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Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles

  • Jun Qiu , Yiping Luo EMAIL logo , Yuqing Li , Jiao Luo , Zhibin Su and Ying Wang
Published/Copyright: December 21, 2021
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

In this paper, the chain structure of magnetorheological fluid (MRF) magnetic particles was studied and analyzed, the mechanical model of MRF with different diameter ferromagnetic particles was established, silicone oil-based MRF with different particle volume fractions was prepared, the shear properties of the MRF were tested, and the theoretical and experimental data were compared. The experimental results show that the shear stress is stable with the increase of shear strain rate under the action of the magnetic field, and it has a shear thinning effect. The shear stress increases linearly with the increase of particle volume fraction. The shear stress increases with the increase of magnetic induction intensity. After data analysis and in the case of control variables, the average error of improved theoretical data and experimental data is lower than that of previous theoretical data and experimental data, which verifies that the improved theory (mechanical model) has a certain accuracy.

Keywords: magnetorheological fluid; shear stress; mechanical model; data analysis

1 Introduction

Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is a suspension liquid formed by micron (nanometer) magnitude magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic liquid. In the absence of a magnetic field, the MR fluid is a free-flowing Newtonian fluid. Under the action of an external magnetic field, the state of the MR fluid will change rapidly from the free-flowing state at the beginning to a solid-like non-Newtonian fluid with a certain shear yield stress. Because of its rheological effect and mechanical properties, MRF also has the advantages of low energy consumption, good controllability, simple preparation, wide temperature adaptation range, low pollution, strong safety, and reliability. It is widely used in automotive, aerospace, mechanical engineering, construction engineering, medical engineering, and other fields and is honored as one of the most promising intelligent materials [1,2,3,4,5].

The shear yield stress of MRF is one of the indexes to evaluate the properties of MR fluid and the practical engineering application of MR devices. How to calculate and analyze and establish the macroscopic mechanical model of MRF from the microscopic structure has become the focus of researchers all over the world. Lemaire and Bossis [6] used a controlled stress rheometer to measure the variation of the static yield stress of magnetic colloidal suspension with the applied magnetic field. The magnetization curves of different volume fractions were used to analyze the experimental results. The calculation formula of shear yield stress is derived by combining the restoring force formula in the literature [7]. Rodríguez-López et al. [8] studied the effect of particle volume fraction on the microstructure of MRF by using ultrasonic technology. As the volume fraction increases, the particles are observed to rearrange, thereby reducing the compressibility of the system. Zhang et al. [9] proposed an MRF constitutive model based on a six-sided tightly arranged structure. Yang et al. [10] introduced the microstructure model of MR fluid into an MR damper. To more accurately use the shear yield stress model of MRF, Li et al. [11] compared and analyzed the influence of various parameters on the single-chain dipole model error based on the finite element model and optimized the single-chain dipole model. Xu et al. [12] proposed the hypothesis that the double-chain tightly arranged structure and the Angle between the particle chain and the magnetic field direction followed the exponential distribution and deduced the expression that could describe the shear stress of MRF and the shear stress of each influencing parameter. Zhao et al. [13] compared the simplified dipole model, accurate dipole model, and Maxwell stress tensor based on three theories in their paper. Based on a more accurate dipole model and statistical method, Yi et al. [14] established a micro-macro description of the constitutive behavior of MR fluid under shear deformation. The accuracy of the above-mentioned models has been verified by experiments.

At present, most magnetorheological hydrodynamic models are established based on the homogeneous and spherical shape of magnetic particles (carbonyl iron powder), Moreover, the establishment of the mechanical model under double particle size has not been mentioned, which leads to the lack of accuracy of the model (Figure 1). How to calculate the magnetic force between magnetic dipoles and derive the mechanical model of magnetic particles in reducer MRF under different chained structures is a key problem. Researchers from all over the world have proposed various hypotheses on the mechanism of chain formation, among which the field dipole moment theory is the most representative one.

Figure 1 Photo of iron powder sample with nominal diameter of 10 µm carbonyl.
Figure 1

Photo of iron powder sample with nominal diameter of 10 µm carbonyl.

To improve the accuracy of the MRF mechanical model, in this paper, authors calculated the interaction between magnetic particles based on the dipole theory, analyzed the chain process of magnetic particles, deduced the mechanical model of the MRF reducer ferromagnetic particles, and then prepared the MRF samples for experimental verification.

