Maximizing constructive interference based on orthogonality and diversity in MISO-VLC systems using FSTD-MRC algorithms
-
Mountadher Essa
and
Adnan Sabbar
Abstract
Spatial diversity in Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems serves as a robust technique for enhancing system performance by utilizing multiple light sources at the transmitter. Meanwhile, the concept of transmitting data orthogonally is employed to facilitate the separation of overlapping optical signals at the photodetector. Therefore, this paper presents a modification for the Frequency Switching Transmit Diversity (FSTD) technique to achieve a higher diversity order while preserving its orthogonality property. As a result of the increased diversity order, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) technology is suggested at the receiver to effectively combine received signals; this technique maximizes constructive interference while minimizing the impact of signals degraded by attenuation and obstructions. Additionally, MRC mitigates the effects of unwanted radiation, such as sunlight and ambient light. On this basis, the results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieved a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 3.4×10−5 at a transmission distance of 40 m with a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of 5 dB. In comparison, the conventional FSTD technique recorded a BER of 1×10−3 under the same conditions. These findings highlight the superiority of the proposed approach in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of VLC systems, effectively mitigating the impact of optical channel blockages.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.
References
1. Tang, P, Yin, Y, Tong, Y, Liu, S, Li, L, Jiang, T, et al.. Channel characterization and modeling for vlc-ioe applications in 6g: a survey. IEEE Internet Things J 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3430326.Search in Google Scholar
2. Wang, Y, Chen, H, Jiang, W, Li, X, Chen, X, Meng, X, et al.. Optical encryption for visible light communication based on temporal ghost imaging with a micro-led. Opt Laser Eng 2020;134:106290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2020.106290.Search in Google Scholar
3. Chen, X, Jin, M, Lin, R, Zhou, G, Cui, X, Tian, P. Visible light communication based on computational temporal ghost imaging and micro-led-based detector. Opt Laser Eng 2022;152:106956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2022.106956.Search in Google Scholar
4. Singh, A, Anwar, DN, Srivastava, A, Bohara, VA, Rao, GSVRK. Power and ser analysis of vlc-and rf-based links in indoor environment. In: Proc. SPIE 10945, Broadband Access Communication Technologies XIII. SPIE, USA: 2019, vol 109450R:160–8 pp.10.1117/12.2508695Search in Google Scholar
5. Morales Céspedes, M, Guzmán, BG, Jiménez, VPG. Lights and shadows: a comprehensive survey on cooperative and precoding schemes to overcome los blockage and interference in indoor vlc. Sensors 2021;21:861. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030861.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
6. Morales Céspedes, M, Guzmán, BG, Gil Jiménez, VP, Armada, AG. Aligning the light for vehicular visible light communications: high data rate and low-latency vehicular visible light communications implementing blind interference alignment. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 2023;18:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2022.3228389.Search in Google Scholar
7. Yang, Y, Jiao, L, Zhu, Y, He, F, Zhang, J, Liu, Q, et al.. Performance of underwater wireless optical communication using bessel beams and acousto-optic modulator. Opt Laser Eng 2025;184:108596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108596.Search in Google Scholar
8. Qian, L, Zhao, L, Huang, N, Chaaban, A, Xu, Z. Security enhancement by intelligent reflecting surfaces for visible light communications. Opt Commun 2024;570:130851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2024.130851.Search in Google Scholar
9. Ahmed, GAA-S, Morales-Céspedes, M. Interference management for vlc indoor systems based on overlapping field-of-view angle diversity receivers. IEEE Access 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3381968.Search in Google Scholar
10. Dwivedy, P, Dixit, V, Kumar, A. On the performance of ook/l-ppm modulated noma cooperative vlc system with diversity combining techniques under imperfect csi scenario. IEEE Sens J 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3435041.Search in Google Scholar
11. Ibrahim, HS, Abaza, M, Ali, M, Alfalou, A. Diversity combining and power allocation techniques for noma-mimo-vlc systems. Procedia Comput Sci 2024;246:4683–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.09.333.Search in Google Scholar
12. Zhang, W, Wang, L, Wu, X, Fei, L, Han, P, Wen, K, et al.. Performance evaluation of maximum ratio combining diversity technology and traditional system based on comprehensive noise analysis in underwater wireless optical communication. Photonics 2023;10:1388.10.3390/photonics10121388Search in Google Scholar
