Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
-
Xianchao Chen
,
Jingchao Zhou
Abstract
Nanofluid flooding is a novel technology with potential for enhanced oil recovery. In this study, a biological nanocomposite system was formed by mixing hexamethyldisilazane-modified hydrophobic nano-SiO2 with a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus. The stability of the system, its influence on rock wettability, and fluid interfacial tension were investigated experimentally. Numerical simulation methods were employed to simulate the displacement efficiency of the biological nanocomposite system and optimize the injection parameters. Finally, the application effects of the system in the field were evaluated. Results indicated that the biological nanocomposite system could change rock wettability and significantly reduce the interfacial tension to 1.8 mN/m at low concentrations. The core flooding results showed that the maximum oil recovery factor of the system reached 47.07%. Numerical simulations optimized the optimal injection concentration to be 7,000 ppm and the volume of injection to be 1.75 × 10–2 pore volumes, resulting in an oil increment exceeding 10,000 m3 in field application. This study provides a solution for the green development of oil reservoirs and provides effective technical support for the numerical simulation and process scheme optimization of biological nanocomposite systems.
Graphical abstract
1 Introduction
With oil exploitation in recent decades, most of the old oil fields have entered the middle and late stages of development. After primary and secondary exploitation, nearly half of the oil reservoirs reserves remain undeveloped [1], despite the fact that chemical flooding methods such as surfactant flooding, polymer flooding, alkali flooding, and composite flooding have significantly improved the recovery rate of many old oil fields. However, because chemical flooding is more sensitive to oil field salinity and temperature, its practical application effect of chemical flooding is much smaller than its theoretical design effect [2]. The remaining newly discovered reservoirs exhibit significant seepage resistance, small pore structure, and poor pore connectivity, making development challenging and recovery rates low. Therefore, more innovative enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology is required to increase oil field production.
Since the 1960s, when the famous physicist Richard Feynman first proposed the concept of nano, nanomaterials and nanotechnology have made great progress. Nano-scale (1–100 nm) materials, due to their small particle size, large specific surface area, and high surface energy, exhibit unique micro-physical and chemical properties that are different from other materials composed of the same chemical elements, such as electrical properties, magnetic properties, thermal properties, etc. By using these properties of nanomaterials, nanotechnology based on nanomaterials has been widely used in chemical, electronic information, biomedical, and military industries [3,4]. Similarly, nano-materials have also been used in the field of improving oil recovery.
At present, nanoparticles used to improve oil recovery can be divided into four types: inorganic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, and composite nanoparticles. Nano-oil displacement technology is a technology that adds nanoparticles to the displacement fluid to improve the oil displacement effect. The corresponding nano-oil displacement agent can be divided into three types: nanofluids, nanoemulsions, and nano-assisted oil displacement [5]. For the mechanism of nanoparticle oil displacement, scholars have proposed a variety of explanations to discuss, but these explanations have not formed a unified theory. In general, the mechanism of nanoparticle EOR has the following points: altering rock wettability, reducing interfacial tension, structural separation pressure effect, and improving mobility ratio.
The wettability of reservoirs is one of the significant factors affecting the ultimate oil recovery rate, and the alteration of wettability in reservoir pore channels by nanoparticles has been confirmed in many laboratory experiments. Onyekonwu and Ogolo [6] investigated the ability of nanoparticles to change wettability and enhance recovery rates, finding that in hydrophilic core samples, neutral hydrophobic nanoparticles can improve the recovery rate at a concentration of 3,000 ppm, while hydrophilic nanoparticles, due to their enhancement of the core’s hydrophilic properties, reduce the recovery rate. Tola et al. [7] studied the wettability changes in sandstone caused by zinc oxide nanoparticles formulated into nanofluids. The research indicates that nanofluids have the potential to transform wettability from hydrophobic to hydrophilic on oil films and oil-saturated sandstone surfaces. The adsorption of different nanoparticles in the reservoir also leads to varying changes in rock wettability. Li and Torsæter [8] and Li et al. [9] conducted a series of studies on the wettability alteration induced by nanoparticle adsorption. The experiments demonstrated that the adsorption of hydrophilic polysilicon nanomaterials within the pore throats is multilayered, while that of hydrophilic silica colloidal nanoparticles is monolayered. Subsequent research using visualization techniques investigated the impact of nanoparticle adsorption on wettability changes. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional images revealed that during the injection of nanofluids, nanoparticles adhere to the surfaces of rock mineral particles, forming a water film during the oil displacement process. This water film prevents the mineral particle surfaces from being wetted by oil. Overall, the adsorption process of nanoparticles on rock minerals is central to wettability alteration, with electrostatic repulsion, non-electrostatic adhesion forces, and structural interactions driving the change in wettability [10].
Nanofluids can also affect the oil–water interfacial tension. The enhancement of oil recovery in reservoirs is primarily considered from two aspects: increasing the swept volume of the displacement system and improving the efficiency of oil washing. The magnitude of the oil–water interfacial tension influences the efficiency of oil washing. Nanoparticles, due to their small size and large specific surface area, possess certain interfacial activity and can adsorb at the oil–water interface, thereby reducing the oil/water interfacial tension [11]. Scholars have enhanced the performance of nanoparticles by chemically altering the hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of their surfaces, enabling the nanoparticles to remain persistently stable at the oil–water interface. This action, similar to that of surfactants, reduces the molecular force differences at the interface, leading to a decrease in interfacial tension. Ultra-low oil–water interfacial tension can promote the mutual solubility of oil and water, forming emulsions [12], which improves the mobility of crude oil and ultimately enhances the efficiency of oil displacement.
The structural separation pressure effect is also one of the commonly discussed mechanisms for EOR, a theory first introduced by Wasan and Nikolov [13] and Wasan et al. [14]. Theoretical and experimental research indicates that due to the imbalance on solid surfaces, the oil contact angle is larger on hydrophilic surfaces. Under the influence of electrostatic repulsion and Brownian motion, nanoparticles in the fluid generate a pressure at the three-phase boundary of solid, water, and oil that resists the adhesion of the fluid to the solid surface, facilitating the separation of the fluid. The higher the concentration of nanoparticles, the stronger the force exerted [15], leading to the spontaneous formation of a wedge-shaped thin film structure. This structure generates a positive thrust that can strip oil and gas from the rock surface, thereby increasing the recovery rate [16]. Lim et al. [17] have shown through experiments that an increase in nanoparticle volume fraction, temperature, and rock hydrophilicity can also accelerate the rate at which the separation pressure strips the crude oil. This mechanism can be harnessed to develop new types of EOR nanomaterials. Wu et al. [18] have developed 2D flake-like nanomaterials that can create an osmotic pressure at the oil–water interface. Driven by the pressure of the liquid flow, the nanofluid can spread along the surface, causing the residual oil in the pores to detach.
