Home Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
Article Open Access

Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat

  • Fang Tang and Behnam Mahdavi EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 21, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

Eye retinopathy means damage to the retina of the eye, which can have various causes, both congenital and acquired. Diabetes is one of the important causes of eye retinopathy. Retinopathy can develop slowly or quickly, get better on its own, or lead to permanent damage. No treatment is recommended in the early and mild stages. However, close monitoring is essential. Severe form of the disease may require treatment. Recently, the researchers have focused on new options for the treatment of the retinal damages. Present investigation discloses the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesizing capability of the leaves of pharmacologically important Abelmoschus esculentus. Rapid, cost-effective, one-step process of formulation has been achieved. New genre AgNPs were characterized by involving ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. Effect of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus was assessed on the retinal injury of diabetic rats in this study. After inducing the diabetes by STZ, all rats were separated in to seven different groups (n = 20) including control, diabetic retinopathy group receiving saline solution, and AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus treated group receiving AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (20, 40, and 80 µg/kg) for a duration of 8 weeks. After completion of the treatment protocol, the body weight and blood glucose were determined. Leukocytosis, retinal vascular permeability, fundus photography, and retinal vessel diameter, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), and concentrations of IL10, NF-κB, and TNFα in the retina were assessed. AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus in all doses reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the weight, glucose, NF-κB, and TNFα concentrations, retinal leukocytosis, and vascular permeability and increased the concentrations of SOD, CAT, GSH, and IL10. Thus, the present research concludes that AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus effectively manages the diabetic retinopathy at the best.

Keywords: retinal damage; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; silver nanoparticles; Abelmoschus esculentus

1 Introduction

Retinopathy is one of the diabetes complications that leads to changes in the eye vessels. The retina is the main part of the eye, that is, the work done by different parts of the eye, such as the lens, cornea, etc., is to create an accurate and clear image on the retina so that its effect is sent to the brain and we can see [1–3]. Damage to this part causes retinopathy. This problem in diabetic patients causes blindness. Background retinopathy is the first stage of diabetic retinopathy. At this stage, the small vessels in retina are damaged and blood or fluid leaks from them [4–6]. The leaked liquid causes retina swelling or deposits called “exudate.” Although this stage usually does not affect vision, it may later progress to more severe stages that lead to vision loss. Sometimes the liquid that has leaked collects in the center of vision. The visual center is responsible for observing small details of objects (for example, numbers or letters) [6–8]. This problem is called swelling of the center of vision and may make reading or doing close tasks more difficult. The vessels are fragile and have weaker walls and may lead to bleeding. The vitreous is a clear, jelly-like substance that fills the eye center [5–8]. Leaked blood makes the vitreous cloudy and partially blocks the passage of light from the pupil to the retina, resulting in a blurry image. These abnormal blood vessels may become hardened tissue that separates the retina from the back wall of the eye and causes retinal detachment, which, if left untreated, can lead to severe vision loss and blindness. Abnormal blood vessels grow on the iris (the colored part of the eye), around the pupil, and the increase in the intraocular pressure causes glaucoma [8–10]. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the main severe type of retinal disease caused by diabetes. About 20% of diabetic patients suffer from it, and it can cause severe vision loss and blindness [10–13]. Non-proliferative retinopathy is a stage that sometimes has mild symptoms and may even be asymptomatic, but if the sensitive point of vision (macula) is involved, vision loss will occur. When bleeding occurs, vision may be impaired or even lost. Proliferative retinopathy does not cause pain, but it is a severe disease that must be treated quickly. High blood pressure and pregnancy may aggravate retinopathy [7–11]. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors stop the neovascularization of the visual field, retina, and iris and reduce fluorescein leakage. Preliminary results show that ranibizumab and aflibercept are valuable and superior to whole retinal photocoagulation in terms of visual acuity, respectively. There are no data to suggest that one VEGF inhibitor is superior to another for reducing neovascularization [12–16]. Although bevacizumab is the least expensive, it is difficult to obtain from compounding pharmacies [17–20]. The choice of a specific VEGF inhibitor for the proliferative retinopathy treatment is often based on availability, physician familiarity with the drug, cost, and patient characteristics (e.g., the presence or absence of diabetic macular edema, the severity of retinopathy, and previous history of intravitreal injection of VEGF-inhibiting drugs). Recently, medicinal plants and herbal nanoparticles have been proposed as treatment options for various diseases such as eye complications [21–25].

The science of nanotechnology has contributed greatly to the development and discovery of modern treatment options, e.g., we can mention the modified nanoparticles use for the selective and targeted delivery of drugs to abnormal tissue [26–31]. The use of nanotechnology in the drugs production is one of the promising fields for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Because of their excellent physical characteristics, nanoparticles have been applied as an effective candidate for drug treatment, the most important of which is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [32–36]. Although there are different methods for NP synthesis, biocompatible methods such as synthesis using bacteria, fungi, and plants are very simple and cost-effective alternatives to chemical and physical methods [36–38]. Meanwhile, plants have received more attention. Various studies have also shown the therapeutic potential of plant NPs, so that these plants have been applied for the green synthesis of AgNPs [39–42]. If the therapeutic effects of these nanoparticles are approved, this issue can be a step forward in the advancement of disease treatment methods [43–45]. Various studies have proven the role of AgNPs on Casp3 gene and p53 gene in anticancer effects [44–49].

