Home High speed data rate multi ultra-low loss core pure silica fibers with maximum potential capacity based on high Raman amplifier bandwidth
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

High speed data rate multi ultra-low loss core pure silica fibers with maximum potential capacity based on high Raman amplifier bandwidth

  • Natarajan Meenakshisundaram EMAIL logo , Manimaraboopathy Maruthu Pandian , Arulraj Simon Prabu , Balaji Sambandam Ramachandran , Vasudhevan Veeraragavan , Patan Saleem Akram and Ahmed Ali Zahran EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 23, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

This paper has indicated the high speed data rate multi ultra-low loss core pure silica fibers with maximum potential capacity based on high Raman amplifier bandwidth. Standard single mode fibers and ultra-low loss pure silica core fibers are used as a fiber link. Different laser diode spectral line width is demonstrated. The total fiber per link and per channel capacity is measured through the use of optical Raman amplification. The optical signal per noise ratio is tested per fiber link and per core. The used fiber losses and dispersion are clarified. The repeater spacing is also measured through the use of all optical fiber Raman amplifiers. Overall the fiber system capacity product per link and per channel is clarified. The signal per noise ratios and bit error rates are demonstrated through the receiver system.


Corresponding authors: Natarajan Meenakshisundaram, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: ; and Ahmed Ali Zahran, Zagzig Institute of Engineering and Technology, Zagazig, Egypt, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: Not applicable.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

1. Morioka, T, Awaji, Y, Matsushima, Y, Kamiya, T. R&D of 3M technologies towards the realization of exabit/s optical communications. IEICE Trans Commun 2017;E100.B:1707–15.10.1587/transcom.2016PFI0018Search in Google Scholar

2. Kawaguchi, Y, Tamura, Y, Haruna, T, Yamamoto, Y, Hirano, M. Ultra low-loss pure silica core fiber. SEI Tech Rev 2015;80:51–5.Search in Google Scholar

3. Born, M, Wolf, E, Glode, D, Smith, PW, Bisbee, DL, Chinock, EL. Optical fibre end preparation for low-loss splices. Bell Sys Tech J 1973;52:1579–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1973.tb02034.x.Search in Google Scholar

4. Haibara, T, Matsumoto, M, Miyauchi, M. Design and development of an automatic cutting tool for optical fibres. IEEE/OSA JLT 1986;LT-4:1434–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.1986.1074902.Search in Google Scholar

5. Hogari, K, Nagase, R, Takamizawa, K. Optical connector technologies for optical access networks. IEICE Trans Electron 2010;E93-C:1172–9. https://doi.org/10.1587/transele.e93.c.1172.Search in Google Scholar

6. Kihara, M, Nagasawa, S, Tanifuji, T. Temperature dependence of return loss for optical fiber connectors with refractive index-matching material. IEEE Photon Tech Lett 1995;7:795–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/68.393209.Search in Google Scholar

7. Kihara, M, Nagasawa, S, Tanifuji, T. Return loss characteristics of optical fiber connectors. J Lightwave Technol 1996;14:1986–91. https://doi.org/10.1109/50.536966.Search in Google Scholar

8. Marcuse, D. Loss analysis of optical fiber splice. Bell Sys Tech J 1976;56:703–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1977.tb00534.x.Search in Google Scholar

9. Satake, T, Nagasawa, S, Arioka, R. A new type of a demountable plastic moldedsingle mode multifiber connector. IEEE J Lightwave Technol 1986;LT-4:1232–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.1986.1074860.Search in Google Scholar

10. Sugita, E, Nagase, R, Kanayama, K, Shintaku, T. SC-type single-mode optical fiber connectors. IEEE/OSA J Lightwave Technol 1989;7:1689–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/50.45890.Search in Google Scholar

11. Nandwalkar, JR, Pete, DJ. Furtherance in splicing technique of optical fiber communication. Int J Eng Adv Technol 2020;9:3605–9. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.c6208.029320.Search in Google Scholar

12. Snell, G. An introduction of fiber optics and broadcasting. SMPTE J 1996;105:1–7. https://doi.org/10.5594/J15850.Search in Google Scholar

13. Gurkaynak, IA, Al-Mashhadani, MKS, Ali, MH, Al-Mashhadani, TF, Gunduz, AE, Yucel, M, et al.. Widely flatness gain bandwidth with double pass parallel hybrid fiber amplifier. Opt Quant Electron 2021;359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03021-8.Search in Google Scholar

14. Bachmann, PK, Hermann, W, Wehr, H, Wiechert, DU. Stress in optical waveguides. 2: fibers. Appl Opt 1987;26:1175–82. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.001175.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Scherer, GW, Cooper, AR. Thermal stresses in clad-glass fibers. J Am Ceram Soc 1980;63:346–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1980.tb10739.x.Search in Google Scholar

16. Kihara, M, Tomita, S, Haibara, T. Influence of wavelength and temperature changes on optical performance of fiber connections with small gap. IEEE Photon Tech Lett 2006;18:2120–2. https://doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2006.883256.Search in Google Scholar

17. Li, MJ, Chen, X, Nolan, DA. Effects of residual stress on polarization mode dispersion of fibers made with different types of spinning. Opt Lett 2004;29:448–56. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.29.000448.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Ramkumar, G, Rajasekaran, V, Sivaraman, D, Arumugam, S, Dwaraka Praveena, H, Prathima, S, et al.. Comparative analysis of high index core micro structured optical fibers (HIMSOF) and hollow core band gap fibers (HCBGF) performance efficiency in fiber communication system. J Opt Commun 2024;45:102–15. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2024-0085.Search in Google Scholar

19. Mallinder, FP, Proctor, BA. Elastic constants of fused silica as a function of large tensile strain. Phys Chem Glasses 1964;5:91–103.Search in Google Scholar

