Home Physical Sciences Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
Article Open Access

Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications

  • Mary Harli Mol Edwin , Ajin Sundar Sundara Raj , Aravind Mani EMAIL logo , Mika Sillanpää and Saleh Al-Farraj
Published/Copyright: July 15, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

Biologically active magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were synthesised using green reduction with an extract derived from the Vitis vinifera plant. The investigation focused on examining the structure and carbon abundance resulting from the thermal degradation of adsorbed biomolecules. It was accomplished using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and FT-IR analysis techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies conducted on MgO nanoparticles indicate the absence of any supplementary peaks, thereby indicating the purity of the material. The morphological characteristics, which have been examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy and TEM methodologies, demonstrate the presence of particles with a spherical shape, exhibiting minimal agglomeration and a uniform distribution across the surfaces of MgO. The porous structure, porosity, and pore volume of the MgO particles were evaluated using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis. The experimental findings reveal that the surface area of the MgO nanoparticles is 23.8742 m2/g, while the total pore volume is 0.12528 cm3/g. Additionally, the average pore diameter is determined to be 1.7 nm. These observations collectively suggest the presence of microporous structures within the MgO nanoparticles. This article discusses the biological studies to assess the antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities of the synthesised MgO nanoparticles.

Keywords: nanotechnology; nanobiotechnology; antibacterial; antifungal; anti-inflammatory; and anti-diabetic activities.

1 Introduction

Nanomaterials are characterised by their nanoscale dimensions, which enable them to exhibit superior mechanical and electronic properties compared to bulk particles of macroscopic size [1,2]. The subject matter has garnered significant interest recently due to its multifaceted applications across diverse domains, including but not limited to catalysis, gas sensing, energy storage, and energy conversion [3,4,5,6]. The preparation of nanomaterials typically involves using two primary methodologies: top-down and bottom-up synthetic routes [7,8,9]. Recently, a diverse range of nanomaterials has been synthesised chemically to cater to specific applications. Chemical-reducing agents, notably, have garnered increased attention in nanomaterial synthesis [10,11]. Various capping agents and surfactants have been employed in this context [12].

In recent years, using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent has grown more common in the chemical reduction process for synthesising nanomaterials [13]. Following the advent of bio-extract or biomolecule-derived reducing agents, the conventional chemical reagent-based approach was superseded due to its inherent drawbacks. These drawbacks encompassed the generation of pollution through chemical consumption during nanomaterial synthesis, the utilisation of costly reagents, and the lack of sustainability in the overall process. The bio-extracts, which consist of various biomolecules such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, exhibit functional groups that readily coordinate the binding of metal ions. Additionally, these bio-extracts can decrease the particle size by regulating nucleation growth [14,15]. According to numerous reports, many recent publications focus on utilising plant extract-derived reducing agents to synthesise nanoparticles [14–18].

Nanomaterials, in their metallic and oxide states, are extensively employed across various energy, medical, and industrial domains [19,20]. Metallic nanoparticles, with their diverse range of morphological configurations and alloy compositions, have been extensively employed in many industrial applications due to their exceptional mechanical robustness and notable resistance to wear, among other advantageous properties [21]. Additionally, metallic nanoparticles and isotopes have been used in cancer cell treatment [22,23]. In this investigation, metallic nanoparticles composed of Ag, Au, and Pt were primarily examined for their potential applications in biological studies and as inhibitors of carcinogens [24,25]. In a similar vein, the utilisation of metal oxide nanoparticles has garnered significant interest in the fields of energy storage, energy conversion, and biological applications. The effective coupling of nanomaterials has led to significant advancements in various fields, including solar photovoltaics, gas sensors, and LED applications [26–28]. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanomaterials have been extensively studied to predict their biological properties, specifically regarding the bio-reducing agents employed in their synthesis [29,30].

Magnesium oxide (MgO), an amalgamation of magnesium and oxygen, has attracted substantial scrutiny due to its intricate participation in biological investigation. The aforementioned inorganic compound, frequently encountered as a solid mineral with a white appearance, exhibits unique characteristics that render it a subject of considerable fascination across multiple scientific fields, encompassing but not limited to medicine, biochemistry, physiology, and nutrition [31]. The core of its significance resides in magnesium, a vital mineral intricately intertwined with numerous physiological processes within living organisms. Magnesium is widely acknowledged as an essential cofactor in various enzymatic reactions, a key regulator of ion channels, and a crucial stabiliser of DNA and RNA structures. The chemical reaction between magnesium and oxygen, resulting in the formation of MgO, yields a compound that exhibits promising implications for various cellular activities, tissue health, and the overall well-being of organisms [32].

The unique microstructural characteristics of MgO, including its notable porosity, expansive surface area, and presence of acid–base sites, contribute to its surface’s remarkable responsiveness in various applications [33]. The diverse morphological configurations exhibited by MgO, including rod-like structures, spherical shapes, platelets, floral arrangements, star-like formations, cubic shapes, and needle-like structures, render them highly suitable for the fabrication of nanomaterials possessing unique and unprecedented properties [34,35]. The proliferation of scientific literature documenting advancements in the field of MgO nanoparticles has exhibited a notable upward trend over time. Multiple studies have demonstrated the utilisation of MgO in photocatalysis, its efficacy as an antimicrobial agent, and its application in energy cells and sensors. Exploring novel biomedical engineering applications involving MgO nanoparticles is an increasing interest and research area. MgO has been found to possess various applications in biomedical research. These applications include tissue regeneration, implant coatings, bioimaging, wound healing, and the development of cancer therapies [36,37].

The report discusses the use of innovative plant extract-reducing agents for synthesising MgO nanoparticles and explores their biological activities. The study highlights the simplicity and potential of the sustainable synthesis method using Trigonella foenum-graecum for various biomedical applications. The antibacterial effectiveness of the MgO nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is observed. Another study focuses on the green synthesis technique using an extract from the leaves of Pisonia alba to fabricate magnetic oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant and antifungal properties [38]. The combustion method is utilised in another investigation to synthesise MgO nanoparticles using glutamine and l-arginine as fuels. The biological efficacy of these nanoparticles against bacterial strains and fungi is evaluated [39]. The production of MgO nanoparticles using Carica papaya leaf extract and their antimicrobial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis is described in a comprehensive account [40]. The green synthesis methodology using Moringa oleifera leaves and magnesium chloride solution is examined, and the antibacterial effectiveness of the MgO nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is determined [41]. The reduction of magnesium ions facilitated by the phytochemicals in the leaf extract of Ajwain (Trachyspermumammi) is observed, resulting in the formation of oxide nanoparticles with significant biological activity [42]. The antimicrobial characteristics of MgO nanoparticles extracted from Datura stramonium leaves against E. coli and S. aureus are investigated [43]. The synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using extracts from the Texas sage plant (Leucophyllum frutescens) as a capping agent and their antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli are evaluated [44]. The report concludes by discussing the green synthesis approach for producing Moringa gum-capped MgO nanoparticles and assessing their antioxidant activity, hemolysis potential, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, toxicity in zebrafish embryos, and in vivo toxicity [45].

The synthesis of MgO nanoparticles utilising Vitis vinifera extract as both a reducing and stabilising agent is a sustainable and environmentally beneficial process, providing a green alternative to traditional techniques [46]. The produced nanoparticles demonstrate a range of beneficial qualities, such as antibacterial [47], antifungal [46], anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities [48]. These features make them promising for prospective applications in treating infectious, inflammatory, and metabolic illnesses. Using Vitis vinifera extract to create nanoparticles improves their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, capitalising on the health advantages of the botanical extract.

To use nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes, it is necessary to carefully assess their compatibility with living organisms, their safety, and the potential long-term impacts they may have on biological systems. It is essential to examine cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, and stability to determine their suitability for commercialisation. Maximising therapeutic potential relies heavily on targeting specificity [49]. Standardisation and repeatability are crucial to providing uniform nanoparticle characteristics across several batches [50]. Nevertheless, moving from small-scale synthesis in the laboratory to large-scale production presents difficulties regarding scalability, cost efficiency, and adherence to regulations. Efficiently improving the methods of creating nanoparticles, expanding the capacity of production facilities, and adhering to regulatory standards are essential stages in advancing and commercialising nanoparticle-based medical treatments.

The Vitis vinifera extract-appended MgO nanoparticles have been found to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties. This discovery suggests a wide range of potential therapeutic applications, such as creating new antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory medications, and treatments for diabetes. Their ability to perform several functions may result in synergistic effects, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes compared to drugs targeting a single entity [51].

This study contributes to the growing field of nanomedicine by demonstrating the potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, imaging, and theranostic applications. Using natural product-derived nanoparticles further expands the scope of nanomedicine, emphasising the importance of sustainable and biocompatible nanomaterials in healthcare. The Vitis vinifera extract-appended green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles represents an innovative approach with significant contributions to nanotechnology, natural product-based therapeutics, and nanomedicine.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials and methods

Magnesium nitrate, distilled water, and fresh Vitis vinifera leaves are used to synthesize green nanoparticles.