2 Establishment of the mechanical model of MRF with different diameter particles

2.1 The interaction force of magnetic particles

According to the theory of field-induced dipole moment, magnetic particles are magnetized into magnetic dipoles under the action of a magnetic field, and the magnetic dipoles attract each other to form an ordered chain and column structure. Then, according to the knowledge of magnetism and mechanics, the interaction force between magnetic particles can be calculated by the theory of field-induced dipole moment and Maxwell stress tensor.

Magnetization is a physical quantity that describes the magnetization (direction and degree of magnetization) of the magnetic medium. It represents the sum of the magnetic moment vectors of the magnetic dipole in the unit volume magnetic medium. If an integral element ΔV is taken in the magnetic medium, and there is a large number of magnetic dipoles in the volume element, the magnetic moment of each magnetic dipole is m , and then the magnetization intensity can be defined as

(1) M = ∑ m Δ V .

According to the dipole theory [15], each dipole has two magnetic poles Q m + and Q m − . According to Coulomb’s law, the magnetic field intensity H ˜ generated by the magnetic pole of the magnetic dipole at r is

(2) H ˜ = Q m 4 π μ 0 r ˆ 1 r 1 2 − r ˆ 2 r 2 2 = Q m 4 π μ 0 r 1 r 1 3 − r 2 r 2 3 ,

where r 1 and r 2 are, respectively, the displacement vectors of two magnetic poles to point P; r ˆ 1 and r ˆ 2 are unit vectors in the r 1 and r 2 directions; and a = a n ˆ , n ˆ are unit vectors in the direction of the external magnetic field, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Schematic illustration for the intensity of the magnetic field induced by a magnetic dipole P.
Figure 2

Schematic illustration for the intensity of the magnetic field induced by a magnetic dipole P.

Assuming that the size of magnetic particles a is much smaller than the spherical center distance r between magnetic particles, and considering the definition of magnetic dipole moment j and the relationship between magnetic moment and magnetic dipole moment, i.e

(3) j = Q m a , j = μ 0 m ,

where μ 0 is the vacuum permeability.

When the particle size a is much smaller than r 1 and r 2, r is approximate to r 1 and r 2, thus obtaining the magnetic field generated by magnetized of a magnetic particle.

(4) H = 1 4 π r 3 3 ( r ⋅ m ) r 2 × r − m .

In free space, B ˜ = μ 0 H ˜ is satisfied between magnetic field intensity H ˜ and magnetic induction intensity B ˜ , so the magnetic induction intensity generated by magnetic dipole j at magnetic dipole i is

(5) B ˜ i j = μ 0 4 π r i j 3 [ 3 ( r ˆ i j ⋅ m j ) r ˆ i j − m j ] ,

where r ij is the displacement vector from the i magnetic particle to the j particle and r ˆ i j is the unit vector of the displacement vector r ij.

2.2 Mechanical model establishment

In this paper, based on the analysis of the microstructure and morphology of MRFs, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the macro characteristics of MRFs and establish MR mechanical models with different particle sizes (R 1, R 2) (as shown in Figure 3).

Figure 3 Sketch of the deformation of a stretched single chain.
Figure 3

Sketch of the deformation of a stretched single chain.

For the single-chain structure of MRF magnetic particles as shown in Figure 3, the total magnetic energy of magnetic dipole I under the action of an external magnetic field and additional magnetic fields generated by other particles in the particle chain can be expressed as

(6) W i = − m i ⋅ B 0 + ∑ j ≠ i B ˜ i j = − m i ⋅ B 0 + m i ⋅ ∑ j ≠ i B ˜ i j .

Because the added magnetic field in the area of the MRF is uniform (can approximate to uniform magnetic field), the magnetic energy contribution to the shear stress is zero; so, the magnetic dipole i generated in other magnetic dipole chains’ additional magnetic field of the energy change is the magnetic dipole i in other magnetic dipole chain that produce the disturbance of magnetic field of magnetic energy changes as W ˜ i

(7) W ˜ i = m i ⋅ ∑ j ≠ i B ˜ i j = μ 0 ∑ j ≠ i m i m j 4 π r i j 3 ( 3 cos 2 θ − 1 ) .

Due to the action of the base liquid, an oil film is formed on the surface of the magnetic particles. Let the thickness of the oil film be t, and there is δ gap between the adjacent particles in the chain. Assuming that the external magnetic field is vertically upward, in the shear process, the particle chain is elongated. Then, the particle chain is tilted and the included Angle with the direction of the magnetic field is θ. Therefore, the distance between two magnetic dipoles in the same chain with A distance of k particles apart is

(8) r k = k ( R 1 + R 2 + 2 t + δ ) cos θ , k = 1 , 2 , … , 2 n .

