Startseite Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
Artikel Open Access

Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol

  • Vanya Gandova , Anton Lazarov , Hafize Fidan , Milen Dimov , Stanko Stankov , Petko Denev , Sezai Ercisli , Albena Stoyanova , Hatice Gulen , Amine Assouguem EMAIL logo , Abdellah Farah , Riaz Ullah , Mohammed Kara und Ahmed Bari
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. Mai 2023
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 21 Heft 1

Abstract

Carvacrol is a major component of many essential oils of the genus Thymus, Satureja, and Origanum, determining their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate some physicochemical and biological properties of pure carvacrol. The surface tension and density were measured at six different temperatures (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C). The surface tension values were between 53.11 and 60.38 mN/m, while density varied from 0.978 to 0.99 kg/m3. The antibacterial activity against seven pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria was investigated. The diameter of the inhibition zones was determined in the range of 3.9–4.9 mm. The antioxidant activity was determined by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (1687.0 µmol TE/mL) method.

Keywords: carvacrol; physicochemical properties; antibacterial and antioxidant activities

1 Introduction

Carvacrol (2-methyl-5-isopropyl phenol, 2-p-cymenol, 2-hydroxy-p-cymene, isopropyl-o-cresol, isothymol: molecular weight of 150.22 [CAS 499-75-2]). Its properties are as follows: thick colorless to pale yellow liquid with pungent, spicy odor; relative density ( d 20 20 ) 0.974–0.979; refractive index ( n D 20 ), 1.5210–1.5260; melting point, 1°C; boiling point, 237–238°C; slightly soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, ether, alkalis; and very soluble in water [1,2].

This aromatic substance is mainly found in genera Thymus, Satureja, and Origanum plants, which belong to the family Lamiaceae. In case of improper storage of these essential oils (high temperature, presence of water, light, etc.), color changes occur due to separating precipitates from phenolates. It is known that in the presence of iron, phenols are oxidized in order to form red-colored products. It has been shown that hydroquinone is initially produced and oxidized to quinone, followed by polymerization processes. With prolonged exposure, the color changes to red-brown may occur. Oxidation is accompanied not only by a change in color but also by a change in smell. Initially, hydroperoxides are formed. Later, they undergo various transformations, turning into terpineol, carvone, polyhydroxy compounds, and finally into high-molecular polymer compounds [1,2].

Carvacrol is used in perfumery and cosmetics [1,2], as well as for the preparation of racemic menthol [1].

As a phenol, carvacrol possesses highly pronounced antimicrobial [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10], antioxidant [11,12,13], and other biological properties [14,15].

Density, viscosity, refractive index, and surface tension in water/alcohol systems were measured and found that pure alcohols or alcohols mixed with water were used as solvents in industrial applications of pharmaceutical, perfumery, and cosmetic products [16]. Surface and interfacial tension against water for mint, lemon, and oregano oils were investigated as a function of time and temperature [17]. A mix of linalool + propan-1-ol was investigated in a temperature range between 283.15 and 328.15 K. Refractive index of the mixture was measured and determined that the essential oils are sensitive to light [18]. Density, surface tension, and refractive index were determined for investigation of equilibrium in the system 1-pentanol-R-(+)-limonene in temperature range [19]. Linear dependence between density and refractive indexes of different aromatic compounds down to the temperature of 273 K was investigated [20].

The aim of the present study was to investigate carvacrol as an aromatic substance by determining some physicochemical parameters, antibacterial and antioxidant activities, looking for possibilities for its application, as well as the essential oils containing it in food and cosmetic products.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Material

Carvacrol was delivered from Sigma Aldrich, USA.

2.2 Physical and chemical indexes

The physical indicators of the refractive index [21] and relative density [22] have been determined. The infrared spectrum of carvacrol was recorded using a Nicolet iS 50 Thermo Scientific FT-IR spectrometer in the frequency region of 4,000–400 cm–1, with the sample embedded in KBr matrixes.

Surface tension is determined by equation (1) [23].

(1) y = rg 2 ( Δ H ρ 0 − r ρ ) ,

where r is the radius of the capillary (m), g is the acceleration of gravity (m/s2), ΔH is the maximum difference in the two gauges of the gauge, and ρ 0, ρ is the density of the manometric (water) and test liquid (kg/m3).

The density of the test liquid is determined by equation (2) [23].