2.1.1 Bioextract preparation from Vitis vinifera

Freshly washed leaves of Vitis vinifera were exposed to direct sunlight. Subsequently, 10 g of leaves were dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water using a magnetic stirrer-heater and heated at 50–60°C for 60 min. The resulting yellow solution was filtered to obtain the extract using filter sheets.

2.1.2 Synthesis of MgO nanoparticles

About 10 mL of the Vitis vinifera extract aqueous leaf extract was added in drops to 50 mL of 0.1 M solution of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O in a 250 mL capacity beaker under a constant stirring condition with a magnetic stirrer. The total time consumed for the addition was 12 h. The obtained solid–liquid dispersion was centrifuged at 7,000 rpm for 10 min. After this, the supernatant was discarded, and the residue was washed with deionised water to remove excess Mg(NO3)·6H2O and residual organic molecules. Furthermore, it was dried in an oven at 70°C for 2 h and then calcined in a furnace at 500°C for 3 h to obtain MgO nanoparticles. The obtained particles are collected and labelled as MO1 (Figure 1). In the MO2 samples, the same methodology was followed with 15 mL of Viti’s vinifera extract.

Figure 1 Synthesis of MgO nanoparticles.
Figure 1

Synthesis of MgO nanoparticles.

2.2 Material characterisation

2.2.1 Antibacterial activity

It was tested using the agar diffusion method to see how well MgO nanoparticles killed Gram-negative Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-positive B. subtilis, and Staphylococcus albus. Agar plates were prepared, and the bacterial strains E. coli and S. aureus were streaked onto the plates using a streaking technique. The plates were rotated at angles of 60° to achieve a uniform dispersion of the inoculum. The prepared and annealed MgO nanoparticles were put into the healthy plates with micropipettes. Each disc held 75 μL/mL. It was done after inoculating the healthy plates with bacteria. The test samples were meticulously administered to guarantee their containment within the wells. The plates were placed in an incubator for 24 h at 37°C to facilitate bacteria proliferation and interaction with the test materials. Following incubation, the inhibition areas surrounding the test sample discs were inspected and quantified. The fact that there is a zone of inhibition (ZOI) around the disc shows that the antibacterial properties of the MgO nanoparticles are stopping the growth of bacteria. Positive controls of Amikacin were used to see how well the test samples worked against Gram-negative Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as Gram-positive B. subtilis and Staphylococcus albus. These controls aid in establishing a standard for comparing antibacterial activity.

2.2.2 Antifungal activity

The antifungal activity of the synthesised MgO nanoparticles against the fungus Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus niger was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique. The stock solution was prepared by combining 1 mg of MgO nanoparticles with 1 mL of sterile distilled water. The antibacterial activity assay utilised Muller–Hinton agar plates with a pH of 7.4. About 6 mm-diameter wells were created on the agar plates, into which 100 µL of the synthesised MgO nanoparticles were introduced. The standard control consisted of Nystatin at a 50 µg/mL concentration. After applying the test samples and control to agar plates, incubation was carried out for 18 h at a temperature of 37°C. During the incubation period, the antifungal activity of MgO nanoparticles and the control (Nystatin) both prevented fungal growth in the area around the wells. Afterwards, the diameter of the ensuing transparent area, also referred to as the ZOI was measured once the incubation period had finished. The clear zone corresponds to the region where bacterial growth is suppressed due to the antifungal properties of the test samples or the control. Evaluating the width of the clear zone provides valuable information on the effectiveness of the synthesised MgO nanoparticles in inhibiting fungal growth. A greater clear zone width implies a more potent antifungal action, whereas a more minor or nonexistent clear zone indicates limited or no antifungal activity. By measuring the width of the inhibition zones, this method lets us test and compare how well MgO nanoparticles kill fungus compared to the control substance Nystatin.

2.2.3 Anti-inflammatory activity

The experimental setup involved combining 0.5 mL of the reaction mixture, which comprised 0.4 mL of bovine serum albumin (3% aqueous solution), with different concentrations of the MO2 sample. The sample underwent incubation at a temperature of 37°C for 20 min. Subsequently, a volume of 2.5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline solution with a pH value of 6.3 was introduced into each tube. The tubes were subjected to a thermal treatment at 80°C for 10 min. The absorbance measurement was conducted using a spectrophotometer set at 660 nm. The calculation of the percentage inhibition of protein denaturation was performed in the following equation:

(1) Percentage of inhibition = [ ( Abs Control – Abs Sample ) / Abs control ] × 100 .

2.3 α-Glucosidase inhibition assay

The impact of the MO2 on α-glucosidase activity was assessed using the methodology outlined by Shai et al., [57] with minor adjustments. A pre-incubation period of 30 min was conducted, during which 400 μL of α-glucosidase with a concentration of 0.067 U/mL was exposed to varying concentrations of the sample. Subsequently, a volume of 200 μL containing a concentration of 3.0 mM p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG), serving as the substrate, was introduced into the experimental setup. The PNP substrate was dissolved in a sodium phosphate buffer at a concentration of 0.1 M and a pH value of 6.9. This addition marked the initiation of the biochemical reaction. The reaction mixture underwent incubation at a temperature of 37°C for 30 min, after which it was terminated by adding 2 mL of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution at a concentration of 0.1 M. The α-glucosidase activity was determined by quantifying the para-nitrophenol (pNP) released from pNPG, which exhibited a yellow colour. The measurement was performed at a wavelength of 400 nm. The outcomes were quantified in terms of inhibition percentage. The identical experimental protocol was employed for acarbose (1 mg/mL stock), which served as the reference standard:

(2) Inhibitory activity ( % ) = ( B − T / B − C ) × 100 ,

where B is the absorbance of the blank, t is the absorbance in the presence of a test substance, and C is the absorbance of the control.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Structural analyses

3.1.1 Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns

The PXRD analysis is performed to enhance comprehension of the structural characteristics of synthesised MO1 and MO2 nanoparticles at different concentrations of the reducing agent, Viti vinifera extract. The results obtained are depicted in Figure 2a, which displays the PXRD patterns corresponding to the 2θ values of 37.3°, 43.3°, 62.7°, 75.1°, and 79.0°. The observed peaks correspond to the hkl planes with miller indices of (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222), respectively. The observed peaks provide evidence of the presence of MgO in MO1 and MO2 samples that exhibit a face-centred cubic (FCC) structure belonging to the Fm-3m space group. Moreover, the PXRD patterns and their corresponding hkl planes are significantly similar to MgO, as reported in the JCPDS card No. 01-075-0447 [52]. No significant alterations in the PXRD pattern were observed when the concentration of the Vitis vinifera extract was varied.

Figure 2 (a) PXRD patterns of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials, and (b) FT-IR spectra of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials in KBr standard.
Figure 2

(a) PXRD patterns of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials, and (b) FT-IR spectra of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials in KBr standard.

Furthermore, the absence of any supplementary peaks observed in the PXRD pattern of MO1 and MO2 indicates the exceptional purity of the MgO nanoparticles. A distinct and pronounced peak observed in the PXRD patterns suggests that the synthesised MgO nanoparticles possess a significant crystallinity level. Metal oxide surfaces exhibit a strong affinity for organic molecules possessing electron acceptor units, such as carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, and pyridyl groups. The bio-extract utilised in the investigation showed an abundance of organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonols, tannins, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other compounds [53]. Carbon chemisorption on MgO surfaces is readily observed throughout the heat treatment procedure. The surface of the material’s activity may undergo significant alteration. The inability to observe this phenomenon in PXRD analysis can be attributed to carbon’s amorphous state.

In addition, the FWHM and d space values for the as-synthesized nanoparticles are 0.2755 and 2.08445 for MO1, and 0.3444 and 2.08682 for MO2. These two values were changed slightly based on the concentration of the extract used. The high concentration of the extract leads to higher carbon deposited on the MgO surface. This indicated that the d-space value was observed to be slightly high, and the FWHM value increased. This could be doping of amorphous carbon from the extract after the thermal treatment at 500°C.

3.1.2 FT-IR investigations

To examine the composition of MgO and the presence of carbon contamination in MO1 and MO2 materials, Fourier transform infrared spectra were obtained using potassium bromide (KBr) as the medium. The results are presented in Figure 2b, wherein a notable peak at 533 cm−1 is observed, corresponding to the stretching frequency of Mg–O [54]. In the context of MO1, a distinct peak is observed for MO2 at a wavenumber of 533 cm−1, whereas MO1 exhibits peak broadening. Furthermore, the additional peaks observed at 1,384 and 3,696 cm−1 corresponded to the presence of C–N/C–O and −N–H functional groups in the MO1 sample. The data provide clear evidence that the carbon in the MO1 sample can be attributed to the chemisorbed bio-molecules originating from the extract.

