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Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium

  • Umer Younas , Mafia Ameen , Muhammad Perviaz , Gulshan Shahzadi , Arene Fatima , Faisal Ali EMAIL logo , Ikram Ahmad EMAIL logo , Zohaib Saeed EMAIL logo , Adnan Ashraf , Samar A. Aldossari , Mohammed Sheikh , Moonwoo La EMAIL logo and Sung Jea Park EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 13, 2024
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

In the last few years, metal nanoparticles (NPs) have become one of the major components in the field of nanotechnology. NPs with fascinating and tunable properties (size and shape) have provided solutions for many problems including water pollution which has now become alarming in the current era. Herein, natural polymer-supported AgSr bimetallic NPs have been synthesized. For this purpose, sodium alginate (Na-Alg) was used as a stabilizer along with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. The synthesized Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs were characterized employing UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD techniques. The spectrophotometric analysis confirmed the formation and SEM and XRD confirmed the size of NPs up to 24.18 and 12.95 nm, respectively. These NPs were tested for catalytic degradation potential against malachite green (MG) and methyl orange (MO) dyes in the aqueous medium. The catalytic activity of NPs was evaluated in terms of kinetics and percent removal of the dyes. The results revealed that the MO dye was degraded in 21 min with a removal efficiency of 86.45% and MG dye in 24 min with 91.74%. Catalytic degradation of MO and MG dyes was also monitored in the absence of AgSr NPs which showed no catalytic degradation of dyes even after half an hour. The study has confirmed that biopolymer-supported NPs can be synthesized with suitable morphology for catalytic applications and these NPs can be further used for the removal of dyes from aqueous medium.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: biopolymer; silver-strontium; Na-alginate; azo dyes; degradation; percent removal; kinetics

1 Introduction

Scientists have focused modifications in different materials in a controlled way to achieve specific properties under the umbrella of nanotechnology. This technology combines the knowledge of different subjects including chemistry [1], physics [2], materials science [3], and biology [4] to design novel materials for multiple applications in different domains of science. Nanomaterials are getting popular as a result of their uses in waste treatment [5] health care [6], cosmetics [7], food [8], biomedical sciences [9], drug delivery [10], and cancer therapy [11]. To meet the demand for nanomaterials, scientists are focusing on discovering new routes toward designing and development of these nanostructures [12]. There are many methods including chemical, sol–gel, green, biological, laser ablation, evaporation/condensation, and co-precipitation that are used for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) [13]. Many advantages have been reported for physical methods i.e. high yield, lesser energy consumption, however, sample impureness, and uneven size distribution can be the disadvantages [14]. The chemical reduction method is the most often used method due to its simplicity and the characteristics of the synthesized NPs [15]. In this method, the reactant’s molar content and feed rate can be changed to generate metal NPs with specified particle sizes, morphologies, and regular particle size distribution. Choosing a suitable reducing agent, stabilizing materials, synthesis conditions, and other parameters can provide NPs with the required characteristics.

The incorporation of metal NPs into different polymers is one of the most common ways to modify their properties. These aspects help in improving biological response, mechanical qualities, drug release, and pollutant removal potential [16,17]. Researchers have also focused on the use of different polymeric materials to modify the morphology, stability, and efficiency of NPs. Owing to biocompatibility and biodegradability, biopolymers are intriguing and worthy of research. The combination of biopolymers with inorganic NPs (metal oxides, oxides, phosphates, silicates, and others) produces biopolymer-based nanocomposites (also known as bio-nanocomposites) with better mechanical and thermal characteristics. These bio-nanocomposites own multi-functional features that make them suitable for a variety of applications including adsorption [13], bioplastic synthesis [18], environmental premeditator [19], chemical sensors [20], electrochemical [21], and packaging materials [22]. Polymeric stabilized nanomaterials synthesized using metals/metal oxide NPs and composites have been reported to exhibit excellent adsorbing characteristics and may also be used as catalysts [23], chemical sensors [24,25], bactericides [26], and biomedical agents (such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and other health care applications) [27].