Current research discloses the capability of AgNPs green-formulated using the leaves of pharmacologically important Abelmoschus esculentus. One-step, cost-effective, and rapid process of formulation has been gained. Effect of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus was assessed on the diabetic rat’s retinal injury as described in Section 2.3.

2 Methods and materials

2.1 Preparation of plant extract

Heat soaking method was used for extraction. After weighing, 10 g plant leaves were washed several times using deionized water to remove surface contamination. Then, 50 mL of boiling water was added to it and after 30 min, the obtained extract was passed through Whatman filter paper No. 1. Fresh extract was used in all stages of the experiment.

2.2 Green synthesis and chemical characterization of AgNPs

First, AgNO3 (10 mM) was weighed using a digital scale to an accuracy of 0.001 g and dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water, and a 0.001 M base solution was obtained. In order to synthesize AgNPs using the extract, 20 mL of Abelmoschus esculentus extract was combined with 100 µL of AgNO3 solution, the change in solution color at room temperature is a sign of the production of AgNPs. The characterization of the formulated AgNPs were analyzed using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR).

2.2.1 FT-IR

To assess the functional groups’ changes due to the reduction process, FT-IR analysis was carried out using the NICOLET infrared spectrometer model iS10 in the spectral range of 400–4,000 cm−1. For this purpose, the synthesized NPs were precipitated by a centrifuge at 25,000 rpm, and the precipitate was washed with deionized water three times and dried in air.

2.2.2 UV–Vis spectrophotometry

Considering that AgNPs have a maximum absorption peak in the range of 400–450 nm, in the current study, a spectrophotometer device (Nanodrop product of Jena Analytik Company, Germany) was used in this research to investigate the biosynthesis of AgNPs at a wavelength of 100–600 nm. Deionized water was also used as a negative control. Absorption spectrum diagrams of the studied samples were drawn using the Excel software.

2.2.3 FE-SEM

To assess the size and morphology of the yielded NPs by FE-SEM, the reaction mixture was centrifuged three times. Then, some drops of the resulting sediment were dried on aluminum foil, then, photographs were taken using an electron microscope, Philips FE-SEM machine, model 300-CMC (Netherlands).

2.3 In vivo study

Seven groups of rats (n = 140) were used for the biomedical assessment in the current research. The groups are as follows:

Control: Receiving the distilled water for 8 weeks.

Untreated: Inducing diabetes with STZ (60 mg/kg) and receiving the distilled water for 8 weeks.

AgNPs@ Abelmoschus esculentus -20: Inducing diabetes with STZ (60 mg/kg) and receiving the AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus at a dose of 20 µg/kg for 8 weeks.

AgNPs@ Abelmoschus esculentus -40: Inducing diabetes with STZ (60 mg/kg) and receiving the AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus at a dose of 40 µg/kg for 8 weeks.

AgNPs@ Abelmoschus esculentus -80: Inducing diabetes with STZ (60 mg/kg) and receiving the AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus at a dose of 80 µg/kg for 8 weeks.

AgNO 3 -40: Inducing diabetes with STZ (60 mg/kg) and receiving the AgNO3 at a dose of 40 µg/kg for 8 weeks.

Abelmoschus esculentus -40: Inducing diabetes with STZ (60 mg/kg) and receiving the Abelmoschus esculentus at a dose of 40 µg/kg for 8 weeks.

The Abelmoschus esculentus extract, AgNO3, and AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus were injected intraperitoneally in all groups once a day according to a specific schedule for 56 days. After the completion of treatment protocol, the body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBS) were assessed. After the mentioned time of Abelmoschus esculentus extract, AgNO3, and AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus injection, a blood test was performed in order to measure the desired factors. Animals were bled from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. The blood sampling method was performed directly from the open heart. To anesthetize, the target animal was placed inside the human body containing cotton soaked in ether, and thus the animal was subjected to mild anesthesia. 30 min after blood collection, the samples were placed in a centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 20 min, and blood serum was prepared and used to measure the factors. The collected samples were sent to the laboratory for biochemistry parameters activities.

Moreover, the eyes of rats were isolated to determinate the histopathology and biochemical study. To do the photography of fundus, retinal camera was used. To determine the retinal vessel diameter, the method described by Vucetic et al. was applied. Retinal vessel diameter average was considered as the final diameter for the research. Previously described method was used to determine the quantity of leukocytosis at the protocol end. All animals were deeply anesthetized, and after opening the cavity of chest, a needle was inserted into left ventricle. Perfusion with phosphate buffer solation was performed for unbound ConA flushing. After fixing the eyes in formaldehyde and dissecting the retina, it was mounted on the slide to take the images. Evans Blue (EB) dye method was applied to measure the retina vascular permeability. EB dye was injected through the tail vein for 12 s in the anesthetized animals. Under constant pressure of 120 mmHg, left ventricles were perfused with formaldehyde, and then the retina was isolated. EB dye was extracted and centrifuged 60 min at 13,500 rpm and supernatant absorbance was estimated at 740 and 620 nm.

The levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) parameters were determined in the retinal tissue homogenate as factors of oxidative stresses using the method described by Du et al. [50].

To measure SOD enzyme activity, 0.1 M ehylenediaminetetraacetic acid in 0.3 mM sodium cyanide and 1.5 mM nitroblue tetrazolium test were added to a suitable volume of homogenous tissue in a cuvette and mixed for 5 min at 37°C. Then, 0.12 mM riboflavin was added in 0.067 M potassium phosphate buffer with pH = 8.7 and it was placed at room temperature for 10 min. The absorbance was read in 5 min at 560 nm wavelength and the specific activity was calculated in terms of units per mg of protein [50].