3.1.3 Raman spectral analysis

The Raman spectra were obtained to provide additional evidence for the existence of functional groups and to conduct a structural study of MO1 and MO2. The results are depicted in Figure 3. The observed spectrum displays a distinct peak at 400 cm−1, which can be attributed to the symmetric stretching vibration of oxygen ions (O2−) in the A1g mode of MgO. The Eg mode, which represents the symmetric stretching of oxygen ions along the face-diagonal direction within the cubic lattice, displays a peak at a wavenumber of 632 cm−1. The T1u mode is associated with the stretching vibration of magnesium ions (Mg2+) within the cubic lattice of MgO, resulting in a prominent peak at 522 cm−1. The Eg mode correlates with the symmetric stretching of oxygen ions along a distinct set of axes, separate from the Eg mode. The differentiation between the two can be identified through a distinct peak occurring at approximately 688 cm−1. The Raman spectra of MO1 and MO2 reveal that the G-band displays a spectral range of 1,582 cm−1. This range encompasses the in-plane oscillations of carbon atoms within a hexagonal lattice, as observed in graphite and different crystalline forms of sp2 hybridised carbon. In the interim, it is noteworthy that the D-band manifests itself at a reduced wavenumber, precisely within the confines of 1,378 cm−1. The quantification of disorder in carbon-based materials is often accomplished by utilising the intensity of the D-band as a reliable indicator. The carbonaceous substance obtained from the extract was found to have accumulated in both the MO1 and MO2 samples, as indicated by the observations made.

Figure 3 Raman spectra obtained for MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials.
Figure 3

Raman spectra obtained for MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials.

3.1.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies

The XPS spectra were acquired to enhance our understanding of the composition and arrangement of synthesised MgO nanoparticles. The results are depicted in Figure 4, notwithstanding the discernible peaks observed at an energy level of 1305.2 eV to the Mg 1s energy states. The observed peak suggests the MO2 sample contains the Mg+ ion in a +1 oxidation state. No additional peaks were observed at 1,300 eV, indicating the absence of further phases of magnesium, such as magnesium hydroxide and complex magnesium structures. The deconvolution spectra of the O 1s exhibit a discernible peak at 530.6 eV, which can be attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies and chemisorbed oxygen species on the surfaces of the MgO. The observed peak corresponding to the Mg–O bond in the O 1s spectra exhibits a prominent intensity at 532.18 eV, indicating the presence of the O2− ion. Furthermore, two additional peaks observed at 533.84 and 535.11 eV provide evidence of graphitic carbon within the MO2 sample. These peaks can be attributed to the graphitic C–O–C and −COOH functional groups, further supporting the presence of graphitic carbon.

Figure 4 XPS spectra of MO1 and MO2 samples and peaks of Mg and O.
Figure 4

XPS spectra of MO1 and MO2 samples and peaks of Mg and O.

3.2 Morphology

3.2.1 Field emission scanning electron microscopic analysis

The textural characteristics of the synthesised MgO nanopowder were analysed using field emission scanning electron microscopy to examine the textural characteristics. The morphological structure of MgO particles is depicted in Figure 5, illustrating the obtained result. The observed data indicate the presence of MgO particles in both samples, exhibiting a spherical morphology. Notably, the samples exhibit varying extract concentrations. The absence of alterations in the morphological composition of MgO is evident across the diverse extract concentrations employed. The particles display a uniform distribution and demonstrate specific porous attributes. The observed surface characteristics of the particles exhibit a higher probability of being smooth. Furthermore, it has been observed that MO2 particles exhibit a reduced particle size in comparison to MO1 particles. Ultimately, the interconnectivity of the particles has been achieved, effectively inhibiting the formation of particle accumulations. This desirable outcome is attributed to the interaction between bio-molecules and MgO nanoparticles, which regulate nucleation growth.

Figure 5 Surface image of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterial samples obtained from SEM analysis.
Figure 5

Surface image of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterial samples obtained from SEM analysis.

3.2.2 Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) study

To acquire an additional understanding regarding the elemental composition and presence of carbon-based materials in MO1 and MO2 samples, EDAX spectroscopy was conducted. The results derived from the examination are visually represented in Figure 6. The presence of Mg and O in the samples is evident, and the EDAX spectra exhibit a pronounced intensity of the Mg element, indicating the formation of nanoparticles composed of MgO. Furthermore, the detected carbon traces were observed at an energy level of approximately 0.3 keV, suggesting a significantly minimal carbon content within the examined samples. Henceforth, to advance biological endeavours and facilitate subsequent investigations, we exclusively employ MO2 samples.

Figure 6 Chemical composition of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials by EDAX analysis (for Mg and O elements).
Figure 6

Chemical composition of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials by EDAX analysis (for Mg and O elements).

3.2.3 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis

The utilisation of the HR-TEM technique is of utmost significance in determining nanomaterial morphology and particle size. The assessment of biological activators necessitates careful consideration of particle size and morphology, as these properties exhibit variations contingent upon the characteristics of nanomaterials. HR-TEM microscopic analysis was conducted on the MO2 sample to obtain evidence regarding particle size and morphology. Figure 7 displays the HR-TEM images of the MO2 sample, revealing the presence of MgO particles that exhibit a spherical morphology and are uniformly dispersed. The particles exhibit a high degree of interconnectivity, forming a porous structure characterised by a networked arrangement. No significant instances of agglomerated particles were observed on the surfaces under investigation. The particles exhibit a regular distribution pattern. According to the acquired data, the dimensions of the MgO nanoparticles were determined to be in the range of 50–200 nm. Moreover, the SAED pattern obtained for the MO2 sample agrees with the PXRD pattern. The samples also display well-defined and intense patterns, indicating a significant level of crystallinity. The d space value for the obtained particle was calculated from the TEM-SAED results and found to be 2.58 nm. It is also consistent with the PXRD results. The particle size histography exhibited the particles with an average size of 167 nm, and a spherical morphology exhibiting porous characteristics holds promise for demonstrating favourable efficacy in various biological applications.

Figure 7 TEM images, SAED pattern, and particle size histogram of the MO2 nanomaterial.
Figure 7

TEM images, SAED pattern, and particle size histogram of the MO2 nanomaterial.

3.3 Textural study

3.3.1 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis

Understanding the impact of material surface area on biological activities is crucial, as it determines how they interact with various biological entities, including cells, tissues, proteins, and enzymes. Studying substances like MgO holds significant value in biological research. Enhancing the surface area significantly impacts various cellular processes, such as cell adhesion, migration, signalling, tissue regeneration, wound healing, immune responses, drug delivery, catalysis, adsorption, binding, bioavailability, and biocompatibility. This increase in available sites for interactions with neighbouring molecules or biological entities plays a crucial role in these processes. Drug delivery systems utilise materials that have enhanced surface areas, such as nanoparticles, to improve their ability to control the release of drugs and deliver them accurately to specific targets. Henceforth, it is imperative to assess the active surface area of the material before engaging in biological inquiries. The surface area of MO2 was determined using the BET nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms technique, with the corresponding outcomes presented in Figure 8. The type II isotherm commonly observed in the BET isotherm for c > 1 corresponds to the microspore materials. Under conditions of significantly reduced pressure, the microporous becomes saturated with nitrogen gas. The monolayer formation is initiated at the knee joint, while the subsequent multilayer formation occurs under moderate pressure conditions. Capillary condensation is observed to occur at elevated pressures. The results are presented in Figure 6, illustrating a type II isotherm curve characteristic of microporous materials. Furthermore, the determined surface area value is 23.8742 m2/g. As determined using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method, the pore size distributions demonstrate a total pore volume of 0.12528 cm3/g, while the average pore diameter is 1.7 nm. Based on the obtained results, it can be inferred that the MgO particles contain micropores with a diameter falling within the range of 1.7 nm.

Figure 8 Results of the plot obtained from the BET analysis of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials.
Figure 8

Results of the plot obtained from the BET analysis of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials.

3.4 Thermal study

The thermal stability of a substance is a crucial factor that influences its biological activity and practical applications. Bio-processing, preservation, medical devices, medication administration, protein denaturation, cell culture, biochemical processes, and biochemical analysis are all highly significant in the scientific realm. The thermal stability of materials utilised in bio-processing is of utmost importance in ensuring the preservation of enzyme activity, the maintenance of biological samples, and the ability to withstand sterilisation procedures. Maintaining thermal stability is of utmost importance in guaranteeing the longevity and security of medical interventions, encompassing medical apparatus, implants, and prostheses. The preservation of thermal stability holds significant significance within drug delivery systems, as it assumes a pivotal function in governing the kinetics and effectiveness of drug release. Therefore, the examination of the thermal properties of the synthesised materials was imperative to forecast their biological efficacy. Thermal characteristics of the synthesised MgO particles were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) studies, and the outcomes are presented in Figure 9. The observed phenomenon, wherein the initial decline in the degradation curve occurs at approximately 100°C, can be attributed to the process of water molecule elimination from the surface of MO2. Subsequently, the observed curve depicting the gradual deterioration occurring within the temperature range of 200–380°C, as supported by existing literature, was attributed to the transformation of magnesium hydroxide into MgO. The findings of the DTA study (Figure 9, blue line) further corroborate these assertions, as evidenced by the presence of a distinct DT curve spanning the temperature range of 200–380°C, which elucidates the phase transition occurring between Mg(OH)2 and MgO. The present perspective entails thoroughly examining the Mg(OH)2 composition within the MO2 sample, employing the TGA curve as a tool for analysis. The TGA curve, depicted in Figure S1, illustrates the relationship between temperature and the weight percentage of degradation. The observed phenomenon, occurring within the temperature range of 200–400°C, exhibits a distinctive curvature indicative of the transformation of Mg(OH)2 into MgO. This transformation is accompanied by a concomitant reduction in weight, quantified as an 11% decrease. This observation suggests that the synthesis process did not fully convert the precursor materials into MgO. Additionally, these unconverted materials are present on the surface of MO2. Moreover, carbon traces were not detected in the TGA and DTA curves, likely due to their minimal abundance. However, the observed peak in the DTG curve, which reached a maximum temperature of 480°C, signifies the occurrence of a weight gain phenomenon attributed to the formation of carbon resulting from the reaction with carbon dioxide (CO2) [55].

