Home Physical Sciences One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
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One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water

  • Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser and Mohamed Rabia EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 5, 2024
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

Harnessing green hydrogen production from natural Red Sea water offers an innovative solution to address energy challenges. A one-pot fabrication method is used to create novel nanocomposite thin films with open-spherical shapes, utilizing copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol decorated on copper oxide as a promising photocathode. After thorough analysis, a unique morphology characterized by open spherical shapes is projected, which contributes to improved optical absorption. The bandgap of the nanocomposite is 1.17 eV, enabling efficient absorption of light across the entire optical spectrum, extending up to 950 nm. Utilizing Red Sea water as an electrolyte, the generated J ph serves as an indicator of H2 gas production. The substantial J ph value of −0.82 mA cm−2 is achieved at −0.85 V under light illumination. Furthermore, J ph values exhibit variability, starting at −0.58 mA cm−2 (at 730 nm) and increasing to −0.75 mA cm−2 at a wavelength of 340 nm. The estimated hydrogen gas production rate reaches 1.5 µmole h−1 cm−2, translating to an impressive 15 µmole h−1 for every 10 cm². This remarkable rate underscores the effectiveness of the photocathode, especially given its fabrication through a single-step process that is suitable for mass production. In addition, its cost-effectiveness further enhances its appeal as a viable solution for renewable energy production for hydrogen gas generation from seawater.

Keywords: copper sulfide; poly-O-amino benzenethiol; copper oxide; hydrogen gas; renewable energy; Red Sea water

1 Introduction

The drive for clean energy is propelled by two main factors: the global energy crisis and mounting environmental apprehensions. The surge in pollution has heightened the necessity for clean energy solutions. Reliance on fossil fuels significantly contributes to atmospheric pollution, resulting in soil and air contamination. Amidst the Ukrainian–Russian conflict and the energy demands of numerous nations, the production of H2 gas has become a pressing focus for many research laboratories. While water sources serve as the electrolyte for this purpose, the scarcity of potable water adds an extra layer of challenge to this research endeavor. Green H2 gas boasts remarkable properties, including high combustion energy and exceptional cleanliness, devoid of additional by-products associated with combustion sources [1,2,3].

The urgency to develop clean energy alternatives stems from the recognition of the finite nature of fossil fuel resources, coupled with their detrimental environmental impacts. Clean energy technologies, such as hydrogen fuel cells, offer a sustainable path forward by mitigating pollution and reducing reliance on finite resources. In addition, investing in clean energy solutions fosters economic growth and enhances energy security, reducing vulnerability to geopolitical tensions and supply disruptions. Efforts to advance clean energy technologies are essential for achieving global climate goals and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. By prioritizing research and investment in clean energy innovation, societies can transition toward a more sustainable and resilient energy landscape, addressing both environmental and geopolitical challenges in the process [4,5,6].

Selected photocatalytic inorganic materials must possess excellent optical properties to facilitate efficient light absorption, particularly under photon-trapping conditions. Enhancing these optical properties often involves improving the topographical features, such as creating open spherical shapes or introducing additional topographies like nanorods or nanowires.

Another approach involves combining these materials with additional substances known for their superior optical properties, such as polymer materials like polythiophene and its derivatives such as poly-O-aminobenzenethiol. The conjugation of bonds within these materials leads to the formation of colored substances capable of absorbing light, particularly due to the dark colors they exhibit. Optimizing the optical properties of photocatalytic materials is crucial for enhancing their efficiency in harnessing light energy for catalytic reactions. By manipulating their topographical features or incorporating them with other materials with superior optical characteristics, researchers aim to maximize light absorption and improve the overall performance of photocatalytic systems. These strategies not only focus on increasing light absorption but also contribute to the overall stability and durability of photocatalytic materials, ensuring their long-term effectiveness in various environmental conditions. In addition, by leveraging the unique properties of polymers and inorganic materials, researchers can explore novel approaches to advancing photocatalytic technologies for applications ranging from environmental remediation to renewable energy production [7,8].

Notably, these nanostructures exhibit superior photocatalytic performance compared to plasmonic TiO2 under visible light for water treatment, establishing themselves as a novel class of photocatalysts. Incorporating metals into semiconductors presents a promising strategy for enhancing charge carrier separation, thereby improving photocatalytic efficiency [9,10].

Copper oxide (CuO) is commonly recognized for its stability as a copper oxide and its classification as a p-type semiconductor, making it a favored photocathodic material. Its popularity stems from its natural abundance, favorable band edges, and bandgap characteristics. However, despite these advantages, there is room for improvement in its optical behavior. Various research endeavors have focused on enhancing CuO’s optical properties through techniques such as doping, plasmonic metal integration, heterojunction formation, and morphological modifications [11,12,13].

CuO stands out as a cost-effective, abundant, and nontoxic cathode for water splitting and offers several advantages over conventional n-type cathodes. Various techniques can be employed to prepare CuO thin films, and the chemical bath deposition stands out for its ability to produce rough surfaces conducive to incorporating composite materials, offering cost-effective and versatile fabrication options [14].

Due to its small bandgap of approximately 1.8 eV and high light absorbance, CuS is considered highly promising for enhancing the optical and electrical properties of CuO. The integration of CuS with CuO can significantly improve the overall efficiency of the composite material in various applications. The small bandgap of CuS allows it to absorb a broad spectrum of light, particularly in the visible (Vis) region, making it an excellent candidate for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications [15]. This enhanced light absorbance translates into increased photo-generated charge carriers, which can be effectively utilized in the CuO matrix. In addition, the synergy between CuS and CuO can lead to better charge separation and reduced recombination rates, further boosting the material’s performance in photoelectrochemical cells and other optoelectronic devices. The combination of these materials leverages the strong light absorption capabilities of CuS and the robust electrical properties of CuO, resulting in a composite that is highly efficient for applications such as solar energy conversion and hydrogen generation. Thus, CuS, with its advantageous bandgap and optical properties, plays a crucial role in the advancement of CuO-based materials for renewable energy technologies.

Previous studies attempting to estimate H2 gas production through electrochemical reactions have encountered challenges, notably the generation of small J ph values. In addition, certain studies have utilized complex techniques in the preparation process, while others have employed expensive substrates such as ITO or FTO materials, thereby increasing the cost of the splitting reaction. A significant issue arises from the use of drinking water, which often requires the addition of acids or bases as electrolytes. This practice can lead to corrosion of the photocathode and hinder its ability to facilitate H2 gas generation [16,17,18].