The combinations of noble metals with other d-block metals enhance their catalytic potential through the synergistic effect. As a result, these metal NPs possess a greater surface-to-volume ratio with enhanced surface area which provides a vast range of active sites for other substrates to adsorb and degrade in the presence of reducing agents [28]. Among these metal NPs, silver and strontium are frequently used due to their unique combination which facilitates each other by enhancing one another’s surface area and thus becomes an excellent catalyst [29,30]. Metal-based nanomaterials have played a major role as nanocatalysts for the degradation of organic–inorganic pollutants from wastewater [31,32,33]. Strontium (Sr) is an alkaline earth metal and its oxide (SrO) serves as a very basic oxide among metal oxides. It is a well-known chemical of industrial significance and is mostly found in clay and used to prepare glass and ceramics. It has a morphology of stacked particles with outstanding thermal stability and good optical qualities [34]. Strontium (Sr) has also been demonstrated to speed up the healing of fractured bones and reduce bone resorption [35], whereas the role of Ag NPs has proven itself in many applications (catalysis, electronics, optics, sensors) and has been used immensely over many decades [36,37].

In many previous studies, authors have reported the successful incorporation of Ag and strontium oxide aluminate NPs into the cotton fabric to achieve luminescence and hydrophobic properties [38]. In another report, AgSr incorporated natural polymer (hydroxyapatite) has been studied for biomedical applications [39]. The silver-strontium titanate NPs and AgSr NPs doped bioactive mesoporous glass have been reported for multiple applications [40,41]. All these previous research on AgSr have shown effective combinations with one another and other materials including natural polymers. In the current study, the synthesis of biopolymer-stabilized AgSr NPs has been synthesized successfully. Stabilization of AgSr NPs was achieved with a novel approach using Na-Alg as a stabilizer and NaBH4 was used as a reducing agent. The catalytic potential of AgSr NPs was tested by carrying out the degradation of the two dyes (malachite green [MG] and methyl orange [MO]). The kinetics and percent removal potential of the synthesized samples were also evaluated.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals

The chemicals used for the synthesis and catalytic applications were as follows: silver nitrate (AgNO3; >99%, Sigma Aldrich), strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2; >99%, Sigma Aldrich), sodium alginate (Na-Alg; >97%, Fischer), sodium borohydride (NaBH4; >97%, Fischer), sodium hydroxide (NaOH; >97%, Fischer), and hydrochloric acid (HCl; >97%, Fischer). All the sample solutions and reactions were made using deionized water as aqueous media.

2.2 Synthesis of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs

The AgSr NPs stabilized by Na-Alg were prepared following an already reported method. For this purpose, a chemical reduction method was adopted to synthesize Na-Alg-stabilized AgSr NPs [42,43]. In a beaker, 0.54 g of Na-Alg powder was taken and dissolved in 250 mL of deionized water with vigorous stirring under continuous N2 purge. A thick layer appeared initially and its stirring was performed for 30 min at 50°C that turned into a smooth colloidal dispersion. Metal precursors (AgNO3 and Sr(NO3)2) solutions were prepared separately in 20 mL of deionized water and added to the Na-Alg mixture followed by adding 0.05 M NaBH4 solution. Then, the pH of the solution was maintained at 11.3 by adding 0.1 M NaOH with continuous stirring and the reaction was carried out for 2 h. The final solution was incubated for 4 h to generate the final dispersion, which was then subjected to centrifuge at 7,000 rpm for 30 min. Then, the liquid was stored in sample tubes and the solid was separated and dried in heat for 5 h over 300°C (Figure 1). Previously, many researchers have successfully synthesized AgSr NPs with suitable polymers following the above methodology [38,44].

Figure 1 Schematic representation of preparation of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs.
Figure 1

Schematic representation of preparation of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs.

2.3 Characterization of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs

The sample of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs were characterized and the UV–Vis spectrum was obtained using Cecil Aquarius 7400s, UK, at the range of 275–800 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed on α-II Bruker, UK ranges from 4,000 to 400 cm−1 for solid samples of AgSr stabilized by Na-Alg and Na-Alg itself to evaluate the presence of different functional groups. Similarly, the crystallinity/impurity of the samples was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) Bruker D2, UK, having CuKα at 1.54 nm λ. Visual confirmation of the morphology of AgSr NPs stabilized by Na-Alg was taken using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) having a resolution range from 200 nm to 10 µm (450 NOVA, LUMS Pakistan).