In addition to experimental studies on the mechanisms of nanofluid-EOR, scholars have also conducted extensive numerical simulation research. Numerical simulation methods can be mainly categorized into three types: lattice Boltzmann method simulations, molecular dynamics simulations, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. CFD methods can further be subdivided into pore network models, interface tracking methods based on the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations, and smoothed particle hydrodynamics [19,20]. Through these simulation methods, researchers have explored the mechanisms by which nanoparticles enhance recovery rates at the microscopic level [21,22,23]. At the macroscopic level, numerical simulations can evaluate the effectiveness of nanofluids in EOR. Esfe et al. [24] used finite-element numerical methods to study the impact of nanofluids on EOR in heterogeneous anticline reservoirs; Long et al. [25] investigated the effectiveness of nanofluid-assisted hydraulic fracturing through numerical simulations. Overall, although there are relatively comprehensive theoretical models for the adsorption, desorption, and convective diffusion of nanoparticles in porous media, numerical simulations of nanofluid-EOR at the field scale are still lacking, and related research has not yet optimized the process parameters of the displacement system, necessitating further supplementation.
In recent years, nanofluids have been applied to enhance oil recovery in major oil fields in China and achieved good results. In 2018, CNPC developed the first generation of nanofluid iNanoW1.0 and then conducted pilot tests in the ultra-low permeability reservoir of Changqing Oilfield, which showed the characteristics of increasing liquid and oil [26]. Yanchang Oilfield applied nanofluids to tight oil reservoirs, and the field test results showed that the average oil production of oil wells increased significantly [27]. In addition, Daqing Oilfield and Tahe Oilfield also used 2D nanomaterials for flooding field tests, achieving good results in reducing water cut and increasing oil production [28,29]. CNOOC’s Penglai Oilfield used nanodispersion system for profile control, and the water cut of a single well decreased significantly, up to 17%, and the oil increase effect of well groups reached 6 400 m3 [30]. In order to achieve green and efficient development of oil fields, CNOOC developed a biological nano-oil displacement agent system, which can change rock wettability to improve oil phase permeability, significantly reduce oil–water interface tension, and ultimately improve oil washing efficiency [31].
The combination of biogenic substances extracted from plants or microorganisms with nanoparticles has been demonstrated to have the potential to enhance oil recovery rates [32,33,34]. Nanoparticles can improve the efficiency of traditional oil displacement systems, while surfactants and polymers can enhance the stability of nanoparticles [35]. Biosurfactants are excellent carriers and dispersants for nanoparticles, and their synergistic effect possesses oil recovery functions such as wettability alteration, interfacial tension reduction, mobility control, and viscosity reduction [36]. Moreover, the composite system can maintain stability under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions [37]. In addition, compared to traditional EOR chemicals that may pose potential environmental hazards [38], the use of biomaterials to generate biosurfactants is also a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach [39,40]. Similar to the EOR agents developed by CNOOC, this study utilizes a biological nanocomposite system composed of modified nanoparticles and biological-based dispersants. This system exhibits superior performance compared to traditional chemical EOR systems. However, there is a scarcity of research on field-scale numerical simulation methods for oil recovery using biological nanocomposite system, despite the existence of well-established models for nanoparticle transport and mass transfer and simulations of nanoparticle flow in larger-scale porous media, which have yet to reach the reservoir scale. Additionally, studies on the optimization of injection parameters are still lacking. This article investigates the performance of the biological nanocomposite system and its effects on the wettability of reservoir rocks and the interfacial tension of fluids through experimental research. Subsequently, a multiphase, multi-component model for oil recovery using the biological nanocomposite system is established and validated based on the experimental findings. Finally, optimization of injection parameters is conducted in terms of injection timing, injection volume, and injection concentration and applied to well groups. The study reveals the potential of the biological nanocomposite system to enhance oil recovery and supplements the optimization methods for related process parameters.
2 Performance evaluation experiment of biological nanocomposite system
2.1 Preparation of biological nanocomposite system
2.1.1 Materials
Analytical reagent hydrophobic nano-SiO2, surface modified with hexamethyldisilazane, purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., LTD. (Shanghai, China). Lipopeptide biosurfactant, produced by the metabolism of Bacillus 3096-3, provided by China Oilfield Services Co., LTD.
2.1.2 Synthesis of biosurfactant
The laboratory uses Bacillus 3096-3 to produce lipopeptide surfactants. The experimental steps are as follows: 12.5 mL of Bacillus 3096-3 bacterial solution was added to 250 mL of embryonic stem cells medium and cultured in a shaking incubator at 37°C for 120 h, and then centrifuge was used to centrifuge the fermentation solution obtained, and the upper clear solution was taken as lipopeptide biosurfactant. Refer to the previous research for specific experimental procedures [31].
The modified nanoparticles and the lipopeptide biosurfactant solution were mixed in a certain proportion and stirred under ultrasonic conditions for 20 min until the solution was clear, and the biological nanocomposite system was prepared.
The biological nanocomposite system is primarily composed of modified nanoparticle and biological-based surfactants. The modified nanoparticles mainly contribute to the oil displacement, while the biological-based surfactants serve two purposes: first, they enhance the dispersion of the modified nanoparticles within the system, and second, they exhibit certain surfactant-like properties that can improve the oil recovery rate. After the injection of the biological nanocomposite system, the positively charged modified nanoparticles in the system readily adsorb onto the sandstone reservoir walls. During this adsorption process, a separation pressure is generated, which strips the oil adhering to the rock, leading to an increase in the crude oil recovery rate [41]. Following adsorption, the films formed by the nanoparticles can also reduce flow resistance and enhance the permeability of the reservoir [42,43] (Figure 1).
Biological nanocomposite systems with varying mass concentrations (from left to right, the mass concentrations are 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 wt%, respectively).
2.2 Dispersion of biological nanocomposite system
One of the significant challenges in the application of nanoparticles in oil reservoirs is that they tend to accumulate, which will block the seepage channel and reduce the recovery rate after injection into the formation. Therefore, the dispersion of nanoparticles applied in oil reservoirs is important.
Add 20 mL of biological nanocomposite system mother liquor to 180 mL of deionized water and stir at room temperature (25°C) at a rate of 300 rpm for 10 min. Then, withdraw 10 mL of the prepared biological nanocomposite system and measure the particle size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles within the system using dynamic light scattering. The measurement results are depicted in Figures 2 and 3.
Particle size distribution of biological nanocomposite system at different stirring times.
Changes of Zeta potential of biological nanocomposite system with stirring time.
From Figure 2, it can be observed that with the increase in stirring time, the particle size of the modified nanoparticles in the biological nanocomposite system first decreases and then increases, with an average particle size of 58.10 nm at a stirring time of 20 min. This is because the hydrophobic groups of the surfactants on the particle surface point towards the particle surface, while the polar groups point towards the aqueous phase, which is conducive to the dispersion of nanoparticles in water. Additionally, surfactants, especially bio-based surfactants, due to their unique spatial structure, form an adsorption layer on the particle surface that generates spatial potential energy, preventing particle-to-particle attraction and aggregation, resulting in a stable nanofluid solution.
The variation of the zeta potential curve of the nanofluid is due to the interaction between nanoparticles and the adsorption and redistribution of biosurfactant molecules on the surface of the particles. From Figure 3, it can be seen that the absolute values of the zeta potential of the biological nanocomposite system are all greater than 30 mV. When the zeta potential of the nanoparticles exceeds 30 mV, the electrostatic repulsion between the nanoparticles will be greater than the van der Waals forces, allowing for stable and uniform dispersion [44].