(2) ρ = m 1 − m V = m 1 − m m 1 − m ρ 1 = m 1 − m m 2 − m ρ 1 ,

where ρ is the density of the carvacrol (kg/m3), ρ 1 is the density of distilled water (kg/m3), m is the mass of the pycnometer (g), m 1 is the mass of the pycnometer with the carvacrol (g), and m 2 is the mass of the pycnometer with distilled water (g).

These two physicochemical indicators were measured at six temperatures (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C), which were most often used in applying aromatic substances in various food and cosmetic products.

2.3 Antibacterial activity

Test microorganisms. Strains of pathogenic bacteria, reported as causing infections, toxicoinfections, and toxicosis, were used as test microorganisms. The investigated test cultures were some of the most common, both on the surface of food and cosmetic preparations, on work surfaces in companies, and on the hands of staff. Test microorganisms strains were supplied by the National Bank for Industrial Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, except for two that are clinical isolates. The following Gram-positive bacteria were used in this study: Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25093, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, and Gram-negative bacteria – Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Abony NCTC 6017.

The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus cereus and the Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella sp. are clinical isolates from the University of Food Technologies collection.

Antibacterial activity was determined by modifying the agar diffusion method by measuring the inhibition zones of the pathogen (1.104 cfu/mL) growth around metal rings (Ø = 6 mm) [24].

2.4 Antioxidant activity

The lipophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay measures the antioxidant scavenging function of lipophilic antioxidants against peroxyl radical induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride at 37°C [25].

2.5 Statistical analysis

The measurements were performed in triplicate. The results are presented as a mean value of the individual measurements with the corresponding standard deviation (SD).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Physical and chemical indexes

Carvacrol is a clear yellowish liquid with a specific odor and the following physical indicators: relative density ( d 20 20 ) 0.980 ± 0.0 and refractive index ( n D 20 ) 1.524 ± 0.01. The values of the physical parameters of the studied carvacrol sample do not differ from data in the literature [1,2].

The IR spectrum of carvacrol is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. In the carvacrol spectrum, clear characteristic bands of absorption were observed at 3,385 cm−1, which was characteristic of γOH group associated with the aromatic ring. The band at 3,021 cm−1 was characteristic of the γC–H relationship characteristic of an aromatic ring. The band at 2,961 cm−1 was characteristic of the γ as CH3 group, which was confirmed by an additional band at 2,870 cm−1. Also noticeable was an absorption band at 2,927 cm−1, which was characteristic of the γ as –CH2– group. The absorption band at 1,621 cm−1 was characteristic of an absorption band of a conjugate double C═C bond. The intense absorption band at 1,589 cm−1 was characteristic of the carbon skeleton with an aromatic structure that was more intense about 1,500 cm−1 (in this case 1,502 cm−1). The bands 1,589, 1,522, 1,502, 1,459, and 1,421 cm−1 were characteristic of the aromatic ring, with the strip 1,421 cm−1 being characteristic of the −C–O–H bond in phenols. The bands 1,117, 995, and 866 cm−1 were characteristic of aromatic rings with substituents in positions 1, 2, and 4. The band at 813 cm−1 was typical for a p-substituted aromatic ring and that at 757 cm−1 for an o-substituted ring. From the conclusions drawn, it could be concluded that this compound belonged to the phenol group which had a CH3 group in the o-position and a group of the type C(CH3)2 in the p-position, which was confirmed by the structural formula of carvacrol [26,27].