2.4 Catalytic potential of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs

The AgSr NPs were used as catalysts for the degradation of MO and MG dyes. The catalytic degradation of MO dye was carried out after optimizing the conditions. For this purpose, solutions of 0.2 mM MO, 14.5 mg/mL NPs, and 20.1 mM NaBH4 were used. Similarly, for catalytic degradation of MG, 0.32 mM MG, 14.5 mg/mL NPs, and 22.4 mM NaBH4 solutions were prepared. Dye degradation was monitored using UV–Vis spectrophotometer ranges between 250 and 800 nm. The catalytic degradation of the dyes was also monitored in the absence of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs at the same optimized conditions. Other than the model reaction, the effect of NPs was also monitored at various concentrations (4.76, 6.72, 8.91, and 10.45 mg/mL) of NPs by keeping the concentration of other parameters constant. The percentage removal of MO and MG dyes was calculated using % removal = (C o – C t )/ C o × 100. Kinetics was observed using ln (C t / C o) = −k app × t, where k aap represents the apparent rate constant. C o and C t are concentrations at zero time and any time interval (t).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 UV–Vis analysis

A sample of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs stabilized by Na-Alg was successfully fabricated and UV–visible analysis was performed to confirm the synthesis. UV–Vis spectra revealed the presence of AgSr NPs and Na-Alg in the synthesized colloid dispersions showing maximum absorption at wavelengths between 250 and 800 nm. Figure 2 displays UV–Vis spectra for all the samples and the observed λ max for Ag, Sr, and AgSr NPs were obtained at 400, 530, and 420 nm both absorptions, respectively [42,45] and Na-Alg shows no corresponding higher absorption peak.

The UV–Vis spectra of Ag NPs and Sr NPs were determined before and after association with Na-Alg and results revealed the formation of Ag NPs, Sr NPs, AgSr NPs and their association with Na-Alg in colloidal dispersions [46].

Figure 2 UV–Vis spectra of Ag, Sr, and Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs.
Figure 2

UV–Vis spectra of Ag, Sr, and Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs.

3.2 FTIR analysis

FTIR spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence and association of functional groups in AgSr NPs stabilized by Na-Alg. The spectrum of Na-Alg, as well as its various peaks, has been presented in Figure 3. The figure shows that the stretching vibrations of the symmetric and asymmetric carboxylate anions exhibit corresponding absorption bands at 1596.88, 1,416, and 1,306 cm−1. The hydroxyl group’s stretching vibrations exhibited a peak at 3,200–3,430 cm−1 [47]. The moderate intensity band at 3248.17 cm−1 recorded for O–H stretching vibrations may be attributed to its involvement towards stabilization of AgSr NPs using Na-Alg when compared to the FTIR spectra of Na-Alg(s) (3332.48 cm−1). The formation of the band was hampered using certain −OH groups from Na-Alg [48]. The slight shift in peak after the incorporation of AgSr NPs can be seen which may be attributed to the successful stabilization of AgSr NPs.

Figure 3 FTIR spectra of (i) Na-Alg and (ii) Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs.
Figure 3

FTIR spectra of (i) Na-Alg and (ii) Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs.

The AgSr@Na-Alg spectra indicate an additional stronger absorption band at 892.66 cm−1, which corresponds to AgSr absorption, suggesting the synthesis of NPs in addition to the above-mentioned bands of pure Na-Alg. Furthermore, the large absorption bands observed at 1021.14 cm−1 could be explained by stretching of C═O and the hydroxyl group, respectively. The asymmetric and symmetric stretching of the carboxylate group vibrations could be explained by absorption peaks appearing at 1596.48 and 1405.62 cm−1, respectively. Results indicate that functional groups of Na-Alg are involved in synthesis/stabalization of NPs [49,50].