Herein, the production of green hydrogen production from natural Red Sea emerges as an innovative strategy for addressing energy challenges. The effectiveness of the copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol decorated on copper oxide (CuS-POABT/CuO) photocathode in generating green H2 gas is thoroughly evaluated, involving examination under various light conditions and optical filters to assess its performance. By estimating J ph values and quantifying the moles of H2 gas produced, this study’s findings are compared to those of previous research endeavors. The remarkable efficiency of the photocathode, achieved through a streamlined fabrication process conducive to large-scale production, underscores its potential. In addition, its cost-effectiveness further strengthens its appeal as a viable solution for renewable energy generation, especially in the context of H2 gas production from seawater.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Copper oxide (CuO) with a high purity of 99.9%, sourced from Pio-chem Co in Egypt, served as a fundamental component. Complementing this, O-aminobenzenethiol, is acquired from Merck Co in Germany with a purity of 99.9%. In addition, potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) of 99.9% purity, obtained from El-Nasr Co in Egypt, was incorporated as another essential material. To facilitate the synthesis process, hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a concentration of 36%, sourced from Merck Co in Germany, was employed. This reagent played a role in the controlled manipulation of the reaction conditions. Ethanol, procured from Sigma Aldrich in Japan, 99.8%, was also a key component in the synthesis process, contributing to the overall effectiveness of the photocathode. The resulting innovative photocathode, named CuS-POABT/CuO, was designed to exhibit promising characteristics for efficient hydrogen gas generation. This groundbreaking development holds significance in the context of utilizing Red Sea water, Hurghada, Egypt. The meticulous selection of high-purity materials from reputable suppliers underscores the commitment to precision and reliability in the synthesis of the photocathode for this environmentally significant application.

2.2 CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode fabrication

The synthesis of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode utilizes a streamlined one-pot method involving the direct oxidation of O-aminobenzenethiol through radical polymerization induced by K2S2O8. In this process, 0.06 M of O-aminobenzenethiol is vigorously stirred with 0.7 M HCl and 0.2 g of CuO. Concurrently, a separate solution containing 0.14 M of K2S2O8 is prepared. This solution is then added to the O-aminobenzenethiol mixture, initiating the direct polymerization reaction and resulting in the deposition of poly(O-aminobenzenethiol) (POABT) on the CuO surface. In addition, some CuO molecules become suspended in the acidic medium, facilitating further reaction with the sulfur from the O-aminobenzenethiol, leading to the formation of CuS molecules. The schematic diagram is shown in Figure 1 for the preparation technique. Importantly, this reaction occurs at room temperature, enabling the one-step deposition of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode thin film on glass slides, with the reaction continuing for 1 day. Glass slides are strategically inserted into the reaction medium during the polymerization process. This straightforward synthesis approach not only ensures ease of preparation but also facilitates mass production of the composite. The resulting CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode undergoes comprehensive analysis to evaluate its properties, proving to be a promising candidate for hydrogen generation reactions.

Figure 1 The schematic diagram for the one-pot synthetic technique for the CuS-POABT/CuO thin film nanocomposite.
Figure 1

The schematic diagram for the one-pot synthetic technique for the CuS-POABT/CuO thin film nanocomposite.

The simplicity and scalability of this fabrication method make it conducive to large-scale production, providing an efficient and cost-effective means of generating photocathodes for potential applications in hydrogen production. The innovative approach of combining O-amino benzene thiol oxidation, radical polymerization, and the interaction with CuO in a one-pot process shows a methodologically sound and industrially viable route for the synthesis of advanced photocathode materials.

2.3 CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite characterization devices

The assessment of the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite involves a comprehensive analysis conducted through diverse characterization instruments aimed at elucidating its properties. The optical behavior of this composite is scrutinized using a spectrophotometer from Perkin Elmer, providing crucial insights into its spectral features. In addition to optical analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy utilizing equipment from Bruker is employed to investigate the molecular composition and chemical bonds within the nanocomposite.

The XRD analysis (X pert Pro instrument) is used to understand the structural aspects better. This technique enables the examination of crystalline structures and phase identification within the nanocomposite. To further complement the chemical analyses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) utilizing Kratos instrumentation is employed.

Morphological characteristics are explored in both two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) from Joel for high-resolution images of the internal structure and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from Siemens for surface morphology details. These techniques provide a comprehensive view of the nanocomposite’s structure, aiding in understanding its surface features and internal arrangements. The amalgamation of these advanced characterization tools ensures a thorough and multifaceted analysis of the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite, contributing valuable insights for its potential applications.

2.4 The green H2 production photoelectrochemically

The environmentally friendly production of hydrogen (H2) is conducted using the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode, serving as the primary working electrode in a configured cell. This cell, constructed from glass and equipped with three open necks corresponding to each electrode, forms a crucial setup for the H2 generation process. The remaining two electrodes, constituting the reference and counter electrodes, are carefully inserted into the other two necks, completing the triad of electrodes essential for the hydrogen production mechanism.

The electrochemical workstation, specifically the CHI608E, orchestrates the controlled application of voltages across the electrodes, driving the H2 gas production process. The configuration of these three electrodes within the cell is instrumental in facilitating the electrochemical reactions required for efficient hydrogen evolution. The electrode setup includes a working electrode, represented by the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode. In addition, the setup features two other electrodes: a graphite rod as the counter electrode and a calomel electrode as the reference electrode.

In the experimental setup, a series of voltages are applied to the cell using the electrochemical workstation, and measurements of the resulting current densities (J ph or J o) are recorded under various light conditions. These measurements are crucial in understanding the electrochemical relationships that govern the photocathode’s performance. The analysis encompasses the determination of voltage–current relationships and the study of current–time dependencies, offering the kinetics of the hydrogen production process.

The experimental data collected during these electrochemical measurements serve as a basis for estimating the amount of hydrogen produced. By correlating the recorded current densities with the applied voltages, the relationship between the electrochemical parameters and the efficiency of H2 generation is elucidated.