To measure the activity of catalase enzyme, absolute ethanol was added to a certain volume of the tissue extract and incubated in ice for half an hour. Then, Triton-100% was added to it with a final concentration of 1%. This solution was used to measure enzyme activity. The reaction was started by adding 30 mM to an appropriate volume of tissue sample extract in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH = 7. Then, the absorbance was read after 3 min at 240 nm wavelength. The specific activity was calculated in terms of units per milligram of protein [50].

To determine the concentration of GSH, ELISA assay was used [50].

2.4 Statistical analysis

The tests results are presented as mean value ± SD after three repetitions. Therapeutic effects were calculated using Origin software. Statistical analysis using SPSS Version software 22 and Duncan's statistical tests and Student’s T-test were used.

3 Results and discussion

Figure 1 shows the FT-IR spectrum of AgNPs. The bands at 509 and 578 cm−1 belong to Ag–O bond that approves the producing of AgNPs. Furthermore, there is a similarity between AgNPs FT-IR spectrum and green synthetic NPs using extracts [45–49]. The peaks at other regions including 3,319, 2,872, 1,391–1,630, and 1,022 cm−1 belong to the different bonds of organic compounds in the plant extract such as phenolic, flavonoid, triterpenes, which were reported previously [35–39].

Figure 1 FT-IR analysis of AgNPs.
Figure 1

FT-IR analysis of AgNPs.

A spectrophotometer is a device that measures light intensity as a wavelength function. This operation is performed by refracting the light beam into a spectrum of wavelengths and detecting the intensities with a charged device and displaying the results in the form of a graph. In fact, this method determines the concentration by using the amount of light absorption. In this method, light consists of very small packages called photons, the energy of each of which is transferred to an electron upon impact [28,29]. Transition occurs only when the energy of the photons is equal to the energy required to move the electron to the next energy level. In general, light with a specific wavelength and energy is irradiated to the sample and a certain amount of its energy is absorbed. Then, by measuring the energy passing through the sample by a photodetector, the amount of absorption is determined. A spectrophotometer is a complex device that measures light intensity as a function of wavelength. In this device, the tour is produced by a light source and after passing through the desired sample, the light is emitted in a spectral form [30]. Then, it is detected by sensors and translated into actionable results. The output of the spectrophotometer is always a graph of light intensity vs wavelength. The value of the graph expresses the amount of passage or the amount of absorption. The UV–Vis spectrophotometer method can measure extremely small samples. Therefore, this method is one of the common methods in identifying and checking the characteristics of colloidal NPs, including AgNPs [28,29]. The reason for this is the availability of this technique, low cost, and acceptable results that can be relied upon. The UV–Vis spectrum obtained from the prepared colloid of NPs is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 UV–Vis analysis of AgNPs.
Figure 2

UV–Vis analysis of AgNPs.

After 10 min, the AgNPs synthesis with the reduction of Ag+ ions was clearly visible. After treating the extract with silver salt, the reaction mixture color changed to dark brown, while no color change occurred in the extract as a control. The color change of the reaction is a morphological indicator to detect the synthesis of AgNPs. An ultraviolet spectroscopic absorption of AgNPs in the range of 400–450 nm was reported. In this reaction, the presence of an absorbance at the wavelength of 432 nm with the UV–Vis spectrometer indicated the green synthesis of AgNPs.

Figure 3 indicates the FE-SEM image of AgNPs synthesized with beetroot extract. The FE-SEM image of NPs shows that these NPs are spherical and non-lumpy in appearance, and the boundary between the grains is clearly defined. Also, the average diameter of the particles is about 47 nm. Therefore, NPs are suitable for use in medical applications.

Figure 3 FE-SEM image of AgNPs.
Figure 3

FE-SEM image of AgNPs.

Table 1 indicated that STZ received animals body weight i.e., untreated rats significantly reduced than control rats. Treatment with AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus significantly raised the STZ induced diabetic rat’s body weight than untreated group. Furthermore, in AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus treated group, rat’s HbA1c% and blood glucose significantly reduced compared to untreated group. It was seen that SOD, GSH, and CAT activities reduced in diabetic animals than control rats. There were notable (p ≤ 0.01) raise in the CAT and SOD activities in the AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus treated diabetic rats’ retinal tissue compared to untreated rats. Furthermore, AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus significantly raised the GSH level in the treated group than that in the untreated group.

Table 1

Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus extract-40, AgNO3-40, and AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus on the body weight, biochemical oxidative stress parameters in rats’ retinal tissues (p ≤ 0.01)

Parameter Groups (n = 20)
Control Untreated AgNPs-20 AgNPs-40 AgNPs-80 Extract AgNO3
Body weight (g) 230 ± 10a 140 ± 6c 169 ± 8b 177 ± 12b 217 ± 13a 166 ± 7b 162 ± 6b
Blood glucose (mg/dl) 85 ± 5a 458 ± 14c 248 ± 15b 209 ± 11b 126 ± 12a 251 ± 16b 266 ± 11b
HbA1c% 4.1 ± 0.5a 16 ± 2.1c 10.7 ± 1.2b 8.4 ± 0.7b 5 ± 0.5a 11 ± 0.4b 11.2 ± 0.6b
SOD (IU/mg protein) 9.5 ± 1.2a 1.8 ± 0.3c 6.2 ± 0.4b 8.9 ± 0.8a 9.5 ± 0.8a 5.6 ± 0.5b 5.1 ± 0.5b
CAT (IU/mg protein) 13.2 ± 0.9a 4.2 ± 0.5c 9.9 ± 0.7b 12.1 ± 0.3a 12.8 ± 0.6a 9.6 ± 0.6b 8.4 ± 0.4b
GSH (nmol/mg protein) 19.6 ± 1.3a 4.5 ± 0.3c 12.8 ± 0.9b 16.8 ± 1.4a 18.7 ± ± 0.7a 11.8 ± 0.9b 10.9 ± 1.1b

a, b, c indicate the significant difference.