3.3 XRD studies

The crystalline material and amorphous organic biopolymeric phases of the Na-Alg powder sample were detected in this X-ray diffractogram. The increase in the size of the biopolymer-associated crystallites has been reflected by the peak height. The data for the powdered sample of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs was recorded over 2θ range of 10–80° (Figure 4). The crystal phase of the NPs and purity were also assessed using powder XRD. Results revealed the presence of a single-phase orthorhombic crystalline structure with a preferential orientation along (212) reflection. At different values of (their maxima centered) 2θ with varying miller indices indicated strong Bragg’s peaks with JCPDS card No. 65-4973. The diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern are narrow and crisp, indicating that the samples acquired so far are good crystalline materials indicating the crystallinity of the AgSr/Na-Alg sample. The results described above are in close comparison with previous reports [39,42,51]. The effect of annealing temperature on peak growth is considerable, indicating increased intensity of (300) peak. The 2θ = 29.97° for carbon and 21.2° can be related to Na-Alg and all other peaks indicate the presence of AgSr NPs. The intensity of the peaks at 31.8°, 35.5°, 38.1°, 40.6°, 42.1°, 46.7°, and 47.8° corresponds to the presence of higher concentration of AgSr metals in the sample. Using the Debye–Scherrer formula D avg = kλ/βcosθ, the crystallite size (D avg) of the AgSr NPs sample calculated is 12.95 nm. The shift in the nucleation process produced by metals’ interaction among themselves and with Na-Alg could be the reason behind the increase in crystallite size.

Figure 4 XRD pattern of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs.
Figure 4

XRD pattern of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs.

3.4 Scanning electron microscopy characterization

The FE-SEM analysis of AgSr NPs stabilized by Na-Alg was performed to evaluate the surface morphology and analysis was done at different resolutions (Figure 5a–d). The visual representation of AgSr NPs at 5 and 10 µm can be seen in Figure 5a and b respectively. The AgSr NPs observed at 10 µm were found to have a pearl-like appearance with good separation and nearly zero agglomeration morphology. This means that AgSr NPs are well dispersed with good crystalline structure (Figure 5a). On the other hand, spherical and agglomeration-free AgSr NPs are embedded successfully on the surface of Na-Alg, which confirms the formation of stabilized NPs and can be seen from two different sites at the nanoscale (Figure 5a and b). The other perspective is that these NPs and Na-Alg also have greater active sites. So, these NPs stabilized by Na-Alg are a complete package for the catalysis process. Furthermore, the particle size distribution was also calculated for AgSr NPs ranging from 18 to 32 nm in terms of histogram using FE-SEM image. These results confirmed that the AgSr NPs were successfully embedded over semi-crystalline Na-Alg particles.

Figure 5 FE-SEM images of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs (a) 100 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 5 μm, and (d) 10 μm.
Figure 5

FE-SEM images of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs (a) 100 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 5 μm, and (d) 10 μm.

3.5 Catalytic potential of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs

The catalytic activity of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs has been investigated to check catalytic potential toward the degradation of organic pollutants (MO, MG dyes) present in wastewater. These NPs were used as water cleanser catalysts and time-dependent catalytic degradation of MO and MG was performed using AgSr NPs in the presence of NaBH4. A considerable decrease in the absorbance of MO solution was recorded at 476 nm λ max, indicating a decrease in its concentration correspondingly (Figure 6a). The UV–Vis spectra were monitored after 03 min interval and the spectral line became flat after 21 min which shows that total dye molecules have been degraded. The catalytic degradation of azo dyes using AgSr NPs with NaBH4 follows Langmuir Hinshelwood’s mechanism with pseudo-first-order kinetics [52]. Catalyst has shown outstanding performance for the removal of MO dye with 86.45% after 21 min with the apparent rate constant (k aap) value 0.1474 min−1 (Figure 6b and c). The results proved that Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs can exhibit excellent catalytic ability to degrade organic pollutants in lesser time.

Figure 6 Spectra of catalytic degradation of MO dye (a) using NPs with NaBH4, (b) % removal, (c) kinetic studies, and (d) in the absence of NPs catalyst.
Figure 6

Spectra of catalytic degradation of MO dye (a) using NPs with NaBH4, (b) % removal, (c) kinetic studies, and (d) in the absence of NPs catalyst.