According to equations (1), (7) and (8), it can be obtained as

(9) W ˜ i = μ 0 ∑ k = 1 2 n m i m j 4 π r k 3 ( 3 cos 2 θ − 1 ) = μ 0 ∑ k = 1 2 n 4 π R 1 3 R 2 3 χ 2 H 2 ( 3 cos 2 θ − 1 ) cos 3 θ 9 k 3 ( R 1 + R 2 + 2 t + δ ) 3 .

In the formula, 2n is the number of particles of a particle chain between two plates, A = ∑ k = 1 2 n 1 k 3 . It is easy to get using Matlab A | n = 3 = 1.1903 , A | n = 8 = 1.202 , and A | n = ∞ = 1.202 , Therefore, A = 1.2 can satisfy the analysis of this study.

As shown in Figure 2, the single-chain length is L y , then its magnetic energy per unit length is

(10) W ˜ i 0 = 2 n W ˜ i L y = 8 A μ 0 π R 1 3 R 2 3 χ 2 H 2 9 ( R 1 + R 2 + 2 t + δ ) 4 cos 3 θ ( 3 cos 2 θ − 1 ) .

Then, the shear resistance T i of single chain of magnetic particles can be expressed as

(11) T i = ∂ W ˜ i 0 ∂ γ .

Thus, the single chain shear resistance can be obtained by combining equations (10) and (11)

(12) T i = 8 A μ 0 π R 1 3 R 2 3 χ 2 H 2 cos 4 θ sin θ 3 ( R 1 + R 2 + 2 t + δ ) 4 ( 5 cos 2 θ − 1 ) .

It is assumed that the volume of magnetic particles in the MRF is V, the volume fraction of magnetic particles is ϕ, and the number of particles in each chain is 2n. During the shear process, it is assumed that the number of particles in the particle chain is constant, and the change of particle chain length is mainly reflected in the change of particle spacing. Then, the number of particle chains in the unit cross-sectional area is

(13) P = x S = L y ϕ 4 3 π n ( R 1 3 + R 2 3 ) = 3 ( R 1 + R 2 + 2 t + δ ) ϕ 4 π ( R 1 3 + R 2 3 ) ,

where x is the total number of particle chains between two plates and S is the base area of the MRF perpendicular to the magnetic field direction.

Then, the sum of the single-chain shear resistance in a unit cross-sectional area can be expressed as the macroscopic shear yield stress of the MRF, that is, the shear yield stress of the MRF under the action of a magnetic field

(14) τ ¯ = ∑ i = 1 P T i .

And the sum of the shear yield stress τ 0 (viscous damping force of the MRF under zero field) of the MRF in the absence of magnetic field, i.e

(15) τ = τ ¯ + τ 0 .

In the non-free space, the magnetic induction intensity B and magnetic field intensity H satisfy H = B μ 0 ( 1 + χ ) , which can be obtained as

(16) τ ¯ = ∑ i = 1 P 8 A π R 1 3 R 2 3 χ 2 B 2 cos 4 θ sin θ 3 μ 0 ( R 1 + R 2 + 2 t + δ ) 4 ( 1 + χ ) 2 ( 5 cos 2 θ − 1 ) .

MRF magnetic particle chains in the shear process are due to the influence of the additional magnetic field, external magnetic field, and macroscopic deformation. The chains deform and rearrange, part of the chains break, regenerate, and finally reach the dynamic equilibrium of mechanics, that is, the shear stress tends to stabilize. It is assumed that the included angle θ between the magnetic dipole particle chain and the direction of the magnetic field in dynamic equilibrium obeys normal distribution, i.e

(17) p ( θ ) = P ⋅ D ( θ ) , − π 2 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 ,

where

(18) D ( θ ) = 1 2 π σ e − ( θ − μ ) 2 2 σ 2 ,

µ is the center of the curve distribution and σ is the degree of concentration relative to the center of the curve distribution.

Substituting equations (17) and (18) into equation (16) can be obtained as

(19) τ ¯ = ∫ − π / 2 π / 2 T i ( θ ) P D ( θ ) d θ = ∫ − π / 2 π / 2 2 P A μ 0 ϕ R 1 3 R 2 3 χ 2 H 2 cos 4 θ sin θ ( R 1 + R 2 + 2 t + δ ) 3 ( 5 cos 2 θ − 1 ) 1 2 π σ e − ( θ − μ ) 2 2 σ 2 d θ .