It was seen that AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus remarkably (p ≤ 0.01) increased the IL10 level and reduced the TNFα amount in diabetic rats’ retinal tissues compared to untreated group. The findings of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus on the inflammatory cytokine concentration was found to be in a dose dependent manner (Table 2).

Table 2

Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus extract-40, AgNO3-40, and AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus on cytokines (p ≤ 0.01)

Parameter Groups (n = 20)
Control Untreated AgNPs-20 AgNPs-40 AgNPs-80 Extract AgNO3
TNFα (pg/100 mg wet tissue) 34 ± 5a 194 ± 12d 116 ± 7c 73 ± 11b 50 ± 6a 127 ± 9b 133 ± 10b
IL10 (pg/100 mg wet tissue) 168 ± 11a 37 ± 3c 102 ± 10b 142 ± 5a 159 ± 11a 89 ± 6b 88 ± 12b

a, b, c indicate the significant difference.

Treatment with AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (all doses) reveals less optic disk vascular leak than untreated rats. AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus treated group’s vascular diameter was found to be decreased than untreated group.

Treatment with AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus remarkably reduces the leukocytes adherence in the vessels of STZ-induced diabetic rats than untreated group. Furthermore, EB vascular permeability was notably (p ≤ 0.01) raised in AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus treated rats compared to untreated rats.

In the normal group, the rat’s retinal blood vessels are of normal external appearance. EB is well distributed in the blood vessels. The large blood vessel walls were smooth. The micro-vessels are in good order and no defect area can be observed. The RBCs were evenly and neatly placed in the capillaries. It can be seen that part of superficial retinal blood vessels are dilated and have leakage area in the untreated group. The leakage area size is calculated and analyzed and the results are in the average of 0.95% (Figure 4 and Table 3).

Figure 4 Superficial vascular leakage in the retina in untreated group. Scale 50 µm.
Figure 4

Superficial vascular leakage in the retina in untreated group. Scale 50 µm.

Table 3

Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus extract-40, AgNO3-40, and AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus on fundus photography, retinal vessel diameter, retinal leukocytosis, and vascular permeability parameters in retinal tissues of rats (p ≤ 0.01)

Parameter Groups (n = 20)
Control Untreated AgNPs-20 AgNPs-40 AgNPs-80 Extract AgNO3
Retinal articular diameter (µm) 32 ± 4a 91 ± 13c 64 ± 6b 43 ± 5a 40 ± 7a 63 ± 7b 72 ± 8b
Retinal venular diameter (µm) 51 ± 8a 123 ± 9c 85 ± 7b 73 ± 8b 55 ± 5a 93 ± 7b 93 ± 6b
Retinal leukocytosis (mm2) 3.6 ± 0.4a 16.7 ± 0.8c 8.2 ± 0.9b 5 ± 0.3a 3.9 ± 0.5a 10±1b 10.3 ± 0.8b
EB content in the retina (ng/mg) 3.4 ± 0.3a 16.4 ± 0.9c 8 ± 0.8b 5 ± 0.4a 3.7 ± 0.3a 9.7 ± 0.6b 9.8 ± 0.8b

a, b, c indicate the significant difference.

There was a notable raise in the concentration of nuclear factor (NF)-kB p65 in STZ induced diabetic rats’ retinal tissues than control rats. But, treatment with AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus remarkably (p ≤ 0.01) reduces its level in the retinal tissues in comparison with the untreated rats (Table 4).

Table 4

Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus extract-40, AgNO3-40, and AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus on nuclear factor-kB p65 (p ≤ 0.01)

Parameter Groups (n = 20)
Control Untreated AgNPs-20 AgNPs-40 AgNPs-80 Extract AgNO3
NF-kB p65 (pg/100 mg wet tissue) 2.8 ± 0.5a 9.6 ± 0.8c 5.4 ± 0.7b 4.9 ± 0.5b 3.4 ± 0.3a 5.1 ± 0.4b 5.6 ± 0.6b

a, b, c indicate the significant difference.