In the reaction mixture, both the ingredients, i.e., NPs and NaBH4 may instigate the process of dye degradation. However, to confirm whether degradation was due to Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs with NaBH4 or just NaBH4 reducing the MO dye molecule. UV–Vis studies of MO dye degradation were also carried out in the absence of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs (Figure 6d). The spectra at 05 min interval show no significant decrease in the absorbance and the same was recorded even after 30 min. This confirms that the degradation was purely done in the presence of the catalyst and NaBH4.

Likewise, the degradation of MG dye was also tested using Na-Alg stabilized AgSr NPs in the presence of NaBH4 (Figure 7a), and the degradation was achieved in 24 min. The catalytic degradation process was completed in 21 min, but the slight decline in UV–Vis spectra shows some leftovers of the substrate were degraded and almost no molecule of MG dye remained in the aqueous medium. The percent removal was remarkable having a value of approximately 92% (Figure 7b) and the kinetics of this model experiment was also evaluated to determine the speed of reaction in terms of rate-constant; the result was according to need, with a value of 0.160 min−1 (Figure 7c). The confirmation of MG degradation was only possible with a catalyst in the presence of NaBH4. The role of the catalyst was confirmed by monitoring the degradation without the catalyst (Figure 7d). In the end, the degradation was not so considerable, and only a slight decrease was observed due to the absence of the catalyst. So, Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs are important for the degradation of dyes to clean industrial wastewater.

Figure 7 Spectra of catalytic degradation of MG dye (a) using NPs with NaBH4, (b) % removal, (c) kinetic studies, and (d) in the absence of NPs catalyst.
Figure 7

Spectra of catalytic degradation of MG dye (a) using NPs with NaBH4, (b) % removal, (c) kinetic studies, and (d) in the absence of NPs catalyst.

3.6 Factor affecting dye degradation

The Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs affecting catalytic degradation of MO and MB dyes were carried out in the presence of NaBH4. Different concentrations of the NPs (4.76, 6.72, 8.91, and 10.45 mg/mL) with constant concentrations of 20.1 mM NaBH4 and 0.02 mM MO dye were taken in separate flasks (Figure 8a). The slopes (Figure 8b) exhibited rapid degradation with k app values 0.1207, 0.1303, 0.1474, and 0.161 min−1 at 4.76, 6.72, 8.91, and 10.45 mg/mL, respectively. The apparent rate-constant (k app) was determined (Figure 8c), which shows a sharply inclined pattern corresponding to the fast removal percentage of the dye with increasing catalyst concentration. The percent removal (78.99–89.91%) recorded for different concentrations of catalyst was due to greater surface area availability by increasing catalyst concentration (Figure 8d). Pseudo-first-order kinetics was also observed for the catalytic degradation of MG dye using the same concentration as used in the case of MO dye in the presence of NaBH4 (Figure 9a).

Figure 8 (a) Effect of NPs’ different concentrations on catalytic degradation of MO dye, (b) slopes, (c) apparent rate-constant (k app) vs catalyst (NPs) various concentrations, and (d) % removal of different concentrations of NPs.
Figure 8

(a) Effect of NPs’ different concentrations on catalytic degradation of MO dye, (b) slopes, (c) apparent rate-constant (k app) vs catalyst (NPs) various concentrations, and (d) % removal of different concentrations of NPs.

Figure 9 (a) Effect of NPs’ different concentrations on catalytic degradation of MG dye, (b) slopes, (c) apparent rate-constant (k app) vs catalyst (NPs) various concentrations, and (d) % removal of different concentrations of NPs.
Figure 9

(a) Effect of NPs’ different concentrations on catalytic degradation of MG dye, (b) slopes, (c) apparent rate-constant (k app) vs catalyst (NPs) various concentrations, and (d) % removal of different concentrations of NPs.

The slope of kinetics was also determined to find the k app value (Figure 9b) and a sharp decline in slopes with time represents the fast degradation of MG dye triggered by Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs. The trend of k app w.r.t. time is linear, which explains that the catalytic degradation increases by increasing catalyst concentration (Figure 9c), and the same trend was also reported by our group, in comparison with these results [53]. The results have proven that Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs exhibited exceptional catalytic activity, as the concentration of MG dye was increased with robust % removal having values from 88 to 93% (Figure 9d). The catalytic potential of AgSr NPs has been compared with previously reported data in Table 1.