Figure 9 TG–DTA curves for MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials (black and red line). Blue line represents the DTG curve.
Figure 9

TG–DTA curves for MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials (black and red line). Blue line represents the DTG curve.

3.5 Optical properties

The optical properties of materials play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as bio-sensing, imaging, phototherapy, optogenetics, bio-safety assessment, protein structure and function analysis, cellular response monitoring, and drug screening. These optical characteristics are essential in imaging techniques like fluorescence, confocal, and optical coherence tomography, which provide high-resolution observations of cells, tissues, and sub-cellular structures. By leveraging these optical properties, researchers can also manipulate neuronal activity, gene expression, and signalling pathways in specific cells, leading to significant advancements in neuroscience and studying complex biological systems. Hence, it is imperative to investigate the absorption characteristics of the nanomaterials before their application in biological processes. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy was employed to evaluate the absorption characteristics of the MO1 and MO2 samples within the wavelength range of 200–400 nm. In general, white powders composed of metal oxides demonstrate the presence of an absorption band within the wavelength range of 200–400 nm. These materials can be classified as semiconductors, as their energy level gap aligns with the characteristics of such materials [56–59]. Similarly, the synthesized MgO samples demonstrate a pronounced absorption peak at approximately 120 nm (Figure 10). Furthermore, the absorption edges of the MO2 samples extend around 265 nm. In contrast, the absorption edges of the MO1 samples are found at approximately 245 nm. The observed characteristics of the material suggest that its semiconductor properties exhibit a high degree of compatibility with various biological applications.

Figure 10 Absorption spectra of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials.
Figure 10

Absorption spectra of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials.

3.6 Antibacterial study

Scientists are presently investigating the effectiveness of antibacterial materials as potential agents in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with the ultimate objective of improving public health. The materials above, comprised of filter paper discs containing MgO nanoparticles, were engineered to impede bacterial proliferation and establish novel colonies. The observed occurrence in which MgO particles disperse from the disc and permeate the agar medium can be accurately described as the scientific phenomenon known as “diffusion.” The diffusion process leads to the emergence of a clearly defined area where microbial growth is absent, often referred to as the ZOI. The antibacterial efficacy of MO2 was assessed against Gram-negative Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus albus, utilising the disc diffusion technique. The resulting data, illustrated in Figure 11, allowed for measuring the inhibition zones (ZOI) surrounding the discs, where no observable bacterial growth was present. The observed zones in this study indicate the antibacterial activity exhibited by MO2 nanoparticles. The standard antibacterial agent, Amikacin, was employed as a control to establish a baseline comparison. The antimicrobial efficacy of MgO nanoparticles is documented in Table 1. At the same time, the accompanying visual representations of the inhibition zones resulting from the disc diffusion technique are shown in Figure 11. The bacterial structure comprises a cytoplasm, a cell wall, and a cell membrane. Gram-positive bacteria are characterised by a cell wall that is approximately 20–80 nm thick and a multilayer peptidoglycan membrane. Accordingly, the lower efficacy of MgO particles in inducing bacterial mortality can be attributed to the relatively challenging process of cell wall penetration. Similarly, the experimental findings demonstrated significantly diminished inhibition zones when tested against Gram-positive B. subtilis and Staphylococcus albus bacterial strains. The observed range of inhibition zones for Gram-positive bacteria falls within 18 to 22 mm. The results indicate that MO2 nanoparticles inhibit Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella and P. aeruginosa. Notably, the observed inhibitory activity ranges from 21 to 23 mm. The Gram-negative bacteria consist of two distinct cell membranes, an outer membrane and a plasma membrane, measuring 7–8 nm in thickness. The potential ability of MgO nanoparticles to traverse the cellular membrane of the peptidoglycan polymer and subsequently exhibit antibacterial effects is high [60]. Finally, the MO2 samples exhibit a notable capacity for inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, surpassing the control group treated with Amikacin. Also, there appeared to be a marginal reduction in the ZOI when the concentration of MO2 gradually increased.

Figure 11 (a–d) shows the antibacterial activity of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials by the disc diffusion method.
Figure 11

(a–d) shows the antibacterial activity of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials by the disc diffusion method.

Table 1

Antibacterial performance of MO1 and MO2

Bacteria ZOI (mm) Control (Amikacin)
Concentration of MO2 (μg/mL)
10 20 40 80 160
Klebsiella 20 18 16 15 13 13
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 16 15 13 11 13
Bacillus subtilis 21 19 15 13 09 16
Staphylococcus albus 23 21 19 15 13 15

3.7 Antifungal studies

Fungal diseases present substantial risks to the overall health of humans and various sectors of industry. The progression of antifungal materials, achieved through interdisciplinary collaboration, demonstrates significant potential for revolutionising the approach utilised in addressing fungal proliferation and colonisation. The materials above exhibit various applications derived from the multidisciplinary domains of materials science, biology, and medicine. The previously mentioned applications involve the utilisation of specialised coatings that have been formulated to inhibit fungal adhesion. Additionally, nanoparticles have been intricately designed to enable the controlled release of highly potent antifungal medications. By comprehensively understanding these intricate interconnections, scientists can develop novel interventions to foster more robust and healthier societies. The MgO nanoparticles (MO2) were synthesised in this study using an environmentally friendly method. Their antifungal efficacy was assessed against Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus niger fungal strains. The results acquired are presented in Figure 12. In the context of performance analysis, the results are compared with Nystatin, a substance employed as a control. Based on the study in Table 2, the antifungal efficacy of MO2 exhibits a notably elevated level compared to the control Nystatin standard, specifically in its impact on Candida tropicalis. The disparity between the two agents amounts to approximately 6 mm. In the context of Aspergillus niger, the observed activity exhibited a marginal decrease in comparison to the control. The observed discrepancies in fungal performances can be attributed to the extent of cell wall penetration, which is contingent upon variations in cell thickness. A prototypical fungal organism comprises a conglomeration of tubular and ramified filaments enveloped by a sturdy cellular barrier. The elongated structures, called hyphae (individually known as hypha), exhibit repetitive branching patterns, forming an intricate, radially expanding interconnected system known as mycelium. This mycelium constitutes the thallus, an undifferentiated organism body characteristic of a prototypical fungus. The inability of MgO nanoparticles to traverse the inflexible cellular membrane potentially accounts for their lack of efficacy against fungal organisms [8]. From this perspective, the observed limited efficacy of MO2 against A. niger can be attributed to the presence of a robust cell wall in the fungal strain, which restricts the penetration of MgO particles. However, it is observed that C. tropicalis exhibits a comparatively augmented cell wall structure, which can be attributed to the fact that the process of cell wall penetration requires a reduced amount of force.

Figure 12 (a, b) shows the antifungal activity of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials by the disc diffusion method.
Figure 12

(a, b) shows the antifungal activity of MO1 and MO2 nanomaterials by the disc diffusion method.