Table 1

IR Spectrum of carvacrol

Characteristic bands (cm−1) Group type
Carvacrol Reference data
3,385 3,470–3,322 γOH group to aromatic ring (phenol)
3,021 3,040–3,010 γ C–H average absorption band, characteristic of aromatics
2,961 2,970–2,950 Linear γ as CH3
2,927 2,940–2,915 γ as –CH2–
2,870 2,885–2,860 Presence of CH3 group
— 2,870–2,845 Highly pronounced band γ asCH2
1,621 1,680–1,620 A little intense band of absorption, conjugated C═C
1,589 1,600–1,575 Pulsation oscillations of the carbon skeleton at an aromatic structure more intense about 1,500 cm−1 (in this case 1,502 cm−1)
1,522 1,525–1,475 Oscillations of substituents at aromatic ring
1,502 intense about 1,500 cm−1 Pulsation oscillations of the carbon skeleton at aromatic ring
1,459 1,465–1,440 Characteristic band of aromatic ring
1,421 1,435–1,415 −C–O–H characteristic band of phenol
1,362 1,370–1,365 Two bands of approximately the same intensity corresponding to a structural fragment of the type C(CH3)2
1,302 1,310–1,290 Fluctuations δc-n of connection C–H at the end vinyl group or associated with an aromatic ring
1,175 1,175–1,165 A characteristic band of the type CH3–CH–CH3
1,117 1,125–1,090 This is 1, 2, 4 substituted aromatics
995 1,000–960 This is 1, 2, 4 substituted aromatics
937 950–860 Antisymmetric valence oscillations of a ring
866 900–865 Three substituted aromatic ring at position 1, 2, 4
813 855–800 p-Substituted aromatic ring
757 770–735 o-Substituted aromatic ring
Figure 1 FT-IR Spectrum of carvacrol.
Figure 1

FT-IR Spectrum of carvacrol.

The surface tensions and density of pure carvacrol were measured. The results are presented in Table 2. The data showed that as the temperature increased, the values of surface tension and density decreased is a classical thermodynamic dependence and does not contradict the literature for other substances [28]. The carvacrol usually had less tension than the water (72.75 mN/m) [29]. The decrease in the value of surface tension with increasing temperature is smooth, as at 40°C it is only 0.04%, at 50°C – by 2.42%, at 60°C – by 7.24%, at 70°C – by 9.64%, and at 80°C – by 12.04%, and the dependence is considered linear. A similar trend is found in the density, as the temperature dependence is also linear – at 40°C, the decrease is by 0.30%, at 50°C – by 0.50%, at 60°C – by 0.80%, at 70°C – by 1.00%, and at 80°C – with 1.31%.

Table 2

Surface tension and density at different temperatures

Temperature, °C Surface tension, mN/m Density, kg/m3
30 60.38 ± 0.08 0.991 ± 0.11
40 60.35 ± 0.11 0.988 ± 0.08
50 58.92 ± 0.12 0.986 ± 0.17
60 56.01 ± 0.06 0.983 ± 0.03
70 54.56 ± 0.16 0.981 ± 0.11
80 53.11 ± 0.03 0.978 ± 0.08

When increasing the temperature from 30 to 80°C, no change in the color and smell of carvacrol was detected, indicating that oxidation and polymerization processes did not occur. Our results did not differ from the data reported by Fonseca et al. [27], according to which changes in the structure of carvacrol may occur towards 160°C. The temperature stability of carvacrol was explained by the presence of the aromatic ring [26,27].

In the literature, there are data on values of these physicochemical parameters at different temperatures. Still, for solutions of linalool [18,30] and other aromatic substances [19,20,31] in ethanol, propanol, and other solvents, it is not possible to make a comparison.

3.2 Antibacterial activity

The antibacterial activity of carvacrol is presented in Table 3. The data showed that the diameter of the zones of inhibition was in the range of 3.9–4.9 mm. The antimicrobial action of carvacrol has been found to be due to: depletion of intracellular ATF [10], induction of reactive oxygen species [32], inhibition of efflux pump [33], and inhibition of bacterial biofilm [34].

Table 3

Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol

Test-microorganisms Diameter of zone of inhibition, mm
Gram-positive bacteria
Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994 4.2 ± 0.04
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25093 4.0 ± 0.03
Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 3.9 ± 0.03
Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate) 3.7 ± 0.03
Gram-negative bacteria
Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 4.5 ± 0.04
Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Abony NCTC 6017 4.9 ± 0.04
Klebsiella (clinical isolate) 3.9 ± 0.03

The data presented in Table 3 showed that no differejnce in antibacterial activity was reported against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The established differences in the studied antibacterial activity and data from the literature, both for the pure substance and for the essential oils that contain it, could be explained by the analysis methods used in our study. In our research, “wells” were used into which carvacrol was dripped. In other studies published in the literature, “filter discs” were used, onto which the carvacrol was put. The aromatic substance’s concentration and the tested bacteria’s suspension should also be considered.