Flavonoids are compounds of polyphenol pigments soluble in the water of plants, whose various properties have been investigated in the treatment and prevention of human diseases. Flavonoids have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties [51–56]. The most characteristic feature of all flavonoids is their antioxidant action. In the diabetic retinopathy conditions, due to the hyperglycemia effects, the body is exposed to free radicals, and oxidative stress is a cause of diabetic micro and macrovascular disease [57–61]. In addition to increasing the function of internal antioxidants, flavonoids can interact with free radicals in various ways, including direct trapping of free radicals and effect on xanthine oxidase, which is an important pathway in oxidative damage to tissues. Among the plants with antioxidant properties, barberry and okra can be mentioned [58–60]. The barberry has antioxidant properties due to the presence of compounds such as berberine saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroid components and vitamin C. Therefore, the consumption of this plant has protective effects on different tissues of the body by reducing oxidative stress [60–62]. Also, the treatment of diabetic male rats with oral consumption of aqueous barberry extract has been effective in reducing blood triglycerides and glucose and treating diabetes. This study also showed that the beneficial effects of plant extract and herbal NPs in reducing blood sugar are related to the increase in the level of adiponectin hormone. The findings of this research revealed that plant extract compounds, as flavonoids with high antioxidant properties, restores pancreatic islets of Langerhans and reduces blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. Considering the importance of adiponectin hormone and considering the role of this hormone in preventing inflammation, drugs effective in increasing the level of adiponectin can also be included among the therapeutic goals [59–63]. Considering that herbal medicines such as barberry, saffron, and okra can increase the level of adiponectin in animal models of diabetes, these compounds and the effective components of these plants can be used for research on the treatment of diabetic retinopathy or used as a treatment method along with existing treatment methods to increase the efficiency of treatment in these patients [63–65]. In recent years, the use of compounds of natural origin has received special attention from researchers. Expanding studies in this field can pave the way to finding effective compounds in the treatment of diabetes and its accompanying problems, including diabetic retinopathy [59–61]. Among the various biochemical pathways that are activated in high glucose conditions, the production of AGES and the raise in oxidative stress are particularly important in the diabetic retinopathy progression [62–65]. According to the role of high concentration of glucose in the activation of these pathways and the inflammatory reactions and cell damage caused by it, it can be concluded that factors that have the property of reducing blood sugar and increasing the antioxidant capacity in the body are suitable options for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy [59–62]. Since medicinal plants have important sources of polyphenols, they can be effective in reducing blood sugar on one hand and oxidative stress on the other hand. So, it seems necessary to consider the effective factors found in plants such as polyphenols like quercetin and resveratrol and other phenolic compounds in this field, to improve the vascular and cellular damage caused in the retina of diabetic patients by using the high antioxidant properties of these compounds [62–65].

The properties of okra for diabetes are undeniable. Okra has long been used to treat health problems. Okra contains calcium, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin B, and potassium. In addition, it is a low-calorie food and has a lot of fiber. There is a lot of talk about the properties of okra for diabetes. Many studies are being done on the properties of okra for diabetes [66–68]. According to a study on okra and blood sugar, okra juice lowered blood sugar levels in mice with gestational diabetes. Research has also been done on the effect of okra seeds because okra seeds have been consumed in Turkey since ancient times to treat the diabetes. The findings of these research works were in the favor of diabetic patients and revealed that the properties of okra for diabetes are undeniable [67–69]. Okra can help control blood sugar levels in diabetic patients in various ways: Okra inhibits enzymes that break down carbohydrates; therefore, less sugar is released into the blood. Okra increases insulin sensitivity. By increasing insulin sensitivity, the body becomes more sensitive to blood sugar levels; therefore, it lowers blood sugar faster. Okra helps to regenerate liver pancreatic beta cells [66–69]. Pancreatic beta cells are responsible for the production of insulin, the function of which in diabetic people is reduced or completely lost. Okra increases insulin secretion. Okra has high fiber that prevents the accumulation of glucose in the blood and more sugar is absorbed [29–33]. It is estimated that eight medium okra contain about 3 g fiber. Dietary fiber has many health benefits. Fibers help to digest food better, reduce appetite, and feel full for a long time. In addition, increasing the consumption of fiber in the diet causes better FBS control and improved sensitivity to insulin. For these reasons, foods that have a lot of fiber are suitable treatment options in the diet of diabetic patients. With these interpretations, one of the main reasons for the properties of okra for diabetes is its high fiber content [66–69]. There is evidence that okra seed extract has anti-stress and antioxidant effects in the mice bloodstream. Managing the levels of stress is an important part of managing diabetes. Long and intense periods of stress can cause FBS levels to rise. Mental health should be a part of diabetes treatment process and reducing stress is another reason why okra is good for diabetes [67–69]. A property of okra for diabetes is that it lowers blood cholesterol levels. Foods containing high fiber content and antioxidant effects are suggested for diabetic people. The American Heart Association notes that diabetic patients are more likely to have elevated blood cholesterol. When the high cholesterol complication is combined with diabetes, it will not benefit diabetic patients at all. This is why it is so important for people with diabetes to follow a cholesterol-lowering diet [66–69]. This was another property of okra for diabetes. Studies have shown that okra reduces the time and intensity of fatigue in diabetics. If people who exercise take okra, they can exercise longer and recover faster after exercise. Improving the performance of the cardiovascular system is an important part of diabetes treatment and prevention. This means that okra can help lead a more active lifestyle; therefore, this will also be a property of okra for diabetes [67–69].

4 Conclusion

In this study, the chemical characterization tests of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus was run by the chemical techniques of UV–Visible spectrophotometer, FT-IR, and FE-SEM. Other results of this research offer that AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus effectively controls diabetic retinopathy by regulating the FBS and attenuating the altered inflammatory mediators such as NF-kB, IL10, and TNFα and oxidative stress in the retina of STZ-induced diabetic rat.

4.1 Limitation

There are some limitations in the current research project.