Table 2

Fungal performance of MO1 and MO2

Fungus ZOI (mm) Control (Nystatin)
Concentration of MO2 (μg/mL)
10 20 40 80
Candida tropicalis 16 13 12 08 10
Aspergillus niger 15 17 11 10 17

3.8 Anti-inflammation study

The amalgamation of materials science, immunology, and medicine has resulted in the emergence of anti-inflammatory materials, exhibiting substantial potential in revolutionising the management of inflammation-associated ailments. A diverse array of materials, encompassing a variety of surfaces and nanoparticles, show the capacity to mitigate inflammatory responses and efficiently administer potent pharmaceutical agents. Researchers are presently engaged in examining the mechanisms by which they engage with the immune system of the human organism. This endeavour has given rise to innovative medical implants and wearable device advancements. The anti-inflammatory properties of the synthesised MgO nanoparticles were assessed to determine their efficacy in mitigating inflammation. The obtained results were subsequently subjected to a comparative analysis with those of a widely used anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical agent, namely the diclofenac standard (Figure 13). The tables provided display the percentage inhibition observed for both the standard drug and MgO nanoparticles. The experimental findings indicate that MgO nanoparticles, synthesised using a green method, exhibit a more significant percentage of inhibition than the standard diclofenac. Diclofenac-derived pharmaceuticals exhibited a notable decrease in protein denaturation, with reductions of approximately 7.8% observed at a concentration of 6.2 μg/mL and a more substantial decrease of up to 78% observed at 100 μg/mL. The IC50 of diclofenac control ranges from 6.2 mg/mL to 100 μg/mL, with a specific value of 49.68 μg/mL. The observed effects of MgO nanoparticles on protein denaturation were quantified, revealing a reduction of up to 9% at a concentration of 6.2 μg/mL and a more substantial decrease of up to 55.45% at 200 μg/mL. The IC50 values of MgO nanoparticles were determined to be 164.15 at 200 and 6.2 μg/mL at a 9.98 μg/mL concentration. Figure 13 presents the IC50 values of the standard compound diclofenac and the sample nanoparticles denoted as MO2. The mean inhibition of protein denaturation for diclofenac is observed to be 49.68, while for the MO2 sample, it is found to be 164.15. The extensive diversity observed in this study elucidates the inherent capacity of MO2 nanoparticles to exhibit antifungal properties.

Figure 13 The anti-inflammatory activity of MO1 (a) and MO2 (b) nanomaterials (performance compared with diclofenac standard). (c) and (d) activity data of the inflammation studies.
Figure 13

The anti-inflammatory activity of MO1 (a) and MO2 (b) nanomaterials (performance compared with diclofenac standard). (c) and (d) activity data of the inflammation studies.

3.9 Anti-diabetic activity of α-glucosidase inhibition assay

The development of multidisciplinary anti-diabetic materials presents a promising opportunity for revolutionary advancements in the management and treatment of diabetes. Numerous materials are being examined for their prospective utilisation in implantable devices and wearable technologies. The materials above exhibit a broad spectrum of properties, encompassing various biomaterials specifically engineered for controlled drug release and exact glucose monitoring systems. Scientists aim to optimise glucose regulation and treatment regimens and enhance the well-being of individuals with diabetes by comprehensively understanding these interconnections. In the current study, the MO2 nanoparticles that were synthesised are subjected to an assay for α-glucosidase inhibition and an assay for -amylase to assess their potential diabetic properties. The data presented in Figure 14 originate from an assay measuring the inhibition of α-glucosidase, an enzyme commonly targeted to evaluate compound inhibitory potential. The enzyme mentioned above serves a pivotal function in carbohydrate digestion and has been identified as a prime target for pharmaceutical interventions aimed at diabetes management. These assays aim to identify compounds that can efficiently impede glucosidase activity, as this has the potential to modulate glycaemic control. The compound under investigation, acarbose, exhibits noteworthy inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. At the maximum concentration examined (100 μg/mL), it effectively suppresses approximately 94% of the enzyme’s catalytic function. Figure 14 illustrates a dose-dependent relationship wherein the observed response is contingent upon the concentration of acarbose. Specifically, as the concentration of acarbose increases, the inhibitory impact on α-glucosidase activity becomes increasingly conspicuous. Based on the measured IC50 value of 16.58 g/mL, it can be concluded that acarbose exhibits significant potency as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. The data for MO2 have been derived from the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, encompassing details such as the concentrations of the samples, optical density (OD) measurements at a wavelength of 400 nm, and the corresponding percentage of inhibition. The term “blank” denotes a control devoid of any compound, exhibiting an OD reading of 1.445. “Control” denotes a negative control or baseline exhibiting an OD measurement of 0.012. This value is notably lower than that of the blank. The compound under investigation is MO2. As the concentration of MO2 is augmented, there is a corresponding decrease in the OD readings. This decrease is indicative of the inhibition of beta-glucosidase activity. The observed phenomenon aligns with the anticipated behaviour of an α-glucosidase inhibitor. The observed inhibition phenomenon positively correlates with the concentration of MO2, suggesting a response dependent on the dosage administered. It can be inferred that elevated levels of MO2 exhibit enhanced efficacy in inhibiting beta-glucosidase. The calculated IC50 value is anticipated to be 152.55 g/mL. The concentration at which it is estimated that MO2 would exert a 50% inhibitory effect on beta-glucosidase activity is presented now. The data analysis indicates that the MO2 compound exhibits noteworthy inhibitory activity against glucosidase. The observed phenomenon exhibits a dose-dependent response, wherein higher concentrations elicit a more pronounced inhibitory effect. Based on the anticipated IC50 value of 152.55 g/mL, it can be inferred that this compound exhibits a more significant potential as an α-glucosidase inhibitor than acarbose. Consequently, further investigation is warranted into its potential as an agent for managing diabetes. This observation implies that MO2 exhibits promising prospects as an anti-diabetic agent due to its capacity to efficiently decelerate the process of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, thereby resulting in enhanced regulation of blood glucose levels.

Figure 14 The anti-diabetic activity of MO1 (a) and MO2 (b) nanomaterials (performance compared with the acarbose standard). (c) and (d) Activity data of the diabetic studies.
Figure 14

The anti-diabetic activity of MO1 (a) and MO2 (b) nanomaterials (performance compared with the acarbose standard). (c) and (d) Activity data of the diabetic studies.

4 Conclusions

We have successfully utilised the Vitis vinifera plant to produce MgO nanoparticles, a unique bio-reducing agent. Using PXRD and FT-IR analysis techniques, the nanoparticles were characterised to determine their crystal structure, which was found to be FCC. C–N/C–O and N–H functional groups derived from carbon molecules were also observed. The purity of the MgO sample was confirmed through Raman spectroscopy analysis. Thermal stability was evaluated using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses, which revealed the presence of carbon. Upon analysing the surface morphology, it was found that there were tiny spherical particles uniformly distributed throughout, each measuring less than 50 nm in size. These particles also exhibited a porous structure. Jana and her colleagues have discovered that an ethanolic extract from Vitis vinifera canes can assist in the production of silver nanoparticles. The synthesis process required 10% of the extract and 1 mM of silver nitrate. The Z-average of the silver nanoparticles was determined to be 68.2 nm, while their zeta potential was observed to be −30.4 mV. These silver nanoparticles effectively suppressed the growth of planktonic cells in all strains of P. aeruginosa at doses below 5% v/v. In addition, they effectively inhibited the growth of biofilms at concentrations below 6% v/v. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentration was found to range from 10 to 16% v/v. Utilising wine farm waste in this study has proven to be a sustainable and cost-effective method for producing silver nanoparticles with remarkable antibacterial properties. Researchers found that MgO nanoparticles have a strong toxic effect on Aspergillus niger. The experiment showed a gradual inhibitory impact when using 0.5 and 1.25% concentrations. The inhibitory efficacy of the poisoned food technique reached 66.6 and 100%, respectively. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the MgO nanomaterials. Like a materials scientist, the amikacin control displayed a significant inhibition zone of around 15 mm against the bacteria. However, the activity was greatly enhanced by the presence of MgO nanoparticles. Researchers examined the anti-inflammatory properties of MgO (MO2) nanoparticles by comparing them with diclofenac, a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug. The study found that the presence of MgO (MM or MO2) nanoparticles led to a notable increase in protein denaturation, indicating a potential for anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-diabetic activity was also evaluated, and the IC50 value of 152 was compared to the standard acarbose. This comparison highlights the potential of MgO nanoparticles in effectively regulating diabetes and inflammation progression.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Engineering College and St. Jude’s College for providing lab facilities.

  1. Funding information: This project was supported by Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2025R7) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Roduner E. Size matters: why nanomaterials differ. Chem Soc Rev. 2006;35:583–92.10.1039/b502142cSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Gogotsi Y. Nanomaterials handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006.10.1201/9781420004014Search in Google Scholar

[3] Khot LR, Sankaran S, Maja JM, Ehsani R, Schuster EW. Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production and crop protection: a review. Crop Prot. 2012;35:64–70.10.1016/j.cropro.2012.01.007Search in Google Scholar

[4] Mazari SA, Ali E, Abro R, Khan FSA, Ahmed I, Ahmed M, et al. Nanomaterials: Applications, waste-handling, environmental toxicities, and future challenges–A review. J Environ Chem Eng. 2021;9:105028.10.1016/j.jece.2021.105028Search in Google Scholar

[5] Gajanan K, Tijare SN. Applications of nanomaterials. Mater Today: Proc. 2018;5:1093–6.10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.187Search in Google Scholar

[6] Barreto JA, O'malley W, Kubeil M, Graham B, Stephan H, Spiccia L. Nanomaterials: applications in cancer imaging and therapy. Adv Mater. 2011;23:H18–40.10.1002/adma.201100140Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Vinayagam R, Pai S, Varadavenkatesan T, Pugazhendhi A, Selvaraj R. Characterization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoflowers synthesized using Bridelia retusa leaf extract. Appl Nanosci. 2023;13:493–502. 10.1007/s13204-021-01816-5.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Emima Jeronsia J, Ragu R, Sowmya R, Mary AJ, Jerome Das S. Comparative investigation on Camellia Sinensis mediated green synthesis of Ag and Ag/GO nanocomposites for its anticancer and antibacterial efficacy. Surf Interfaces. 2020;21:100787.10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100787Search in Google Scholar