For example, Sarrazin et al. [35] reported that carvacrol was active against Gram-positive Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, which was highly related to its chemical structure and composition. In another study, Du et al. [36] reported strong antibacterial activity of the carvacrol against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella strains, and Gram-positive Lactobacillus strains. Our results were lower than that reported by Bnyan et al. [37] who investigated the antimicrobial effects of carvacrol against nine microbial species. As a result, they reported that carvacrol showed maximum inhibition against E. coli (26 mm), Klebsiella pneumonia (23 mm), and S. aureus (20 mm). The differences in the results could be due to the used species and the differences in the applied bacterial concentrations.

3.3 Antioxidant activity

The value for the antioxidant effect of carvacrol, determined by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method described in the study was 1687.0 ± 102.90 µmol TE/mL. ORAC has some advantages that made it one of the most widely used methods for estimating total antioxidant capacity. It is based on the generation of peroxyl radicals that are relevant in food and biological systems. Additionally, it is performed under physiological pH (7.4) and temperature (37°C) and most importantly, the assay has a modification for lyphophilic antiradical activity, in which lypophilic components are dissolved in water/buffer media with randomly methylated β-cyclodextrins. Essential oils containing carvacrol were known to exhibit antioxidant activity [12,14,38,39], which the authors attribute to its presence. The antioxidant activity of carvacrol was determined by different methods by a number of authors: ORAC (2.8 µmol Trolox equivalent/µL), ABTS (7804.4 µmol Trolox equivalent/µL), DPPH (activity lower than 0.05 µmol Trolox equivalent/µL), chelating power (activity lower than 0.05 μmol ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/mL), and potassium ferricyanide (3239.6 μmol ascorbic acid equivalent/L) [40], DPPH (IC50 448.05 (lg/mL [41], DPPH (79.75 μg/mL) [42] and ORAC (152.23 μmol Trolox equivalent/g) and DPPH (51.09 %) [43]. The different values could be explained by the analysis methods used.

Other data on the antioxidant activity of essential oils containing carvacrol, determined by the described method, were not found in the literature. It is not easy to make a more detailed comparison.

4 Conclusions

Some physicochemical parameters at six different temperatures and two biological properties of pure carvacrol were investigated. Weak antimicrobial activity was determined against seven pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, and the ORAC method was used in order to determine the antioxidant activity. The results showed that carvacrol, as well as essential oils containing it in larger quantities, could be used as an independent ingredient in food and cosmetic formulations, which could be a subject of further studies.

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their appreciation to the researchers supported project number (RSP2023R346) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for financial support.

  1. Funding information: Authors wish to thanks Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R110) at King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia for financial support.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, V.G.; A.S. and S.E.; formal analysis, H.F.; S.S.; M.D., P.D. and A.B.; writing – original draft preparation, V.G.; H.F; S.S.; A.S.; S.E. and H.G.; writing – review and editing, H.F., A.S.; S.E. and R.U.; supervision, H.F.; S.S.; A.S.; S.E. and A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the authors.

References

[1] Bauer K, Garbe D, Surburg H. Common fragrance and flavor materials. Preparation, properties and uses. Fourth completely revised edition. Weinheim, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto: Wiley – VCH; 2001. 10.1002/3527608214.Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Stoyanova A. A Guide for the Specialist in the Aromatic Industry. Bulgarian National Association of Essential Oils, Perfumery and Cosmetics. Plovdiv. Bulgaria; 2022.Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Jirovetz L, Wlcek K, Buchbauer G, Gochev V, Girova T, Stoyanova A, et al. Antifungal activity of various lamiaceae essential oils rich in thymol and carvacrol against clinical isolates of pathogenic Candida species. Int J Essent Oil Ther. 2007;1:153–7.Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Kim N, Moon H, Rhee M. Sodium chloride significantly enhances the bactericidal actions of carvacrol and thymol against the halotolerant species Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus 109015. LWT. 2007;122. 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109015.Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Lee J, Kim Y, Lee J. Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;123(6):1420–8. 10.1111/jam.13602.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[6] Marchese A, Arciola C, Coppo E, Barbieri R, Barreca D, Chebaibi S, et al. The Natural plant compound carvacrol as an antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent: mechanisms, synergies and bio-inspired anti-infective materials. Biofouling. 2018;34(6):630–56. 10.1080/08927014.2018.1480756.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Rua J, Del Valle P, De Arriaga D, Fernandez-Alvarez L, Garcia-Armesto M. Combination of carvacrol and thymol: Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and antioxidant activity. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2018;6(9):622–9. 10.1089/fpd.2018.2594.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[8] Sim J, Khazandi M, Chan W, Trott D, Deo P. Antimicrobial activity of thyme oil, oregano oil, thymol and carvacrol against sensitive and resistant microbial isolates from dogs with Otitis externa. Vet Dermatol. 2019;30(6):524–e159. 10.1111/vde.12794.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Veldhuizen E, Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven J, Zweijtzer C, Burt S, Haagsman H. Structural requirements for the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54:1874–9. 10.1021/jf052564y.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Zhang D, Gan R, Ge Y, Yang Q, Ge J, Li H, et al. Research Progress on the antibacterial mechanisms of carvacrol: A Mini review. Bioact Compd Health Dis. 2018;1(6):71. 10.31989/bchd.v1i6.551.Suche in Google Scholar