The systematic analysis of these electrochemical relationships and the quantification of hydrogen moles produced contribute to the characterization of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode as an efficient and promising material for green hydrogen production. The experimental methodology, coupled with the advanced instrumentation, provides a robust framework for evaluating and optimizing the performance of photocathodes in the quest for sustainable and environmentally friendly hydrogen generation technologies. Green hydrogen gas production is accomplished utilizing the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode, where the external surface of this innovative material serves as the site for light absorption. This absorption initiates a subsequent process, wherein additional splitting occurs for the holes-electrons. These high-energy particles then engage in interactions with the surrounding solution, instigating the formation of highly active and mobile OH radicals. The ensuing chemical reactions involve the mutual interaction of these radicals and their attack on freshwater molecules, ultimately resulting in the evolution of H2 gas. Notably, the utilization of natural Red Sea water holds significance due to its abundant and invaluable water resources. The substantial quantity and availability of Red Sea water contribute to its attractiveness as a preferred medium for hydrogen production. Leveraging the advantages of this abundant water source, the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode exploits the inherent properties of the Red Sea water to enhance the mobility of OH radicals, thereby accelerating the H2 gas evolution process.

The introduction of estimated heavy metals into the system plays a pivotal role as promising sacrificing agents, further enhancing the mobility of ions and expediting the overall H2 gas evolution. These heavy metals act as accelerators for ion movements, contributing to the efficiency of the hydrogen generation process. The specific heavy metals with their constituents are detailed in Table 1, underscoring their importance in optimizing the performance of the photocathode. The deliberate inclusion of heavy metals as sacrificial agents adds a strategic dimension to the photocathode’s functionality, aligning with the broader objective of efficient and sustainable green hydrogen production.

Table 1

The constituents of the effective heavy metal from Red Sea water

Heavy metal Concentration (µg L−1)
Mn 9
Cu 100
Pb 8
Zn 44
Ni 1
Cr 5
B 132
Fe 12
Cd 1

The entire sequence of processes involved in hydrogen gas generation using the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode occurs either in the presence of complete white light based on a vacuum tube metal halide lamp or in complete darkness, highlighting the pivotal role of photons in these reactions. To precisely control the energy of photons, optical filters are routinely employed. These filters selectively allow only specific photons with defined wavelengths to pass through, contributing to the meticulous control of the reaction conditions. Through these filters, the produced photons have energy values of 3.6, 2.8, 2.3, and 1.8 eV. The quantification of the produced hydrogen gas is derived from the reaction kinetics, particularly the J ph values, which represent the rate of hydrogen gas. J ph, or the photocurrent density, is a critical parameter that signifies the photocathode efficiency. This value is obtained through precise estimation under different photon energy conditions, shedding light on the photocathode’s performance under different wavelengths and intensities of light. The estimation of the produced hydrogen gas is then calculated based on the J ph values using the Faraday law. This fundamental principle estimates the electrical current passing through the system. In this context, equation (1) [11], which incorporates additional constants, serves as the foundation for the calculation. This equation forms a crucial link between the measured photocurrent density and the quantity of hydrogen gas that evolved during the electrochemical reaction.

The integration of optical filters, J ph values, and the Faraday law establishes a comprehensive framework for understanding and quantifying the hydrogen gas production process. This approach not only allows for precise control over the experimental conditions but also enables a systematic analysis of the photocathode’s performance and its responsiveness to wavelengths of light. The utilization of these principles ensures a thorough exploration of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode’s capabilities in generating hydrogen gas and contributes to advancing the knowledge and optimization of green hydrogen production methodologies.

(1) H 2 mole = ∫ 0 t J ph . d t / F .

2.5 The analyses

The morphological characteristics of the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode play a pivotal role in its efficacy for water splitting reactions, and a thorough analysis of its surface area is conducted. In Figure 2(a) and (b), SEM images of the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite reveal a distinctive open spherical shape. This morphology creates an abundance of active sites both internally and externally on the surface. The open spherical structures, with a diameter of approximately 220 nm and an internal open diameter of 60 nm, are a key feature influencing the photocathode’s performance. The pronounced behavior observed in these structures contributes significantly to the catalytic activity of the particles, rendering them highly promising for hydrogen gas generation.

Figure 2 The morphological estimation of the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode related to the (a) and (b) SEM under different magnifications and (c) TEM of this composite. While (d) SEM of pristine POABT.
Figure 2

The morphological estimation of the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode related to the (a) and (b) SEM under different magnifications and (c) TEM of this composite. While (d) SEM of pristine POABT.

Further insights into the morphological attributes are provided by the 2D images in Figure 2(c), which shows TEM images of the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite. The TEM images reaffirm the presence of the open spherical shapes, emphasizing the consistency and significance of this structural characteristic. The combination of this distinctive morphology with the promising chemical composition of the composite synergistically enhances its optical behavior, thereby increasing its efficiency in applications related to hydrogen generation reactions.

This remarkable morphological behavior is rooted in the characteristics of the pristine POABT polymer, as illustrated in Figure 2(d). The SEM image of the pristine POABT polymer displays clef particles with a diameter ranging from 200 to 600 nm. Notably, these particles exhibit spherical shapes and clef forms, contributing to the creation of abundant active sites suitable for composite formation. The intrinsic properties of the pristine polymer serve as a foundation for the unique morphologies observed in the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite during the reaction with additional materials.

The open spherical shapes observed in both SEM and TEM images are indicative of the exceptional active sites available for catalysis and reaction processes. This morphological behavior, coupled with the chemical composition, underscores the photocathode’s promising potential for hydrogen gas generation. The symbiotic relationship between morphology and composition provides a comprehensive understanding of the intricate features contributing to the enhanced performance of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode, making it a compelling candidate for applications in sustainable energy generation.

The FTIR analysis, as illustrated in Figure 3(a), effectively validates the presence of POABT groups within the polymer structure. Specifically, the S–H and N–H are identified at wavenumbers of 3,743 and 3,373 cm−1, respectively. In addition, the C–N is discerned at 1,304 cm−1, while the characteristic C═C associated with the ring benzenoid or quinoid structure manifest at 1,514 and 1,619 cm−1, respectively. In the FTIR spectra of the POABT/CuO nanocomposites depicted in Figure 3, distinct bands at 1,512 and 1,606 cm−1 are for the C═C stretching vibrations of the quinonoid and benzenoid rings present in the polymer nanocomposites [19]. Notably, the C═C quinoid structure is prominently at 1,607 cm−1, with an extended band, confirming the enhanced semiconductivity for the formation of the composite. This observation augurs well for the potential applications of the nanocomposite in semiconductor devices.

