Home Physical Sciences Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
Article Open Access

Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing

  • Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif EMAIL logo , Mahmoud A. H. Mostafa , Hani M. J. Khojah , Rwaida A. Al Haidari , Hesham M. Tawfeek , Ghareb M. Soliman , Sultan S. Al Thagfan , Tarek M. Faris and Nahla Sameh Tolba
Published/Copyright: October 22, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

Wound healing is a critical process essential for the body’s recovery from injuries, often complicated by bacterial infections. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained attention due to their antibacterial and tissue-regenerative properties. However, conventional chemical synthesis methods for AgNPs pose environmental risks. This study utilizes Ziziphus spina-christi (ZSC) extract for the eco-friendly synthesis of AgNPs, evaluating their antibacterial and wound-healing capabilities. The AgNPs-ZSC showed an absorption maximum at λ max of 460 nm, a particle size of 111.2 ± 1.09 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.38 ± 0.006, and a zeta potential of −27.0 ± 0.231 mV. The synthesized AgNPs-ZSC were spherical, non-aggregated, and exhibited potent antibacterial activity superior to chloramphenicol. Furthermore, the AgNPs-ZSC cream significantly promoted wound closure, epithelial tissue proliferation, and granulation tissue formation in rats, showing no signs of toxicity or adverse reactions. In conclusion, AgNPs-ZSC cream demonstrates excellent antibacterial and wound-healing properties, presenting a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods for AgNP synthesis.

Keywords: Ziziphus spina-christi ; nanoparticles; wound healing; antibacterial activity

1 Introduction

Wound healing is a complex process involving a series of biochemical and cellular events. Currently, skin wounds are often treated with synthetic drugs such as silver sulfadiazine or pentoxifylline, which may cause significant toxicity to the skin [1]. This has created an urgent need for safer approaches to enhance wound healing and care [2,3]. Numerous studies have shown that metal nanoparticles (NPs), particularly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), possess multiple biological activities, including antibacterial and wound-healing properties [4,5]. AgNPs synthesized through green methods have been extensively explored as potential therapeutic agents for wound healing due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as a high surface area-to-volume ratio and superior antimicrobial activity [6,7,8].

One study investigating chemically synthesized AgNPs for treating diabetic foot ulcers found that AgNPs effectively reduced bacterial load and inflammation, thereby promoting wound healing. However, some patients experienced mild adverse reactions, such as itching and redness at the application site, highlighting the importance of monitoring the potential side effects [9]. Another study on AgNPs for burn wound treatment showed effective bacterial inhibition and wound healing but noted increased cytotoxicity at higher concentrations, suggesting the need for careful dose optimization to prevent harm [10]. Additionally, the use of AgNPs in wound healing may be limited by their cost and availability. As research progresses, it is crucial to weigh the benefits against the potential risks and limitations of chemically synthesized AgNPs [11].

A previous study by Abdelaziz et al. examined the potential of AgNPs synthesized using Ziziphus spina-christi (ZSC) extract to combat plant fungal diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum [12]. The study found that AgNPs-ZSC had the lowest disease severity (20.8%) and the highest protection rate (75%) compared to Z. spina-christi extract alone. The current study seeks to expand the application of AgNPs-ZSC into wound healing – a relatively unexplored area – adding a novel aspect to our research.

The primary disadvantage of the chemical synthesis of AgNPs is the use of toxic chemicals such as sodium borohydride and sodium citrate, which pose risks to both the application site and the personnel involved in the synthesis process [13,14]. Additionally, chemical synthesis can be time-consuming and expensive and requires specialized equipment, expertise, and limited scalability. The inconsistent size and shape of chemically synthesized AgNPs can also affect their physicochemical properties, reducing their antimicrobial effectiveness and stability over time [13,15]. In contrast, green synthesis of AgNPs, which uses natural sources like plant extracts, offers reduced toxicity, lower cost, and scalability while producing NPs with enhanced stability and biocompatibility [3,16].

AgNPs play a critical role in wound healing by inhibiting the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains [17,18]. This makes them an attractive option for treating infected wounds [19]. Additionally, AgNPs can promote skin cell proliferation and tissue formation, accelerating wound healing. Studies have shown that AgNPs can enhance wound healing in rats through cell proliferation and angiogenesis and reduce bacterial colonization in diabetic mice [9,20,21]. Despite these promising results, AgNPs in wound healing are still in the early stages of development, with challenges such as determining the optimal dosage and delivery method and evaluating long-term safety and environmental impacts [19,22].

Wound healing strategies often involve traditional herbal and modern therapies, with traditional herbal remedies still preferred in developing countries due to their accessibility, affordability, effectiveness, clinical acceptance, and reduced side effects [23]. Z. spina-christi, also known as Christ’s thorn jujube, is a plant indigenous to parts of Asia and Africa, known for its antimicrobial constituents, including antioxidants like rutin, narinic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, hesperidin, syringeic acid, eugenol, pyrogallol, gallic acid, and ferulic acid. Previous studies have demonstrated the antifungal potential of Z. spina-christi and AgNPs against F. oxysporum [12]. Additionally, topical application of a dry ethanolic extract from Z. spina-christi resulted in complete wound healing within 18 days [24]. Interestingly, a recent study discovered and isolated two selective antitumor compounds from the methanolic extract of the plant leaves [25].

The combination of Z. spina-christi and AgNPs can have a synergistic effect on wound healing, with AgNPs providing antibacterial effects and Z. spina-christi contributing anti-inflammatory properties that reduce swelling, redness, and pain. This combination, with its antioxidant effect, has been shown to promote tissue growth essential for wound healing. Notably, a study reported that AgNPs-ZSC were more effective in treating burn wounds when combined with standard wound care products [12]. One significant advantage of using AgNPs-ZSC for wound healing is their natural and safe profile, with a lower risk of harmful side effects compared to conventional treatments. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized using Z. spina-christi aqueous extract as a green method. AgNPs-ZSC were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, particle size, charge, morphology, and antibacterial activity. Additionally, their wound healing efficacy was evaluated in a rat model, with histopathological studies conducted to demonstrate the curative effects of AgNPs-ZSC against skin wound injuries.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Z. spina-christi leaves were purchased from a local market in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Merck KGaa (Darmstadt, Germany), and silver nitrate (AgNO3) was sourced from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). All chemicals used in the synthesis were of analytical grade. Glassware was thoroughly cleaned using Millipore water and dried overnight in an oven at 40°C. The bacterial strains including Micrococcus luteus (G +ve; AUMC No. B-112), Staphylococcus aureus (G +ve; AUMC No. B-54), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G −ve; AUMC No. B-73), and Serratia marcescens (G −ve; AUMC No. B-55), were obtained from the Assiut University Moubasher Mycological Centre (AUMMC, Assiut, Egypt). These bacterial strains are typical environmental pollutants in Egypt, some of which are associated with human and animal ailments and are regularly found in contaminated food, water, and soil.

2.1.1 Preparation of AgNPs-ZSC

AgNPs-ZSC were synthesized using an eco-friendly reduction process as previously described [26]. Z. spina-christi leaves were washed, soaked for an hour to remove surface dust, and boiled in 100 mL of sterile distilled water for 30 min to extract the active constituents. The mixture was then filtered using Whatman filter paper, and the clear extract was stored in a brown bottle in the darkroom for 24 h. This extract was then mixed with fresh 1 mM AgNO3 and incubated under continuous stirring at 600 rpm for 12 h. Upon the addition of AgNO3, the yellow extract turned to a deep reddish color, indicating the reduction of silver cations to silver metal. The obtained AgNPs-ZSC were centrifuged to remove larger particles (600 rpm, overnight) and stored in the fridge for further analysis.

2.1.2 UV-Vis spectroscopy of AgNPs-ZSC

The absorption spectra of AgNPs-ZSC were recorded using a UV-Vis absorbance spectrophotometer, scanning from 200 to 800 nm (Lambda 25, Perkin Elmer, Singapore) [14,27,28].

2.1.3 Measurement of size and ζ-potential of AgNPs-ZSC

The AgNPs-ZSC samples were analyzed using a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments GmbH, Herrenberg, Germany) to determine particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and ζ-potential. The samples were equilibrated at 28°C and subsequently exposed to a 633 nm laser at a scattering angle of 90°. Three measurements were taken for each sample, with an average of 10 sub-runs. Measurements were conducted at a backscattering angle of 173° and a location of 4.65 mm, with a 60 s gap between runs and a 3 min equilibration period. Water was used as the medium, and each measurement was tested 20 times and averaged for accuracy [14,27,28,29,30].

2.1.4 Morphology of AgNPs-ZSC

For imaging, an aliquot of 20 µL of AgNPs-ZSC was placed on a double-sided copper conductive surface coated with platinum tape and examined using a Joel scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Joel JSM-550, Japan) [31]. To observe the shape and size of AgNPs-ZSC, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique was employed. The solutions were applied to copper tape, dried overnight, and then examined using a Joel TEM machine (JEM-1230, Joel, Japan) [14,27,32].

2.1.5 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

FTIR analysis was conducted with a spatial resolution of 4 cm−1 in transmission mode between 500 and 4,000 cm−1 using a Nicolet-6,700 spectrometer (Thermo-Fisher Sci, MA, USA). The study was performed at room temperature to identify the functional groups in Z. spina-christi extract alone and AgNPs-ZSC [33].

2.2 Characterization of AgNPs-ZSC vanishing cream

AgNPs-ZSC were incorporated into a vanishing cream base and subjected to visual inspection for clarity, homogeneity, and absence of phase separation.

2.2.1 pH measurements

The pH of AgNPs-ZSC vanishing cream was determined using a pH meter (3500 pH meter, Jenway, UK). A 50 mg sample of the cream was dissolved in distilled water, and the pH value was measured.