(1) We tried to do the clinical examinations periodically in order to find general symptoms of pathology, but we could not do them every day or several times per day.

(2) Retinal tissue volume extracted from every rat was low and we could not investigate other immunological and biochemical parameters in it.

(3) Retinal tissue volume extracted from every rat was low and we could not investigate the expression of genes involved in it.

(4) To reduce the stress condition in diabetic rats, we preferred to weigh them a time per day instead of several times.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors had the same role in conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review & editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Sun JK, Keenan HA, Cavallerano JD, Asztalos BF, Schaefer EJ, Sell DR, et al. Protection from retinopathy and other complications in patients with type 1 diabetes of extreme duration: the Joslin 50-year medalist study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):968–74.10.2337/dc10-1675Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] Kowluru RA, Atasi L, Ho YS. Role of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(4):1594–9.10.1167/iovs.05-1276Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Gao G, Shao C, Mott R, Ma JX. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous antiinflammatory factor. FASEB J. 2006;20(2):323–5.10.1096/fj.05-4313fjeSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] Antonetti DA, Klein R, Gardner TW. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(13):1227–39.10.1056/NEJMra1005073Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Klein R, Klein BE. Are individuals with diabetes seeing better?: a long-term epidemiological perspective. Diabetes. 2010;59(8):1853–60.10.2337/db09-1904Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Leasher JL, Bourne RR, Flaxman SR, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Naidoo K, et al. Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis from 1990 to 2010. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(9):1643–9.10.2337/dc15-2171Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Cole ED, Novais EA, Louzada RN, Waheed NK. Contemporary retinal imaging techniques in diabetic retinopathy: a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2016;44(4):289–99.10.1111/ceo.12711Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[8] Jackson GR, Barber AJ. Visual dysfunction associated with diabetic retinopathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10(5):380–4.10.1007/s11892-010-0132-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Frey T, Antonetti DA. Alterations to the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes: cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15(5):1271–84.10.1089/ars.2011.3906Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Zhang X, Zeng H, Bao S, Wang N, Gillies MC. Diabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment. Cell Biosci. 2014;4:27.10.1186/2045-3701-4-27Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[11] Diabetes control complications trial research group, Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, Crofford O, et al. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977–86.10.1056/NEJM199309303291401Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854–65.10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8Search in Google Scholar

[13] Aiello LP. DCCT/EDIC Research Group Diabetic retinopathy and other ocular findings in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):17–23.10.2337/dc13-2251Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[14] Genuth S, Sun W, Cleary P, Gao X, Sell DR, Lachin J, et al. Skin advanced glycation end products glucosepane and methylglyoxal hydroimidazolone are independently associated with long-term microvascular complication progression of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2015;64(1):266–78.10.2337/db14-0215Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[15] Xu Z, Wei Y, Gong J, Cho H, Park JK, Sung ER, et al. NRF2 plays a protective role in diabetic retinopathy in mice. Diabetologia. 2014;57(1):204–13.10.1007/s00125-013-3093-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] Chen Y, Hu Y, Lin M, Jenkins AJ, Keech AC, Mott R, et al. Therapeutic effects of PPARα agonists on diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes models. Diabetes. 2013;62(1):261–72.10.2337/db11-0413Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Hu Y, Chen Y, Ding L, He X, Takahashi Y, Gao Y, et al. Pathogenic role of diabetes-induced PPAR-α down-regulation in microvascular dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(38):15401–6.10.1073/pnas.1307211110Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] Noonan JE, Jenkins AJ, Ma JX, Keech AC, Wang JJ, Lamoureux EL. An update on the molecular actions of fenofibrate and its clinical effects on diabetic retinopathy and other microvascular end points in patients with diabetes. Diabetes. 2013;62(12):3968–75.10.2337/db13-0800Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Ford JA, Lois N, Royle P, Clar C, Shyangdan D, Waugh N. Current treatments in diabetic macular oedema: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2013;3(3):e002269.10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002269Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[20] Sfikakis PP, Grigoropoulos V, Emfietzoglou I, Theodossiadis G, Tentolouris N, Delicha E, et al. Infliximab for diabetic macular edema refractory to laser photocoagulation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, 32-week study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1523–8.10.2337/dc09-2372Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Liu J, Feener EP. Plasma kallikrein-kinin system and diabetic retinopathy. Biol Chem. 2013;394(3):319–28.10.1515/hsz-2012-0316Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Canning P, Kenny BA, Prise V, Glenn J, Sarker MH, Hudson N, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) as a therapeutic target to prevent retinal vasopermeability during diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(26):7213–8.10.1073/pnas.1514213113Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[23] Kowluru RA, Kowluru A, Mishra M, Kumar B. Oxidative stress and epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2015;48:40–61.10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.05.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Shaw LC, Neu MB, Grant MB. Cell-based therapies for diabetic retinopathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2011;11(4):265–74.10.1007/s11892-011-0197-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[25] Ashraf M, Souka A, Adelman R. Predicting outcomes to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in diabetic macular oedema: a review of the literature. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(12):1596–604.10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-308388Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[26] (a) Dehnoee A, Kalbasi RJ, Zangeneh MM, Delnavazi MR, Zangeneh A. One‐step synthesis of silver nanostructures using Heracleum persicum fruit extract, their cytotoxic activity, anti‐cancer and anti‐oxidant activities. Micro Nano Lett. 2023;18(1):e12153; (b) Han S, Ahmeda A, Jalalvand AR, Lu W, Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A. Application of silver nanoparticles containing Gundelia tournefortii L. leaf aqueous extract in the treatment of microbial diseases and cutaneous wound healing. Appl Organomet Chem. 2022;36(12):e5491.Search in Google Scholar

