An hybrid approach to MANET routing: leveraging optical networks and next-gen innovations
-
Vikas Sharma
,
Pritibha Sukhroop
Abstract
The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies and the growing demand for high-speed, low-latency, and reliable networks have introduced a new paradigm for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). As mobile devices become more integrated into everyday life, MANETs are expected to provide versatile, efficient, and scalable communication solutions for a wide range of applications, from smart cities to emergency response systems. The introduction of next-generation (next-gen) technologies, such as optical networks, presents an exciting opportunity to enhance MANET routing protocols. Optical networks, known for their high-speed, low-latency, and large bandwidth capabilities, can significantly improve the performance of MANETs. This paper explores the integration of optical networks into MANET routing protocols, examining the role of optical technologies, the benefits and challenges of such integration, and the implications for future developments in MANETs.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to all my co author for the support.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: We all are fully responsible for this paper.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
1. Al-Muhtadi, J. Mobile ad-hoc networks: concepts and protocols. Wiley-IEEE Press; 2019.Search in Google Scholar
2. Akyildiz, IF, Wang, X. Wireless mesh networks: a survey. Comput Netw 2005;49:361–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2005.01.005.Search in Google Scholar
3. Basagni, S, Chlamtac, I. Mobile ad hoc networking: protocols and applications. Wiley-Interscience; 2007.Search in Google Scholar
4. Bellini, P, Yanikomeroglu, H. A survey on hybrid wireless-optical networks. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 2011;13:508–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2011.081311.00017.Search in Google Scholar
5. Chlamtac, I, Conti, M, Liu, J. Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges. Ad Hoc Netw 2003;1:13–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-8705(03)00006-7.Search in Google Scholar
6. Gupta, A, Katti, S. Integration of optical networks in wireless ad hoc networks. J Opt Commun Netw 2020;12:121–35. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.12.000121.Search in Google Scholar
7. Hartenstein, H, Laberteaux, K. VANET: vehicular applications and inter-networking technologies. Wiley-IEEE Press; 2008.10.1002/9780470740637Search in Google Scholar
8. Javed, MA, Latif, S. Integration of optical networks with wireless networks: a survey. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2017;8:65–72.Search in Google Scholar
9. Jiang, H, Yuen, C. Hybrid optical-wireless ad hoc networks: a survey of routing protocols. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 2010;12:403–13. https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2010.021710.00040.Search in Google Scholar
10. Karaki, MS, Awadallah, MA. Integration of optical technologies into mobile ad-hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on optical communications and networks (ICOCN); 2012:1–6 pp.Search in Google Scholar
11. Kharma, N, Gélinas, R. The role of optical networks in enhancing the performance of MANETs. J Opt Netw 2015;14:710–23. https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.14.000710.Search in Google Scholar
12. Liu, Z, Guo, S. Performance analysis of hybrid optical and wireless networks. IEEE Trans Commun 2019;67:2520–32. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2018.2906540.Search in Google Scholar
13. Matin, MA, Misra, S. Routing protocols in wireless networks. Springer; 2017.Search in Google Scholar
14. Naderi, M, Taheri, A. Analysis of hybrid optical-wireless networks in MANETs. J Netw Comput Appl 2016;65:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2016.02.005.Search in Google Scholar
15. Noe, M, Ruiz, P. Optical networks: from hardware to protocol development. J Opt Commun Netw 2013;5:163–72. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.5.000163.Search in Google Scholar
16. Ozdemir, M, Akyildiz, IF. Integration of optical networks into wireless networks for seamless connectivity. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 2012;11:1532–44. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2012.030912.110739.Search in Google Scholar
17. Rahman, MM, Ahmed, K. Optical wireless technologies in MANETs: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Access 2016;4:1778–97. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2552112.Search in Google Scholar
18. Soni, A, Singh, A. Hybrid optical-wireless ad hoc networks: a review of routing protocols and performance analysis. Wirel Netw 2021;27:4561–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02608-0.Search in Google Scholar
19. Stojmenovic, I, Lin, X. Wireless sensor and actuator networks: algorithms and protocols. Springer Science & Business Media; 2010.Search in Google Scholar
20. Sharma, N, Khan, ZA. Optical networking and its integration with wireless technologies. Int J Comput Appl 2016;144:23–8.Search in Google Scholar
21. Yeo, H, Kim, J. Integration of optical communication technologies in mobile ad-hoc networks. IEEE Trans Opt Commun 2014;16:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOCN.2014.2325375.Search in Google Scholar
22. Yang, S, Xu, M. A comprehensive survey of routing protocols for MANETs: optical network integration. J Commun Netw 2020;22:481–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/JCN.2020.000053.Search in Google Scholar
23. Zhang, S, Yang, L. The convergence of optical and wireless technologies for future MANETs. IEEE Wireless Commun 2015;22:56–64. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2015.7336866.Search in Google Scholar
24. Zhai, L, Fan, W. Efficient optical routing protocols for hybrid MANETs. In: Proceedings of the 2017 international symposium on optical network design and modeling (ONDM); 2017:1–4 pp.Search in Google Scholar
25. Zhang, X, Zhang, W. Optical networks for MANETs: current state and future perspectives. Int J Electron Commun 2020;74:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.05.015.Search in Google Scholar
26. Qian, Y, Liu, Z. A survey of optical network integration in ad-hoc networks. Int J Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput 2018;27:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAHUC.2018.091854.Search in Google Scholar
27. Talukder, A, Hossain, MA. Optical-wireless hybrid networks for high-speed communication: challenges and opportunities. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 2019 international conference on wireless and mobile computing, networking and communications (WiMob); 2019:154–61 pp.Search in Google Scholar
28. Yassine, A, Ghosh, A. Advancements in optical network integration in mobile ad-hoc networks. IEEE Trans Netw Service Manag 2020;17:1236–49. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2020.3015431.Search in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