2.2.2 Viscosity

The viscosity of the AgNPs-ZSC vanishing cream was measured using a Brookfield Digital Viscometer (Model DV-II Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Stoughton, MA, USA) at room temperature. The spindle no. S94 was used at 20 rpm (n = 3), and results were recorded. Additionally, a rheogram and viscosity profile were created.

2.2.3 Homogeneity test

The homogeneity of AgNPs-ZSC-loaded vanishing cream was assessed visually by inspecting the formulation in its container and by pressing it firmly between the thumb and index finger to evaluate consistency.

2.2.4 Spreadability test

Spreadability (g cm/s) was evaluated using a previously described method [34]. Briefly, 20 g of the cream was applied to glass slides (6 cm length) containing the formulation, and the time taken for the slides to separate was recorded in seconds using the formula S = M × L/T, where S is the spreadability, M represents the weight, L is the length of the slide, and T is the time for separation.

2.3 Antimicrobial activities

Bacterial strains were separately grown for 48 h in universal tubes containing 15 mL of the nutrient broth medium before being inoculated for the bioassay. A bioassay was conducted in 10 cm sterile plastic Petri plates using 20 mL of the nutrient agar medium and 1 mL of microbial suspension per plate. After the medium had solidified, a sterile cork borer was used to create three 5 mm diameter cavities in the solidified agar. Samples were then pipetted into the cavities (50 µL/cavity) at various concentrations. The cultures were incubated for 48 h at 28 ± 0.5°C. The diameter of the inhibitory zones surrounding cavities was measured in millimeters to interpret the results [35]. Additionally, samples that exhibited significant antibacterial activity were diluted with DMSO to create a series of decreasing concentrations in order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration at which no microbial activity was observed based on the analysis of similarly diluted samples.

2.4 In vivo wound healing performance

Three groups of adult male albino rats (n = 16 rats per group) were used: Group A (control, treated with petrolatum cream [Vaseline®, Unilever Consumer Goods Company, Dubai, UAE]), Group B (treated with commercial wound healing ointment; MEBO®, Gulf Pharmaceutical Industries, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE), and Group C (treated with AgNPs-ZSC cream). Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups (n = 4 rats per subgroup) corresponding to days 3, 7, 10, and 14 post-treatment (designated as subgroups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively).

On day 0, the fur of all rats’ dorsal skin was shaved to facilitate the application of the respective treatment onto the skin. Full-thickness surgical incisions (0.8 cm × 0.8 cm) were made on the rats’ shaved skin in Groups B and C under local anesthesia with a sharp punch biopsy cutter [36]. Skin biopsies were then collected from the subgroups of Groups B and C corresponding to days 3, 7, 10, and 14, and standard histopathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to assess wound healing. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining was employed to evaluate the degree of epidermal re-epithelialization, comparing the effect of AgNPs-ZSC cream to the commercial wound healing product [37].

Tissue biopsies were kept in 10% neutral buffered formalin, routinely processed, stained, and examined under a light microscope. Histologic scoring was conducted according to previously published procedures [38], evaluating various histological parameters as follows:

Epithelialization:

  • 0: Absence of epithelial proliferation in 70% of the tissues.

  • 1: Poor epidermal organization in 60% of the tissues.

  • 2: Incomplete epidermal proliferation in 40% of the tissues.

  • 3: Moderate epithelial proliferation in 60% of the tissues.

  • 4: Complete epidermal remodeling in 80% of the tissues.

Granulation tissue and collagen matrix organization:

  • 0: Immature granulation and inflammatory tissue in 70% of the tissues.

  • 1: Thin immature and inflammatory tissue in 60% of the tissues.

  • 2: Moderate remodeling in 40% of the tissues.

  • 3: Thick granulation layer and well-formed collagen in 60% of the tissues.

  • 4: Complete organized tissue in 80% of the tissues.

Degree of inflammation:

  • 0: 13–15 inflammatory cells per histological field.

  • 1: 10–13 inflammatory cells per histological field.

  • 2: 7–10 inflammatory cells per histological field.

  • 3: 4–7 inflammatory cells per histological field.

  • 4: 1–4 inflammatory cells per histological field.

Angiogenesis:

  • 0: Absence of angiogenesis and presence of congestion, hemorrhage, and edema.

  • 1: 1–2 vessels per site with edema, hemorrhage, and congestion.

  • 2: 3–4 vessels per site, moderate edema, and congestion.

  • 3: 5–6 vessels per site, slight edema, and congestion.

  • 4: More than 7 vessels per site vertically disposed toward the epithelial surface.

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of QU/KSA (ph-2020-1-3-I-10108) according to the institutional guidelines on animal care and following the guidelines of NIH for the care and use of laboratory animals.

2.5 Statistical analysis

The mean values ± standard deviation (M ± SD) for surface area and key parameters related to skin wound healing, including the number of inflammatory cells, the extent of granulation tissue formation, and the degree of epidermal re-epithelialization, were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Group comparisons were performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the least significant difference test for post hoc analysis. The Student’s t-test was also used for specific group comparisons, with a significance set at p ≤ 0.05.

3 Results

3.1 Preparation and characterization of AgNPs-ZSC

AgNPs-ZSC were efficiently synthesized as indicated by the color change in the solution, which is the characteristic of AgNP formation, consistent with previous reports [14]. UV-Vis measurements (Figure 1) confirmed the successful formation of AgNPs stabilized with Z. spina-christi extract, showing a characteristic absorption maximum of AgNPs at λ max of 460 nm. Dilutions of the prepared AgNPs showed a red shift in the UV-VIS spectra, possibly due to an increase in AgNP size.

Figure 1 UV-VIS spectra of AgNPs-ZSC showing a characteristic SPR peak at λ max of 460 nm, confirming the formation of AgNPs. Different UV-VIS spectra were obtained from dilutions of the AgNP solution, with a noticeable blue shift evident upon dilution.
Figure 1

UV-VIS spectra of AgNPs-ZSC showing a characteristic SPR peak at λ max of 460 nm, confirming the formation of AgNPs. Different UV-VIS spectra were obtained from dilutions of the AgNP solution, with a noticeable blue shift evident upon dilution.

The synthesized AgNPs-ZSC exhibited a particle size of 111.2 ± 1.09 nm and a PDI of 0.38 ± 0.01. Additionally, the zeta potential was measured at −27.0 ± 0.231 mV, as depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2 (a) DLS analysis shows that the average particle size of AgNPs-ZSC is 111.2 ± 1.09 nm, with a PDI value of 0.38 ± 0.01, indicating a narrow size distribution and homogeneity. (b) Zeta potential measurement shows a negative surface charge of −27.0 ± 0.231 mV, suggesting good dispersion stability of AgNPs-ZSC.
Figure 2

(a) DLS analysis shows that the average particle size of AgNPs-ZSC is 111.2 ± 1.09 nm, with a PDI value of 0.38 ± 0.01, indicating a narrow size distribution and homogeneity. (b) Zeta potential measurement shows a negative surface charge of −27.0 ± 0.231 mV, suggesting good dispersion stability of AgNPs-ZSC.

TEM and SEM observations confirmed that AgNPs stabilized by Z. spina-christi leaf extract had a spherical shape without aggregation (Figure 3). TEM measurements indicated that the size of NPs ranged from 27.2 to 39.5 nm, which was smaller than the sizes observed from DLS measurements.

Figure 3 (a) TEM image of AgNPs-ZSC at 72,000× magnification with a scale bar representing 100 nm. (b) SEM image of AgNPs-ZSC at 15,000× magnification with a scale bar representing 1.0 µm.
Figure 3

(a) TEM image of AgNPs-ZSC at 72,000× magnification with a scale bar representing 100 nm. (b) SEM image of AgNPs-ZSC at 15,000× magnification with a scale bar representing 1.0 µm.

Figure 4a and b shows the FTIR spectra of Z. spina-christi extract and AgNPs-ZSC, respectively, illustrating the functional groups responsible for reducing Ag⁺ ions to AgNPs and stabilizing the NPs. The spectrum of Z. spina-christi extract exhibited a broad band centered at around 3,473 cm−1, probably attributed to hydroxyl (O–H) stretching vibrations [39]. Hydroxyl groups are known to play a crucial role in the stability and capping of AgNPs [40]. The band at 1,644 cm−1 might be ascribed to C\C stretching vibrations, while the band at 1,219 cm−1 indicates amines’ C–N stretching vibrations. In the spectrum of AgNPs-ZSC, a broad band centered around 3,012 cm−1, likely corresponds to C–H stretching vibrations of aromatic rings, possibly overlapping with nearby functional groups (such as O–H) stretching. The band at 1,457 cm−1 is probably associated with bending vibrations of –CH₂ and –CH₃ groups, and the strong absorption band at 669 cm−1 may be due to C–N bending in amide bonds [41].

Figure 4 FTIR spectra of (a) Z. spina-christi extract (ZSC) and (b) AgNPs-ZSC.
Figure 4

FTIR spectra of (a) Z. spina-christi extract (ZSC) and (b) AgNPs-ZSC.

3.2 Evaluation of AgNPs-ZSC cream

Visual inspection of the freshly formulated AgNPs-ZSC cream showed a faint purple color, homogeneity, and absence of lumps. The pH value of the cream was measured at 7.03 ± 0.21, suitable for topical administration. Viscosity measurements indicated that the cream had a viscosity of 24,750 ± 1,300 cPs at 20 RMP, with viscosity decreasing as the shear rate increased. The spreadability value was determined to be 1.35 ± 0.21. Figure 5a shows the viscosity profile at varying shear rates, highlighting the decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate. Figure 5b presents the rheogram constructed from shear rate and shear stress data.