Figure 3 The characteristic (a) and (b) FTIR and XRD, respectively, for the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO composite.
Figure 3

The characteristic (a) and (b) FTIR and XRD, respectively, for the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO composite.

The involvement of N‒H is affirmed by the presence of a single peak at 3,363 cm−1 in all polymer CuO nanocomposites. Furthermore, peaks at 1,218 and 1,289 cm−1 are for the C‒N‒C. In addition, characteristic bands at 859 and 752 cm−1 are indicative of C‒H out-of-plane and Cu–O of benzene nuclei. These findings collectively elucidate the structural characteristics and vibrational modes present in the polymer CuO nanocomposites, providing valuable insights into their potential applications in semiconductor devices.

The crystalline behavior of the synthesized pristine POABT and the CuS-POABT/CuO composite is elucidated in Figure 3(b). Examining the pristine POABT, four distinct peaks are discernible within the 2theta range of 24–29.5 degrees. These peaks signify the semi-crystalline nature of the polymer, reflecting its inherent structural order derived from the arrangement of sulfur and nitrogen elements within the carbon framework. The presence of these peaks suggests a certain level of crystallinity in the pristine POABT polymer. Upon the formation of the CuS-POABT/CuO composite, these four peaks undergo a notable transformation. The peaks are not only maximized but are also accompanied by the emergence of two additional peaks at lower angles. Despite slight shifts in their angles, these six peaks collectively represent the crystalline behavior of the composite material. The additional peaks, coupled with the enhancement of the original four peaks, indicate a substantial augmentation in the polymer’s crystalline nature by the incorporation of inorganic materials. The strong connection observed between the four main peaks and the intensified crystalline behavior in the composite highlights the significant influence of the inorganic components on the polymer matrix. The sharing of the inorganic materials, specifically CuS and CuO, contributes to the observed enhancement in crystallinity. This phenomenon suggests that the inorganic elements have promoted structural order and alignment within the polymer matrix.

The shifts in peak angles in the CuS-POABT/CuO composite indicate alterations in the intermolecular spacing, potentially induced by the incorporation of inorganic materials [20]. This modification in the crystalline structure is indicative of a cooperative interaction between the polymer and the inorganic components, leading to a more organized and ordered arrangement.

The crystalline characteristics of the individual components, CuO and CuS, contribute significantly to the overall behavior inside the nanocomposite, as detailed by the XRD analysis. From this analysis, for the CuO, distinct peaks are observed at 37.7°, 41.7°, 50.2°, and 52.3°, corresponding to the monoclinic crystal structure. These peaks align with the Miller indices (002), (111), (202), and (020), respectively, as identified in the CPDS data (45-0937) [21]. The presence of these well-defined peaks signifies the crystalline nature of CuO, providing insights into its structural composition.

On the other hand, CuS exhibits sharper peaks at 28.0°, 28.9°, 31.6°, and 45.8°, corresponding to the Miller indices (102), (103), (006), and (110), respectively, as per CPDS 06-0464 [22]. The sharper peaks observed in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicate a more promising crystal structure for CuS. In addition, the calculated crystalline size of CuS is 16 nm using the Scherrer equation (Equation (2)) [23,24].

In the synthesized nanocomposite, the combination of CuO and CuS results in a distinctive XRD pattern that inherits characteristics from both components. The presence of peaks corresponding to both CuO and CuS in the composite pattern underscores the successful integration of these materials. The nanocomposite inherits the promising morphological features observed earlier and incorporates the advantageous crystalline behaviors of both CuO and CuS.

This synergistic combination of morphological and crystalline attributes in the nanocomposite positions it as a highly promising material for renewable energy. The incorporation of well-defined crystal structures from both CuO and CuS enhances the overall properties of the nanocomposite, making it particularly attractive for utilization in energy-related technologies. The peaks in the XRD patterns affirm the retention of key characteristics from the individual components, indicating a successful integration in the synthesized nanocomposite.

In conclusion, the nanocomposite exhibits a remarkable combination of morphological and crystalline behaviors derived from the integrated CuO and CuS components. This dual enhancement positions the nanocomposite as a prospective material for renewable energy applications, showing the potential for efficient and sustainable energy conversion processes.

(2) D = 0.9 λ / W cos θ .

The XPS analysis provides further insights into the promising CuS-POABT/CuO composite, as depicted in Figure 4 through the survey spectrum. This analysis serves as a valuable complement to the XRD data, offering a detailed examination of the confirmed elements and their charges within the composite.

Figure 4 The XPS analyses for the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite represent (a) survey that represents all the elements of this composite, while the additional elements are estimated through (b) Cu, (c) O, and (d) S.
Figure 4

The XPS analyses for the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite represent (a) survey that represents all the elements of this composite, while the additional elements are estimated through (b) Cu, (c) O, and (d) S.

The XPS survey demonstrates all expected elements within the CuS-POABT/CuO composite, making it a comprehensive and informative tool for elemental analysis. This technique allows for the determination of the chemical states and charges associated with each element, providing a nuanced understanding of the composite’s composition. Focusing on specific elements, the sulfur (S) 2p3/2 peak related to the pristine POABT is identified at 163.2 eV. Notably, the S2p3/2 peak at 164.9 eV corresponds to the sulfur in the S‒Cu bonds within the composite (Figure 4(d)). This distinction is crucial for characterizing the chemical environment of sulfur atoms and elucidating their role in the composite structure.

In addition, the XPS analysis provides information about the nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) elements. The peaks related to the 1s orbital of nitrogen and oxygen are observed at 400 and 532 eV, respectively (Figure 4(c)). These values contribute to the identification of the chemical states of nitrogen and oxygen within the composite, aiding in the comprehensive understanding of the bonding and interactions involving these elements.

The combination of XRD and XPS analyses enhances the overall characterization of the CuS-POABT/CuO composite. While XRD provides information about the crystalline behavior and phase composition, XPS delves into the chemical states of individual elements, offering a more detailed perspective on the composite’s structural and chemical characteristics.