2.3 Effect of biological nanocomposite system on wettability
To investigate the impact of the biological nanocomposite system on the wettability of the reservoir, it is necessary to measure the wettability angles before and after the application of the biological nanocomposite system. To study the effects of the biological nanocomposite system on different lithologies of oil reservoirs, following the experimental protocols of previous researchers [45], calcite is used as an approximation for carbonate rocks, natural mineral quartz is used as an approximation for sandstone, and amorphous glass is employed as a control group. Subsequently, the wettability angles are measured using the sessile drop method (Figure 4).
Photos of calcite and quartz before and after cutting.
Table 1 shows the wetting angle data of quartz, calcite, and glass in different mass concentrations of biological nanocomposite systems.
Three-phase wetting angles of different concentrations of biological nanocomposite systems and different minerals
| Concentration (wt%) | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartz | Average wetting angle (°) | 102.98 | 94.12 | 93.31 | 83.95 | 78.28 | 68.28 |
| Wetting angle reduction value (°) | — | 8.86 | 9.67 | 19.03 | 24.70 | 34.70 | |
| Reduction range (%) | — | 8.60 | 9.39 | 18.48 | 23.99 | 33.70 | |
| Calcite | Average wetting angle (°) | 99.28 | 95.37 | 95.05 | 93.8 | 94.11 | 93.03 |
| Wetting angle reduction value (°) | — | 3.91 | 4.23 | 5.48 | 5.17 | 6.25 | |
| Reduction range (%) | — | 3.94 | 4.26 | 5.52 | 5.21 | 6.30 | |
| Glass | Average wetting angle (°) | 44.51 | 42.77 | 40.44 | 40.07 | 39.40 | 39.47 |
| Wetting angle reduction value (°) | — | 1.74 | 4.07 | 4.44 | 5.11 | 5.04 | |
| Reduction range (%) | — | 3.91 | 9.14 | 9.98 | 11.48 | 11.32 |
From Figure 5, it is evident that due to the use of minerals instead of actual core samples, the initial wettability angle exhibits a more ideal neutral wettability different from that of the actual oil reservoir. Subsequent measurements using the biological nanocomposite system reveal that the oil/displacing agent/mineral three-phase contact angle significantly decreases, and as the concentration increases, the reduction in the oil/displacing agent/mineral three-phase wettability angle becomes increasingly larger. This is also in line with the findings of previous research [45].
Three-phase wetting angles of different concentrations of biological nanocomposite systems with different minerals and oils.
It can be observed that the biological nanocomposite system has a relatively minor impact at low concentrations (0.1, 0.2 wt%), with the reduction in the quartz wettability angle being very small, less than 10° (8.86° and 9.39°, respectively). However, the effect becomes significantly noticeable at 0.3% concentration, with a reduction value reaching 19.03°, and the wettability changes rapidly with increasing concentration, with the maximum reduction value reaching 34.7°. Although the wettability of calcite is altered, the reduction in the wettability angle is very small, with the maximum change value being only 6.25°. Glass, due to its inherently hydrophilic nature, shows a less pronounced effect of the biological nanocomposite system on wettability, with the maximum change in wettability angle being only 5.04°.
This is due to the fact that the surface of quartz minerals primarily carries a negative charge, making it more susceptible to the adsorption of positively charged modified nanoparticles, which results in a very noticeable change in the wettability angle of quartz. Conversely, the surface of calcite minerals mainly carries a positive charge, making it difficult for the modified nanoparticles to adsorb onto the calcite, leading to a smaller change in the wettability angle observed in the experiments [46,47].
Within the reservoir, when nanoparticles adsorb onto the rock wall surfaces, they generate a separation pressure that strips the crude oil from the rock wall, a process also known as the wedge-shaped squeezing mechanism for enhancing oil recovery; the nanoparticle film formed after adsorption on the rock wall also serves to reduce flow resistance [43]. Simultaneously, the surfaces of quartz and silicate minerals in sandstone reservoirs predominantly exhibit negative charges, while the mineral surfaces in carbonate reservoirs mainly carry positive charges [46,47]. Therefore, under general conditions, the biological nanocomposite system is expected to improve wettability more effectively in sandstone reservoirs than in carbonate reservoirs; in carbonate reservoirs, if the goal is to change wettability by adsorbing nanoparticles onto the rock wall after injection, the nanoparticles should ideally carry a negative charge or be uncharged.
2.4 Effect of biological nanocomposite system on interfacial tension
The extent of EOR in a reservoir is primarily determined by two factors: the swept volume of the injected water or displacing agent and the efficiency of oil washing. The magnitude of the oil–water interfacial tension affects the efficiency of oil washing. Conventional surfactants mainly improve the recovery rate of crude oil by reducing the interfacial tension. Surfactant molecules possess both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups, which give them amphiphilic properties, allowing them to dissolve in the phase with similar polarity at the oil–water interface, reducing the polarity difference and thus lowering the interfacial tension [48]. In the biological nanocomposite system, both the modified nanoparticles and surfactants contain amphoteric groups, which can be observed to rapidly decrease the oil–water interfacial tension after the addition of the system. Figure 6 illustrates the oil–water interfacial tension of biological nanocomposite systems with different mass concentrations.
![Figure 6
Effect of biological nanocomposite system on oil–water interfacial tension [41].](/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2024-0060/asset/graphic/j_ntrev-2024-0060_fig_006.jpg)
Effect of biological nanocomposite system on oil–water interfacial tension [41].
At a concentration of 0.1 wt%, the interfacial tension can be reduced to 1.8 mN/m, indicating that the biological nanocomposite system is capable of significantly reducing the oil–water interfacial tension even at low concentrations. Furthermore, at a concentration of 0.5 wt%, the biological nanocomposite system can further reduce the oil–water interfacial tension to the order of 10−3.
Therefore, it can be concluded that as the concentration of the biological nanocomposite system increases, the oil–water interfacial tension rapidly decreases, and ultra-low oil–water interfacial tension can promote the mutual solubility of oil and water, forming an emulsion [12]. This characteristic significantly enhances the oil displacement performance of the biological nanocomposite system, enabling the displacement of crude oil that was previously difficult to mobilize, thereby increasing the oil recovery rate of the reservoir.
In fact, the majority of current strategies for enhancing crude oil recovery focus on improving the fluid mobility within the formation and the wettability of the oil/water/rock three-phase system [49]. The biological nanocomposite system can effectively improve the wettability angles of the oil/water/rock three-phase system. The separation pressure enables the effective detachment of crude oil from the rock wall surfaces, enhancing the oil recovery rate. Additionally, the reduction in interfacial tension also leads to the formation of a certain amount of Pickering emulsion, which improves the mobility of the crude oil and thus increases the recovery rate.
3 Mathematical model of biological nanocomposite system displacement
The multiphase and multi-component coupling model of biological nanocomposite system is mainly composed of the following four parts: 1) seepage model of water drive reservoir, 2) modified nanoparticle adsorption and transport model, 3) dynamic porosity and permeability model, and 4) reservoir relative permeability change model.
3.1 Model assumptions
The seepage equation of oil–water–gas components in the water drive reservoir is the same as that of the black oil model, and its assumptions are as follows:
The percolation in the reservoir is isothermal and does not consider the temperature change of the reservoir.