Figure 5 Viscosity profile of AgNP-loaded vanishing cream at (a) different shear rates and (b) different shear stress. The results indicate that the viscosity of the cream decreases with increasing the shear rate, demonstrating its ease of application to the skin.
Figure 5

Viscosity profile of AgNP-loaded vanishing cream at (a) different shear rates and (b) different shear stress. The results indicate that the viscosity of the cream decreases with increasing the shear rate, demonstrating its ease of application to the skin.

3.3 Antibacterial activity screening and MIC measurements

The antibacterial activity of the prepared AgNPs-ZSC was evaluated against four different bacterial species, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative types. Chloramphenicol was used as the antibacterial positive control. Antibacterial activity was assessed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm), with a larger clear area around the well indicating higher antibacterial efficacy. Initial screening showed that AgNPs stabilized with Z. spina-christi extract exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with significantly greater efficacy against Gram-negative compared to Gram-positive bacteria (p ≤ 0.05; t-test). No significant difference in activity was found between the two Gram-positive strains (p ≥ 0.05; t-test), but AgNPs-ZSC exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa compared to S. marcescens, with MIC values of 5.313 and 2.65 µg/mL, respectively (p ≤ 0.05; t-test). The AgNPs-ZSC demonstrated significantly higher antibacterial activity compared to the positive control against all tested bacterial species (p ≤ 0.05; t-test). MIC values, expressed in µg/mL with inhibition zone diameters (mm ± SD), are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. AgNPs-ZSC generally had significantly lower MIC values compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05; t-test), with the lowest MIC of 2.65 µg/mL recorded for P. aeruginosa, consistent with the screening results.

Table 1

Antibacterial activity, measured as the inhibition zone (mm ± standard deviation) of AgNPs-ZSC and the positive control against tested bacterial species, with 50 µL added to each prepared pore

Bacterial strains AgNPs-ZSC (µg/mL) Positive control (chloramphenicol, mg/mL)
340 170 85 42.5 21.2 10.62 5.31 2.65 20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.62 0.31 0.15
Micrococcus luteus 18 ± 0.2 13 ± 0.1 12 ± 0.1 12 ± 0.3 12 ± 0.2 10 ± 0.1 8 ± 0.2 0 ± 0.0 20 ± 0.5 16 ± 0.6 14 ± 0.4 12 ± 0.6 10 ± 0.7 10 ± 0.3 0 ± 0.0 —
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 ± 0.5 16 ± 0.4 16 ± 0.2 16 ± 0.2 15 ± 0.1 12 ± 0.3 10 ± 0.1 8 ± 0.4 18 ± 0.6 18 ± 0.4 14 ± 0.5 12 ± 0.5 12 ± 0.4 12 ± 0.4 12 ± 0.6 10 ± 0.8
Serratia marcescens 18 ± 0.7 15 ± 0.9 15 ± 0.3 15 ± 0.5 15 ± 0.1 10 ± 0.4 7 ± 0.3 0 ± 0.0 20 ± 0.7 16 ± 0.7 15 ± 0.3 14 ± 0.4 13 ± 0.8 10 ± 0.5 0 ± 0.0 —
Staphylococcus aureus 18 ± 0.3 14 ± 0.6 13 ± 0.9 13 ± 0.8 13 ± 0.3 10 ± 0.2 8 ± 0.5 0 ± 0.0 18 ± 0.4 18 ± 0.8 15 ± 0.6 13 ± 0.7 10 ± 0.3 10 ± 0.4 10 ± 0.4 10 ± 0.7
Table 2

Antibacterial activity expressed as inhibition zone and MIC for AgNPs-ZSC and the control (chloramphenicol) sample

Bacteria strains Inhibition zone (mm) MIC
AgNPs-ZSC Control AgNPs-ZSC (µg/mL) Control (mg/mL)
Micrococcus luteus 8 10 5.31 0.625
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 10 2.66 0.156
Serratia marcescens 7 10 5.31 0.625
Staphylococcus aureus 8 10 5.31 0.078

3.4 In vivo wound healing activities

Figure 6 presents photomicrographs of rats treated with a commercial wound healing ointment and AgNPs-ZSC cream, while Figure 7 illustrates wound healing progression within these groups over time. All rat groups showed progressive angiogenesis on days 3, 7, 10, and 14. After 3 days, the angiogenesis scores were highest in the AgNPs-ZSC cream group, followed by the commercial ointment, and then the untreated control, with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). On days 7 and 10, the commercial product showed higher angiogenesis than AgNPs-ZSC cream, though differences were not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05). Both treated groups showed significantly higher angiogenesis compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). After 14 days, AgNPs-ZSC cream outperformed both the control and commercial product in angiogenesis scores, with significance only against the control.

Figure 6 Photographs of all rat subgroups on days 3, 7, 10, and 14, showing the mean skin wound size and the progression of wound healing.
Figure 6

Photographs of all rat subgroups on days 3, 7, 10, and 14, showing the mean skin wound size and the progression of wound healing.

Figure 7 Progression of wound healing in all rat subgroups on days 3, 7, 10, and 14, illustrating the various stages of wound healing.
Figure 7

Progression of wound healing in all rat subgroups on days 3, 7, 10, and 14, illustrating the various stages of wound healing.

During the inflammatory phase, AgNPs-ZSC cream showed superior efficacy compared to both the control and the commercial product (p ≤ 0.05) on days 10 and 14. Significant temporal effects were observed for both the AgNPs-ZSC cream and the commercial product over the study period (p ≤ 0.05). In the granulation and re-epithelization phases, the AgNPs-ZSC cream demonstrated a notable advantage over the commercial product, but this distinction was only apparent after 14 days.

3.5 Histopathological study

To further validate the wound healing potential of AgNPs-ZSC cream, H&E staining was performed on skin sections from all groups on days 3, 7, 10, and 14 (Figure 7). On day 3, the control group exhibited extensive necrosis with inflammatory exudates filling the wound gap, causing the dermal connective tissue to disperse and the inflammatory response to spread into the subcutaneous adipose tissue and nearby muscle bundles (Figure 8a). The commercial product-treated group showed a significant presence of inflamed and hemorrhagic granulation tissue filling the wound gap, along with a serocellular layer that was abundant in neutrophil infiltration. In the subcutaneous fat, there were several foci of perivascular edema and inflammatory cell infiltration (Figure 8b). The AgNPs-ZSC cream-treated group showed serocellular crust covering the wound, with liquefactive necrosis and neutrophil infiltration, along with early, less inflamed, and granulation tissue excessively filling the wound site. Some examined sections showed decreased inflammation compared to the control group. In addition, there was a reduction of inflammation that appeared perivascular in the subcutaneous fat tissue (Figure 8c).

Figure 8 Representative photomicrographs of skin sections from all rat subgroups, using hematoxylin and eosin staining, showing the progression of skin wound healing at various time intervals following interventions on (a)−(c) day 3, (d)−(f) day 7, (g)−(i) day 10, and (j)−(l) day 14. Scale bar: 50 µm.
Figure 8

Representative photomicrographs of skin sections from all rat subgroups, using hematoxylin and eosin staining, showing the progression of skin wound healing at various time intervals following interventions on (a)−(c) day 3, (d)−(f) day 7, (g)−(i) day 10, and (j)−(l) day 14. Scale bar: 50 µm.

On day 7, the control group showed a lack of new epidermal growth, with a reduced size of the remaining crust. Large amounts of exudates and necrotic tissues were observed at the center of the wound, accompanied by heavy neutrophil infiltration and inflamed granulation tissue filling the wound’s base. The tissue displayed uneven distribution, with some areas showing hemorrhages and lymphatics distended with mononuclear cells (Figure 8d). Both the commercial product and AgNPs-ZSC cream-treated groups exhibited comparable signs of wound healing. However, the commercial product group showed evidence of reepithelization at the wound edges (Figure 8e), while the AgNPs-ZSC cream group demonstrated widespread reepithelization across the wound surface, with numerous vertically oriented cells and erythrocyte-filled blood capillaries beneath the hyperplastic epidermal layer (Figure 8f).

On day 10, the control group displayed severely inflamed granulation tissue within the wound gap, with most examined sections lacking an epidermal covering. Mononuclear inflammatory cells were still present in the subcutaneous fat (Figure 8g). In the commercial product group, most sections showed evidence of epidermal remodeling, although some areas remained bare, displaying superficial inflammation and serocellular capping crust (Figure 8h). The AgNPs-ZSC cream group demonstrated the highest recovery among the treated groups, with the wound surface completely covered by a newly formed keratinized epidermal layer and mature granulation tissue (Figure 8i).

On day 14, the control group exhibited similar histopathological alterations as observed on day 10. There was a lack of epidermal coverage and the presence of less vascularized, inflamed granulation tissue, although notable collagen matrix deposition was observed in some areas (Figure 8j). The AgNPs-ZSC cream (Figure 8l) and commercial product (Figure 8k) groups showed advanced stages of wound recovery, characterized by the wound being covered with well-developed new epidermal growth and mature, well-organized tissue rich in fibrous connective tissue in the dermal layer. Additionally, a few inflammatory cells were observed beneath the reepithelization in the commercial product group.

4 Discussion

Z. spina-christi leaf extract was used in this study to reduce AgNO3 to AgNPs-ZSC, utilizing a natural approach to synthesize AgNPs for enhancing skin wound healing. The Z. spina-christi extract acts as both a reducing and stabilizing agent, with phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds reducing silver ions (Ag+) to metallic AgNPs. These compounds also form a protective layer around silver particles, enhancing the stability of AgNPs in aqueous solution [12]. Similarly, fresh Aloe Vera leaf extract has been effectively used for AgNP synthesis via green methods [42,43]. Previous reports have identified gallic acid and ellagic acid as major components in Z. spina-christi leaf extracts, with gallic acid noted to act as a reducing agent, aiding in the reduction of AgNO3 and subsequent AgNP formation [44,45,46].