[9] Vinayagam R, Nagendran V, Goveas LC, Narasimhan MK, Varadavenkatesan T, Chandrasekar N, et al. Structural characterization of marine macroalgae derived silver nanoparticles and their colorimetric sensing of hydrogen peroxide. Mater Chem Phys. 2024;313:128787.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128787Search in Google Scholar

[10] Baig N, Kammakakam I, Falath W. Nanomaterials: A review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges. Mater Adv. 2021;2:1821–71.10.1039/D0MA00807ASearch in Google Scholar

[11] Kolahalam LA, Viswanath IK, Diwakar BS, Govindh B, Reddy V, Murthy YL. Review on nanomaterials: Synthesis and applications. Mater Today: Proc. 2019;18:2182–90.10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.371Search in Google Scholar

[12] Vinayagam R, Pai S, Murugesan G, Varadavenkatesan T, Selvaraj R. Synthesis of photocatalytic zinc oxide nanoflowers using Peltophorum pterocarpum pod extract and their characterization. Appl Nanosci. 2023;13:847–57. 10.1007/s13204-021-01919-z.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Venkatesham M, Ayodhya D, Madhusudhan A, Veera Babu N, Veerabhadram G. A novel green one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles using chitosan: catalytic activity and antimicrobial studies. Appl Nanosci. 2014;4:113–9.10.1007/s13204-012-0180-ySearch in Google Scholar

[14] Shaikh WA, Chakraborty S, Owens G, Islam RU. A review of the phytochemical mediated synthesis of AgNP (silver nanoparticle): The wonder particle of the past decade. Appl Nanosci. 2021;11:2625–60.10.1007/s13204-021-02135-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[15] Chowdhury R, Saini SK, Roy J. Bio-fabrication of TiO2 nanomaterials and their applications in electronics devices. J Electron Mater. 2021;50:6087–101.10.1007/s11664-021-09181-3Search in Google Scholar

[16] Thunugunta T, Reddy AC, Reddy DCL. Green synthesis of nanoparticles: current prospectus. Nanotechnol Rev. 2015;4:303–23.10.1515/ntrev-2015-0023Search in Google Scholar

[17] Aravind M, Amalanathan M, Mary MSM. Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by chemical and green synthesis methods and their multifaceted properties. SN Appl Sci. 2021;3:1–10.10.1007/s42452-021-04281-5Search in Google Scholar

[18] Basnet P, Chanu TI, Samanta D, Chatterjee S. A review on bio-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts as reductants and stabilizing agents. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol. 2018;183:201–21.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] Chaudhary RG, Bhusari GS, Tiple AD, Rai AR, Somkuvar SR, Potbhare AK, et al. Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: toxicity, applications, and future prospects. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25:4013–29.10.2174/1381612825666191111091326Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Augustine R, Hasan A. Emerging applications of biocompatible phytosynthesized metal/metal oxide nanoparticles in healthcare. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2020;56:101516.10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101516Search in Google Scholar

[21] Tao F. Excavation of precious-metal-based alloy nanoparticles for efficient catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2016;55:15212–4.10.1002/anie.201606324Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] Desoize B. Metals and metal compounds in cancer treatment. Anticancer Res. 2004;24:1529–44.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Albarede F, Telouk P, Balter V. Medical applications of isotope metallomics. Rev Mineral Geochem. 2017;82:851–85.10.2138/rmg.2017.82.20Search in Google Scholar

[24] Chong Y, Huang J, Xu X, Yu C, Ning X, Fan S, et al. Hyaluronic acid-modified Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles for radiation/nanozyme/Ag+ multimodal synergistically enhanced cancer therapy. Bioconjugate Chem. 2020;31:1756–65.10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00224Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Song Y, Qu Z, Li J, Shi L, Zhao W, Wang H, et al. Fabrication of the biomimetic DOX/Au@ Pt nanoparticles hybrid nanostructures for the combinational chemo/photothermal cancer therapy. J Alloy Compd. 2021;881:160592.10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160592Search in Google Scholar

[26] Chavali MS, Nikolova MP. Metal oxide nanoparticles and their applications in nanotechnology. SN Appl Sci. 2019;1:607.10.1007/s42452-019-0592-3Search in Google Scholar

[27] Akilan M, Ragu R, Angelena JP, Das SJ. Enhancement in mechanical, optical, SHG, photoacoustic and Z-scan studies on pure and crystal violet dye doped L-proline cadmium chloride single crystal for nonlinear optical applications. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2019;30:3655–62. 10.1007/s10854-018-00645-7.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Ragu R, Mageshwari PSL, Akilan M, Angelena JP, Das SJ. Enrich mechanical, photo-acoustic, SHG and Z-scan studies on pure and crystal violet dye (CV) incorporated sodium acid phthalate crystal for optical applications. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2019;30:1670–6. 10.1007/s10854-018-0438-6.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Kim I-S, Baek M, Choi S-J. Comparative cytotoxicity of Al2O3, CeO2, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to human lung cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2010;10:3453–8.10.1166/jnn.2010.2340Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] Aravind M, Amalanathan M, Mary MSM, Parvathiraja C, Alothman AA, Wabaidur SM, et al. Enhanced photocatalytic and biological observations of green synthesized activated carbon, activated carbon doped silver and activated carbon/silver/titanium dioxide nanocomposites. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater. 2022;32(1):267–79.10.1007/s10904-021-02096-wSearch in Google Scholar

[31] Chinthala M, Balakrishnan A, Venkataraman P, Manaswini Gowtham V, Polagani RK. Synthesis and applications of nano-MgO and composites for medicine, energy, and environmental remediation: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2021;19:4415–54.10.1007/s10311-021-01299-4Search in Google Scholar

[32] Seitz J-M, Eifler R, Bach F-W, Maier HJ. Magnesium degradation products: effects on tissue and human metabolism. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2014;102:3744–53.10.1002/jbm.a.35023Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[33] Yi Y, Liska M, Al-Tabbaa A. Properties of two model soils stabilized with different blends and contents of GGBS, MgO, lime, and PC. J Mater Civ Eng. 2014;26:267–74.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000806Search in Google Scholar

[34] Abdallah Y, Ogunyemi SO, Abdelazez A, Zhang M, Hong X, Ibrahim E, et al. The green synthesis of MgO nano-flowers using Rosmarinus officinalis L.(Rosemary) and the antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. BioMed Res Int. 2019;2019:1–8.10.1155/2019/5620989Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[35] Stankic S, Bernardi J, Diwald O, Knözinger E. Optical surface properties and morphology of MgO and CaO nanocrystals. J Phys Chem B. 2006;110:13866–71.10.1021/jp061741aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[36] Wahid F, Zhao X-J, Jia S-R, Bai H, Zhong C. Nanocomposite hydrogels as multifunctional systems for biomedical applications: Current state and perspectives. Compos Part B: Eng. 2020;200:108208.10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108208Search in Google Scholar

[37] Khalid A, Norello R, Abraham AN, Tetienne JP, Karle TJ, Liu EWC, et al. Biocompatible and biodegradable magnesium oxide nanoparticles with in vitro photostable near-infrared emission: Short-term fluorescent markers. Nanomaterials. 2019;9:1360.10.3390/nano9101360Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Waghchaure RH, Adole VA. Biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using various parts of plants for antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity: A review. J Indian Chem Soc. 2023;100:100987.10.1016/j.jics.2023.100987Search in Google Scholar

[39] Algethami FK, Katouah HA, Al-Omar MA, Almehizia AA, Amr AEGE, Naglah AM, et al. Facile synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles for studying their photocatalytic activities against orange G Dye and biological activities against some bacterial and fungal strains. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater. 2021;31:2150–60.10.1007/s10904-021-01920-7Search in Google Scholar

[40] Sharma BK, Mehta BR, Chaudhari VP, Shah EV, Mondal Roy S, Roy DR. Green synthesis of dense rock MgO nanoparticles using carica papaya leaf extract and its shape dependent antimicrobial activity: Joint experimental and DFT investigation. J Clust Sci. 2022;33:1667–75.10.1007/s10876-021-02090-9Search in Google Scholar

[41] Fatiqin A, Amrulloh H, Simanjuntak W. Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract for antibacterial activity. Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia. 2021;35:161–70.10.4314/bcse.v35i1.14Search in Google Scholar

[42] Dabhane H, Ghotekar S, Zate M, Kute S, Jadhav G, Medhane V. Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) and evaluation of their catalytic and biological activities. Inorg Chem Commun. 2022;138:109270.10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109270Search in Google Scholar

[43] Saka A, Jule LT, Gudata L, Gindaba A, Abdisa SS, Nagaprasad N, et al. Green synthesis of Datura stramonium (Asaangira) leaves infusion for antibacterial activity through magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2022;2022:1–8.10.1155/2022/7134991Search in Google Scholar