There are three phase fluids of oil, gas, and water in the formation, and the flow of each phase fluid obeys Darcy’s law.
Mass exchange occurs in the oil–gas phase and water–gas phase in the gas group.
The phase balance is completed instantaneously; that is, the time required for phase balance is not considered.
The water component exists only in the water phase, and there is no mass exchange between the oil and gas phase.
The rock reservoir is slightly compressible and anisotropic.
The fluid in the reservoir is compressible, and gravity and capillary forces have an effect on the percolation process.
For the black oil model, the continuity equations of the oil phase, water phase, and gas phase are, respectively,
3.2 Continuity equation
In the composite system, the modified nanoparticles are considered as a component dissolved in the aqueous phase. According to the principle of mass conservation, the continuity equation can be written as
where c np is the concentration of modified nanoparticles, P is the formation pressure, and x is the distance from the injection hole bottom. S w is the water saturation, q w is the water injection quantity, and d np is the diffusion coefficient of modified nanoparticles. F np is the percentage of the pore surface in contact with water.
3.2.1 Dynamic porosity and permeability model
The deposition and adsorption of modified nanoparticles in pores can lead to changes in the absolute permeability and porosity of reservoirs [50,51]
where
where K 0 is the initial absolute permeability of the reservoir. n is a constant, and the value can range from 2.5 to 3.5, and the general value is 3 [52]. k f is the fluid flow coefficient of plugging pores. f is the flow efficiency coefficient, which can be obtained by the following formula:
where α is the rate constant of adsorption of modified nanoparticles in oil phase to reservoir and V* is the volume of modified nanoparticles that can be trapped by porous media per unit volume.
The adsorption of nanoparticles uses the Langmuir isothermal adsorption formula:
where A and B are Langmuir constant.
3.2.2 Reservoir relative permeability model
For the relative permeability of the reservoir, the actual relative permeability is used before adding the modified nanoparticles. After adding the modified nanoparticles, the calculation was performed using the modified Brooks–Corey model [53]:
where j represents different phases (oil or water), K
rjc is the relative permeability of the j phase (oil or water), and
After the addition of modified nanoparticles, since the relative permeability is largely related to the oil–water interfacial tension and is a function of the oil–water interfacial tension, the size of S rwc and S roc is affected by the interfacial tension. Refer to UTCHEM software for similar scaling methods for the treatment of surfactants [54,55,56], S rwc and S roc are expressed as follows:
where S rjc represents the residual saturation of the j phase (oil or water) at the beginning of the nanoparticle injection and σ is the interfacial tension.
The endpoint relative permeability
where S
ri is the residual saturation of phase i (oil or water) at the end of water flooding under the oil–water interfacial tension of ordinary water injection and
3.2.3 Boundary conditions
Equations (14)–(16) are the auxiliary equations of the coupling model of the biological nanocomposite system. Including the relationship between saturation and capillary force, pressure-volume-temperature physical properties equation:
where S o is the oil saturation, S g is the gas saturation, p o is the capillary pressure of the oil, p w is the capillary pressure of water, and p g is the capillary pressure of a gas.
The initial condition equation of the model is
For the closed boundary of the reservoir, with the following boundary conditions:
Finally, the production control equation of the well is added to the reservoir:
where Q v is the oil well production, p wf is the bottom hole pressure, and δ (x, y, z) is a Dirichlet function, if (x, y, z) corresponds to the well coordinates, δ (x, y, z) = 1, otherwise δ (x, y, z) = 0. That is, the change of water in the reservoir other than the well is ignored.
3.3 Model validation
The accuracy of the model is verified by core experiments. The injected PV of the selected core and biological nanocomposite system is shown in Table 2. The natural core was extracted from the oil field, which can reflect the actual reservoir conditions and make the experimental results more accurate and reliable than the artificial core. The experimental device is shown in Figure 7.
Experimental basic data
| Parameters | Rock type | Porosity (%) | Permeability (mD) | Injection rate (mL/min) | Confining pressure (MPa) | Total injected PV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Natural sandstone | 20.14 | 176 | 0.1 | 10 | 0.1568 |
Flow chart of oil displacement experimental device of biological nanocomposite system.
The numerical model was solved through the STARS simulator built by CMG software. The numerical model of the core was established with a total of 40 grids, the grids are shown in Figure 8, and the results are shown in Figure 9.
Core grid used for model validation.
Comparison between simulated calculated values and actual experiments.
Figure 9 shows the results of the core oil displacement experiment of the biological nanocomposite system and the model established in this article. As can be seen from the figure, in the stage of water flooding, the water cut and recovery degree start to rise rapidly at the 5th minute of injection, and the water cut reaches 95.03% and the recovery degree is 34.06% at the 14th minute; then, with the change of injection amount, the rising rate of water cut and recovery degree starts to slow down, and the water cut reaches the maximum of 99.35% at the 18th minute, and the recovery degree is 34.99% at this time.
The injection of the biological nanocomposite system began when the water cut exceeded 99%, and the water cut rapidly decreased to 95.71%, and the lowest water cut could be reduced to 93.19% with the increase of the injection amount of the biological nanocomposite system; at the same time, after the injection of the biological nanocomposite system, the recovery degree also increased rapidly compared with the first water flooding, and with the increase of the injection amount of biological nanocomposite system, the recovery degree increased significantly in the 21st minute, because after a period of injection, the biological nanocomposite system and the oil in the core began to form emulsion, which increased the oil production rate, until the recovery degree reached 41.15% when the injection of biological nanocomposite system was stopped; in the process of injection of biological nanocomposite system, there was no obvious accumulation of nanoparticles in the produced liquid, and the injection pressure did not increase significantly, indicating that the injection of biological nanocomposite system was good.
In the subsequent water flooding stage, the recovery rate within 26–29 min is still faster than that in the late stage of the first water flooding, indicating that the biological nanocomposite system is still playing a role at this time. After that, the biological nanocomposite system flows out of the core with the increase in injection time, and the water cut begins to rise again. After a period of displacement, the recovery rate basically stops rising to 47.07%. From the core oil displacement experiment, it can be seen that the recovery rate can be increased from 34.99% to 47.07% with only 0.1568PV injected into the biological nanocomposite system, with an increase of 12.08%. Compared with other nanoparticles injected with half of the PV, it can get almost the same oil increase effect, with huge application potential [48]. At the same time, through the comparison with the experimental results, it can be found that the results obtained by using the numerical simulation model established in this paper are very close to the experimental value, so the model established in this article has high accuracy and can be used for subsequent research.
4 Optimization and application of numerical simulation model
Taking the basic rock data of the KL well group in Bohai Oilfield as an example, a conceptual model of the biological nanocomposite system for oil recovery was established using CMG reservoir numerical simulation software, as shown in Figure 10. The main parameters are as follows:
Conceptual model of biological nanocomposite system for oil recovery.
The reservoir thickness is 25 m, and the porosity and permeability settings of each layer are shown in Table 3.
Conceptual model porosity and permeability of each layer
| Porosity (%) | Horizontal permeability (mD) | Vertical permeability (mD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Layer 1 | 24.04 | 386 | 38.6 |
| Layer 2 | 23.37 | 330 | 33.0 |
| Layer 3 | 22.64 | 275 | 27.5 |
| Layer 4 | 20.22 | 178 | 17.8 |
| Layer 5 | 19.07 | 138 | 13.8 |
The layout of injection and production wells adopts a five-point well network, and the distance between injection and production wells is set at 434 m.