In a previous study by Abdelaziz et al. [12], AgNPs-ZSC showed antifungal potential against F. oxysporum, demonstrating lower disease severity and higher protection rates compared to Z. spina-christi extract alone. This current study shifts the focus towards the wound healing potential of AgNPs-ZSC in a topical formulation, highlighting a novel application. Notably, this study used Z. spina-christi cultivated in Saudi Arabia, compared to the Egyptian-cultivated variety used in the prior study. Additionally, while the previous study involved heating during AgNPs-ZSC formation, the current study utilized room temperature synthesis, further enhancing its novelty.

The particle size of AgNPs significantly influences their properties and behavior. Smaller particle sizes increase the surface area-to-volume ratio, enhancing reactivity and suitability for medical and environmental applications. The AgNPs-ZSC synthesized in this study had a particle size of 111.2 ± 1.09 nm, fitting within the ideal range for medicinal use [27]. The low PDI of 0.38 ± 0.01 indicates a uniform particle size distribution, which is essential for applications requiring consistency, such as drug delivery systems [28,47]. Generally, a PDI value below 0.5 suggests a uniform AgNP size distribution [17]. The zeta potential of AgNPs-ZSC was −27.0 ± 0.231 mV, indicating high negative charge and stability in suspension, making them suitable for applications where stability is critical, such as drug delivery [48,49]. The negative charge confirms the successful coating of polyphenolic compounds around the silver particles, enhancing interactions with positively charged bacterial surfaces [14].

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) occurs when free electrons on the surface of metal NPs resonate with incident light, creating a strong electromagnetic field and contributing to the distinctive optical properties of AgNPs. The study observed an absorption maximum at λ max of 460 nm, confirming the presence of AgNPs, which typically show SPR peaks within the 400–500 nm range [14,27,50,51]. One key challenge in AgNP synthesis is their tendency to aggregate, altering their morphology and properties. Using natural plant extracts as stabilizing agents, such as Z. spina-christi extract, prevents aggregation, as confirmed by TEM and SEM images showing spherical AgNPs without aggregation. The size observed via TEM ranged from 27.2 to 39.5 nm, smaller than that observed using DLS, a discrepancy often attributed to the differences in sample conditions between the two methods [52,53]. FTIR analysis confirmed the adsorption of Z. spina-christi extract on the NP surface, supporting the successful synthesis of AgNPs-ZSC [41].

AgNPs-ZSC were formulated into a vanishing cream to facilitate topical application. The cream displayed a faint purple color with a homogeneous consistency, suitable pH (7.03 ± 0.21), and showed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior, which is ideal for semisolid formulations [54,55]. Spreadability (1.35 ± 0.21) was suitable for easy application on the skin, indicating user-friendliness, which is essential for wound healing products [56]. The pseudoplastic nature of the cream ensures consistent flow upon shear and recovery after stress removal, which is crucial for topical drug delivery applications [31,57,58,59].

This study demonstrated that AgNPs-ZSC exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with a significantly higher effect against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive species. Specifically, AgNPs-ZSC were more effective against P. aeruginosa compared to S. marcescens, with lower MIC values (5.3 and 2.65 µg/mL, respectively). Additionally, AgNPs-ZSC displayed significantly higher antibacterial activity than the positive control (chloramphenicol) across all tested bacterial species. This enhanced efficacy can be attributed to differences in the structural composition of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, particularly the peptidoglycan layer thickness [60]. AgNPs-ZSC demonstrated significantly lower MIC values than the positive control, indicating potent antibacterial effects, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa [14,60].

It is also worth noting that AgNPs-ZSC exhibited significantly stronger antibacterial activity compared to AgNPs stabilized with polymers like EC or PEG. Previously, we demonstrated that AgNPs-EC possessed good antibacterial properties; however, it had a higher MIC of 3.62 µg/mL against M. luteus, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, and S. aureus [14]. AgNPs exert antimicrobial effects primarily through the release of silver ions (Ag⁺), which disrupt bacterial cell walls, interfere with protein synthesis, and damage DNA replication processes, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death [61,62,63,64].

The small size of AgNPs enhances their ability to cross cell membranes, a feature critical for biomedical applications. AgNPs with diameters below 50 nm can easily penetrate cells via endocytosis or direct penetration [65]. The Z. spina-christi coating may enhance the interaction of AgNPs with cell membranes, potentially improving NP internalization [66].

Several studies have investigated AgNP uptake and toxicity in cells, showing that particles up to 100 nm can be internalized, with surface chemistry playing a critical role in cellular uptake [67,68,69,70,71]. The findings suggest that AgNPs-ZSC are capable of crossing biological membranes, making them promising candidates for medical applications.

Wound healing progresses through stages of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation, each crucial for tissue repair and regeneration [72,73]. In vivo studies demonstrated that the AgNPs-ZSC cream significantly enhanced wound healing, outperforming commercial products at multiple stages. The superior performance of AgNPs-ZSC after 14 days highlights their sustained efficacy, possibly due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic properties, which facilitate wound closure and tissue regeneration [21].

The antimicrobial action of AgNPs, low risk of resistance development, and ability to promote angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation make them valuable in wound healing [74,75,76,77]. The results underscore the potential of AgNPs-ZSC as a novel wound healing agent, warranting further research and clinical trials to optimize their application and maximize their therapeutic benefits.

5 Conclusion

This study employed an environmentally friendly, green synthesis method to produce AgNPs using Z. spina-christi leaves, enhancing their wound-healing properties. The successful synthesis of these NPs was confirmed through various techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, and DLS measurements. AgNPs-ZSC exhibited an absorption maximum at λ max of 460 nm, a size of 111.2 ± 1.09 nm, a PDI of 0.38 ± 0.006, and a zeta potential of −27.0 ± 0.231 mV. The optimized NP formulation was incorporated into a cream base for topical application and was characterized for multiple drug delivery attributes.

In vitro antibacterial studies revealed that AgNPs-ZSC exhibited significantly higher antibacterial efficacy compared to chloramphenicol, with the lowest MIC value of 2.65 µg/mL observed against P. aeruginosa, outperforming other tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, in vivo wound healing experiments in rats demonstrated that AgNPs-ZSC cream significantly outperformed the commercial wound healing product in promoting wound recovery. These results highlight the viability of the green synthesis method used, avoiding harmful reducing agents and chemicals, and underscore the superior wound healing properties of AgNPs-ZSC cream, supporting its potential for further clinical evaluation.

This study presents significant promise for medical applications in wound healing, particularly in the development of effective wound dressings with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can potentially accelerate the healing process. The use of Z. spina-christi makes this approach not only cost-effective but also environmentally sustainable. This green synthesis technique opens new avenues for developing NPs with therapeutic potential for treating chronic wounds, burns, and various skin infections.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, for funding this research work through the project number (Research number 445-9-433, Initiative number 9).

  1. Funding information: This research work was funded by the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, through the project number (Research number 445-9-433, Initiative number 9).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The research related to animals use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Shende P, Gupta H. Formulation and comparative characterization of nanoparticles of curcumin using natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic polymers for wound healing. Life Sci. 2020;253:117588.10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117588Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Farghaly Aly U, Abou-Taleb HA, Abdellatif AA, Sameh Tolba N. Formulation and evaluation of simvastatin polymeric nanoparticles loaded in hydrogel for optimum wound healing purpose. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:1567–80.10.2147/DDDT.S198413Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Ullah S, Khalid R, Rehman MF, Irfan MI, Abbas A, Alhoshani A, et al. Biosynthesis of phyto-functionalized silver nanoparticles using olive fruit extract and evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Front Chem. 2023;11:1202252.10.3389/fchem.2023.1202252Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Moaddabi A, Soltani P, Rengo C, Molaei S, Mousavi SJ, Mehdizadeh M, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial and wound-healing effects of silver nanoparticle and chlorhexidine mouthwashes: an In vivo study in rabbits. Odontology. 2022;110(3):577–83.10.1007/s10266-022-00690-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Jabbar A, Abbas A, Assad N, Naeem-Ul-Hassan M, Alhazmi HA, Najmi A, et al. A highly selective Hg(2+) colorimetric sensor and antimicrobial agent based on green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Equisetum diffusum extract. RSC Adv. 2023;13(41):28666–75.10.1039/D3RA05070JSearch in Google Scholar

[6] Siddique AB, Amr D, Abbas A, Zohra L, Irfan MI, Alhoshani A, et al. Synthesis of hydroxyethylcellulose phthalate-modified silver nanoparticles and their multifunctional applications as an efficient antibacterial, photocatalytic and mercury-selective sensing agent. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;256(Pt 1):128009.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Ejaz A, Mamtaz Z, Yasmin I, Shaban M, Siddique AB, Irfan MI, et al. Cyperus scariosus extract based greenly synthesized gold nanoparticles as colorimetric nanoprobe for Ni2 + detection and as antibacterial and photocatalytic agent. J Mol Liq. 2024;393:123622.10.1016/j.molliq.2023.123622Search in Google Scholar