13. Jiaqi, W, Chen, G, Huang, N, Xu, Z. Channel modeling and signal processing for array-based visible light communication system under link misalignment. IEEE Photon J 2022;14:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3158893.Search in Google Scholar
14. Mohammadi Kouhini, S, Hohmann, J, Mana, SM, Hellwig, P, Schulz, D, Paraskevopoulos, A, et al.. All-optical distributed mimo for lifi: spatial diversity versus spatial multiplexing. IEEE Access 2022;10:102646–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3207475.Search in Google Scholar
15. Siavash, MA. A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications. IEEE J Sel Area Commun 1998;16:1451–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/49.730453.Search in Google Scholar
16. Al-Hamiri, MG, Abd, HJ. Enhancing the performance of lifi communication with ostbc, qam, and ofdm: high-capacity, low-complexity transceiver design. Results in Opt 2024;16:100675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2024.100675.Search in Google Scholar
17. Qiao, L, Liang, S, Lu, X, Chi, N. Constellation design by high/low order bit interleaving in the miso visible light communication system. Opt Commun 2019;430:278–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.08.060.Search in Google Scholar
18. Chen, M, Lu, H, Chen, D, Jin, J, Wang, J. An efficient mimo–ofdm vlc system of combining space time block coding with orthogonal circulant matrix transform precoding. Opt Commun 2020;473:125993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125993.Search in Google Scholar
19. Al-Hamiri, MG, Abd, HJ. Design and performance evaluation of a hybrid lifi transceiver using ostbc-based spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity. e-Prime-Adv Electr Eng, Electronics and Energy 2023;6:100283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2023.100283.Search in Google Scholar
20. Alejandra Romero-Munoz, G, Kim, K, Lee, K, Lee, K. Performance analysis of sfbc-fstd in multiple-input single-output-vlc systems with co-channel interference. IET Optoelectron 2018;12:106–13. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2017.0036.Search in Google Scholar
21. Alejandra Romero-Munoz, G, Lee, K. Performance enhancement using decentralised cooperative transmission in an miso-vlc system. IET Optoelectron 2020;14:30–6. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2019.0012.Search in Google Scholar
22. Paul Babalola, O, Balyan, V. Dimmable constant weight polar-coded non-orthogonal multiple access with orthogonal space-time block coding visible light communication systems. IET Commun 2024;18:1071–8. https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12815.Search in Google Scholar
23. Elsayed, EE, Hayal, MR, Nurhidayat, I, Shah, MA, Elfikky, A, Boghdady, AI, et al.. Coding techniques for diversity enhancement of dense wavelength division multiplexing mimo-fso fault protection protocols systems over atmospheric turbulence channels. IET Optoelectron 2024;18:11–31. https://doi.org/10.1049/ote2.12111.Search in Google Scholar
24. Jean, A. Ofdm for optical communications. J Lightwave Technol 2009;27:189–204. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2008.2010061.Search in Google Scholar
25. Amiri, IS, Rashed, ANZ. Signal processing criteria based on electro-optic filters for fiber optic access transceiver systems. J Opt Commun 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2019-0116.Search in Google Scholar
26. Cartledge, JC, Rolland, C, Lemerle, S, Solheim, A. Theoretical performance of 10 gb/s lightwave systems using a iii-v semiconductor mach-zehnder modulator. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2002;6:282–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/68.275451.Search in Google Scholar
27. Cartledge, JC. Performance of 10 gb/s lightwave systems based on lithium niobate mach-zehnder modulators with asymmetric y-branch waveguides. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2002;7:1090–2. https://doi.org/10.1109/68.414712.Search in Google Scholar
28. Richard Ndjiongue, A, Ferreira, HC, Ngatched, TMN. Visible light communications (vlc) technology. Wiley Encyclo Electr Electron Eng 1999:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/047134608X.W8267.Search in Google Scholar
29. Komine, T, Nakagawa, M. Fundamental analysis for visible-light communication system using led lights. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 2004;50:100–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2004.1277847.Search in Google Scholar
30. Ndjiongue, AR, Ngatched, TMN, Ferreira, HC. On the indoor vlc link evaluation based on the rician k-factor. IEEE Commun Lett 2018;22:2254–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2867777.Search in Google Scholar
31. Zhu, S, Ghazaany, TS, Jones, SMR, Abd-Alhameed, RA, Noras, JM, Tyler, VB, et al.. Probability distribution of rician k-factor in urban, suburban and rural areas using real-world captured data. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag 2014;62:3835–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.2318072.Search in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