Thus, the macroscopic shear yield stress of the MRF is

(20) τ ¯ = τ 0 + ∫ − π / 2 π / 2 2 P A μ 0 ϕ R 1 3 R 2 3 χ 2 H 2 cos 4 θ sin θ ( R 1 + R 2 + 2 t + δ ) 3 × ( 5 cos 2 θ − 1 ) 1 2 π σ e − ( θ − μ ) 2 2 σ 2 d θ .

In the formula, both µ and σ have specific physical meanings. µ is the curve distribution center, and σ represents the concentration degree of the relative distribution center of the particle chain.

3 Experiment and analysis

3.1 Preparation of MRF samples

In this paper, carbonyl iron powder (3 and 6 µm) is used as magnetic particles, silicone oil is used as the base liquid of MRF, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate is used as a surfactant, nano-silica is used as a thixotropic agent, and graphite powder is used as a lubricant. According to the literature [16], MRF samples with volume fractions of 5, 10, 15, and 20% magnetic particles were prepared. The preparation process of MRF is as follows:

  1. Magnetic particles, anhydrous ethanol, and grinding balls are added into the ball mill tank at a mass ratio of 1:1:1. Adding a certain amount of grinding balls into the ball grinding tank is divided into 5, 7, and 10 mm three kinds, and the mass ratio is 6:3:1. The ratio of grinding ball is determined according to the manual of the grinding machine.

  2. The ball mill tank is placed in the ball mill to ball mill for a certain time, so that the surfactant and magnetic particles are fully mixed. When the ball milling is completed, the anhydrous ethanol in the upper layer of the ball milling tank is sucked out.

  3. Dry the ball mill tank in a vacuum drying oven until the anhydrous ethanol in the ball mill tank evaporates completely.

  4. The magnetic particles in the ball mill can be screened with a 50-mesh screen to get the coated magnetic particles.

  5. Pour the coated magnetic particles, silicone oil, thixotropic agent, and graphite powder into the beaker in a certain proportion and use a mechanical agitator to stir for a certain time to make these materials fully and evenly mixed, so as to obtain the MRF sample needed for the experimental study (formula is shown in Table 1).

Table 1

Formula of MRF after adding thixotropic agent, surfactant and graphite powder

Number Volume fraction (%) Milling time (h) Mass fraction of thixotropic agent (%) Mass fraction of graphite powder (%) Silicone oil viscosity (mPa·s)
1 5 12 0.5 0.5 973
2 10 12 0.5 0.5 973
3 15 12 0.5 0.5 973
4 20 12 0.5 0.5 973

3.2 Experimental bench construction

In this study, a self-made lifting device was used to test the mechanical properties of the MRF. The experimental bench includes a magnetic field generator, a shear device, a power source, a driving mechanism, and a force measuring device, as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Test bench.
Figure 4

Test bench.

3.3 Experiment and data analysis

The prepared MRF was placed in the storage tank (made of the transparent acrylic plate), and the tank was clamped by a clamping device. Permanent magnets were placed on both sides of the clamping device. The power supply was turned on, the controller was started, and the experimental data of each sample were recorded. The data are fitted and compared with the improved theoretical data (equation (20)) and the previous theoretical data [14] (equation (21)).

(21) τ ¯ = 4 P A μ 0 π R 6 χ 2 H 2 3 ( 2 R + 2 t + δ ) 4 × ∫ − π / 2 π / 2 ( 5 cos 2 θ − 1 ) cos 4 θ sin θ 1 2 π σ e − ( θ − μ ) 2 2 σ 2 d θ ,

where P is the number of chains in A unit cross-sectional area and A = 1.2.

The change of shear stress and volume fraction of MRF under the action of the magnetic field is shown in Figure 5. It can be seen from Figure 5(a)–(d) that under a certain magnetic induction intensity, the shear stress increases with the increase of particle volume fraction. It can be seen from Figure 5 that the improved theoretical data curve (fitting the curve of particle volume fraction and shear stress in MATLAB according to formula 21) is closer to the experimental data, so the improved theory (mechanical model) has a certain accuracy under different magnetic induction accuracy.