[11] Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Puerto M, Pichardo S, Jos A, Cameán A. In vitro pro-oxidant/antioxidant role of carvacrol, thymol and their mixture in the intestinal Caco-2 cell line. Toxicol Vitr. 2015;29:647–56. 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.006.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Tohidi B, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A, Sabzalian M. Thymol, carvacrol, and antioxidant accumulation in Thymus species in response to different light spectra emitted by light-emitting diodes. Food Chem. 2020;307:125521. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125521.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Yanishlieva N, Marinova E, Gordon M, Raneva V. Antioxidant activity and mechanisms of action of thymol and carvacrol in two system. Food Chem. 1999;64:59–66. 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00086-7.Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Başer K. Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol bearing essential oils. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(29):3106–19. 10.2174/138161208786404227.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni E, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer W, Del Mar Contreras M, et al. Carvacrol and human health: a comprehensive review. Phytother Res. 2018;32(9):1675–88. 10.1002/ptr.6103.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Belda R, Herraez J, Diez O. A Study of the refractive index and surface tension synergy of the binary water/ethanol: influence of concentration. Phys Chem Liq. 2005;43(1):91–101. 10.1080/00319100512331327342.Suche in Google Scholar

[17] Arneodo C, Bazkin A, Benoit J, Fellous R, Thies C. Interfacial studies of essential oil-water system. Coll Surf. 1988/89;34:159–69. 10.1016/0166-6622(88)80094-5.Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Garcia-Abarrio S, Torcal M, Haya M, Urieta J, Mainar A. Thermophysical properties of {(±)-linalool + propan-1-ol}: A First stage towards the development of a green process. J Chem Thermodyn. 2011;43:527–36. 10.1016/j.jct.2010.11.007.Suche in Google Scholar

[19] Clara R, Gomez Marigliano A, Del Campos V, Solimo H. Density, viscosity, vapour–liquid equilibrium, excess molar enthalpy, and their correlations of the binary system [1-pentanol+r-(+)-limonene] over the complete concentration range, at different temperatures. Fluid Ph Equilib. 2010;293:151–6. 10.1016/j.fluid.2010.03.001.Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Markarian S, Terzyan A. Surface tension and refractive index of dialkylsulfoxide + water mixtures at several temperatures. J Chem Eng Data. 2007;52(5):1704–9. 10.1021/je7001013.Suche in Google Scholar

[21] ISO 280:1998280:1998. Essential oils – Determination of Refractive Index.Suche in Google Scholar

[22] ISO 279:1998279:1998. Essential oils – Determination of Relative Density at 20°C – Reference Method.Suche in Google Scholar

[23] Yankova R, Gandova V, Dimov M, Dobreva K, Prodanova-Stefanova V, Stoyanova A. Studies on the structural, electronic and physical properties of linalool. Oxid Commun. 2019;42(3):293–306.Suche in Google Scholar

[24] Zaika L. Spices and herbs: Their Antimicrobial activity and its determination. J Food Saf. 1988;2:97–118. 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1988.tb00511.x.Suche in Google Scholar

[25] Huang D, Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan J, Deemer E. Development and validation of oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay for lipophilic antioxidants using randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin as the solubility enhancer. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(7):1815–21. 10.1021/jf0113732.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[26] Scaffaro R, Lopresti F. Processing, structure, property relationships and release kinetics of electrospun PLA/Carvacrol membranes. Eur Polym J. 2017;100:165–71. 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.01.035.Suche in Google Scholar