[8] Assad N, Naeem-Ul-Hassan M, Ajaz Hussain M, Abbas A, Sher M, Muhammad G, et al. Diffused sunlight assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cotoneaster nummularia polar extract for antimicrobial and wound healing applications. Nat Prod Res. 2023;1–15.10.1080/14786419.2023.2295936Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Paladini F, Pollini M. Antimicrobial silver nanoparticles for wound healing application: Progress and future trends. Materials (Basel). 2019;12(16):2540.10.3390/ma12162540Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[10] Ahmadi M, Adibhesami M. The effect of silver nanoparticles on wounds contaminated with pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice: an experimental study. Iran J Pharm Res. 2017;16(2):661–9.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Rybka M, Mazurek L, Konop M. Beneficial effect of wound dressings containing silver and silver nanoparticles in wound healing-from experimental studies to clinical practice. Life (Basel). 2022;13(1):69.10.3390/life13010069Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[12] Abdelaziz AM, Elshaer MA, Abd-Elraheem MA, Ali O, Haggag MI, El-Sayyad GS, et al. Ziziphus spina-christi extract-stabilized novel silver nanoparticle synthesis for combating Fusarium oxysporum-causing pepper wilt disease: in vitro and In vivo studies. Arch Microbiol. 2023;205(2):69.10.1007/s00203-023-03400-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Naganthran A, Verasoundarapandian G, Khalid FE, Masarudin MJ, Zulkharnain A, Nawawi NM, et al. Synthesis, characterization and biomedical application of silver nanoparticles. Materials (Basel). 2022;15(2):427.10.3390/ma15020427Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[14] Abdellatif AAH, Alturki HNH, Tawfeek HM. Different cellulosic polymers for synthesizing silver nanoparticles with antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):84.10.1038/s41598-020-79834-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[15] Lok CN, Ho CM, Chen R, He QY, Yu WY, Sun H, et al. Silver nanoparticles: partial oxidation and antibacterial activities. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2007;12(4):527–34.10.1007/s00775-007-0208-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Naraginti S, Kumari PL, Das RK, Sivakumar A, Patil SH, Andhalkar VV. Amelioration of excision wounds by topical application of green synthesized, formulated silver and gold nanoparticles in albino Wistar rats. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2016;62:293–300.10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.069Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Abdellatif AAH, Abdelfattah A, Bouazzaoui A, Osman SK, Al-Moraya IS, Showail AMS, et al. Silver nanoparticles stabilized by poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) with potential anticancer activity towards prostate cancer. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2022;2022:6181448.10.1155/2022/6181448Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] Abdellatif AAH, Alhumaydhi FA, Al Rugaie O, Tolba NS, Mousa AM. Topical silver nanoparticles reduced with ethylcellulose enhance skin wound healing. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(2):744–54.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Amin S, Sher M, Ali A, Rehman MF, Hayat A, Ikram M, et al. Sulfonamide-functionalized silver nanoparticles as an analytical nanoprobe for selective Ni(II) sensing with synergistic antimicrobial activity. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag. 2022;18:100735.10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100735Search in Google Scholar

[20] Gunasekaran T, Nigusse T, Dhanaraju MD. Silver nanoparticles as real topical bullets for wound healing. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2011;3(4):82–96.10.1016/j.jcws.2012.05.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Singh M, Thakur V, Kumar V, Raj M, Gupta S, Devi N, et al. Silver nanoparticles and its mechanistic insight for chronic wound healing: review on recent progress. Molecules. 2022;27(17):5587.10.3390/molecules27175587Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Irfan MI, Amjad F, Abbas A, Rehman MFU, Kanwal F, Saeed M, et al. Novel carboxylic acid-capped silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial and colorimetric sensing agents. Molecules. 2022;27(11):3363.10.3390/molecules27113363Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[23] Shady NH, Soltane R, Maher SA, Saber EA, Elrehany MA, Mostafa YA, et al. Wound healing and antioxidant capabilities of zizyphus mauritiana fruits: In-Vitro, In-Vivo, and molecular modeling study. Plants (Basel). 2022;11(11):1392.10.3390/plants11111392Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Hovaneţ M-V, Oprea E, Ancuceanu RV, Duţu LE, Budura EA, Şeremet O, et al. Wound healing properties of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. leaves. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2016;21(5):11842–9.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Mostafa MAH, Khojah HMJ, Ohta T. Isolation and identification of novel selective antitumor constituents, sidrin and sidroside, from Zizyphus spina-christi. Saudi Pharm J. 2023;31(6):1019–28.10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.029Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Varghese R, Almalki MA, Ilavenil S, Rebecca J, Choi KC. Silver nanopaticles synthesized using the seed extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and their antimicrobial mechanism and anticancer properties. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019;26(1):148–54.10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.07.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[27] Abdellatif AAH, Alsharidah M, Al Rugaie O, Tawfeek HM, Tolba NS. Silver nanoparticle-coated ethyl cellulose inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha of breast cancer cells. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:2035–46.10.2147/DDDT.S310760Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Abdellatif AAH, Rasheed Z, Alhowail AH, Alqasoumi A, Alsharidah M, Khan RA, et al. Silver citrate nanoparticles inhibit PMA-induced TNFalpha expression via deactivation of NF-kappaB activity in human cancer cell-lines, MCF-7. Int J Nanomed. 2020;15:8479–93.10.2147/IJN.S274098Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[29] Abdellatif AA, Tawfeek HM. Transfersomal nanoparticles for enhanced transdermal delivery of clindamycin. Aaps Pharmscitech. 2016;17(5):1067–74.10.1208/s12249-015-0441-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] Abdellatif AAH, Abou-Taleb HA, Abd El Ghany AA, Lutz I, Bouazzaoui A. Targeting of somatostatin receptors expressed in blood cells using quantum dots coated with vapreotide. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(8):1162–9.10.1016/j.jsps.2018.07.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] Tawfeek HM, Abdellatif AAH, Abdel-Aleem JA, Hassan YA, Fathalla D. Transfersomal gel nanocarriers for enhancement the permeation of lornoxicam. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020;56:101540.10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101540Search in Google Scholar

[32] Rugaie OA, Abdellatif AAH, El-Mokhtar MA, Sabet MA, Abdelfattah A, Alsharidah M, et al. Retardation of bacterial biofilm formation by coating urinary catheters with metal nanoparticle-stabilized polymers. Microorganisms. 2022;10(7):1297.10.3390/microorganisms10071297Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Dhand V, Soumya L, Bharadwaj S, Chakra S, Bhatt D, Sreedhar B. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coffea arabica seed extract and its antibacterial activity. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2016;58:36–43.10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.018Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[34] Sabale V, Kunjwani H, Sabale P. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of the topical antiageing preparation of the fruit of Benincasa hispida. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011;2(3):124–8.10.4103/0975-9476.85550Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[35] Kwon-Chung K, Bennett J. Medical mycology. Lea and febiger. Philadelphia, Pa; 1992.10.1590/S0036-46651992000600018Search in Google Scholar

[36] Mousa AM, Alhumaydhi FA, Abdellatif AAH, Abdulmonem WA, AlKhowailed MS, Alsagaby SA, et al. Curcumin and ustekinumab cotherapy alleviates induced psoriasis in rats through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2022;41(1):33–42.10.1080/15569527.2021.2003377Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[37] Sedighi A, Mehrabani D, Shirazi R. Histopathological evaluation of the healing effects of human amniotic membrane transplantation in third-degree burn wound injuries. Comp Clin Pathol. 2015;25(2):381–5.10.1007/s00580-015-2194-9Search in Google Scholar

[38] AlOtaibi MN, Basfar AS, Jawhari AM, Alzahrani ES, Althomali MA, Alhindi AE, et al. The burden of skin cancers in Saudi Arabia through 2011–2022. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e45052.10.7759/cureus.45052Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[39] Pavia M, Bianco A, Nobile CG, Marinelli P, Angelillo IF. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than 24 months: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123(6):e1103–10.10.1542/peds.2008-3422Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[40] Jogaiah S, Kurjogi M, Abdelrahman M, Hanumanthappa N, Tran LSP. Ganoderma applanatum-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Structural characterization, and in vitro and In vivo biomedical and agrochemical properties. Arab J Chem. 2019;12(7):1108–20.10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.12.002Search in Google Scholar

[41] Singho ND, Lah NAC, Johan MR, Ahmad R. FTIR studies on silver-poly(Methylmethacrylate) nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization technique. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2012;7(6):5596–603.10.1016/S1452-3981(23)19646-5Search in Google Scholar

[42] Levin NJ, Erben Y, Li Y, Brigham TJ, Bruce AJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing burn healing outcomes between silver sulfadiazine and aloe vera. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e30815.10.7759/cureus.30815Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[43] Tippayawat P, Phromviyo N, Boueroy P, Chompoosor A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in aloe vera plant extract prepared by a hydrothermal method and their synergistic antibacterial activity. PeerJ. 2016;4:e2589.10.7717/peerj.2589Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[44] Nabih Ads E, Rajendrasozhan S, Hassan SI, Sayed Sharawy SM, Humaidi JR. Phytochemical screening of different organic crude extracts from the stem bark of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.). Biomed Res. 2018;29(8):1645–52.10.4066/biomedicalresearch.29-17-1668Search in Google Scholar

[45] El-Shahir AA, El-Wakil DA, Abdel Latef AAH, Youssef NH. Bioactive compounds and antifungal activity of leaves and fruits methanolic extracts of ziziphus spina-christi L. Plants (Basel). 2022;11(6):746.10.3390/plants11060746Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[46] Rahmawati I, Pratama AW, Pratama SA, Khozin MN, Firmanda A, Irawan FH, et al. Gallic acid: A promising bioactive agent for food preservation and sustainable packaging development. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng. 2024;10:100776.10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100776Search in Google Scholar

