–Gaussian modes

August 1, 2025

Vivek Arya, Vivek Pahwa, Rajiv Kumar

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A new method for addressing the increasing needs for bandwidth is mode division multiplexing (MDM). Its use in spatial modes for free-space optical (FSO) communication has produced encouraging outcomes. In order to increase data capacity, this study examines an MDM-FSO system that makes use of Hermite–Gaussian and Laguerre–Gaussian modes, namely HG[0, 0], HG[0, 1], LG[0, 0], and LG[0, 1]. Polarization multiplexing is also taken into consideration to enhance performance even more. According to simulation results, the HG[0, 1] mode allows for a maximum link range of 380–570 m in a variety of weather scenarios, including light fog, rain, mist, dry snow, and weak turbulence. It is noteworthy that the LG[0, 0] mode outperforms LG[0, 1] and HG[0, 1] at 160 Gbps data speeds. Under the gamma–gamma channel model, the system maintains a maximum spot size of 5–10.7 µm under various environmental circumstances. Additionally, it can accommodate a maximum divergence angle of less than 0.5 mrad in strong turbulence and 3 mrad in weak turbulence. The suggested MDM-FSO design is a viable contender for next-generation optical wireless communication systems because to its improved spectrum efficiency, high-speed data transmission, and increased capacity when compared to current FSO systems.

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CiteScore	6.9	2024, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.21	2024, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	1.219	2024, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2025; Data Source: Scopus)

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Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Ralf Th. Kersten; Grenzhammer 10, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; Ralf.Kersten@neuroConn.de

Editorial Board
Dr. Ishwar Aggarwal; Naval Research Laboratory; Washington, DC, U.S.A.; ish.aggarwal@nrl.navy.mil
Prof. Dr. Rui Almeida; INESC, Lisboa, Portugal; rui.almeida@ist.utl.pt
Prof. Dr. Markus-Christian Amann; TU München, Garching, Germany; Mcamann@wsi.tum.de
Dr. Massimo Artiglia; Consorzio Ricerche Elaborazione Commutazione Ottica Milano (CORECOM); R&D Optical Fiber; Milano, Italy; massimo.artiglia@pirelli.com
Prof. Dr. John Ballato; Clemson University School of Materials; Science Engineering; Anderson, SC, U. S. A.; jballat@clemson.edu
Prof. Dr. Jaafar M. H. Elmirghanil; School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds; Great Britain; J.M.H.Elmirghani@swansea.ac.uk
Dr. Rainer Fechner; Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Stuttgart; Germany
Prof. Dr. Kazuo Hotate; The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; hotate@sagnac.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Dr. Hiroo Kanamori; Optical Communications R&D Laboratories; Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.; Yokohama, Japan; kanamori-hiroo@sei.co.jp
Dr. Kurt Lösch; Bell Labs Germany, Alcatel-Lucent Deutschland GmbH, Stuttgart; Germany; kurt.loesch@alcatel-lucent.de
Prof. Bishnu P. Pal; Professor and Head of Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi, India; bppal@physics.iitd.ernet.in
Dr. Michel Papuchon; TCO Thomson CSF; Guyancourt, France; michel.papuchon@tco.thomson-csf.com
Prof. Dr. Thomas Pearsall; European Photonics Industry Consortiu (EPIC); Paris, France; pearsall@epic-assoc.com
Prof. Dr. Ning Hua Zhu; Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, China; nhzhu@semi.ac.cn

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Online Submission of Manuscripts

Journal information

Additional information

eISSN:

2191-6322

ISSN:

0173-4911

Language:

English

Publisher:

De Gruyter

Additional information

First published:

January 1, 1980

Publication Frequency:

4 issues per year

eISSN: 2191-6322

ISSN: 0173-4911

Audience(s) for this journal

Researchers and practitioners interested in all aspects of optical communications

Safety & product resources

Manufacturer information:
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Genthiner Straße 13
10785 Berlin
productsafety@degruyterbrill.com

Journal of Optical Communications

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