[27] (a) Abbasi N, Ghaneialvar H, Moradi R, Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A. Formulation and characterization of a novel cutaneous wound healing ointment by silver nanoparticles containing Citrus lemon leaf: A pre-clinical trial study. Arab J Chem. 2021;14(7):103246; (b) Ma D, Gong D, Han T, Javadi M, Mohebi H, Karimian M, et al. Immobilized Ag NPs on chitosan-biguanidine coated magnetic nanoparticles for synthesis of Propargylamines and treatment of human lung cancer. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;165:767–775.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Han Y, Gao Y, Cao X, Zangeneh MM, Liu S, Li J. Ag NPs on chitosan-alginate coated magnetite for synthesis of indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazines and human lung protective effects against α-Guttiferin. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;164:2974–86.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.183Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] (a) Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A. Characterization and anti-acute T cell leukemia properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized by a green approach for bioremediation applications: Introducing a new chemotherapeutic drug for clinical trial studies. Appl Organomet Chem. 2020;34(3):5374; (b) Zangeneh A, Kalbasi RJ, Seydi N, Zangeneh MM, Mansouri S, Goorani S, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam and evaluation of their bio‐activities under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Appl Organomet Chem. 2020;34(4):e5358; (c) Zangeneh A, Zangeneh MM. Preparation, formulation, and chemical characterization of silver nanoparticles using Melissa officinalis leaf aqueous extract for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in vitro and in vivo conditions. Appl Organomet Chem. 2020;34(2):e5378.Search in Google Scholar

[30] (a) Zangeneh A, Zangeneh MM, Moradi R. Ethnomedicinal plant-extract-assisted green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Allium saralicum extract, and their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound-healing activities. Appl Organomet Chem. 2020;34(1):e5247; (b) Zangeneh MM. Green synthesis and formulation a modern chemotherapeutic drug of Spinacia oleracea L. leaf aqueous extract conjugated silver nanoparticles; Chemical characterization and analysis of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia properties in comparison to doxorubicin in a leukemic mouse model. Appl Organomet Chem. 2020;34(1):e5295.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Habouti S, Solterbeck CH, Es-Souni M. Synthesis of silver nano-fir-twigs and application to single molecules detection. J Mater Chem. 2010;20:5215–9.10.1039/c0jm00564aSearch in Google Scholar

[32] Hu XH, Chan CT. Photonic crystals with silver nanowires as a near-infrared superlens. Appl Phys Lett. 2004;85:1520–2.10.1063/1.1784883Search in Google Scholar

[33] Alshehri AH, Jakubowska M, Młożniak A, Horaczek M, Rudka D, Free C, et al. Enhanced electrical conductivity of silver nanoparticles for high frequency electronic applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012;4:7007–10.10.1021/am3022569Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[34] Chen G, Lu J, Lam C, Yu Y. A novel green synthesis approach for polymer nanocomposites decorated with silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity. Analyst. 2014;139:5793–9.10.1039/C4AN01301HSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[35] Braun GB, Friman T, Pang HB, Pallaoro A, Hurtado de Mendoza T, Willmore AM, et al. Etchable plasmonic nanoparticle probes to image and quantify cellular internalization. Nat Mater. 2014;13:904–11.10.1038/nmat3982Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[36] Goodman AM, Cao Y, Urban C, Neumann O, Ayala-Orozco C, Knight MW, et al. The surprising in vivo instability of near-IR-absorbing hollow Au–Ag nanoshells. ACS Nano. 2014;8:3222–31.10.1021/nn405663hSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Park S, Park HH, Kim SY, Kim SJ, Woo K, Ko G. Antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles on a magnetic hybrid colloid. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80:2343–50.10.1128/AEM.03427-13Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Xiang D, Zheng Y, Duan W, Li X, Yin J, Shigdar S, et al. Inhibition of A/Human/Hubei/3/2005 (H3N2) influenza virus infection by silver nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomed. 2013;8:4103–14.10.2147/IJN.S53622Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[39] Gaikwad S, Ingle A, Gade A, Rai M, Falanga A, Incoronato N, et al. Antiviral activity of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles against herpes simplex virus and human parainfluenza virus type 3. Int J Nanomed. 2013;8:4303–14.10.2147/IJN.S50070Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[40] Trefry JC, Wooley DP. Silver nanoparticles inhibit vaccinia virus infection by preventing viral entry through a macropinocytosis-dependent mechanism. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2013;9:1624–35.10.1166/jbn.2013.1659Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[41] de Lima R, Seabra AB, Durán N. Silver nanoparticles: a brief review of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chemically and biogenically synthesized nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol. 2012;32:867–79.10.1002/jat.2780Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] Gurunathan S, Lee KJ, Kalishwaralal K, Sheikpranbabu S, Vaidyanathan R, Eom SH. Antiangiogenic properties of silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2009;30:6341–50.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[43] Sriram MI, Kanth SB, Kalishwaralal K, Gurunathan S. Antitumor activity of silver nanoparticles in Dalton’s lymphoma ascites tumor model. Int J Nanomed. 2010;5:753–62.10.2147/IJN.S11727Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[44] Guo D, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Huang Z, Ding Q, et al. The cellular uptake and cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles on chronic myeloid leukemia cells. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2014;10:669–78.10.1166/jbn.2014.1625Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[45] Franco-Molina MA, Mendoza-Gamboa E, Sierra-Rivera CA, Gómez-Flores RA, Zapata-Benavides P, Castillo-Tello P, et al. Antitumor activity of colloidal silver on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2010;29:148–54.10.1186/1756-9966-29-148Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[46] Gurunathan S, Han JW, Eppakayala V, Jeyaraj M, Kim JH. Cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:535796–805.10.1155/2013/535796Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[47] Gurunathan S, Raman J, Abd Malek SN, John PA, Vikineswary S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomed. 2013;8:4399–413.10.2147/IJN.S51881Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[48] Sahu SC, Zheng J, Graham L, Chen L, Ihrie J, Yourick JJ, et al. Comparative cytotoxicity of nanosilver in human liver HepG2 and colon Caco2 cells in culture. J Appl Toxicol. 2014;34:1155–66.10.1002/jat.2994Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[49] Faedmaleki F, H Shirazi F, Salarian AA, Ahmadi Ashtiani H, Rastegar H. Toxicity effect of silver nanoparticles on mice liver primary cell culture and HepG2 cell line. Iran J Pharm Res. 2014;13:235–42.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Du H, Zhang M, Yao K, Hu Z. Protective effect of Aster tataricus extract on retinal damage on the virtue of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in diabetic rat. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;89:617–22.10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.179Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[51] Jin S, Tong T, Fan W, Fan F, Antinore MJ, Zhu X, et al. GADD45-induced cell cycle G2-M arrest associates with altered subcellular distribution of cyclin B1 and is independent of p38 kinase activity. Oncogene. 2002;21:8696–704.10.1038/sj.onc.1206034Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[52] Zhang HS, Gavin M, Dahiya A, Postigo AA, Ma D, Luo RX, et al. Exit from G1 and S phase of the cell cycle is regulated by repressor complexes containing HDAC-Rb-hSWI/SNF and RbhSWI/ SNF. Cell. 2000;100(1):79–89. 10.1016/S0092-8674.Search in Google Scholar

