Volume 38, Issue 4 -

This paper evaluates the performance of differential phase shift keying (DPSK) optical system based on Raman–erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) hybrid optical amplifier (HOA) is obtained at 64×20 Gbps with 0.1 THz channel spacing. A DPSK signal with bit rate of 20 Gbps is transmitted up to 210 km at 0 dBm signal input power and up to 166 km at –10 dBm signal input power with acceptable quality factor and bit error rate (BER). It is also found that the transmission distance up to 264 km has been covered at 10 dBm signal input power using Raman–EDFA HOA.

In this paper, the domain inversion is used in a simple fashion to improve the performance of a Z-cut highly integrated LiNbO 3 optical modulator (LNOM). The Z-cut modulator having ≤3V$ \le 3 \;{\rm{V}}$ switching voltage and bandwidth of 15GHz$15 \;{\rm{GHz}}$ for an external modulator in which traveling-wave electrode length Lm${L_{\rm{m}}}$ imposed the modulating voltage, the product of Vπ${V_\pi}$ and Lm${L_{\rm{m}}}$ is fixed for a given electro-optic material (EOM). An investigation to achieve a low Vπ${V_\pi}$ by both magnitude of the electro-optic coefficient (EOC) for a wide variety of EOMs has been reported. The Sellmeier equation (SE) for the extraordinary index of congruent LiNbO 3 is derived. The predictions related to phase matching are accurate between room temperature and 250 °C and wavelength ranging from 0.4 to 5 μm. The SE predicts more accurate refractive indices (RI) at long wavelengths. The different overlaps between the waveguides for the Z-cut structure are shown to yield a chirp parameter that can able to adjust 0–0.7. Theoretical results are perfectly verified by simulated results.

We report the theoretical investigation of the coupling optics involving laser diode to single-mode circular core parabolic index fiber via upside down tapered hemispherical microlens on the tip of the fiber in the presence of possible transverse and angular mismatches. Using the relevant ABCD matrix for such tapered hemispherical microlens, we formulate analytical expressions for the coupling efficiencies in the presence of the said two mismatches. Further, the transmitted spot size of the source via the hemispherical lens and the tapered region should match with the spot size of the fiber for obtaining maximum coupling. The investigations have been made for two practical wavelengths, namely 1.3 and 1.5 μm in order to find the tolerance of this coupling device with respect to the said kinds of mismatches at the concerned wavelengths. Although our simple method predicts the concerned coupling optics excellently, the evaluation of the concerned efficiencies and associated losses involve little computations. Thus this user-friendly technique and also the results found thereof will benefit the designers and packagers who are working in the field of optical technology.

A novel technique to generate an arbitrary chirped waveform by harnessing features of lithium niobate LiNbO3$\left({{\rm{LiNb}}{{\rm{O}}_3}} \right){\rm{}}$ Mach–Zehnder modulator is proposed and demonstrated. The most important application of chirped microwave waveform is that, it improves the range resolution of radar. Microwave photonics system provides high bandwidth capabilities of fiber-optic systems and also contains the ability to provide interconnect transmission properties, which are virtually independent of length. The low-loss wide bandwidth capability of optoelectronic systems makes them attractive for the transmission and processing of microwave signals, while the development of high-capacity optical communication systems has required the use of microwave techniques in optical transmitters and receivers. These two strands have led to the development of the research area of microwave photonics. So, it should be consider that microwave photonics as the field that studies the interaction between microwave and optical waves for applications such as communications, radars, sensors and instrumentations. In this paper, we have thoroughly reviewed the arbitrary chirped microwave generation techniques by using photonics technology.