The maximum liquid production capacity of a single production well is set to 150 m3/d, and the maximum injection rate of an injection well is set to 600 m3/d.
The physical properties of crude oil are set based on actual formation data, with an initial formation pressure of 24 MPa.
The depth of the formation is 2,350 m, and the temperature is set at 75°C. Finally, the model has a mesh size of 31 × 31 × 5 = 4,805.
For the modification of wettability and interfacial tension between oil and water in the biological nanocomposite system, the Corey permeation model from equations (11)–(13) was used for interpolation characterization based on Figures 11 and 12.
The relative permeability curves without biological nanocomposite system.
The relative permeability curves with biological nanocomposite system.
4.1 Optimization of injection timing
The injection timing refers to the time node at which the reagent is injected. For chemical flooding, injection timing generally refers to the timing of injecting the chemical agent at different water content stages, which is generally measured by the water content value. Therefore, the injection timing of the biological nanocomposite system is determined by referring to the chemical flooding method and also based on the water content. At the same time, the actual injection time of the biological nanocomposite system in the oilfield is currently in the middle and later stages of oilfield development. At this time, the water content of the produced liquid is very high. Therefore, different injection times are set with water content of 79, 80.5, 82, 83.5, 85, 86.5, 88, 89.5, 91, and 92.5%, respectively.
From the analysis of the relationship between oil increment and injection timing in Figure 13, it can be seen that as the injection timing is delayed, the oil increment continuously decreases, which is basically consistent with the general law of conventional chemical flooding. The maximum oil increase occurs in the early stage of injection and then decreases with the delay of injection time. This is because as the water content increases, the amount of crude oil in the formation decreases, and the amount of crude oil affected by the injection of the biological nanocomposite system is also less. In addition, some layers in the formation have formed advantageous flow channels, and it is difficult to drive the remaining oil by injecting the biological nanocomposite system at this time. This is different from the research results of some predecessors on the timing of nanoparticle injection [48]. On the one hand, it is because different types of nanoparticles are used, and on the other hand, the length of the core is limited in experiments at the core scale. Although nanoparticles also have the effect of increasing oil when the water content is low, they will continue to flow out at the outlet, causing a smaller proportion of nanoparticles that are difficult to drive remaining oil. However, as the water content increases, there are relatively more nanoparticles that are difficult to drive remaining oil, and the oil-increasing effect of nanoparticles is also better. Therefore, the final experimental results are different from the numerical simulation results.
Relationship between oil increment and injection timing in the biological nanocomposite system.
4.2 Optimization of injection pore volume (PV)
For injection volume, injection PV multiple is generally used to measure it. As it is a conceptual model, it is set as the injection PV multiple of the entire reservoir. In the actual injection process, due to the cost of preparing nanoparticles, the injection amount is not large, so the injection PV number is set to 2.5 × 10−3, 5.0 × 10−3, 7.5 × 10−3, 10.0 × 10−3, 12.5 × 10−3, 15.0 × 10−3, 17.5 × 10−3, 20.0 × 10−3, 22.5 × 10−3, 25.0 × 10−3 represents the injection amount of different biological nanocomposite systems. At the same time, the injection amount of biological nanocomposite systems needs to be considered not only from the perspective of oil increase, but also from the perspective of economic benefits. Therefore, the input–output ratio (IOR) index is used to analyze the economic benefits, which is defined as
In the formula, the input cost only includes the material cost of the biological nanocomposite system, while the exchange rate ignores exchange rate fluctuations and is uniformly set to 6.8 US dollars and Chinese yuan. The economic benefits of output only consider the economic value of oil increase, without considering the fluctuation of crude oil prices. The data are based on the west texas intermediate crude oil futures prices on trading days from January 2, 2020, to December 30, 2023 (with an average price of $69.97 per barrel), which is generally $70 per barrel. Due to the high cost of offshore operations, oilfield sites generally require an IOR greater than 120% before the plan can be implemented. Figure 14 shows the increase in oil production and the change in IOR under the injection of biological nanocomposite systems with different PV multiples.
Oil increment and IOR under different injection PVs.
From the analysis of the relationship between the oil increment and the number of injected PV in Figure 14, it can be seen that within a certain range, as the number of injected PV increases, the oil increment continuously increases, and the increase is very large. But after the increase in the number of injected PV reaches a certain value, although the increase in the number of injected PV will lead to an increase in oil production, the increase is smaller compared to the increase when injecting small doses of biological nanocomposite systems. This is because after the injection amount reaches a certain level, the amount of modified nanoparticles that can be adsorbed on the rock has reached its limit and cannot be further adsorbed, making the wettability of the rock reservoir more hydrophilic. At the same time, although the dispersion of the biological nanocomposite system is very well, due to the high concentration, the modified nanoparticles adsorb in the reservoir, causing the flow channel to be blocked to a certain extent, resulting in a decrease in the increase in oil production. However, due to the excellent dispersion, the aggregated modified nanoparticles quickly disperse into the aqueous phase, so there is still a trend of an increase in oil production. Further analysis of the IOR reveals that as PV increases, the IOR shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Taking into account this, an injection PV of 1.75 × 10−2 can be chosen as the optimal injection amount.
4.3 Optimization of injection concentration
For injection concentrations, set the injection concentrations to 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, and 10,000 ppm for different biological nanocomposite systems.
Figure 15 shows the increase in oil production and the change in input–output ratio under the injection of different concentrations of biological nanocomposite systems.
Oil increment and IOR under different injection concentrations.
From the analysis of the relationship between oil increment and injection concentration in Figure 15, it can be seen that injecting the biological nanocomposite system can effectively increase oil, but the oil increase effect is not significant at low concentrations. Subsequently, as the injection concentration increases, the oil increment increases rapidly. However, although the oil increment still increases after the injection concentration reaches a certain value, the increase amplitude will slow down. This is because there is an upper limit to the adsorption of modified nanoparticles in the rock reservoir and displacement front, and excessively high concentrations of modified nanoparticles may actually block the pores, preventing a significant increase in oil production. From the relationship between IOR and injection concentration, it can be seen that as the concentration increases, the IOR first increases rapidly and then shows a decreasing trend. Except for 1,000 ppm, the IOR is greater than 100%, indicating a very good IOR; At 5,000 ppm, there is the highest IOR, but at this time, the oil increment is only 7259.9 m3. In the actual extraction process, it is also necessary to consider the factor of maximizing the exploitation and utilization of crude oil resources. After 5,000 ppm, for every 1,000 ppm increase in concentration, the increase in oil production is 692.0, 624.6, 486.6, 422.0, and 375.0 m3, respectively. Therefore, 7,000 ppm can be optimized as the optimal injection concentration.
In summary, the earlier the injection of the biological nanocomposite system, the better the effect. At the same time, the more the injection amount of the biological nanocomposite system, the better the oil enhancement effect, but the change in oil enhancement amount with the increase of injection amount becomes smaller and smaller. Considering the economic value, it can be determined that 17.5 × 10−3 is the optimal injection amount. The injection concentration and injection amount have a similar pattern, and 7,000 ppm can be selected as the optimal injection concentration.