The XPS analysis of the Cu element in the CuS-POABT/CuO composite reveals duplicated peaks for both Cu2p3/2 and Cu2p1/2, indicative of the presence of both CuS and CuO materials within the composite. Specifically, the peaks of CuS display Cu2p3/2 and Cu2p1/2 at binding energies of 932.3 and 952.3 eV, correspondingly [22]. In contrast, the peaks associated with CuO are observed at higher binding energies, specifically Cu2p3/2 at 934.2 eV and Cu2p1/2 at 955.0 eV [21].

This distinct matching of peaks serves as a compelling indication of the coexistence of Cu(ii) states in both CuS and CuO components within the composite. The observation of Cu(ii) in both sulfide and oxide materials is noteworthy, highlighting the essential contribution of these inorganic constituents to the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite.

The involvement of both CuS and CuO in the formation of the composite signifies a cooperative sharing of essential components. This collaboration is crucial for achieving a composite with desirable properties, as the combination of sulfides and oxides with the polymer matrix for the unique characteristics of the material.

The presence of Cu(ii) states in both CuS and CuO, as confirmed by XPS, further emphasizes the successful integration of these materials during the composite formation. This matching of peaks not only provides valuable information about the chemical states of copper but also affirms the compatibility and effective sharing of components during the composite formation process.

So, the XPS analysis of the Cu element in the CuS-POABT/CuO composite highlights the duplicated peaks corresponding to CuS and CuO materials. The observed matching of Cu(ii) states in both components is a strong indication of their successful incorporation within the polymer matrix, underscoring the cooperative contribution of sulfides and oxides to the formation of the promising CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite.

Figure 5(a) depicts the optical absorbance characteristics of the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite, showing significant absorbance that extends into the infrared (IR) region up to 950 nm. This noteworthy behavior indicates the composite’s capability to absorb light through the ultraviolet (UV) to IR wavelengths. Such versatility makes this composite highly promising for various applications in photovoltaics, renewable energy, and other fields reliant on efficient photon absorption.

Figure 5 The CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite optical estimation: (a) absorbance and (b) bandgap.
Figure 5

The CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite optical estimation: (a) absorbance and (b) bandgap.

The observed absorbance behavior is further corroborated by the bandgap evaluation of the composite, estimated to be 1.17 eV, as illustrated in Figure 5(b). This determination is made using the Tauc equation (equation (3)) [25], which relies on the absorption coefficient (α) derived from the optical absorbance data. The calculated bandgap value provides insights into the energy range within which the composite can efficiently absorb photons.

(3) α h ν = A ( h ν − E g ) 1 / 2 .

2.6 The electrochemical study of the fabricated CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode

The synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite photocathode exhibits exceptional morphological characteristics resulting from the integration of CuS-POABT and CuO materials. This integration gives rise to distinctive open spherical shapes with remarkable surface area both internally and externally. These morphological features play a pivotal role in the photocathode’s optical behavior, enabling efficient photon absorption across a wide spectrum extending up to 920 nm, with an optimal bandgap of 1.2 eV. The photocathode’s optical properties are particularly noteworthy, as it demonstrates ideal absorbance across various optical regions, covering a substantial portion of the solar spectrum. It achieves this feat by absorbing over 50% of sunlight, making it highly efficient for light harvesting applications. This remarkable optical behavior stems from the diverse chemical compositions present within the photocathode, notably the presence of CuO and CuS. These materials possess a deep black color and exhibit high absorbance characteristics, contributing significantly to the overall photon absorption capability of the photocathode. Furthermore, the incorporation of POABT polymer further enhances the photocathode’s optical properties, particularly in the UV and Vis regions, extending up to 700 nm. This polymer synergizes with CuS and CuO, maximizing optical absorption by facilitating efficient photon trapping. The formation of the open spherical shape in the nanocomposite photocathode further enhances photon trapping, on both the external and internal surfaces, leading to enhanced photon trapping and utilization efficiency.

The exceptional morphological and optical properties of the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite photocathode offer significant promise for various applications, particularly in solar energy conversion technologies. Its open spherical morphology enhances the number of active sites on both sides of the sphere, thereby doubling the charge transfer efficiency. This structure efficiently absorbs sunlight across a wide spectrum and acts as a trap for capturing incident photons through multiple scattering. Coupled with its optimal bandgap and large surface area, this nanocomposite is an attractive candidate for enhancing photoelectrochemical processes, such as hydrogen generation. Under photon illumination, hot electrons are produced, and their kinetic energies contribute to the production of these electrons [26]. In addition, the structural composition of the nanocomposite ensures stability and durability, which are crucial for long-term performance in practical applications. The synergy between CuS, CuO, and POABT within this nanocomposite allows researchers to harness its full potential for sustainable energy conversion.

The combination of these materials results in a photocathode with superior optical absorption and increased active sites, which facilitates better charge transfer and improved photoelectrochemical performance. This makes the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite an excellent candidate for applications such as hydrogen generation through solar energy conversion. The robust structural integrity and enhanced optical properties of this nanocomposite promise efficient and long-lasting performance, making it a valuable material for sustainable energy solutions. By leveraging the unique interactions among CuS, CuO, and POABT, researchers can maximize the efficiency and efficacy of this photocathode, paving the way for advancements in renewable energy technologies.