[47] Abdellatif AAH, Alhathloul SS, Aljohani ASM, Maswadeh H, Abdallah EM, Hamid Musa K, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles incorporated aromatherapies utilized for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against some clinical bacterial isolates. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2022;2022:2432758.10.1155/2022/2432758Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[48] Aljohani ASM, Abdellatif AAH, Rasheed Z, Abdulmonem WA. Gold-nanoparticle-conjugated citrate inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression via suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in breast cancer cells. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2022;18(2):581–8.10.1166/jbn.2022.3266Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[49] Abdellatif AA, Zayed G, El-Bakry A, Zaky A, Saleem IY, Tawfeek HM. Novel gold nanoparticles coated with somatostatin as a potential delivery system for targeting somatostatin receptors. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2016;42(11):1782–91.10.3109/03639045.2016.1173052Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[50] Ashraf JM, Ansari MA, Khan HM, Alzohairy MA, Choi I. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and characterization of their inhibitory effects on AGEs formation using biophysical techniques. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20414.10.1038/srep20414Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[51] Abdellatif AAH, Abdelfattah A, Younis MA, Aldalaan SM, Tawfeek HM. Chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles with potent and selective intrinsic activity against the breast cancer cells. Nanotechnol Rev. 2023;12(1):20220546.10.1515/ntrev-2022-0546Search in Google Scholar

[52] Elnaggar MG, Jiang K, Eldesouky HE, Pei Y, Park J, Yuk SA, et al. Antibacterial nanotruffles for treatment of intracellular bacterial infection. Biomaterials. 2020;262:120344.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120344Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[53] Abdelfattah A, Aboutaleb AE, Abdel‐Aal ABM, Abdellatif AAH, Tawfeek HM, Abdel-Rahman SI. Design and optimization of PEGylated silver nanoparticles for efficient delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2022;71:103347.10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103347Search in Google Scholar

[54] Tawfeek HM, Abou-Taleb DAE, Badary DM, Ibrahim M, Abdellatif AAH. Pharmaceutical, clinical, and immunohistochemical studies of metformin hydrochloride topical hydrogel for wound healing application. Arch Dermatol Res. 2020;312(2):113–21.10.1007/s00403-019-01982-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[55] Yadav NP, Rai VK, Mishra N, Sinha P, Bawankule DU, Pal A, et al. A novel approach for development and characterization of effective mosquito repellent cream formulation containing citronella oil. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:786084.10.1155/2014/786084Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[56] Selvaraj S, Karuppaiah A, Karthik S, Sankar V. Synthesis and toxicity assessment of copper-based nano composite cream: an approach to enhance the antibacterial effect of mafenide acetate. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem. 2020;51(1):27–37.10.1080/24701556.2020.1750428Search in Google Scholar

[57] Lopez-Carrizales M, Mendoza-Mendoza E, Peralta-Rodriguez RD, Perez-Diaz MA, Portales-Perez D, Magana-Aquino M, et al. Characterization, antibiofilm and biocompatibility properties of chitosan hydrogels loaded with silver nanoparticles and ampicillin: an alternative protection to central venous catheters. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2020;196:111292.10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111292Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[58] Aulton ME, Taylor K. Aulton’s pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.Search in Google Scholar

[59] Odeniyi MA, Okumah VC, Adebayo-Tayo BC, Odeniyi OA. Green synthesis and cream formulations of silver nanoparticles of Nauclea latifolia (African peach) fruit extracts and evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Sustain Chem Pharm. 2020;15:100197.10.1016/j.scp.2019.100197Search in Google Scholar

[60] Thiel J, Pakstis L, Buzby S, Raffi M, Ni C, Pochan DJ, et al. Antibacterial properties of silver-doped titania. Small. 2007;3(5):799–803.10.1002/smll.200600481Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[61] Rajeshkumar S, Bharath LV. Mechanism of plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles - A review on biomolecules involved, characterisation and antibacterial activity. Chem Biol Interact. 2017;273:219–27.10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.019Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[62] Feng QL, Wu J, Chen GQ, Cui FZ, Kim TN, Kim JO. A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;52(4):662–8.10.1002/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<662::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-3Search in Google Scholar

[63] Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB, Ramirez JT, et al. The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2005;16(10):2346–53.10.1088/0957-4484/16/10/059Search in Google Scholar

[64] Zhang W, Li Y, Niu J, Chen Y. Photogeneration of reactive oxygen species on uncoated silver, gold, nickel, and silicon nanoparticles and their antibacterial effects. Langmuir. 2013;29(15):4647–51.10.1021/la400500tSearch in Google Scholar

[65] Behzadi S, Serpooshan V, Tao W, Hamaly MA, Alkawareek MY, Dreaden EC, et al. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles: journey inside the cell. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46(14):4218–44.10.1039/C6CS00636ASearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[66] Wu M, Guo H, Liu L, Liu Y, Xie L. Size-dependent cellular uptake and localization profiles of silver nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:4247–59.10.2147/IJN.S201107Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[67] Park EJ, Bae E, Yi J, Kim Y, Choi K, Lee SH, et al. Repeated-dose toxicity and inflammatory responses in mice by oral administration of silver nanoparticles. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010;30(2):162–8.10.1016/j.etap.2010.05.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[68] Forest V, Pourchez J. Preferential binding of positive nanoparticles on cell membranes is due to electrostatic interactions: A too simplistic explanation that does not take into account the nanoparticle protein corona. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;70(Pt 1):889–96.10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.016Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[69] Kim TH, Kim M, Park HS, Shin US, Gong MS, Kim HW. Size-dependent cellular toxicity of silver nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2012;100(4):1033–43.10.1002/jbm.a.34053Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[70] Panzarini E, Mariano S, Carata E, Mura F, Rossi M, Dini L. Intracellular Transport of silver and gold nanoparticles and biological responses: an update. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(5):1305.10.3390/ijms19051305Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[71] Perde-Schrepler M, Florea A, Brie I, Virag P, Fischer-Fodor E, Vâlcan A, et al. Size-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in cochlear cells in vitro. J Nanomater. 2019;2019:1–12.10.1155/2019/6090259Search in Google Scholar

[72] Veith AP, Henderson K, Spencer A, Sligar AD, Baker AB. Therapeutic strategies for enhancing angiogenesis in wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2019;146:97–125.10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[73] Sorg H, Tilkorn DJ, Hager S, Hauser J, Mirastschijski U. Skin wound healing: an update on the current knowledge and concepts. Eur Surg Res. 2017;58(1–2):81–94.10.1159/000454919Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[74] Tang S, Zheng J. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: structural effects. Adv Healthc Mater. 2018;7(13):e1701503.10.1002/adhm.201701503Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[75] Ratan ZA, Mashrur FR, Chhoan AP, Shahriar SM, Haidere MF, Runa NJ, et al. Silver nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(12):2034.10.3390/pharmaceutics13122034Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[76] Yuan YG, Peng QL, Gurunathan S. Effects of silver nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa from mastitis-infected goats: an alternative approach for antimicrobial therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3):569.10.3390/ijms18030569Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[77] Lan Chi NT, Narayanan M, Chinnathambi A, Govindasamy C, Subramani B, Brindhadevi K, et al. Fabrication, characterization, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Azadirachta indica kernel aqueous extract. Environ Res. 2022;208:112684.10.1016/j.envres.2022.112684Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2023-12-02
Revised: 2024-09-04
Accepted: 2024-09-27
Published Online: 2024-10-22