[27] Fonseca L, Cruxen C, Bruni G, Fiorentin A, Zavareze E, Lim L-T, et al. Development of antimicrobial and antioxidant electrospun soluble potato starch nanofibers loaded with carvacrol. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;139:182–1190. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.096.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] Yerima J, Solomon S, Dikko A. Temperature dependence of density and dynamic surface tension of groundnut oil and palm oil. Int J Eng Sci. 2015;4(6):49–55.Suche in Google Scholar

[29] Raev N. Matter – Nature, properties and events. Plovdiv: UFT Academic Publishing House; 2008.Suche in Google Scholar

[30] Cháfer A, de la Torre J, Muñoz R, Burgue M. Liquid–liquid equlibria of the mixture linalool+ethanol+water at different temperatures. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2005;238:72–6. 10.1016/j.fluid.2005.09.009.Suche in Google Scholar

[31] Calvar N, Gonzalez B, Gomez E, Canosa J. Density, speed of sound, and refractive index for binarymixtures containing cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds at T = 313.15K. J Chem Eng. 2009;54:1334–9. 10.1021/je8009336.Suche in Google Scholar

[32] Khan I, Bahuguna A, Kumar P, Bajpai V, Kang S. Antimicrobial potential of carvacrol against uropathogenic Escherichia coli via membrane disruption, depolarization, and reactive oxygen species generation. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2421. 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02421.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Miladi K, Zmantar T, Chaabouni Y, Fedhila K, Bakhrouf A, Mandouani K, et al. Antibacterial and efflux pump of thymol and carvacrol against food-borne pathogens. Microb Pathog. 2016;99:95–100. 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.008.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[34] Campana R, Baffone W. Carvacrol efficacy in reducing microbial biofilms on stainless steel and in limiting re-growth of injured cells. Food Control. 2018;90:10–7. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.029.Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Sarrazin S, da Silva L, Oliveira R, Raposo J, da Silva J, Salimena F, et al. Antibacterial action against food-borne microorganisms and antioxidant activity of carvacrol-rich oil from Lippia origanoides Kunth. Lipids Health Dis. 2015;14:145. 10.1186/s12944-015-0146-7.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[36] Du E, Gan L, Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2015;6:58. 10.1186/s40104-015-0055-7.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Bnyan I, Abid A, Obied H. Antibacterial activity of carvacrol against different types of bacteria. J Nat Sci Res. 2014;4:9.Suche in Google Scholar

[38] Jelenkovic L, Stankov-Jovanovic V, Palic I, Mitic V, Jevtovic-Stoimenov T, Radulovic M. Examination of the decrease in activity of clinically significant enzymes in commercial serum caused by terpenes in vitro. Oxid Commun. 2016;39(4):3156–67.Suche in Google Scholar

[39] Bayraktar O, Yerkesikli A. Oxidation of oregano essential oil using zeolite-encapsulated Cr(SALPU) complex. Oxid Commun. 2017;40(4):1275–81. https://hdl.handle.net/11147/7906.Suche in Google Scholar

[40] Cutillas A, Carrasco A, Martinez-Gutierrez R, Tomas V, Tudela J. Thyme essential oils from Spain: Aromatic profile ascertained by GC–MS, and their antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase and antimicrobial activities. J Food Drug Anal. 2018;26:529–44. 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.05.004.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[41] Safaei-Ghomi J, Ebrahimabadi A, Djafari-Bidgoli Z, Batooli H. GC/MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil and methanol extracts of Thymus caramanicus Jalas and its main constituent carvacrol. Food Chem. 2009;115:1524–8. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.051.Suche in Google Scholar

[42] Gavaric N, Mozina S, Kladar N, Bozin B. Chemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of thyme and oregano essential oils, thymol and carvacrol and their possible synergism. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants. 2015;18:1013–21. 10.1080/0972060X.2014.971069.Suche in Google Scholar

[43] Jouki M, Khazaei N. Effects of active batter coatings enriched by quince seed gum and carvacrol microcapsules on oil uptake and quality loss of nugget during frying. J Food Sci Technol. 2022; 59:1104–13. 10.1007/s13197-021-05114-4.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2023-02-22
Revised: 2023-03-17
Accepted: 2023-03-31
Published Online: 2023-05-08

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0319
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
carvacrol; physicochemical properties; antibacterial and antioxidant activities
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 19.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2022-0319/html?srsltid=AfmBOopDd6WR8e0k8zQ_v_KONFqmcmcpv40sgJtG7OFhGNOzZZi042nR
Button zum nach oben scrollen