Wide band supercontinuum generation utilizing high nonlinear double clad Mach–Zehnder interferometer
-
Tahreer S. Mansour
Abstract
Supercontinuum generation with improved coherence is very important issue in the optical communication system especially in the application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) that maintains the phase stability of the propagating pulse. In this work all fiber setups that consist of two interferometers were used to make compactness and alignment free compared with free space bulk optics setup, one with five nested Mach–Zehnder inferometer (MZI) and the second with Sagnac MZI interferometers. The sensing heads of the two interferometers high nonlinear fiber double clad fiber DCF13 that etched using 40%HF acid in four levels leads to decrease its diameter. Obtaining these levels is achieved by varying the time interval of the etching process as (10, 20, 30, and 40) minutes. Supercontinuum generation with Sagnac interferometer in this work has good performance when compared with nested MZI setup. This performance due to feedback the pulses and make counterclockwise propagating pulse that interfere with the clock wise pulse and leads to enhance the optical signal to noise ratio. The maximum OSNR was obtained that is 9.577 dB for Sagnac interferometer and 30 us rising time and 18 dBm amplification value of EDFA and 99.3 nW output power with 3 nm band (1,529.5–1,532.5) nm while for the first interferometer the output power in uW but with minimum OSNR that is 8.94 dB and −32.5 dBm noise power and 50 us rising time.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
Refrences
1. Rao, DS, S, Jensen, M, Grüner-Nielsen, L, Olsen, JT, Heiduschka, P, Kemper, B, et al.. Shot-noise limited, supercontinuum-based optical coherence tomography. Light Sci Appl 2021;10:133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-021-00574-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
2. Poustie, AJ, Finlayson, N, Paul, H. Multiwavelength fiber laser using a spatial mode beating filter. Opt Lett 1994;19:716–18. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.19.000716.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Noori1, NF, Mansour, TS. Control of gas pipeline leakage detection based on hybrid inline fiber interferometer. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2023;30:748–59. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i2.pp748-759.Search in Google Scholar
4. Noori, NF, Mansour, TS. A review of recently optical hybrid optical fiber interferometers. J Opt 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-025-02588-9.Search in Google Scholar
5. Noori, NF, Mansoor, TS. Experimental study to the effect of applying stressing force on etched polarization maintaining fiber as hybrid fabry-perot/mach-zehnder inline fiber interferometer. IJL 2021;20:24–31. https://doi.org/10.31900/ijl.v20i2.283.Search in Google Scholar
6. Taher, R, tahreer safa’a Mansour. PDF tunable optical filters using etched polarization maintaining fiber hybrid sagnac interferometer. IJL 2022;21:1–9. https://doi.org/10.31900/ijl.v21i1.300.Search in Google Scholar
7. Nuñez Gomez, RE, Anzueto Sánchez, G, Martínez Ríos, A, Fong González, A, Olarte Paredes, A, Salgado Delgado, AM, et al.. A tunable and switchable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser enabled by adjusting the spectral fringe visibility of a mach-zehnder fiber interferometer. Appl. Sci. 2024;14:9846. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219846.Search in Google Scholar
8. Rota-Rodrigo, S, Perez-Herrera, RA, Ibañez, I, Pinto, AMR, Fernandez-Vallejo, M, Lopez-Amo, M, et al.. Multiwavelength fiber ring laser based on optical add-drop multiplexers and a photonic crystal fiber sagnac interferometer. Optics & LaserTechnology 2013;48:72–4. ISSN 0030-3992 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.10.004.Search in Google Scholar
9. Sylvestre, T, Vedadi, A, Maillotte, H, Vanholsbeeck, F, Coen, S. Supercontinuum generation using continuous-wave multiwavelength pumping and dispersion management. Opt Lett 2006;31:2036–8. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.002036.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Martin-Lopez, S, Corredera, P, Gonzalez-Herraez, M. Cavity dispersion management in continuous-wave supercontinuum generation. Opt Express 2009;17:12785–93. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.012785.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Wang, Y, Zhang, W, Wang, Q, Feng, X, Liu, X, Peng, J, et al.. Broadband source generated by stimulated raman scattering and four-wave mixing in a highly nonlinear optical fiber ring cavity. Opt Lett 2004;29:842–4. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.29.000842.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Abeeluck, AK, Headley, C, Jørgensen, CG. High-power supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear, dispersion-shifted fibers by use of a continuous-wave raman fiber laser. Opt Lett 2004;29:2163–5. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.29.002163.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Abeeluck, AK, Headley, C. Continuous-wave pumping in the anomalous- and normal-dispersion regimes of nonlinear fibers for supercontinuum generation. Opt Lett 2005;30:61–3. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.30.000061.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Nicholson, J, Abeeluck, A, Headley, C, Yan, M, Jørgensen, C. Pulsed and continuous-wave supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear, dispersion-shifted fibers. Appl Phys B 2003;77:211–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-003-1201-z.Search in Google Scholar
15. Hansen, KP, Jensen, JR, Birkedal, D, Hvam, JM, Bjarklev, A, Pumping wavelength dependence of super continuum generation in photonic crystal fibers In: A Sawchuk, ed. Optical Fiber Communications Conference. Washington, DC: OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics (Optica Publishing Group: 2002). 70 of , paper ThGG8.10.1109/OFC.2002.1036604Search in Google Scholar
16. Younus, MH, Ameen, OF, Ahmed, MA, Kassim, YY Determination of the dispersion profile in photonic crystal fibers using the empirical relationship. (2025). Iraqi J Sci, 66:433-45. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2025.66.1(SI).Search in Google Scholar
17. Mohammed, FQ, Mansoor, TS, Abdulwahhab, AW. A tunable mach–zehnder interferometer based on dual micro-cavity photonic crystal fiber for load measurement. Photonic Netw Commun 2019;38:270–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-019-00855-x.Search in Google Scholar
18. A Saraji, H Jassim Kbashi (2007) Mathematical model of optical amplifier using nonlinear stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fiber, Baghdad Sci J;4. https://doi.org/10.21123/2411-7986.1443: Iss. Article 19.Search in Google Scholar
19. Hammadi, YI, Mansour, TS, Al-Masoodi, AHH, Harun, SW. Passively femtosecond mode-locked erbium-doped fiber oscillator with external pulse compressor for frequency comb generation. J Opt Commun 2023;44:s683–90. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2019-0240.Search in Google Scholar
20. Hammadi, YI. Graphene based soliton mode-locked erbium doped fiber laser for supercontinuum generation. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 2018;13:777–84.Search in Google Scholar
21. Palais, JC. Fiber optic communications, 4th ed.; 1998. ISBN 13: 9780138954420, prentice-hall.Search in Google Scholar
22. Kaminow, IP, Li, T, Willner, AE. Optical fiber telecommunications , volume VIB, systems and networks (Optics and Photonics), 6th ed. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2013.Search in Google Scholar
23. Khamees, MG, Mansour, TS. Design mode filtering interferometer using etched double clad fiber. J Opt Commun 2023;0. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2023-0151.Search in Google Scholar
24. Khamees, MG, Mansour, TS. Pulse compression utilizing hybrid sagnac etched double clad fiber interferometer. J Opt 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-024-01771-8.Search in Google Scholar
25. Khamees, MG, Mansour, TS. Design optical BPF using double clad fiber MZI for free space optical communication. Iraqi Journal of Laser 2022;21:25–32.Search in Google Scholar
26. Dawood, A, Mansour, TS, Mohammed, L. Electronically implementation and detection of pulse laser from continuous laser diode. Iraqi Journal of Laser 2019;18:27–33.Search in Google Scholar
27. Shen, J, Zhang, S, Wang, W, Li, S, Zhang, S, Wang, Y. Midinfrared pulse compression in a dispersion-decreasing and nonlinearity-increasing tapered As2S3 photonic crystal fiber. Curr. Opt. Photon. 2021;5:250–60.Search in Google Scholar
28. Birks, TA, Wadsworth, WJ, Russell, PSJ. Supercontinuum generation in tapered fibers. Opt Lett 2000;25:1415–17. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.25.001415.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
29. Martínez-Suárez, DH, Araujo, MCS, Steinberg, D, Saito, LAM, de Souza, EAT, Zapata, JD, et al.. Study of supercontinuum generation from a mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser based on monolayer graphene saturable absorber. Opt Laser Technol 2024;174:Article 110588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.110588.Search in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