20. Gopalan, A, Thillaigovindan, A, Mohan Patnala, P, Mary Lesley, H, Sundaram, M, Srinivasan, V, et al.. High speed operation efficiency of doped light sources with the silica-doped fiber channel for extended optical fiber system reach. J Opt Commun 2024;45:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2024-0130.Search in Google Scholar

21. Krause, JT, Testardi, LR, Thurston, RN. Deviations from linearity in the dependence of elongation upon force for fibers of simple glass formers and of glass optical lightguides. Phys Chem Glasses 1979;20:135–9.Search in Google Scholar

22. Horiguchi, T, Kurashima, T, Tateda, M, Ishihara, K, Wakui, Y. Brillouin characterization of fiber strain in bent slot-type optical-fiber cables. J Lightwave Technol 1992;10:1196–201. https://doi.org/10.1109/50.156868.Search in Google Scholar

23. Hagan, JT. Cone cracks around vickers indentations in fused silica glass. J Mater Sci 1979;14:462–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00589840.Search in Google Scholar

24. Govindaraj, R, Ferlin Deva, S, Vanitha, L, Prabhu, C, Vivek, C, Parimala, A, et al.. Total losses and dispersion effects management and upgrading fiber reach in ultra-high optical transmission system based on hybrid amplification system. J Opt Commun 2024;45:133–46.Search in Google Scholar

25. Keck, DB, Morrow, AJ, Nolan, DA, Thompson, DA. Passive components in the subscriber loop. J Lightwave Technol 1989;7:1623–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/50.45881.Search in Google Scholar

26. Kumar, C, Goyal, R. L-band flat-gain Raman with erbium-doped fluoride hybrid optical amplifier for superdense wavelength division multiplexing system. J Russ Laser Res 2018;39:263–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10946-018-9716-2.Search in Google Scholar

27. Obaid, HM, Shahid, H. Novel flat-gain L-band Raman/Er-Yb co-doped fiber hybrid optical amplifier for high capacity DWDM system. Optik 2018;175:284–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.09.015.Search in Google Scholar

28. Ravikanth, J, Shah, D, Vijaya, R, Singh, BP, Shevgaonkar, R. Analysis of high-power EDFA operating in saturated regime at λ= 1530 nm and its performance evaluation in DWDM systems. Microw Opt Technol Lett 2002;32:64–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.10092.Search in Google Scholar

29. Tiwari, BB, Prakash, V, Tripathi, V, Malaviya, N. Nonlinear effects in optical fiber transmission system. IETE Tech Rev 1999;16:461–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.1999.11416866.Search in Google Scholar

30. Chung, H, Han, J, Chang, S, Kim, K. A Raman plus linear optical amplifier as an inline amplifier in a long-haul transmission of 16 channels× 10 Gbit/s over single-mode fiber of 1040 km. Opt Commun 2005;244:141–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2004.09.014.Search in Google Scholar

31. Girela-Lopez, F, Ros, E, Diaz, J. Precise network time monitoring: picosecond-level packet timestamping for Fintech networks. IEEE Access 2021;9:40274–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3064987.Search in Google Scholar

32. Lee, JH, Chang, YM, Han, YG, Chung, H, Kim, SH, Lee, SB. A detailed experimental study on single-pump Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifiers: static, dynamic, and system performance comparison. J Lightwave Technol 2005;23:3484. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2005.857773.Search in Google Scholar

33. Pepe, Y, Erdem, M, Sennaroglu, A, Eryurek, G. Enhanced gain bandwidth of Tm3+ and Er3+ doped tellurite glasses for broadband optical amplifier. J Non-Cryst Solids 2019;522:119501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119501.Search in Google Scholar

34. Sakamoto, T, Aozasa, S-I, Yamada, M, Shimizu, M. Hybrid fiber amplifiers consisting of cascaded TDFA and EDFA for WDM signals. J Lightwave Technol 2006;24:2287. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2005.863243.Search in Google Scholar

35. Inderpreet, K, Neena, G. Increasing the amplification bandwidth of erbium doped fiber amplifiers by using a cascaded Raman-EDFA configuration. Photonics 2008;2008:284.Search in Google Scholar

36. Yuan, J-G, Liang, T-Y, Wang, W, Gu, S. Impact analysis on performance optimization of the hybrid amplifier (RA + EDFA). Optik 2011;122:1565–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.06.054.Search in Google Scholar

37. Mu, K, Zhao, Z, Wang, Z, Shang, J, Yu, S, Qiao, Y. Raman/EDFA hybrid bidirectional amplifier for fiber-optic time and frequency synchronization. Opt Express 2021;29:6356–67. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.414499.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Singh, K, Kaur, G, Singla, SK, Kaur, P. Enhanced gain in S + C band utilizing TDFA-FRA hybrid amplifier in cascaded and parallel configurations at reduced channel spacings for DWDM systems. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 2018;20:27–32.Search in Google Scholar

39. Singh, S, Kaler, R. Novel optical flat-gain hybrid amplifier for dense wavelength division multiplexed system. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2013;26:173–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2013.2291035.Search in Google Scholar

40. Kumar, G, Kumar, C. Performance analysis of different rating of pumping for thulium doped hybrid optical amplifier for SD-WDM system. J Opt Commun 2022;43:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2022-0284.Search in Google Scholar

41. Singh, A, Sharma, AK, Kamal, T. Investigation on modified fwm suppression methods in DWDM optical communication system. Opt Commun 2009;282:392–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2008.10.014.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2025-04-03
Accepted: 2025-04-27
Published Online: 2025-05-23

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 8.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/joc-2025-0116/pdf
Scroll to top button