[44] Ahmad A, Khan M, Khan S, Luque R, Almutairi TM, Karami AM. Bio-construction of MgO nanoparticles using Texas sage plant extract for catalytical degradation of methylene blue via photocatalysis. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2023;20:1451–62.10.1007/s13762-022-04090-2Search in Google Scholar

[45] Vijayakumar S, Chen J, González Sánchez ZI, Tungare K, Bhori M, Durán-Lara EF, et al. Moringa oleifera gum capped MgO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, cyto-and ecotoxicity assessment. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;233:123514.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123514Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[46] Dhage SS, Biradar DP, Aladakatti YR, Chandashekhar SS, Hosamani R. Green synthesis and characterization of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from leaf extracts of Amaranthus retroflexus and Azadirachta indica. Int J Env Clim Change. 2023;13:214–9.10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92225Search in Google Scholar

[47] Jeevanandam J, Rodrigues J. Sustainable synthesis of bionanomaterials using non-native plant extracts for maintaining ecological balance: A computational bibliography analysis. J Environ Manag. 2024;358:120892.10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120892Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[48] Ali S, Sudha KG, Thirumalaivasan N, Ahamed M, Pandiaraj S, Rajeswari VD, et al. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles by using abrus precatorius bark extract and their photocatalytic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity activities. Bioengineering. 2023;10:302.10.3390/bioengineering10030302Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[49] Arun J, Nachiappan S, Rangarajan G, Alagappan RP, Gopinath KP, Lichtfouse E. Synthesis and application of titanium dioxide photocatalysis for energy, decontamination and viral disinfection: A review. Environ Chem Lett. 2023;21(1):339–62.10.1007/s10311-022-01503-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[50] Rezić I. Nanoparticles for biomedical application and their synthesis. Polymers. 2022;14:4961.10.3390/polym14224961Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[51] Elmaidomy AH, Mohamad SA, Abdelnaser M, Yahia R, Mokhtar FA, Alsenani F, et al. Vitis vinifera leaf extract liposomal Carbopol gel preparation’s potential wound healing and antibacterial benefits: in vivo, phytochemical, and computational investigation. Food Funct. 2023;14:7156–75.10.1039/D2FO03212KSearch in Google Scholar

[52] Pandey V, Pant KK, Upadhyayula S. Combustion induced synthesis of multicomponent Cu-based catalysts for autocatalytic CO hydrogenation to methanol in a three-phase reactor system. React Chem Eng. 2023;8:442–54.10.1039/D2RE00427ESearch in Google Scholar

[53] Nzekoue FK, Kouamo Nguefang ML, Alessandroni L, Mustafa AM, Vittori S, Caprioli G. Grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera): Chemical characterization of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity during leave development. Food Biosci. 2022;50:102120.10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102120Search in Google Scholar

[54] Zahir MH, Rahman MM, Irshad K, Rahman MM. Shape-stabilized phase change materials for solar energy storage: MgO and Mg(OH)2 mixed with polyethylene glycol. Nanomaterials. 2019;9:1773.10.3390/nano9121773Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[55] Qingge F, Huidong C, Haiying L, Siying Q, Zheng L, Dachao M, et al. Synthesis and structural characteristics of high surface area TiO2 aerogels by ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method. Nanotechnology. 2018;29(7):075702.10.1088/1361-6528/aaa1d1Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[56] Althomali RH, Jabbar HS, Kareem AT, Abdullaeva B, Abdullaev SS, Alsalamy A, et al. Various methods for the synthesis of NiTiO3 and ZnTiO3 nanomaterials and their optical, sensor and photocatalyst potentials: a review. Inorg Chem Commun. 2023;111493.10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111493Search in Google Scholar

[57] Shai LJ, Masoko P, Mokgotho MP, Magano SR, Mogale AM, Boaduo N, et al. Yeast alpha glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of six medicinal plants collected in Phalaborwa, South Africa. South Afr J Botany. 2010;76(3):465–70.10.1016/j.sajb.2010.03.002Search in Google Scholar

[58] Bindhu MR, Umadevi M, Micheal MK, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA. Structural, morphological and optical properties of MgO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications. Mater Lett. 2016;166:19–22.10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.020Search in Google Scholar

[59] Bindhu MR, Umadevi M, Esmail GA, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu, MV. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera flower and assessment of antimicrobial and sensing properties. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol. 2020;205:111836.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111836Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[60] Aslinjensipriya A, Reena RS, Infantiya SG, Ragu R, Jerome Das S. Uncovering the replacement of Zn2+ ions on nano-structural, opto/magneto/electrical, antibacterial and antifungal attributes of nickel oxide nanoparticles via sol-gel strategy. J Solid State Chem. 2022;311:123146.10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123146Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-01-25
Revised: 2024-05-03
Accepted: 2024-06-07
Published Online: 2024-07-15