Table 1

Comparison of catalytic potential of Na-Alg-supported AgSr NPs with previous studies

Nanomaterial Catalyst quantity Dyes Type of reaction Percent degradation (%) Degradation time Ref.
AgSr NPs 14.5 mg/mL MO Catalysis 86.45 21 min This study
MG 91.74 24 min
Sr/Ag2O (Sr-doped Ag2O) nanocomposite (NC) 5% of 0.01 g MB Photocatalysis 96.63 60 min [54]
5% of 0.01 g MO 69.23 80 min
9% of 0.01 g Rh-B 96.89 70 min
AgNPs@SrCO3 (AgNPs decorated with Sr-carbonate) NC 0.1 g CR Adsorption 73.90 15 min [55]
Ag-SrTiO3 NC 4.2% AO7 Photocatalysis 78.10 6 h [56]
Ag/AgCl/SrTiO3 nanocubes 0.050 g Rh-B Photocatalysis 96 30 min [57]
MO 93 40 min
MB 96 70 min
Phenol 70 4 h
Bisphenol 83 4 h

4 Conclusion

The synthesis of Na-Alg stabilized AgSr NPs has been achieved followed by evaluation of their morphological features. According to FE-SEM observations, NPs were obtained orthorhombic crystal phase and the particle size ranged from 18 to 32 nm without significant agglomeration. These spherical-shaped NPs were found to have outstanding catalytic potential for the degradation of MO and MG dyes in aqueous media. The catalytic potential of NPs in the presence of NaBH4 was monitored and the results have proven that NPs own remarkable catalytic properties to remove carcinogenic dyes from wastewater and can be used as a water cleanser tool in the future against different organic pollutants. Researchers have extended their spectrum of studies toward developing novel composite materials and their applications in environmental remediation. In the future, the fabrication of a new combination of biopolymer-supported metal NPs can be achieved followed by utilizing these composites for environmental, biomedical, and energy storage applications.

Acknowledgments

S. J. Park was supported by the Basic Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2018R1A6A1A03025526 and No. 2020R1I1A3063782). This work was also supported by the BK-21 FOUR program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) under the Ministry of Education. Authors acknowledge the support of ORIC UOL for the completion of research project. The work was supported by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2024R663), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: S. J. Park was supported by the Basic Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2018R1A6A1A03025526 and No. 2020R1I1A3063782). This work was also supported by the BK-21 FOUR program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) under the Ministry of Education. The work was supported by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2024R663), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this article and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-10-18
Revised: 2024-01-17
Accepted: 2024-01-17
Published Online: 2024-09-13