WDM (wavelength-division multiplexing)/TDM (time-division multiplexing) PON (passive optical network) is being viewed as a promising solution for delivering multiple services and applications, such as high-definition video, video conference and data traffic. Considering the real-time transmission, QoS (quality of services) requirements and differentiated services model, a multi-granularity dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) in both domains of wavelengths and time for large-scale hybrid WDM/TDM PON is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme achieves load balance by using the bandwidth prediction. Based on the bandwidth prediction, the wavelength assignment can be realized fairly and effectively to satisfy the different demands of various classes. Specially, the allocation of residual bandwidth further augments the DBA and makes full use of bandwidth resources in the network. To further improve the network performance, two schemes named extending the cycle of one free wavelength (ECoFW) and large bandwidth shrinkage (LBS) are proposed, which can prevent transmission from interruption when the user employs more than one wavelength. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

An optical overlaid star network is a class of agile all-photonic networks that consists of one or more core node(s) at the center of the star network and a number of edge nodes around the core node. In this architecture, a core node may use a scheduling algorithm for transmission of traffic through the network. A core node is responsible for scheduling optical packets that arrive from edge nodes and switching them toward their destinations. Nowadays, most edge nodes use virtual output queue (VOQ) architecture for buffering client packets to achieve high throughput. This paper presents two efficient scheduling algorithms called discretionary iterative matching (DIM) and adaptive DIM. These schedulers find maximum matching in a small number of iterations and provide high throughput and incur low delay. The number of arbiters in these schedulers and the number of messages exchanged between inputs and outputs of a core node are reduced. We show that DIM and adaptive DIM can provide better performance in comparison with iterative round-robin matching with SLIP (iSLIP). SLIP means the act of sliding for a short distance to select one of the requested connections based on the scheduling algorithm.

The recently proposed flexible optical network can provide more efficient accommodation of multiple data rates than the current wavelength-routed optical networks. Meanwhile, the energy efficiency has also been a hot topic because of the serious energy consumption problem. In this paper, the energy efficiency problem of flexible optical networks with physical-layer impairments constraint is studied. We propose a combined impairment-aware and energy-efficient routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) algorithm based on the link availability, in which the impact of power consumption minimization on signal quality is considered. By applying the proposed algorithm, the connection requests are established on a subset of network topology, reducing the number of transitions from sleep to active state. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can improve the energy efficiency and spectrum resources utilization with the acceptable blocking probability and average delay.

A routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) technique for supporting multipath traffic in optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) mesh network is proposed in this paper. The network can be preceded by accomplishing two processes: one is establishing connection node and the second one is identifying the multipath and assigning wavelength. The connection node is selected based on the load and current traffic-carrying capacity of that node. During wavelength allocation mechanism, cost function is considered as the major criterion. Based on the cost involved in every path, the wavelengths are selected such that wavelength with the minimum cost is allocated to that particular path. This technique efficiently allocates the wavelength to the selected multiple paths and the traffic is routed to the destination using multiple paths with wavelength allocation. For simulation, NS2 simulator is used by applying the optical WDM network simulator patch. The proposed multipath RWA technique is compared with the existing RWA technique. We achieved a throughput of 12,625 packets for ten numbers of wavelengths. But the existing approach achieved a throughput of 10,189 packets only for the same numbers of wavelengths. Channel utilization is more, and delay is less compared with the existing technique. Hence, the proposed method is very efficient, since the router effectively routes the traffic within the network.

The optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising technology that could meet the fast growing network demand. They are featured with the ability to meet the bandwidth requirement of applications that demand intensive bandwidth. OBS proves to be a satisfactory technology to tackle the huge bandwidth constraints, but suffers from security vulnerabilities. The objective of this proposed work is to design a faster and efficient burst header authentication algorithm for core nodes. There are two important key features in this work, viz., header encryption and authentication. Since the burst header is an important in optical burst switched network, it has to be encrypted; otherwise it is be prone to attack. The proposed MD5&RC4-4S based burst header authentication algorithm runs 20.75 ns faster than the conventional algorithms. The modification suggested in the proposed RC4-4S algorithm gives a better security and solves the correlation problems between the publicly known outputs during key generation phase. The modified MD5 recommended in this work provides 7.81 % better avalanche effect than the conventional algorithm. The device utilization result also shows the suitability of the proposed algorithm for header authentication in real time applications.