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Tension buckling and postbuckling of nanocomposite laminated plates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
  3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilised gold nanoparticle coatings inhibit blood protein adsorption
  4. Energy and mass transmission through hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a spinning sphere with magnetic effect and heat source/sink
  5. Surface treatment with nano-silica and magnesium potassium phosphate cement co-action for enhancing recycled aggregate concrete
  6. Numerical investigation of thermal radiation with entropy generation effects in hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching sheet
  7. Enhancing the performance of thermal energy storage by adding nano-particles with paraffin phase change materials
  8. Using nano-CaCO3 and ceramic tile waste to design low-carbon ultra high performance concrete
  9. Numerical analysis of thermophoretic particle deposition in a magneto-Marangoni convective dusty tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow – Thermal and magnetic features
  10. Dual numerical solutions of Casson SA–hybrid nanofluid toward a stagnation point flow over stretching/shrinking cylinder
  11. Single flake homo p–n diode of MoTe2 enabled by oxygen plasma doping
  12. Electrostatic self-assembly effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on performance of carbon nanotubes in cement-based materials
  13. Multi-scale alignment to buried atom-scale devices using Kelvin probe force microscopy
  14. Antibacterial, mechanical, and dielectric properties of hydroxyapatite cordierite/zirconia porous nanocomposites for use in bone tissue engineering applications
  15. Time-dependent Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising the CNTs through a Riga plate with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation
  16. Durability prediction of geopolymer mortar reinforced with nanoparticles and PVA fiber using particle swarm optimized BP neural network
  17. Utilization of zein nano-based system for promoting antibiofilm and anti-virulence activities of curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  18. Antibacterial effect of novel dental resin composites containing rod-like zinc oxide
  19. An extended model to assess Jeffery–Hamel blood flow through arteries with iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and melting effects: Entropy optimization analysis
  20. Comparative study of copper nanoparticles over radially stretching sheet with water and silicone oil
  21. Cementitious composites modified by nanocarbon fillers with cooperation effect possessing excellent self-sensing properties
  22. Confinement size effect on dielectric properties, antimicrobial activity, and recycling of TiO2 quantum dots via photodegradation processes of Congo red dye and real industrial textile wastewater
  23. Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: Characterization and photocatalytic application
  24. Novel integrated structure and function of Mg–Gd neutron shielding materials
  25. Impact of multiple slips on thermally radiative peristaltic transport of Sisko nanofluid with double diffusion convection, viscous dissipation, and induced magnetic field
  26. Magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal convective and mass flux conditions: HAM solution
  27. A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic water-based hybrid nanofluid flow composed of Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles over a heated surface
  28. Development and modeling of an ultra-robust TPU-MWCNT foam with high flexibility and compressibility
  29. Effects of nanofillers on the physical, mechanical, and tribological behavior of carbon/kenaf fiber–reinforced phenolic composites
  30. Polymer nanocomposite for protecting photovoltaic cells from solar ultraviolet in space
  31. Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of recycled concrete reinforced with basalt fibers and nano-silica in early low-temperature environments
  32. Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical performance and microstructure of cement mortar
  33. CFD analysis of paraffin-based hybrid (Co–Au) and trihybrid (Co–Au–ZrO2) nanofluid flow through a porous medium
  34. Forced convective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow subject to heat source/sink and Lorentz force over a permeable wedge: Numerical exploration
  35. Physiochemical and electrical activities of nano copper oxides synthesised via hydrothermal method utilising natural reduction agents for solar cell application
  36. A homotopic analysis of the blood-based bioconvection Carreau–Yasuda hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective conditions
  37. In situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance for pollutant degradation
  38. A coarse-grained Poisson–Nernst–Planck model for polyelectrolyte-modified nanofluidic diodes
  39. A numerical investigation of the magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending sheet with a convective condition: Active and passive controls of nanoparticles
  40. The LyP-1 cyclic peptide modified mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres for targeted delivery of triptolide regulate the macrophage repolarization in atherosclerosis
  41. Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
  42. The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  43. Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
  44. Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
  45. Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
  46. Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
  47. Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
  48. Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
  49. Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
  50. Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
  51. Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
  52. Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
  53. Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
  54. Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
  55. Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
  56. Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
  57. Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
  58. Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
  59. Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
  60. Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
  61. A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
  62. Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  63. A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
  64. Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
  65. Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
  66. Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
  67. A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
  68. Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
  69. Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
  70. Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
  71. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
  72. Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
  73. Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
  74. One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
  75. A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
  76. Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
  77. Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
  78. Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
  79. Effects of PVA fibers and nano-SiO2 on rheological properties of geopolymer mortar
  80. Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
  81. Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
  82. Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
  83. Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
  84. Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
  85. Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  86. Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
  87. Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
  88. Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
  89. Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
  90. Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
  91. Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
  92. Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
  93. Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
  94. PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
  95. Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
  96. Review Articles
  97. Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
  98. Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
  99. Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
  100. A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
  101. Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
  102. Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
  103. A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
  104. Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
  105. Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
  106. Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
  107. Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
  108. Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
  109. Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
  110. Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
  111. A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
  112. A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
  113. Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
  114. Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
  115. Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
  116. Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
  117. Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
  118. Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
  119. A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
  120. Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
  121. Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
  122. Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
  123. Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
  124. Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
  125. Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
  126. Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
  127. Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
  128. Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
  129. Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
  130. In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
  131. Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
  132. Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
  133. Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
  134. Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
  135. Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
  136. Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  137. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
  138. Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
  139. Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
  140. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
  141. Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
  142. Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
  143. Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
  144. Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
  145. Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
  146. Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
  147. Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
  148. Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
  149. Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
  150. Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
  151. Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
  152. Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
  153. An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
  154. Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
  155. Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
  156. Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
  157. Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
  158. Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
  159. Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
  160. Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
  161. Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
  162. Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
  163. In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
  164. Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
  165. Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
  166. Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
  167. Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
  168. Special Issue on Implementing Nanotechnology for Smart Healthcare System
  169. Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection
  170. Special Issue on Green Mono, Bi and Tri Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological and Environmental Applications
  171. Tracking success of interaction of green-synthesized Carbopol nanoemulgel (neomycin-decorated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite) with wound-based MDR bacteria
  172. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using genus Inula and evaluation of biological therapeutics and environmental applications
  173. Biogenic fabrication and multifunctional therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from rose petal extract
  174. Metal oxides on the frontlines: Antimicrobial activity in plant-derived biometallic nanoparticles
  175. Controlling pore size during the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using CTAB by the sol–gel hydrothermal method and their biological activities
  176. Special Issue on State-of-Art Advanced Nanotechnology for Healthcare
  177. Applications of nanomedicine-integrated phototherapeutic agents in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review of the current state of research
  178. Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease
  179. Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2024-0048
Keywords for this article
nanotechnology; nanobiotechnology; antibacterial; antifungal; anti-inflammatory; and anti-diabetic activities.
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Tension buckling and postbuckling of nanocomposite laminated plates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
  3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilised gold nanoparticle coatings inhibit blood protein adsorption
  4. Energy and mass transmission through hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a spinning sphere with magnetic effect and heat source/sink
  5. Surface treatment with nano-silica and magnesium potassium phosphate cement co-action for enhancing recycled aggregate concrete
  6. Numerical investigation of thermal radiation with entropy generation effects in hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching sheet
  7. Enhancing the performance of thermal energy storage by adding nano-particles with paraffin phase change materials
  8. Using nano-CaCO3 and ceramic tile waste to design low-carbon ultra high performance concrete
  9. Numerical analysis of thermophoretic particle deposition in a magneto-Marangoni convective dusty tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow – Thermal and magnetic features
  10. Dual numerical solutions of Casson SA–hybrid nanofluid toward a stagnation point flow over stretching/shrinking cylinder
  11. Single flake homo p–n diode of MoTe2 enabled by oxygen plasma doping
  12. Electrostatic self-assembly effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on performance of carbon nanotubes in cement-based materials
  13. Multi-scale alignment to buried atom-scale devices using Kelvin probe force microscopy
  14. Antibacterial, mechanical, and dielectric properties of hydroxyapatite cordierite/zirconia porous nanocomposites for use in bone tissue engineering applications
  15. Time-dependent Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising the CNTs through a Riga plate with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation
  16. Durability prediction of geopolymer mortar reinforced with nanoparticles and PVA fiber using particle swarm optimized BP neural network
  17. Utilization of zein nano-based system for promoting antibiofilm and anti-virulence activities of curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  18. Antibacterial effect of novel dental resin composites containing rod-like zinc oxide
  19. An extended model to assess Jeffery–Hamel blood flow through arteries with iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and melting effects: Entropy optimization analysis
  20. Comparative study of copper nanoparticles over radially stretching sheet with water and silicone oil
  21. Cementitious composites modified by nanocarbon fillers with cooperation effect possessing excellent self-sensing properties
  22. Confinement size effect on dielectric properties, antimicrobial activity, and recycling of TiO2 quantum dots via photodegradation processes of Congo red dye and real industrial textile wastewater
  23. Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: Characterization and photocatalytic application
  24. Novel integrated structure and function of Mg–Gd neutron shielding materials
  25. Impact of multiple slips on thermally radiative peristaltic transport of Sisko nanofluid with double diffusion convection, viscous dissipation, and induced magnetic field
  26. Magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal convective and mass flux conditions: HAM solution
  27. A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic water-based hybrid nanofluid flow composed of Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles over a heated surface
  28. Development and modeling of an ultra-robust TPU-MWCNT foam with high flexibility and compressibility
  29. Effects of nanofillers on the physical, mechanical, and tribological behavior of carbon/kenaf fiber–reinforced phenolic composites
  30. Polymer nanocomposite for protecting photovoltaic cells from solar ultraviolet in space
  31. Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of recycled concrete reinforced with basalt fibers and nano-silica in early low-temperature environments
  32. Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical performance and microstructure of cement mortar
  33. CFD analysis of paraffin-based hybrid (Co–Au) and trihybrid (Co–Au–ZrO2) nanofluid flow through a porous medium
  34. Forced convective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow subject to heat source/sink and Lorentz force over a permeable wedge: Numerical exploration
  35. Physiochemical and electrical activities of nano copper oxides synthesised via hydrothermal method utilising natural reduction agents for solar cell application
  36. A homotopic analysis of the blood-based bioconvection Carreau–Yasuda hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective conditions
  37. In situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance for pollutant degradation
  38. A coarse-grained Poisson–Nernst–Planck model for polyelectrolyte-modified nanofluidic diodes
  39. A numerical investigation of the magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending sheet with a convective condition: Active and passive controls of nanoparticles
  40. The LyP-1 cyclic peptide modified mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres for targeted delivery of triptolide regulate the macrophage repolarization in atherosclerosis
  41. Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
  42. The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  43. Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
  44. Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
  45. Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
  46. Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
  47. Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
  48. Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
  49. Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
  50. Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
  51. Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
  52. Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
  53. Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
  54. Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
  55. Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
  56. Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
  57. Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
  58. Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
  59. Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
  60. Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
  61. A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
  62. Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  63. A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
  64. Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
  65. Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
  66. Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
  67. A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
  68. Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
  69. Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
  70. Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
  71. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
  72. Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
  73. Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
  74. One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
  75. A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
  76. Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
  77. Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
  78. Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
  79. Effects of PVA fibers and nano-SiO2 on rheological properties of geopolymer mortar
  80. Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
  81. Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
  82. Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
  83. Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
  84. Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
  85. Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  86. Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
  87. Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
  88. Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
  89. Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
  90. Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
  91. Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
  92. Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
  93. Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
  94. PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
  95. Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
  96. Review Articles
  97. Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
  98. Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
  99. Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
  100. A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
  101. Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
  102. Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
  103. A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
  104. Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
  105. Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
  106. Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
  107. Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
  108. Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
  109. Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
  110. Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
  111. A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
  112. A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
  113. Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
  114. Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
  115. Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
  116. Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
  117. Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
  118. Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
  119. A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
  120. Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
  121. Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
  122. Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
  123. Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
  124. Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
  125. Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
  126. Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
  127. Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
  128. Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
  129. Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
  130. In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
  131. Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
  132. Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
  133. Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
  134. Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
  135. Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
  136. Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  137. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
  138. Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
  139. Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
  140. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
  141. Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
  142. Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
  143. Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
  144. Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
  145. Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
  146. Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
  147. Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
  148. Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
  149. Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
  150. Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
  151. Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
  152. Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
  153. An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
  154. Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
  155. Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
  156. Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
  157. Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
  158. Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
  159. Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
  160. Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
  161. Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
  162. Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
  163. In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
  164. Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
  165. Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
  166. Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
  167. Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
  168. Special Issue on Implementing Nanotechnology for Smart Healthcare System
  169. Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection
  170. Special Issue on Green Mono, Bi and Tri Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological and Environmental Applications
  171. Tracking success of interaction of green-synthesized Carbopol nanoemulgel (neomycin-decorated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite) with wound-based MDR bacteria
  172. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using genus Inula and evaluation of biological therapeutics and environmental applications
  173. Biogenic fabrication and multifunctional therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from rose petal extract
  174. Metal oxides on the frontlines: Antimicrobial activity in plant-derived biometallic nanoparticles
  175. Controlling pore size during the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using CTAB by the sol–gel hydrothermal method and their biological activities
  176. Special Issue on State-of-Art Advanced Nanotechnology for Healthcare
  177. Applications of nanomedicine-integrated phototherapeutic agents in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review of the current state of research
  178. Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease
  179. Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 13.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2024-0048/html
Scroll to top button