Figure 5 Changes of particle volume fraction and shear stress under different magnetic induction intensities graph: (a) magnetic induction intensities is 0.08 T; (b) magnetic induction intensities is 0.26 T; (c) magnetic induction intensities is 0.3 T; and (d) magnetic induction intensities is 0.35 T.
Figure 5

Changes of particle volume fraction and shear stress under different magnetic induction intensities graph: (a) magnetic induction intensities is 0.08 T; (b) magnetic induction intensities is 0.26 T; (c) magnetic induction intensities is 0.3 T; and (d) magnetic induction intensities is 0.35 T.

Under the action of the magnetic field, the change between magnetic induction and shear stress is shown in Figure 6. It can be seen from Figure 6(a)–(d) that the shear stress increases with the increase of magnetic induction intensity, and the increasing trend gradually increases. It is obvious from Figure 6(b)–(d) that the improved theoretical data (fitting the curve of magnetic induction and shear stress in MATLAB according to the formula (21)) is closer to the experimental data. For Figure 6(a) diagram, the error analysis between the improved theoretical data and the formula (21) 6 µm data and the experimental data is carried out. The average errors between the shear stress corresponding to 0.08, 0.26, 0.3, and 0.35 T and the experimental data are 7.06 and 14.56%, respectively.

Figure 6 When the particle volume fraction is constant, the relationship between magnetic induction intensity and shear stress graph: (a) particle volume fraction is 5%; (b) particle volume fraction is 10%; (c) particle volume fraction is 15%; and (d) particle volume fraction is 20%.
Figure 6

When the particle volume fraction is constant, the relationship between magnetic induction intensity and shear stress graph: (a) particle volume fraction is 5%; (b) particle volume fraction is 10%; (c) particle volume fraction is 15%; and (d) particle volume fraction is 20%.

Under the action of the magnetic field, the particle volume fraction is constant, and the shear strain rate and shear stress change under different magnetic induction intensities are shown in Figure 7(a)–(d). At the same shear strain rate, it increases significantly with the increase of magnetic induction intensity. When the MRF is on the shear mode, the particle chains formed between the liquid storage tanks are elongated and broken, and new particle chains are formed under the action of the magnetic field. As the particle chain breaks and forms, it reaches equilibrium and the shear stress reaches a stable value. Therefore, the shear thinning phenomenon exists.

Figure 7 When the particle volume fraction is constant， the relationship between shear strain rate and shear stress under different magnetic induction intensities graph: (a) particle volume fraction is 5%; (b) particle volume fraction is 10%; (c) particle volume fraction is 15%; and (d) particle volume fraction is 20%.
Figure 7

When the particle volume fraction is constant， the relationship between shear strain rate and shear stress under different magnetic induction intensities graph: (a) particle volume fraction is 5%; (b) particle volume fraction is 10%; (c) particle volume fraction is 15%; and (d) particle volume fraction is 20%.

It can be seen from Figure 7 that under the same magnetic induction intensity, there is little difference between the improved theoretical data and the previous theoretical data and the experimental data. According to this, the error analysis is carried out, and the average errors of the improved theoretical data, the formula (21) 6 µm data, and the experimental data are 6.78 and 15.46%, respectively, when the magnetic induction intensity is 0.08T. When the magnetic induction intensity is 0.26 T, the average errors of the improved theoretical data, the formula (21) 6 µm data and experimental data are 0.96 and 3.00%, respectively. When the magnetic induction intensity is 0.3 T, the average errors of the improved theoretical data, the formula (21) 6 µm data and experimental data are 0.79 and 2.42%, respectively; When the magnetic induction intensity is 0.35 T, the average errors of the improved theoretical data, the formula (21) 6 µm data and experimental data are 0.69 and 2.32%, respectively.

4 Conclusion

In this paper, the chain analysis of MRF magnetic particles under the action of the magnetic field is studied, and the mechanical model of MRF different diameter ferromagnetic particles is established. The MRF samples were prepared and their mechanical properties were tested. The comparison between the tested data and the improved theory and the previous theory is analyzed. By studying the relationship among particle volume fraction, magnetic induction intensity, shear strain rate, and shear stress, it is verified that the improved theory is better than the previous theory, and the accuracy of the mechanical model is improved.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Mr Luo’s guidance on the paper and the help of the lab teachers and brothers in the experiment.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-10-07
Revised: 2021-11-10
Accepted: 2021-11-28
Published Online: 2021-12-21

© 2022 Jun Qiu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
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  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
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  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
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  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
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  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
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  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
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  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
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  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
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  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
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  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0015
Keywords for this article
magnetorheological fluid; shear stress; mechanical model; data analysis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
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  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
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  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
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  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
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  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
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