Optical fibres have been developed as a transmission medium to carry traffic in order to provide various services in telecommunications platform. Failure of this fibre caused loss of data which can interrupt communication services. This paper has been focused only on survivable schemes in order to guarantee both protection and restoration in WDM optical networks. In this paper, a dynamic resilience approach has been proposed whose objective is to route the flows in a way which minimizes the total amount of bandwidth used for working and protection paths. In the proposed approach, path-based protection is utilized because it yields lower overhead and is also suitable for global optimization where, in case of a single link failure, all the flows utilizing the failed link are re-routed to a pre-computed set of paths. The simulation results demonstrate that proposed approach is much more efficient as it provides better quality of services (QoS) in terms of network resource utilization, blocking probability etc. as compared to conventional protection and restoration schemes. The proposed approach seems to offer an attractive combination of features, with both ring like speed and mesh-like efficiency.

An analytical approach is presented for an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system over free space optical (FSO) channel considering the effect of pointing error between the transmitter and the receiver. Analysis is carried out with an optical sequence inverse keying (SIK) correlator receiver with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) to find the bit error rate (BER) with pointing error. The results are evaluated numerically in terms of signal-to-noise plus multi-access interference (MAI) ratio, BER and power penalty due to pointing error. It is noticed that the OCDMA FSO system is highly affected by pointing error with significant power penalty at a BER of 10 −6 and 10 −9 . For example, penalty at BER 10 −9 is found to be 9 dB corresponding to normalized pointing error of 1.4 for 16 users with processing gain of 256 and is reduced to 6.9 dB when the processing gain is increased to 1,024.

An optical receiver front-end circuit is designed for passive optical network and fabricated in a 0.18 um CMOS technology. The whole circuit consists of a transimpedance amplifier (TIA), a single-ended to differential amplifier and an output driver. The TIA employs a cascode stage as the input stage and auxiliary amplifier to reduce the miller effect. Current injecting technique is employed to enlarge the input transistor’s transconductance, optimize the noise performance and overcome the lack of voltage headroom. To achieve a wide dynamic range, an automatic gain control circuit with self-adaptive function is proposed. Experiment results show an optical sensitivity of –28 dBm for a bit error rate of 10 –10 at 2.5 Gbit/s and a maxim input optical power of 2 dBm using an external photodiode. The chip occupies an area of 1×0.9 mm 2 and consumes around 30 mW from single 1.8 V supply. The front-end circuit can be used in various optical receivers.

In this paper, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-passive optical network (PON) downstream transmission is demonstrated over different lengths of fiber at remote node (RN) for different m -QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation)-mapped OFDM signal ( m =4, 16, 32 and 64) transmission from the central office (CO) for different data rates (10, 20 30 and 40 Gbps) using coherent detection at the user end or optical network unit (ONU). Investigation is performed with different number of subcarriers (32, 64, 128, 512 and 1,024), back-to-back optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) along with transmitted and received constellation diagrams for m -QAM-mapped coherent OFDM downstream transmission at different speeds over different transmission distances. Received optical power is calculated for different bit error rates (BERs) at different speeds using m -QAM-mapped coherent detection OFDM downstream transmission. No dispersion compensation is utilized in between the fiber span. Simulation results suggest the different lengths and data rates that can be used for different m -QAM-mapped coherent detection OFDM downstream transmission, and the proposed system may be implemented in next-generation high-speed PONs (NG-PONs).

Degradation due to atmospheric turbulence leads to significant outage in a free space optical satellite uplink with fixed transmitter parameters. If the channel state is known at the transmitter, then its parameters can be suitably changed, and there could be a considerable improvement in channel capacity. However, the extremely long link length of an Earth-to-Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite link would render feedback of channel state from the receiver infeasible, before the channel changes. In this paper, a channel pre-estimation method at the transmitter is proposed, and the expression for capacity with transmitter power and rate adaptation is derived. The results are compared with that of the capacity with outage. It is observed that there can be an improvement by a factor of 1.66 in achievable average capacity per Hertz with the adaptive transmitter. Also, the outage probability is reduced from 18.02 % to almost 0.