The electrochemical evaluation of CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode is conducted using the CHI608E device, which facilitated water reduction and hydrogen gas generation through the measurement of the current–voltage relationship. In this setup, the photocathode served as the working electrode in a specialized three-electrode cell configuration. This cell design featured three necks, with the working electrode positioned as the primary electrode. To complete the cell configuration, two additional electrodes were inserted, serving as the counter and auxiliary electrodes, respectively. The chosen electrolyte for this experiment is Red Sea water, selected for its natural sourcing and eco-friendly properties. The Red Sea water as an electrolyte offers several advantages, including its abundance, affordability, and minimal environmental impact. In addition, the heavy metals within the Red Sea water play a great role in enhancing the electrochemical reaction kinetics. These heavy metals facilitate movement within the electrolyte, leading to increased water splitting and H2 gas generation rates without the need for external electrolytes. The primary function of the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite photocathode is to generate photocarriers, specifically hot electrons and holes, upon illumination with light. These photocarriers play distinct roles within the electrochemical cell. Holes are responsible for initiating the attack on the electrolyte, causing the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH˙). These OH˙ radicals then facilitate the attachment of additional water molecules, ultimately resulting in the generation of H2 gas. In addition to that, hot electrons move in the opposite direction within the three-electrode cell, contributing to the overall photocurrent. This behavior is effectively optimized by the nanocomposite’s small crystalline size of 16 nm and its open spherical shapes, which have a diameter of approximately 220 nm and an internal open diameter of 60 nm. These structural features are ideal for facilitating electron charge transfer and enhancing photon trapping and capture under light illumination. The CuO and CuS nanomaterials, identified through XRD and XPS analysis, exhibit a black color, indicating high light absorbance. When these materials are combined with POABT, they form a composite that serves as an excellent photocathode for H2 gas generation. The open spherical morphology significantly increases the active sites, promoting efficient charge transfer. This configuration allows for multiple scattering events, which enhances the capture of incident photons and improves the overall efficiency of light absorption. Such characteristics make the nanocomposite highly suitable for applications requiring efficient light-induced electron transfer processes.

Figure 6(a) illustrates the electrochemical assessment of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode under varying light conditions, as inferred from the J ph values. When exposed to light, this photocathode demonstrates remarkable photocatalytic properties, facilitating photon absorption and electron generation, thereby initiating the formation of photocarriers. These electrons are generated within each component of the photocathode, namely, CuS, CuO, and POABT. Due to differences in their conduction band energies, these electrons accumulate primarily on CuS, facilitating their transfer to the counter electrode. This transfer process is instrumental in catalyzing the conversion of seawater into H2 gas, a process facilitated by the substantial J ph value of −0.82 mA cm−2 at −0.85 V.

Figure 6 The electrochemical assessment of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode under varying light conditions: (a) light/dark and (b) light chopped.
Figure 6

The electrochemical assessment of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode under varying light conditions: (a) light/dark and (b) light chopped.

The semiconducting nature of these materials is pivotal, with a corresponding J o value of −0.46 mA cm−2 estimated at −0.85 V. This value underscores the consistent conductivity of the CuS-POABT/CuO nanocomposite film, even in the absence of light. Figure 6(b) further elucidates the exceptional performance of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode, particularly in terms of its reproducibility and repeatability under varying light conditions. Under chopped conditions, where photons intermittently interact with the photocathode film, the generated J ph and J o values are recorded as −0.045 mA cm−2 and zero current, respectively. This sequential fluctuation in J ph values underscores the robust stability of the photocathode. The incorporation of POABT within the material matrix serves a dual purpose, acting both as an effective photocatalyst and as a protective agent, forming a robust network that mitigates corrosion.

Figure 7(a) presents an analysis of the fabricated CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode under various photon wavelengths, controlled using optical filters. This investigation reveals the photocathode’s variable response to different photon energies. The recorded J ph values demonstrate this variability, with an initial value of −0.58 mA cm−2 (at 730 nm), increasing to −0.75 mA cm−2 at a wavelength of 340 nm. These fluctuations underscore the diverse responses elicited by varying photon energies, in which Figure 7(b) estimated the J ph at −0.85 V.

Figure 7 (a) The sensitivity of the fabricated CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode under various photon wavelengths and (b) the estimated current values at −0.85 V.
Figure 7

(a) The sensitivity of the fabricated CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode under various photon wavelengths and (b) the estimated current values at −0.85 V.

Photon energies play a critical role in activating electron levels within the photocathode, leading to the generation of photocarriers. These carriers facilitate the movement of hot electrons to the conduction, while the holes form the valency bands, and both these photocarriers have a diverse movement, leading to the generation of OH radicals, which serve as initiators for the production of O2 from water [27,28,29].

The observed variations in J ph values correspond to differences in kinetic energies associated with each photon, which are contingent upon their respective wavelengths. As photon energies increase from 730 to 340 nm, the generated hot electrons or holes acquire additional energy, enhancing their efficacy in catalyzing reactions with the electrolyte for O2 or H2 generation. It is noteworthy that all incident photons possess energies greater than the bandgap value of 1.17 eV. These energies correspond to estimated values of 3.6, 2.8, 2.3, and 1.7 eV, with wavelengths estimated at 340, 440, 540, and 730 nm, respectively, as determined using equation (4) [30].

(4) E = hv .

The CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode exhibits a highly promising J ph value across the spectrum of photon energies incident upon its surface. These values serve to validate the extensive absorbance capabilities of the photocathode, which extend up to 950 nm, as illustrated in Figure 5. The robust electrochemical behavior observed in this photocathode underscores its suitability for a wide range of photon energies.

Leveraging the favorable electrochemical characteristics of the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode, the production of H2 gas is quantified using Figure 8, accounting for equation (1). The calculated H2 gas production rate is estimated to be 1.5 µmole h−1 cm−2, equivalent to an impressive 15 µmole h−1 for every 10 cm2. This substantial value underscores the efficacy of the photocathode, particularly considering its fabrication via a single-step process amenable to mass production. Moreover, its cost-effectiveness further enhances its appeal as a viable solution for renewable energy production, particularly in the context of H2 gas generation from seawater.

Figure 8 The quantified produced H2 gas for CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode using Faraday law.
Figure 8

The quantified produced H2 gas for CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode using Faraday law.

These commendable properties position the CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode as a highly great electrode for H2 gas. Notably, these attributes are compared against our prior literature findings, as delineated in Table 2, further validating its potential for practical applications.