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Tension buckling and postbuckling of nanocomposite laminated plates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
  3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilised gold nanoparticle coatings inhibit blood protein adsorption
  4. Energy and mass transmission through hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a spinning sphere with magnetic effect and heat source/sink
  5. Surface treatment with nano-silica and magnesium potassium phosphate cement co-action for enhancing recycled aggregate concrete
  6. Numerical investigation of thermal radiation with entropy generation effects in hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching sheet
  7. Enhancing the performance of thermal energy storage by adding nano-particles with paraffin phase change materials
  8. Using nano-CaCO3 and ceramic tile waste to design low-carbon ultra high performance concrete
  9. Numerical analysis of thermophoretic particle deposition in a magneto-Marangoni convective dusty tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow – Thermal and magnetic features
  10. Dual numerical solutions of Casson SA–hybrid nanofluid toward a stagnation point flow over stretching/shrinking cylinder
  11. Single flake homo p–n diode of MoTe2 enabled by oxygen plasma doping
  12. Electrostatic self-assembly effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on performance of carbon nanotubes in cement-based materials
  13. Multi-scale alignment to buried atom-scale devices using Kelvin probe force microscopy
  14. Antibacterial, mechanical, and dielectric properties of hydroxyapatite cordierite/zirconia porous nanocomposites for use in bone tissue engineering applications
  15. Time-dependent Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising the CNTs through a Riga plate with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation
  16. Durability prediction of geopolymer mortar reinforced with nanoparticles and PVA fiber using particle swarm optimized BP neural network
  17. Utilization of zein nano-based system for promoting antibiofilm and anti-virulence activities of curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  18. Antibacterial effect of novel dental resin composites containing rod-like zinc oxide
  19. An extended model to assess Jeffery–Hamel blood flow through arteries with iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and melting effects: Entropy optimization analysis
  20. Comparative study of copper nanoparticles over radially stretching sheet with water and silicone oil
  21. Cementitious composites modified by nanocarbon fillers with cooperation effect possessing excellent self-sensing properties
  22. Confinement size effect on dielectric properties, antimicrobial activity, and recycling of TiO2 quantum dots via photodegradation processes of Congo red dye and real industrial textile wastewater
  23. Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: Characterization and photocatalytic application
  24. Novel integrated structure and function of Mg–Gd neutron shielding materials
  25. Impact of multiple slips on thermally radiative peristaltic transport of Sisko nanofluid with double diffusion convection, viscous dissipation, and induced magnetic field
  26. Magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal convective and mass flux conditions: HAM solution
  27. A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic water-based hybrid nanofluid flow composed of Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles over a heated surface
  28. Development and modeling of an ultra-robust TPU-MWCNT foam with high flexibility and compressibility
  29. Effects of nanofillers on the physical, mechanical, and tribological behavior of carbon/kenaf fiber–reinforced phenolic composites
  30. Polymer nanocomposite for protecting photovoltaic cells from solar ultraviolet in space
  31. Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of recycled concrete reinforced with basalt fibers and nano-silica in early low-temperature environments
  32. Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical performance and microstructure of cement mortar
  33. CFD analysis of paraffin-based hybrid (Co–Au) and trihybrid (Co–Au–ZrO2) nanofluid flow through a porous medium
  34. Forced convective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow subject to heat source/sink and Lorentz force over a permeable wedge: Numerical exploration
  35. Physiochemical and electrical activities of nano copper oxides synthesised via hydrothermal method utilising natural reduction agents for solar cell application
  36. A homotopic analysis of the blood-based bioconvection Carreau–Yasuda hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective conditions
  37. In situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance for pollutant degradation
  38. A coarse-grained Poisson–Nernst–Planck model for polyelectrolyte-modified nanofluidic diodes
  39. A numerical investigation of the magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending sheet with a convective condition: Active and passive controls of nanoparticles
  40. The LyP-1 cyclic peptide modified mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres for targeted delivery of triptolide regulate the macrophage repolarization in atherosclerosis
  41. Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
  42. The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  43. Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
  44. Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
  45. Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
  46. Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
  47. Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
  48. Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
  49. Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
  50. Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
  51. Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
  52. Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
  53. Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
  54. Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
  55. Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
  56. Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
  57. Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
  58. Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
  59. Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
  60. Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
  61. A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
  62. Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  63. A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
  64. Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
  65. Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
  66. Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
  67. A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
  68. Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
  69. Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
  70. Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
  71. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
  72. Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
  73. Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
  74. One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
  75. A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
  76. Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
  77. Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
  78. Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
  79. Effects of PVA fibers and nano-SiO2 on rheological properties of geopolymer mortar
  80. Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
  81. Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
  82. Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
  83. Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
  84. Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
  85. Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  86. Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
  87. Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
  88. Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
  89. Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
  90. Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
  91. Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
  92. Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
  93. Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
  94. PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
  95. Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
  96. Review Articles
  97. Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
  98. Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
  99. Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
  100. A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
  101. Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
  102. Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
  103. A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
  104. Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
  105. Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
  106. Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
  107. Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
  108. Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
  109. Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
  110. Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
  111. A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
  112. A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
  113. Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
  114. Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
  115. Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
  116. Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
  117. Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
  118. Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
  119. A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
  120. Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
  121. Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
  122. Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
  123. Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
  124. Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
  125. Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
  126. Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
  127. Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
  128. Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
  129. Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
  130. In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
  131. Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
  132. Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
  133. Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
  134. Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
  135. Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
  136. Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  137. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
  138. Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
  139. Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
  140. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
  141. Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
  142. Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
  143. Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
  144. Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
  145. Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
  146. Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
  147. Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
  148. Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
  149. Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
  150. Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
  151. Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
  152. Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
  153. An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
  154. Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
  155. Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
  156. Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
  157. Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
  158. Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
  159. Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
  160. Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
  161. Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
  162. Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
  163. In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
  164. Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
  165. Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
  166. Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
  167. Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
  168. Special Issue on Implementing Nanotechnology for Smart Healthcare System
  169. Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection
  170. Special Issue on Green Mono, Bi and Tri Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological and Environmental Applications
  171. Tracking success of interaction of green-synthesized Carbopol nanoemulgel (neomycin-decorated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite) with wound-based MDR bacteria
  172. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using genus Inula and evaluation of biological therapeutics and environmental applications
  173. Biogenic fabrication and multifunctional therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from rose petal extract
  174. Metal oxides on the frontlines: Antimicrobial activity in plant-derived biometallic nanoparticles
  175. Controlling pore size during the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using CTAB by the sol–gel hydrothermal method and their biological activities
  176. Special Issue on State-of-Art Advanced Nanotechnology for Healthcare
  177. Applications of nanomedicine-integrated phototherapeutic agents in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review of the current state of research
  178. Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease
  179. Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2024-0112
Keywords for this article
Ziziphus spina-christi; nanoparticles; wound healing; antibacterial activity
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Tension buckling and postbuckling of nanocomposite laminated plates with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio
  3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-stabilised gold nanoparticle coatings inhibit blood protein adsorption
  4. Energy and mass transmission through hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a spinning sphere with magnetic effect and heat source/sink
  5. Surface treatment with nano-silica and magnesium potassium phosphate cement co-action for enhancing recycled aggregate concrete
  6. Numerical investigation of thermal radiation with entropy generation effects in hybrid nanofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching sheet
  7. Enhancing the performance of thermal energy storage by adding nano-particles with paraffin phase change materials
  8. Using nano-CaCO3 and ceramic tile waste to design low-carbon ultra high performance concrete
  9. Numerical analysis of thermophoretic particle deposition in a magneto-Marangoni convective dusty tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow – Thermal and magnetic features
  10. Dual numerical solutions of Casson SA–hybrid nanofluid toward a stagnation point flow over stretching/shrinking cylinder
  11. Single flake homo p–n diode of MoTe2 enabled by oxygen plasma doping
  12. Electrostatic self-assembly effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on performance of carbon nanotubes in cement-based materials
  13. Multi-scale alignment to buried atom-scale devices using Kelvin probe force microscopy
  14. Antibacterial, mechanical, and dielectric properties of hydroxyapatite cordierite/zirconia porous nanocomposites for use in bone tissue engineering applications
  15. Time-dependent Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising the CNTs through a Riga plate with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation
  16. Durability prediction of geopolymer mortar reinforced with nanoparticles and PVA fiber using particle swarm optimized BP neural network
  17. Utilization of zein nano-based system for promoting antibiofilm and anti-virulence activities of curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  18. Antibacterial effect of novel dental resin composites containing rod-like zinc oxide
  19. An extended model to assess Jeffery–Hamel blood flow through arteries with iron-oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and melting effects: Entropy optimization analysis
  20. Comparative study of copper nanoparticles over radially stretching sheet with water and silicone oil
  21. Cementitious composites modified by nanocarbon fillers with cooperation effect possessing excellent self-sensing properties
  22. Confinement size effect on dielectric properties, antimicrobial activity, and recycling of TiO2 quantum dots via photodegradation processes of Congo red dye and real industrial textile wastewater
  23. Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: Characterization and photocatalytic application
  24. Novel integrated structure and function of Mg–Gd neutron shielding materials
  25. Impact of multiple slips on thermally radiative peristaltic transport of Sisko nanofluid with double diffusion convection, viscous dissipation, and induced magnetic field
  26. Magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal convective and mass flux conditions: HAM solution
  27. A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic water-based hybrid nanofluid flow composed of Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles over a heated surface