4.4 Field application
Based on the optimization results of injection parameters, the implementation of biological nanocomposite oil displacement technology applied to actual well groups. The B1 block of Bohai K1 oilfield includes eight production wells including B06, B07, B16, B18, B26, B27, B29, and B39, as well as four injection wells including B17, B28, B31, and B32. Its main production layers are E2s3U (Upper Member of Shahejie Formation, Neogene Eocene) II + III + IV + V and E2s3M (Middle Member of Shahejie Formation, Neogene Eocene) I Upper + I Lower + II oil formations (Figure 16).
Oil and liquid production of well group.
In the initial phase of block development, there was a rapid decline in oil and liquid production, prompting the commencement of water injection in November 2015. This led to a certain increase in daily oil production. Subsequently, water injection wells were added, and measures such as profile control and water plugging were implemented, resulting in a significant rise in daily oil production while maintaining the water cut at approximately 10–20%. By June 2017, oil production had peaked at 853 m3; however, it then began to rapidly decrease alongside an escalating water cut. Despite repeated attempts at profile control and managing the water cut, oil production continued to decline rapidly while the water cut increased sharply. By July 2019, the water cut had exceeded 60%, marking entry into a high-water-cut period for oil production. Following several rounds of profile control and adjustments to injection volume, the rate of decline in oil production slowed down. As of October 2021, cumulative block oil production stands at 918,993 m3 with a recovery factor of 16.54%. Daily oil production is recorded at 145.85 m3 with a daily fluid volume of 670.96 m3 and a decline rate of 0.4738 a−1; meanwhile, the water content has reached as high as 78.26%.
Based on the actual production data of the well group (April 2015 to June 2023), the oil production curve and natural decline curve of the well group are drawn, as shown in Figure 17. From the graph, it can be seen that the decrease in oil production of the entire well group occurred after April 2018.
Production performance curve and production decline curve of the well group.
Based on the actual injection and production data of the well group, calculate the increase in oil production according to the production decline formula:
Calculation of oil increment:
where
In the formula, t 0 is the number of days from the start of production decline when injecting the biological nanocomposite system, Q i is the actual daily oil production, and A and B are fitting parameters, which are obtained through the decline curve. According to calculations, as of October 2023, the cumulative increase in oil production of the well group is 10253.6 m3.
Then, using the numerical simulation method proposed in this article, the oil production situation after biological nano oil displacement measures is evaluated. The geological model established in the target block is a single porous medium, which is vertically divided into 246 layers, with a grid size of 1 m for each layer and 63 × 53 grids in the xy plane. Each grid has a length of 25 m, with a total of 821,394 grids. The distribution of well locations is shown in Figure 18.
Distribution of well positions in Block B1.
First, the black oil model of the block was converted into the CMG-STARS component model. The numerical simulation method of oil displacement in the biological nanocomposite system is the same as previously and will not be described again here. For an actual oil reservoir, historical fitting is the basis for accurate reservoir dynamic simulation. Therefore, in order to accurately study the oil recovery process of the biological nanocomposite system, water flooding history matching is now performed on the target research block. The fitting of the water content and daily oil production of the well group is shown in Figures 19 and 20, with a fitting degree exceeding 90%, meeting the accuracy requirements.
Comparison of actual water content and fitting water content in the block.
Comparison between actual daily oil production and fitted daily oil production in the block.
The simulation began in October 2021 with a reservoir water cut of 79%, injecting the biological nanocomposite system at an injection rate of 1.75 × 10−2 and a concentration of 7,000 ppm. As can be seen from the cumulative oil production comparison chart in Figure 21, the rate of cumulative oil production increase after the injection of the biological nanocomposite system has consistently been higher than that without the injection of the biological nanocomposite system. By the end of the simulation period in October 2023, the injection of the biological nanocomposite system had resulted in an additional oil recovery of 10468.92 m3, demonstrating a significant application effect. The numerical simulation results are in close agreement with the calculations obtained from reservoir engineering methods.
Numerical simulation of cumulative oil production prediction.
5 Discussion
Based on experiments, this study investigated the stability of the biological nanocomposite system and the effects on rock wettability and oil–water interfacial tension. The results indicate that the biological nanocomposite system maintains stable and uniform dispersion after prolonged shear stirring. The measurement results of the wetting angle indicate that the system can shift the wettability of rocks toward hydrophilicity. In addition, the biological nanocomposite system will improve the wettability of sandstone reservoirs better than carbonate reservoirs, due to the interaction between the rock surface and modified nanoparticles. The interface tension test results show that the biological nanocomposite system can reduce the oil–water interface tension to the order of 10−3, which significantly increases the capillary number and makes it easier for crude oil to peel off rocks, significantly improving the flow rate of remaining oil in the reservoir. In summary, the experiment explores the oil displacement mechanism from the perspective of the effect of the biological nanocomposite system on reservoir rocks and fluid properties, and the results are consistent with previous research. Related studies have also shown that temperature, mineralization degree, and pH value can affect the stability of nanofluids. At appropriate temperature, mineralization degree, and pH value, nanoparticles maintain an equilibrium of intermolecular forces in the dispersed system. Once the range is exceeded, nanoparticles will undergo coalescence, leading to a decrease in the performance of the oil recovery system. However, this article did not consider the influence of these factors on the performance of nanoparticles in the composite system, Future research can consider relevant factors to further improve the performance of the biological nanocomposite system and expand their application scope in fields.
On the basis of indoor experiments, this study established a numerical simulation method for oil recovery using biological nanocomposite system at the reservoir scale. According to research, previous simulation studies on nanofluid flooding have not reached the reservoir scale. The numerical simulation method considers the changes in reservoir wettability and oil–water interfacial tension caused by biological nanocomposite system. This is combined with an improved Brooks Corey model to establish a relative permeability model. At the same time, a numerical characterization method for the transport and adsorption of nanoparticles is added, which can describe the transformation process of reservoir and fluid properties after the biological nanocomposite system is injected underground. Subsequently, the numerical simulation method was validated through core displacement experiments, and the simulation results were highly consistent with the experiments, verifying the accuracy of the model. The components of the displacement system were simplified in the model. In fact, modified nanoparticles not only change the wettability and interfacial tension in the formation, but also improve the overall rheological properties when combined with other oil displacement systems (such as polymers). After injection into the formation, the modified nanoparticles also undergo coalescence, and the charge and polarity of the nanoparticles also have a certain impact on their adsorption. However, the influence of factors such as coalescence, charge, and polarity was not considered in this article. In the future, the above mechanisms can be considered to improve the simulation method of nanoparticle migration in the reservoir.