Table 2

The J ph value of this study is an indicator of the H2 gas rate concerning the other literature

Photoelectrode Electrolyte J ph (mA cm−2) Light source
Cu/Cu2O/CuO [31] Sea water 0.15 Halide lamp
p-PbS/p-CuO [32] Na2S2O3 0.4 Halide lamp
Polypyrrole/NiO [33] Sewage water 0.1 Halide lamp
Ppy/graphene oxide [34] Sewage water 0.11 Halide lamp
Poly(m‐aminobenzoic acid) [20] H2SO4 0.08 Halide lamp
ZnO Film [35] NaClO4 0.04 Simulated sunlight
Poly-3-methylaniline/roll-graphene oxide [36] Sewage water 0.09 Halide lamp
SnO2-ZnO/g-C3N4 [37] Glycerol — A 150 W xenon lamp
N doped/TiO2 [38] wastewater 0.2 300 W xenon lamp
CuO-C/TiO2 [39] glycerol 0.012 300 W xenon lamp
BiFeO3 [40] NaOH 0.10 1 sun (AM 1.5G solar spectrum)
ZnO Nanowires [10] Na2SO4 0.05 Simulated sunlight
CuS-POABT/CuO (this work) Red Sea water 0.82 Vacuum tube Halide lamp

The heavy metals in Red Sea water serve as an effective electrolyte, facilitating H₂ gas generation by playing a crucial role at the cathode electrode. A future challenge is the accumulation of these metals on the cathode after numerous recreation and reproducibility measurements. To address this, our future protocol aims to design a prototype photocathode for the direct conversion of seawater into H₂ gas. This study will be conducted in two sequential steps: first, desalination of the seawater to reduce the metal content, followed by H₂ gas generation.

The operational mechanism of the synthesized CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode for H2 gas generation involves a sequential electron charge transition among its constituents, constituting a heterojunction nanocomposite. This process harnesses energy level disparities to facilitate charge transfer, crucially mediated by the POABT material, which serves as a porous matrix facilitating interfacial connections within this heterojunction. The CuO component initiates the electron charge transfer related to its high photon absorbance and small bandgap, acting as the electron donor within the heterojunction. Through its energy levels, CuO facilitates the movement of electrons toward CuS, the next step in the sequential electron transition. CuS, being strategically positioned within the nanocomposite, serves as an electron cloud accumulation site. Seawater, chosen as the electrolyte for its high negative potential with respect to all of its constituent metals, prevents the diversion of electrons towards other ions or metals present in the solution. This characteristic ensures that the electrons are exclusively available for water molecules, essential for the reduction process integral to hydrogen gas generation. This reduction process involves the incorporation of these electrons into water molecules, facilitating their transformation into hydrogen gas.

Figure 9 visually illustrates the intricate sequential electron transition process within the heterojunction nanocomposite. This figure encapsulates the dynamic interplay between CuO, POABT, and CuS, highlighting their respective roles in facilitating electron charge transfer. The sequential nature of this transition underscores its efficiency in directing electrons toward CuS, where they accumulate and subsequently participate in the water-splitting reaction.

Figure 9 The schematic diagram of the fabricated CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode for the H2 gas generation.
Figure 9

The schematic diagram of the fabricated CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode for the H2 gas generation.

3 Conclusions

Utilizing green hydrogen production from natural Red Sea water emerges as an innovative approach to address energy challenges. The novel CuS-POABT/CuO photocathode is developed and evaluated for its effectiveness in generating green hydrogen gas. Thorough examination reveals that the nanocomposite possesses a unique morphology with open spherical shapes, significantly enhancing its optical absorbance. The open spherical structures, with a diameter of approximately 220 nm and an internal open diameter of 60 nm, are a key feature influencing the photocathode’s performance. This morphological property is further enhanced by the very small crystalline size of 16 nm, which significantly improves the optical properties. With a bandgap of 1.17 eV, the nanocomposite demonstrates efficient light absorption across the entire optical spectrum, extending up to 950 nm. Employing Red Sea water as an electrolyte within a three-electrode cell, the resultant current density serves as a reliable metric for H2 gas production. Particularly noteworthy is the substantial J ph value of −0.82 mA cm−2 attained at −0.85 V under light exposure. Moreover, J ph values exhibit variability, commencing at −0.58 mA cm−2 (at 730 nm) and rising to −0.75 mA cm−2 at a wavelength of 340 nm. The estimated H2 gas production rate achieves a notable 1.5 µmole h−1 cm−2, equivalent to an impressive 15 µmole h−1 for every 10 cm2. This exceptional rate underscores the efficiency of the photocathode, particularly considering its fabrication via a single-step process conducive to mass production. Furthermore, its cost-effectiveness further bolsters its appeal as a feasible solution for renewable energy production, particularly in the realm of H2 gas generation from seawater.

Acknowledgments

Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R186), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R186), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Mohamed Rabia: experimental and writing; Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser: writing, funding, and supervision. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2024-04-25
Revised: 2024-06-22
Accepted: 2024-07-28
Published Online: 2024-10-05