  28. Development and modeling of an ultra-robust TPU-MWCNT foam with high flexibility and compressibility
  29. Effects of nanofillers on the physical, mechanical, and tribological behavior of carbon/kenaf fiber–reinforced phenolic composites
  30. Polymer nanocomposite for protecting photovoltaic cells from solar ultraviolet in space
  31. Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of recycled concrete reinforced with basalt fibers and nano-silica in early low-temperature environments
  32. Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical performance and microstructure of cement mortar
  33. CFD analysis of paraffin-based hybrid (Co–Au) and trihybrid (Co–Au–ZrO2) nanofluid flow through a porous medium
  34. Forced convective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow subject to heat source/sink and Lorentz force over a permeable wedge: Numerical exploration
  35. Physiochemical and electrical activities of nano copper oxides synthesised via hydrothermal method utilising natural reduction agents for solar cell application
  36. A homotopic analysis of the blood-based bioconvection Carreau–Yasuda hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective conditions
  37. In situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/SnIn4S8 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance for pollutant degradation
  38. A coarse-grained Poisson–Nernst–Planck model for polyelectrolyte-modified nanofluidic diodes
  39. A numerical investigation of the magnetized water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending sheet with a convective condition: Active and passive controls of nanoparticles
  40. The LyP-1 cyclic peptide modified mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres for targeted delivery of triptolide regulate the macrophage repolarization in atherosclerosis
  41. Synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite-magnetite nanocomposites in magnetic hyperthermia for bone cancer treatment
  42. The significance of quadratic thermal radiative scrutinization of a nanofluid flow across a microchannel with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  43. Ferromagnetic effect on Casson nanofluid flow and transport phenomena across a bi-directional Riga sensor device: Darcy–Forchheimer model
  44. Performance of carbon nanomaterials incorporated with concrete exposed to high temperature
  45. Multicriteria-based optimization of roller compacted concrete pavement containing crumb rubber and nano-silica
  46. Revisiting hydrotalcite synthesis: Efficient combined mechanochemical/coprecipitation synthesis to design advanced tunable basic catalysts
  47. Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations
  48. Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of ternary limestone clay cement paste
  49. Improved mechanical properties of graphene-modified basalt fibre–epoxy composites
  50. Sodium titanate nanostructured modified by green synthesis of iron oxide for highly efficient photodegradation of dye contaminants
  51. Green synthesis of Vitis vinifera extract-appended magnesium oxide NPs for biomedical applications
  52. Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids
  53. Heat convection and irreversibility of magneto-micropolar hybrid nanofluids within a porous hexagonal-shaped enclosure having heated obstacle
  54. Numerical simulation and optimization of biological nanocomposite system for enhanced oil recovery
  55. Laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition to prepare a nanostructured PPy layer on the Ti surface
  56. Cilostazol niosomes-loaded transdermal gels: An in vitro and in vivo anti-aggregant and skin permeation activity investigations towards preparing an efficient nanoscale formulation
  57. Linear and nonlinear optical studies on successfully mixed vanadium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique
  58. Analytical investigation of convective phenomena with nonlinearity characteristics in nanostratified liquid film above an inclined extended sheet
  59. Optimization method for low-velocity impact identification in nanocomposite using genetic algorithm
  60. Analyzing the 3D-MHD flow of a sodium alginate-based nanofluid flow containing alumina nanoparticles over a bi-directional extending sheet using variable porous medium and slip conditions
  61. A comprehensive study of laser irradiated hydrothermally synthesized 2D layered heterostructure V2O5(1−x)MoS2(x) (X = 1–5%) nanocomposites for photocatalytic application
  62. Computational analysis of water-based silver, copper, and alumina hybrid nanoparticles over a stretchable sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermophoretic particle deposition effects
  63. A deep dive into AI integration and advanced nanobiosensor technologies for enhanced bacterial infection monitoring
  64. Effects of normal strain on pyramidal I and II 〈c + a〉 screw dislocation mobility and structure in single-crystal magnesium
  65. Computational study of cross-flow in entropy-optimized nanofluids
  66. Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface
  67. A green and facile synthesis route of nanosize cupric oxide at room temperature
  68. Effect of annealing time on bending performance and microstructure of C19400 alloy strip
  69. Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization
  70. Electrospinning of MNZ/PLGA/SF nanofibers for periodontitis
  71. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films
  72. Shell-core-structured electrospinning film with sequential anti-inflammatory and pro-neurogenic effects for peripheral nerve repairment
  73. Flow and heat transfer insights into a chemically reactive micropolar Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid with cross-diffusion theory
  74. One-pot fabrication of open-spherical shapes based on the decoration of copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol on copper oxide as a promising photocathode for hydrogen generation from the natural source of Red Sea water
  75. A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field
  76. Advancing sustainable agriculture: Metal-doped urea–hydroxyapatite hybrid nanofertilizer for agro-industry
  77. Utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial activity and promising application in wound healing
  78. Plant-mediated synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a copper oxide/silicon dioxide nanocomposite by an antimicrobial study
  79. Effects of PVA fibers and nano-SiO2 on rheological properties of geopolymer mortar
  80. Investigating silver and alumina nanoparticles’ impact on fluid behavior over porous stretching surface
  81. Potential pharmaceutical applications and molecular docking study for green fabricated ZnO nanoparticles mediated Raphanus sativus: In vitro and in vivo study
  82. Effect of temperature and nanoparticle size on the interfacial layer thickness of TiO2–water nanofluids using molecular dynamics
  83. Characteristics of induced magnetic field on the time-dependent MHD nanofluid flow through parallel plates
  84. Flexural and vibration behaviours of novel covered CFRP composite joints with an MWCNT-modified adhesive
  85. Experimental research on mechanically and thermally activation of nano-kaolin to improve the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  86. Analysis of variable fluid properties for three-dimensional flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with MHD effects
  87. Biodegradability of corn starch films containing nanocellulose fiber and thymol
  88. Toxicity assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles: In vivo study
  89. Some measures to enhance the energy output performances of triboelectric nanogenerators
  90. Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on water uptake and thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy adhesive subjected to water ageing conditions
  91. Optimization of preparation parameters and testing verification of carbon nanotube suspensions used in concrete
  92. Max-phase Ti3SiC2 and diverse nanoparticle reinforcements for enhancement of the mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of AA5083 aluminum alloy via FSP
  93. Advancing drug delivery: Neural network perspectives on nanoparticle-mediated treatments for cancerous tissues
  94. PEG-PLGA core–shell nanoparticles for the controlled delivery of picoplatin–hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in triple-negative breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study
  95. Conduction transportation from graphene to an insulative polymer medium: A novel approach for the conductivity of nanocomposites
  96. Review Articles
  97. Developments of terahertz metasurface biosensors: A literature review
  98. Overview of amorphous carbon memristor device, modeling, and applications for neuromorphic computing
  99. Advances in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) of proteins extracted from nature
  100. A review of ternary polymer nanocomposites containing clay and calcium carbonate and their biomedical applications
  101. Recent advancements in polyoxometalate-functionalized fiber materials: A review
  102. Special contribution of atomic force microscopy in cell death research
  103. A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery
  104. Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
  105. Cyclodextrins-block copolymer drug delivery systems: From design and development to preclinical studies
  106. Micelle-based nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive properties for drug delivery
  107. Critical assessment of the thermal stability and degradation of chemically functionalized nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites
  108. Research progress in preparation technology of micro and nano titanium alloy powder
  109. Nanoformulations for lysozyme-based additives in animal feed: An alternative to fight antibiotic resistance spread
  110. Incorporation of organic photochromic molecules in mesoporous silica materials: Synthesis and applications
  111. A review on modeling of graphene and associated nanostructures reinforced concrete
  112. A review on strengthening mechanisms of carbon quantum dots-reinforced Cu-matrix nanocomposites
  113. Review on nanocellulose composites and CNFs assembled microfiber toward automotive applications
  114. Nanomaterial coating for layered lithium rich transition metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion battery
  115. Application of AgNPs in biomedicine: An overview and current trends
  116. Nanobiotechnology and microbial influence on cold adaptation in plants
  117. Hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials: From mechanism to therapeutic strategy
  118. Applications of micro-nanobubble and its influence on concrete properties: An in-depth review
  119. A comprehensive systematic literature review of ML in nanotechnology for sustainable development
  120. Exploiting the nanotechnological approaches for traditional Chinese medicine in childhood rhinitis: A review of future perspectives
  121. Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
  122. Current advances of anticancer drugs based on solubilization technology
  123. Recent process of using nanoparticles in the T cell-based immunometabolic therapy
  124. Future prospects of gold nanoclusters in hydrogen storage systems and sustainable environmental treatment applications
  125. Preparation, types, and applications of one- and two-dimensional nanochannels and their transport properties for water and ions
  126. Microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics of Mg–Gd–x systems: A review of recent advancements
  127. Functionalized nanostructures and targeted delivery systems with a focus on plant-derived natural agents for COVID-19 therapy: A review and outlook
  128. Mapping evolution and trends of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: A bibliometric analysis and scoping review
  129. Nanoparticles and their application in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
  130. In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on fly ash substrates
  131. Structural performance of boards through nanoparticle reinforcement: An advance review
  132. Reinforcing mechanisms review of the graphene oxide on cement composites
  133. Seed regeneration aided by nanomaterials in a climate change scenario: A comprehensive review
  134. Surface-engineered quantum dot nanocomposites for neurodegenerative disorder remediation and avenue for neuroimaging
  135. Graphitic carbon nitride hybrid thin films for energy conversion: A mini-review on defect activation with different materials
  136. Nanoparticles and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
  137. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part II
  138. Highly safe lithium vanadium oxide anode for fast-charging dendrite-free lithium-ion batteries
  139. Recent progress in nanomaterials of battery energy storage: A patent landscape analysis, technology updates, and future prospects
  140. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part II
  141. Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
  142. Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology
  143. Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance
  144. Electrochemically prepared ultrathin two-dimensional graphitic nanosheets as cathodes for advanced Zn-based energy storage devices
  145. Enhanced catalytic degradation of amoxicillin by phyto-mediated synthesised ZnO NPs and ZnO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite: Assessment of antioxidant activity, adsorption, and thermodynamic analysis
  146. Incorporating GO in PI matrix to advance nanocomposite coating: An enhancing strategy to prevent corrosion
  147. Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake
  148. Engineering in ceramic albite morphology by the addition of additives: Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide for energy applications
  149. Nanoscale synergy: Optimizing energy storage with SnO2 quantum dots on ZnO hexagonal prisms for advanced supercapacitors
  150. Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation
  151. Tuning structural and electrical properties of Co-precipitated and Cu-incorporated nickel ferrite for energy applications
  152. Sodium alginate-supported AgSr nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of malachite green and methyl orange in aqueous medium
  153. An environmentally greener and reusability approach for bioenergy production using Mallotus philippensis (Kamala) seed oil feedstock via phytonanotechnology
  154. Micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate and -magnesium hydroxide fillers in RTV-SR composites under electrical and environmental stresses
  155. Mechanism exploration of ion-implanted epoxy on surface trap distribution: An approach to augment the vacuum flashover voltages
  156. Nanoscale engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts boosting charge separation for solar-driven H2 production: Recent advances and future perspective
  157. Excellent catalytic performance over reduced graphene-boosted novel nanoparticles for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil
  158. Special Issue on Advances in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
  159. Deciphering the synergistic potential of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles and bio-slurry formulation on phenology and physiology of Vigna radiata
  160. Nanomaterials: Cross-disciplinary applications in ornamental plants
  161. Special Issue on Catechol Based Nano and Microstructures
  162. Polydopamine films: Versatile but interface-dependent coatings
  163. In vitro anticancer activity of melanin-like nanoparticles for multimodal therapy of glioblastoma
  164. Poly-3,4-dihydroxybenzylidenhydrazine, a different analogue of polydopamine
  165. Chirality and self-assembly of structures derived from optically active 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and catecholamines
  166. Advancing resource sustainability with green photothermal materials: Insights from organic waste-derived and bioderived sources
  167. Bioinspired neuromelanin-like Pt(iv) polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment
  168. Special Issue on Implementing Nanotechnology for Smart Healthcare System
  169. Intelligent explainable optical sensing on Internet of nanorobots for disease detection
  170. Special Issue on Green Mono, Bi and Tri Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological and Environmental Applications
  171. Tracking success of interaction of green-synthesized Carbopol nanoemulgel (neomycin-decorated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite) with wound-based MDR bacteria
  172. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using genus Inula and evaluation of biological therapeutics and environmental applications
  173. Biogenic fabrication and multifunctional therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles synthesized from rose petal extract
  174. Metal oxides on the frontlines: Antimicrobial activity in plant-derived biometallic nanoparticles
  175. Controlling pore size during the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using CTAB by the sol–gel hydrothermal method and their biological activities
  176. Special Issue on State-of-Art Advanced Nanotechnology for Healthcare
  177. Applications of nanomedicine-integrated phototherapeutic agents in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review of the current state of research
  178. Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease
  179. Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 4.2.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2024-0112/html
Scroll to top button