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2023-0203
Keywords for this article
biopolymer; silver-strontium; Na-alginate; azo dyes; degradation; percent removal; kinetics
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Tension buckling and postbuckling of nanocomposite laminated plates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
  3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilised gold nanoparticle coatings inhibit blood protein adsorption
  4. Energy and mass transmission through hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a spinning sphere with magnetic effect and heat source/sink
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  16. Durability prediction of geopolymer mortar reinforced with nanoparticles and PVA fiber using particle swarm optimized BP neural network
  17. Utilization of zein nano-based system for promoting antibiofilm and anti-virulence activities of curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  18. Antibacterial effect of novel dental resin composites containing rod-like zinc oxide
  19. An extended model to assess Jeffery–Hamel blood flow through arteries with iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and melting effects: Entropy optimization analysis
  20. Comparative study of copper nanoparticles over radially stretching sheet with water and silicone oil
  21. Cementitious composites modified by nanocarbon fillers with cooperation effect possessing excellent self-sensing properties
  22. Confinement size effect on dielectric properties, antimicrobial activity, and recycling of TiO2 quantum dots via photodegradation processes of Congo red dye and real industrial textile wastewater
  23. Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: Characterization and photocatalytic application
  24. Novel integrated structure and function of Mg–Gd neutron shielding materials
  25. Impact of multiple slips on thermally radiative peristaltic transport of Sisko nanofluid with double diffusion convection, viscous dissipation, and induced magnetic field
  26. Magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal convective and mass flux conditions: HAM solution
  27. A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic water-based hybrid nanofluid flow composed of Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles over a heated surface
  28. Development and modeling of an ultra-robust TPU-MWCNT foam with high flexibility and compressibility
  29. Effects of nanofillers on the physical, mechanical, and tribological behavior of carbon/kenaf fiber–reinforced phenolic composites
  30. Polymer nanocomposite for protecting photovoltaic cells from solar ultraviolet in space
  31. Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of recycled concrete reinforced with basalt fibers and nano-silica in early low-temperature environments
  32. Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical performance and microstructure of cement mortar
  33. CFD analysis of paraffin-based hybrid (Co–Au) and trihybrid (Co–Au–ZrO2) nanofluid flow through a porous medium
  34. Forced convective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow subject to heat source/sink and Lorentz force over a permeable wedge: Numerical exploration
  35. Physiochemical and electrical activities of nano copper oxides synthesised via hydrothermal method utilising natural reduction agents for solar cell application
  36. A homotopic analysis of the blood-based bioconvection Carreau–Yasuda hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective conditions
  37. In situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance for pollutant degradation
  38. A coarse-grained Poisson–Nernst–Planck model for polyelectrolyte-modified nanofluidic diodes
  39. A numerical investigation of the magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending sheet with a convective condition: Active and passive controls of nanoparticles
  40. The LyP-1 cyclic peptide modified mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres for targeted delivery of triptolide regulate the macrophage repolarization in atherosclerosis
  41. Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
  42. The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  43. Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
  44. Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
  45. Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
  46. Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
  47. Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
  48. Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
  49. Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
  50. Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
  51. Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
  52. Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
  53. Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
  54. Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
  55. Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
  56. Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
  57. Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
  58. Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
  59. Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
  60. Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
  61. A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
  62. Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  63. A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
  64. Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
  65. Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
  66. Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
  67. A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
  68. Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
  69. Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
  70. Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
  71. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
  72. Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
  73. Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
  74. One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
  75. A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
  76. Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
  77. Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
  78. Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
  79. Effects of PVA fibers and nano-SiO2 on rheological properties of geopolymer mortar
  80. Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
  81. Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
  82. Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
  83. Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
  84. Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
  85. Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  86. Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
  87. Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
  88. Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
  89. Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
  90. Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
  91. Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
  92. Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
  93. Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
  94. PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
  95. Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
  96. Review Articles
  97. Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
  98. Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
  99. Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
  100. A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
  101. Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
  102. Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
  103. A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
  104. Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
  105. Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
  106. Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
  107. Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
  108. Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
  109. Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
  110. Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
  111. A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
  112. A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
  113. Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
  114. Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
  115. Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
  116. Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
  117. Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
  118. Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
  119. A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
  120. Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
  121. Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
  122. Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
  123. Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
  124. Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
  125. Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
  126. Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
  127. Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
  128. Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
  129. Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
  130. In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
  131. Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
  132. Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
  133. Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
  134. Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
  135. Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
  136. Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  137. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
  138. Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
  139. Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
  140. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
  141. Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
  142. Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
  143. Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
  144. Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
  145. Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
  146. Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
  147. Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
  148. Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
  149. Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
  150. Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
  151. Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
  152. Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
  153. An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
  154. Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
  155. Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
  156. Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
  157. Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
  158. Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
  159. Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
  160. Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
  161. Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
  162. Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
  163. In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
  164. Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
  165. Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
  166. Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
  167. Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
  168. Special Issue on Implementing Nanotechnology for Smart Healthcare System
  169. Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection
  170. Special Issue on Green Mono, Bi and Tri Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological and Environmental Applications
  171. Tracking success of interaction of green-synthesized Carbopol nanoemulgel (neomycin-decorated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite) with wound-based MDR bacteria
  172. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using genus Inula and evaluation of biological therapeutics and environmental applications
  173. Biogenic fabrication and multifunctional therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from rose petal extract
  174. Metal oxides on the frontlines: Antimicrobial activity in plant-derived biometallic nanoparticles
  175. Controlling pore size during the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using CTAB by the sol–gel hydrothermal method and their biological activities
  176. Special Issue on State-of-Art Advanced Nanotechnology for Healthcare
  177. Applications of nanomedicine-integrated phototherapeutic agents in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review of the current state of research
  178. Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease
  179. Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
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