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  41. Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
  42. The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  43. Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
  44. Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
  45. Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
  46. Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
  47. Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
  48. Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
  49. Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
  50. Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
  51. Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
  52. Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
  53. Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
  54. Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
  55. Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
  56. Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
  57. Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
  58. Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
  59. Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
  60. Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
  61. A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
  62. Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  63. A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
  64. Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
  65. Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
  66. Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
  67. A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
  68. Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
  69. Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
  70. Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
  71. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
  72. Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
  73. Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
  74. One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
  75. A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
  76. Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
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  78. Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
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  80. Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
  81. Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
  82. Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
  83. Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
  84. Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
  85. Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  86. Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
  87. Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
  88. Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
  89. Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
  90. Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
  91. Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
  92. Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
  93. Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
  94. PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
  95. Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
  96. Review Articles
  97. Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
  98. Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
  99. Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
  100. A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
  101. Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
  102. Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
  103. A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
  104. Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
  105. Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
  106. Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
  107. Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
  108. Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
  109. Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
  110. Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
  111. A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
  112. A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
  113. Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
  114. Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
  115. Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
  116. Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
  117. Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
  118. Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
  119. A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
  120. Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
  121. Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
  122. Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
  123. Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
  124. Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
  125. Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
  126. Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
  127. Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
  128. Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
  129. Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
  130. In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
  131. Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
  132. Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
  133. Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
  134. Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
  135. Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
  136. Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  137. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
  138. Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
  139. Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
  140. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
  141. Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
  142. Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
  143. Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
  144. Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
  145. Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
  146. Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
  147. Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
  148. Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
  149. Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
  150. Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
  151. Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
  152. Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
  153. An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
  154. Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
  155. Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
  156. Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
  157. Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
  158. Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
  159. Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
  160. Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
  161. Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
  162. Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
  163. In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
  164. Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
  165. Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
  166. Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
  167. Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
  168. Special Issue on Implementing Nanotechnology for Smart Healthcare System
  169. Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection
  170. Special Issue on Green Mono, Bi and Tri Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological and Environmental Applications
  171. Tracking success of interaction of green-synthesized Carbopol nanoemulgel (neomycin-decorated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite) with wound-based MDR bacteria
  172. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using genus Inula and evaluation of biological therapeutics and environmental applications
  173. Biogenic fabrication and multifunctional therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from rose petal extract
  174. Metal oxides on the frontlines: Antimicrobial activity in plant-derived biometallic nanoparticles
  175. Controlling pore size during the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using CTAB by the sol–gel hydrothermal method and their biological activities
  176. Special Issue on State-of-Art Advanced Nanotechnology for Healthcare
  177. Applications of nanomedicine-integrated phototherapeutic agents in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review of the current state of research
  178. Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease
  179. Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2024-0098
Keywords for this article
copper sulfide; poly-O-amino benzenethiol; copper oxide; hydrogen gas; renewable energy; Red Sea water
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Tension buckling and postbuckling of nanocomposite laminated plates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
  3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilised gold nanoparticle coatings inhibit blood protein adsorption
  4. Energy and mass transmission through hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a spinning sphere with magnetic effect and heat source/sink
  5. Surface treatment with nano-silica and magnesium potassium phosphate cement co-action for enhancing recycled aggregate concrete
  6. Numerical investigation of thermal radiation with entropy generation effects in hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching sheet
  7. Enhancing the performance of thermal energy storage by adding nano-particles with paraffin phase change materials
  8. Using nano-CaCO3 and ceramic tile waste to design low-carbon ultra high performance concrete
  9. Numerical analysis of thermophoretic particle deposition in a magneto-Marangoni convective dusty tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow – Thermal and magnetic features
  10. Dual numerical solutions of Casson SA–hybrid nanofluid toward a stagnation point flow over stretching/shrinking cylinder
  11. Single flake homo p–n diode of MoTe2 enabled by oxygen plasma doping
  12. Electrostatic self-assembly effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on performance of carbon nanotubes in cement-based materials
  13. Multi-scale alignment to buried atom-scale devices using Kelvin probe force microscopy
  14. Antibacterial, mechanical, and dielectric properties of hydroxyapatite cordierite/zirconia porous nanocomposites for use in bone tissue engineering applications
  15. Time-dependent Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising the CNTs through a Riga plate with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation
  16. Durability prediction of geopolymer mortar reinforced with nanoparticles and PVA fiber using particle swarm optimized BP neural network
  17. Utilization of zein nano-based system for promoting antibiofilm and anti-virulence activities of curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  18. Antibacterial effect of novel dental resin composites containing rod-like zinc oxide
  19. An extended model to assess Jeffery–Hamel blood flow through arteries with iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and melting effects: Entropy optimization analysis
  20. Comparative study of copper nanoparticles over radially stretching sheet with water and silicone oil
  21. Cementitious composites modified by nanocarbon fillers with cooperation effect possessing excellent self-sensing properties
  22. Confinement size effect on dielectric properties, antimicrobial activity, and recycling of TiO2 quantum dots via photodegradation processes of Congo red dye and real industrial textile wastewater
  23. Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: Characterization and photocatalytic application
  24. Novel integrated structure and function of Mg–Gd neutron shielding materials
  25. Impact of multiple slips on thermally radiative peristaltic transport of Sisko nanofluid with double diffusion convection, viscous dissipation, and induced magnetic field
  26. Magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal convective and mass flux conditions: HAM solution
  27. A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic water-based hybrid nanofluid flow composed of Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles over a heated surface
  28. Development and modeling of an ultra-robust TPU-MWCNT foam with high flexibility and compressibility
  29. Effects of nanofillers on the physical, mechanical, and tribological behavior of carbon/kenaf fiber–reinforced phenolic composites
  30. Polymer nanocomposite for protecting photovoltaic cells from solar ultraviolet in space
  31. Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of recycled concrete reinforced with basalt fibers and nano-silica in early low-temperature environments
  32. Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical performance and microstructure of cement mortar
  33. CFD analysis of paraffin-based hybrid (Co–Au) and trihybrid (Co–Au–ZrO2) nanofluid flow through a porous medium
  34. Forced convective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow subject to heat source/sink and Lorentz force over a permeable wedge: Numerical exploration
  35. Physiochemical and electrical activities of nano copper oxides synthesised via hydrothermal method utilising natural reduction agents for solar cell application
  36. A homotopic analysis of the blood-based bioconvection Carreau–Yasuda hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective conditions
  37. In situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance for pollutant degradation
  38. A coarse-grained Poisson–Nernst–Planck model for polyelectrolyte-modified nanofluidic diodes
  39. A numerical investigation of the magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending sheet with a convective condition: Active and passive controls of nanoparticles
  40. The LyP-1 cyclic peptide modified mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres for targeted delivery of triptolide regulate the macrophage repolarization in atherosclerosis
  41. Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
  42. The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  43. Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
  44. Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
  45. Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
  46. Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
  47. Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
  48. Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
  49. Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
  50. Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
  51. Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
  52. Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
  53. Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
  54. Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
  55. Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
  56. Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
  57. Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
  58. Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
  59. Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
  60. Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
  61. A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
  62. Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  63. A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
  64. Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
  65. Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
  66. Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
  67. A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
  68. Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
  69. Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
  70. Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
  71. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
  72. Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
  73. Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
  74. One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
  75. A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
  76. Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
  77. Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
  78. Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
  79. Effects of PVA fibers and nano-SiO2 on rheological properties of geopolymer mortar
  80. Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
  81. Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
  82. Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
  83. Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
  84. Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
  85. Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  86. Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
  87. Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
  88. Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
  89. Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
  90. Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
  91. Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
  92. Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
  93. Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
  94. PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
  95. Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
  96. Review Articles
  97. Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
  98. Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
  99. Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
  100. A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
  101. Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
  102. Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
  103. A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
  104. Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
  105. Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
  106. Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
  107. Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
  108. Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
  109. Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
  110. Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
  111. A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
  112. A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
  113. Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
  114. Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
  115. Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
  116. Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
  117. Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
  118. Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
  119. A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
  120. Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
  121. Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
  122. Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
  123. Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
  124. Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
  125. Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
  126. Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
  127. Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
  128. Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
  129. Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
  130. In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
  131. Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
  132. Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
  133. Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
  134. Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
  135. Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
  136. Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  137. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
  138. Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
  139. Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
  140. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
  141. Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
  142. Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
  143. Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
  144. Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
  145. Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
  146. Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
  147. Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
  148. Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
  149. Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
  150. Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
  151. Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
  152. Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
  153. An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
  154. Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
  155. Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
  156. Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
  157. Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
  158. Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
  159. Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
  160. Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
  161. Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
  162. Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
  163. In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
  164. Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
  165. Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
  166. Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
  167. Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
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