Subsequently, the multiphase and multi-component model of the biological nanocomposite system for oil recovery was applied to the injection parameters of actual well groups. Unlike other optimization methods, this article comprehensively optimizes the injection amount and concentration of the biological nanocomposite system from two aspects: economic indicators and oil increase. The optimization results were applied to actual mines, and the oil increment was calculated using reservoir engineering methods and numerical simulation methods. The results of the two methods were close, further verifying the accuracy of the numerical method for oil recovery using the biological nanocomposite system. Although the model can evaluate the application effect of biological nanocomposite systems in actual mines, there are still some shortcomings that need further research and development in the future. In the process of optimizing injection parameters using numerical simulation methods, only the injection of a single plug in the biological nanocomposite system was considered. However, in actual field use, other chemical agent plugs are often used in combination, such as a combination of pressure-reducing and injection-increasing plugs, profile control plugs, and nano oil displacement plugs. Pressure-reducing and injection-increasing plugs can remove contamination near the wellbore, improve reservoir connectivity, thereby reducing injection pressure and improving injection performance. Profile control can improve the water absorption profile and increase the coverage range of the injection system. Finally, a nano oil displacement plug is injected to replace the remaining oil. The combination of the three types of plugs can significantly improve the oil displacement efficiency and maximize the oil displacement effect of the system. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the slug design based on practical application situations.
This article studies the performance of biological nanocomposite systems through experiments and establishes a multiphase and multi-component oil displacement model based on this. Finally, the injection parameters are optimized and applied to actual mines. However, there are still some shortcomings, and it is necessary to explore the applicability of biological nanocomposite systems in complex geological environments. Numerical simulation methods can also consider more factors for optimization. When optimizing process parameters, it is necessary to consider the combination of slugs based on the actual situation on site. With the increasing demand for oil, biological nanocomposite systems have broad prospects in expanding the affected volume and improving crude oil recovery compared to conventional chemical flooding systems in the future.
6 Conclusions
This article takes the biological nanocomposite system as the research object and conducts research on its oil displacement mechanism, numerical simulation methods, and process parameter optimization methods. The following understanding has been obtained:
The biological nanocomposite system, as a system composed of modified nanoparticles and surfactants, can effectively change the wettability of reservoir rocks, reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water, thereby improving the fluidity of crude oil and increasing the recovery rate;
According to the numerical simulation model of the biological nanocomposite system for oil recovery, the injection timing, number of injected PVs, and injection concentration were analyzed. The results indicate that the earlier the biological nanocomposite system is injected, the better its oil-increasing effect. At the same time, due to the limited amount of nanoparticle adsorption, there is an optimal value between the injected PV and the injected concentration. Beyond this value, the economic value of improving the oil enhancement effect brought by the injected PV and injected concentration also decreases;
Actual field applications have shown that the biological nanocomposite system can effectively improve reservoir recovery, and the numerical simulation method established in this article can accurately describe the oil displacement performance, with small errors between the calculated results and the actual situation.
In summary, this article provides an effective method for numerical simulation of the biological nanocomposite system for oil recovery and has important guiding significance for the optimization design of process schemes. The biological nanocomposite system has significant potential in improving crude oil recovery.
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Funding information: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos 51774257 and 51504221) and the National Science and Technology Major Oil and Gas Special Project (No. 2017ZX05009-004).
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Author contributions: Xianchao Chen is responsible for the design and management of the entire study; Jingchao Zhou is responsible for the establishment of mathematical models and the writing of articles; Ping Gao is responsible for numerical simulation to optimize the injection parameters and field applications of biological nanocomposite system. Peijun Liu was responsible for data processing of numerical simulation results and assisted in writing articles; and Qing Feng is responsible for the preparation of the biological nanocomposite system. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Research Articles
- Tension buckling and postbuckling of nanocomposite laminated plates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilised gold nanoparticle coatings inhibit blood protein adsorption
- Energy and mass transmission through hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a spinning sphere with magnetic effect and heat source/sink
- Surface treatment with nano-silica and magnesium potassium phosphate cement co-action for enhancing recycled aggregate concrete
- Numerical investigation of thermal radiation with entropy generation effects in hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching sheet
- Enhancing the performance of thermal energy storage by adding nano-particles with paraffin phase change materials
- Using nano-CaCO3 and ceramic tile waste to design low-carbon ultra high performance concrete
- Numerical analysis of thermophoretic particle deposition in a magneto-Marangoni convective dusty tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow – Thermal and magnetic features
- Dual numerical solutions of Casson SA–hybrid nanofluid toward a stagnation point flow over stretching/shrinking cylinder
- Single flake homo p–n diode of MoTe2 enabled by oxygen plasma doping
- Electrostatic self-assembly effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on performance of carbon nanotubes in cement-based materials
- Multi-scale alignment to buried atom-scale devices using Kelvin probe force microscopy
- Antibacterial, mechanical, and dielectric properties of hydroxyapatite cordierite/zirconia porous nanocomposites for use in bone tissue engineering applications
- Time-dependent Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising the CNTs through a Riga plate with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation
- Durability prediction of geopolymer mortar reinforced with nanoparticles and PVA fiber using particle swarm optimized BP neural network
- Utilization of zein nano-based system for promoting antibiofilm and anti-virulence activities of curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Antibacterial effect of novel dental resin composites containing rod-like zinc oxide
- An extended model to assess Jeffery–Hamel blood flow through arteries with iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and melting effects: Entropy optimization analysis
- Comparative study of copper nanoparticles over radially stretching sheet with water and silicone oil
- Cementitious composites modified by nanocarbon fillers with cooperation effect possessing excellent self-sensing properties
- Confinement size effect on dielectric properties, antimicrobial activity, and recycling of TiO2 quantum dots via photodegradation processes of Congo red dye and real industrial textile wastewater
- Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: Characterization and photocatalytic application
- Novel integrated structure and function of Mg–Gd neutron shielding materials
- Impact of multiple slips on thermally radiative peristaltic transport of Sisko nanofluid with double diffusion convection, viscous dissipation, and induced magnetic field
- Magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal convective and mass flux conditions: HAM solution
- A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic water-based hybrid nanofluid flow composed of Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles over a heated surface
- Development and modeling of an ultra-robust TPU-MWCNT foam with high flexibility and compressibility
- Effects of nanofillers on the physical, mechanical, and tribological behavior of carbon/kenaf fiber–reinforced phenolic composites
- Polymer nanocomposite for protecting photovoltaic cells from solar ultraviolet in space
- Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of recycled concrete reinforced with basalt fibers and nano-silica in early low-temperature environments
- Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical performance and microstructure of cement mortar
- CFD analysis of paraffin-based hybrid (Co–Au) and trihybrid (Co–Au–ZrO2) nanofluid flow through a porous medium
- Forced convective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow subject to heat source/sink and Lorentz force over a permeable wedge: Numerical exploration
- Physiochemical and electrical activities of nano copper oxides synthesised via hydrothermal method utilising natural reduction agents for solar cell application
- A homotopic analysis of the blood-based bioconvection Carreau–Yasuda hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective conditions
- In situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance for pollutant degradation
- A coarse-grained Poisson–Nernst–Planck model for polyelectrolyte-modified nanofluidic diodes
- A numerical investigation of the magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending sheet with a convective condition: Active and passive controls of nanoparticles
- The LyP-1 cyclic peptide modified mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres for targeted delivery of triptolide regulate the macrophage repolarization in atherosclerosis
- Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
- The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
- Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
- Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
- Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
- Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
- Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
- Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
- Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
- Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
- Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
- Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
- Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
- Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
- Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
- Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
- Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
- Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
- Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
- Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
- A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
- Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
- A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
- Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
- Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
- Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
- A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
- Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
- Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
- Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
- Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
- Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
- Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
- One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
- A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
- Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
- Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
- Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
- Effects of PVA fibers and nano-SiO2 on rheological properties of geopolymer mortar
- Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
- Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
- Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
- Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
- Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
- Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
- Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
- Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
- Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
- Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
- Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
- Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
- Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
- Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
- PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
- Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
- Review Articles
- Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
- Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
- Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
- A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
- Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
- Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
- A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
- Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
- Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
- Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
- Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
- Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
- Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
- Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
- A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
- A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
- Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
- Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
- Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
- Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
- Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
- Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
- A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
- Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
- Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
- Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
- Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
- Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
- Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
- Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
- Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
- Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
- Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
- In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
- Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
- Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
- Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
- Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
- Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
- Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
- Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
- Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
- Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
- Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
- Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
- Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
- Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
- Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
- Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
- Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
- Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
- Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
- Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
- Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
- Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
- Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
- An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
- Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
- Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
- Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
- Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
- Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
- Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
- Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
- Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
- Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
- In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
- Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
- Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
- Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
- Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
- Special Issue on Implementing Nanotechnology for Smart Healthcare System
- Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection
- Special Issue on Green Mono, Bi and Tri Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological and Environmental Applications
- Tracking success of interaction of green-synthesized Carbopol nanoemulgel (neomycin-decorated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite) with wound-based MDR bacteria
- Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using genus Inula and evaluation of biological therapeutics and environmental applications
- Biogenic fabrication and multifunctional therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from rose petal extract
- Metal oxides on the frontlines: Antimicrobial activity in plant-derived biometallic nanoparticles
- Controlling pore size during the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using CTAB by the sol–gel hydrothermal method and their biological activities
- Special Issue on State-of-Art Advanced Nanotechnology for Healthcare
- Applications of nanomedicine-integrated phototherapeutic agents in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review of the current state of research
- Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease
- Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Articles in the same Issue
- Research Articles
- Tension buckling and postbuckling of nanocomposite laminated plates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilised gold nanoparticle coatings inhibit blood protein adsorption
- Energy and mass transmission through hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a spinning sphere with magnetic effect and heat source/sink
- Surface treatment with nano-silica and magnesium potassium phosphate cement co-action for enhancing recycled aggregate concrete
- Numerical investigation of thermal radiation with entropy generation effects in hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching sheet
- Enhancing the performance of thermal energy storage by adding nano-particles with paraffin phase change materials
- Using nano-CaCO3 and ceramic tile waste to design low-carbon ultra high performance concrete
- Numerical analysis of thermophoretic particle deposition in a magneto-Marangoni convective dusty tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow – Thermal and magnetic features
- Dual numerical solutions of Casson SA–hybrid nanofluid toward a stagnation point flow over stretching/shrinking cylinder
- Single flake homo p–n diode of MoTe2 enabled by oxygen plasma doping
- Electrostatic self-assembly effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on performance of carbon nanotubes in cement-based materials
- Multi-scale alignment to buried atom-scale devices using Kelvin probe force microscopy
- Antibacterial, mechanical, and dielectric properties of hydroxyapatite cordierite/zirconia porous nanocomposites for use in bone tissue engineering applications
- Time-dependent Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising the CNTs through a Riga plate with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation
- Durability prediction of geopolymer mortar reinforced with nanoparticles and PVA fiber using particle swarm optimized BP neural network
- Utilization of zein nano-based system for promoting antibiofilm and anti-virulence activities of curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Antibacterial effect of novel dental resin composites containing rod-like zinc oxide
- An extended model to assess Jeffery–Hamel blood flow through arteries with iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and melting effects: Entropy optimization analysis
- Comparative study of copper nanoparticles over radially stretching sheet with water and silicone oil
- Cementitious composites modified by nanocarbon fillers with cooperation effect possessing excellent self-sensing properties
- Confinement size effect on dielectric properties, antimicrobial activity, and recycling of TiO2 quantum dots via photodegradation processes of Congo red dye and real industrial textile wastewater
- Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: Characterization and photocatalytic application
- Novel integrated structure and function of Mg–Gd neutron shielding materials
- Impact of multiple slips on thermally radiative peristaltic transport of Sisko nanofluid with double diffusion convection, viscous dissipation, and induced magnetic field
- Magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal convective and mass flux conditions: HAM solution
- A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic water-based hybrid nanofluid flow composed of Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles over a heated surface
- Development and modeling of an ultra-robust TPU-MWCNT foam with high flexibility and compressibility
- Effects of nanofillers on the physical, mechanical, and tribological behavior of carbon/kenaf fiber–reinforced phenolic composites
- Polymer nanocomposite for protecting photovoltaic cells from solar ultraviolet in space
- Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of recycled concrete reinforced with basalt fibers and nano-silica in early low-temperature environments
- Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical performance and microstructure of cement mortar
- CFD analysis of paraffin-based hybrid (Co–Au) and trihybrid (Co–Au–ZrO2) nanofluid flow through a porous medium
- Forced convective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow subject to heat source/sink and Lorentz force over a permeable wedge: Numerical exploration
- Physiochemical and electrical activities of nano copper oxides synthesised via hydrothermal method utilising natural reduction agents for solar cell application
- A homotopic analysis of the blood-based bioconvection Carreau–Yasuda hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective conditions
- In situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance for pollutant degradation
- A coarse-grained Poisson–Nernst–Planck model for polyelectrolyte-modified nanofluidic diodes
- A numerical investigation of the magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending sheet with a convective condition: Active and passive controls of nanoparticles
- The LyP-1 cyclic peptide modified mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres for targeted delivery of triptolide regulate the macrophage repolarization in atherosclerosis
- Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
- The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
- Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
- Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
- Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
- Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
- Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
- Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
- Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
- Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
- Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
- Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
- Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
- Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
- Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
- Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
- Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
- Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
- Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
- Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
- A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
- Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
- A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
- Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
- Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
- Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
- A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
- Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
- Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
- Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
- Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
- Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
- Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
- One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
- A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
- Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
- Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
- Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
- Effects of PVA fibers and nano-SiO2 on rheological properties of geopolymer mortar
- Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
- Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
- Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
- Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
- Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
- Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
- Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
- Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
- Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
- Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
- Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
- Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
- Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
- Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
- PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
- Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
- Review Articles
- Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
- Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
- Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
- A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
- Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
- Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
- A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
- Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
- Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
- Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
- Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
- Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
- Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
- Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
- A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
- A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
- Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
- Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
- Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
- Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
- Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
- Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
- A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
- Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
- Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
- Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
- Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
- Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
- Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
- Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
- Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
- Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
- Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
- In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
- Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
- Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
- Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
- Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
- Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
- Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
- Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
- Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
- Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
- Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
- Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
- Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
- Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
- Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
- Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
- Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
- Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
- Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
- Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
- Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
- Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
- Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
- An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
- Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
- Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
- Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
- Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
- Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
- Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
- Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
- Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
- Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
- In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
- Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
- Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
- Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
- Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
- Special Issue on Implementing Nanotechnology for Smart Healthcare System
- Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection
- Special Issue on Green Mono, Bi and Tri Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological and Environmental Applications
- Tracking success of interaction of green-synthesized Carbopol nanoemulgel (neomycin-decorated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite) with wound-based MDR bacteria
- Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using genus Inula and evaluation of biological therapeutics and environmental applications
- Biogenic fabrication and multifunctional therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from rose petal extract
- Metal oxides on the frontlines: Antimicrobial activity in plant-derived biometallic nanoparticles
- Controlling pore size during the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using CTAB by the sol–gel hydrothermal method and their biological activities
- Special Issue on State-of-Art Advanced Nanotechnology for Healthcare
- Applications of nanomedicine-integrated phototherapeutic agents in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review of the current state of research
- Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease
- Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