[53] Yang JJ. Mixed lineage kinase ZAK utilizing MKK7 and not MKK4 to activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and playing a role in the cell arrest. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;297:105–10.10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02123-XSearch in Google Scholar

[54] Wilkinson LJ, White RJ, Chipman JK. Silver and nanoparticles of silver in wound dressings: a review of efficacy and safety. Published Online; 2011 August (20.11.543).10.12968/jowc.2011.20.11.543Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[55] Tian J, Wong KK, Ho CM, Lok CN, Yu WY, Che CM, et al. Topical delivery of silver nanoparticles promotes wound healing. ChemMedChem. 2007 Jan;2(1):129–36.10.1002/cmdc.200600171Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[56] Moldovan B, David L, Vulcu A, Olenic L, Perde-Schrepler M, Fischer-Fodor E, et al. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Viburnum opulus L. fruits extract. Mater Sci Eng: C. 2017 Oct;79:720–7.10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.122Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[57] Schechter PJ, Bhol KC. Topical nanocrystalline silver cream suppresses inflammatory cytokines and induces apoptosis of inflammatory cells in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152(6 June):1235–42.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06575.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[58] Eid HM, Martineau LC, Saleem A, Muhammad A, Vallerand D, Benhaddou-Andaloussi A, et al. Stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase and enhancement of basal glucose uptake in muscle cells by quercetin and quercetin glycosides, active principles of the antidiabetic medicinal plant Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54:991–1003.10.1002/mnfr.200900218Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[59] Coskun O, Kanter M, Korkmaz A, Oter S. Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, prevents and protects streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and beta-cell damage in rat pancreas. Pharmacol Res. 2005;51:117–23.10.1016/j.phrs.2004.06.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[60] Stewart LK, Wang Z, Ribnicky D, Soileau JL, Cefalu WT, Gettys TW. Failure of dietary quercetin to alter the temporal progression of insulin resistance among tissues of C57BL/6J mice during the development of diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia. 2009;52:514–23.10.1007/s00125-008-1252-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[61] Alam MM, Meerza D, Naseem I. Protective effect of quercetin on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and DNA damage in alloxan induced type 2 diabetic mice. Life Sci. 2014;109:8–14.10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[62] Kobori M, Masumoto S, Akimoto Y, Takahashi Y. Dietary quercetin alleviates diabetic symptoms and reduces streptozotocin-induced disturbance of hepatic gene expression in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009;53:859–68.10.1002/mnfr.200800310Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[63] Vessal M, Hemmati M, Vasei M. Antidiabetic effects of quercetin in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Comp Biochem Physiol. 2003;135C:357–64.10.1016/S1532-0456(03)00140-6Search in Google Scholar

[64] Eid HM, Nachar A, Thong F, Sweeney G, Haddad PS. The molecular basis of the antidiabetic action of quercetin in cultured skeletal muscle cells and hepatocytes. Pharmacogn Mag. 2015;11:74–81.10.4103/0973-1296.149708Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[65] Eitah HE, Maklad YA, Abdelkader NF, Gamal El Din AA, Badawi MA, Kenawy SA. Modulating impacts of quercetin/sitagliptin combination on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019;365:30–40.10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[66] Tu Y, Sun W, Wan Y-G, Che X-Y, Pu H-P, Yin X-J, et al. Huangkui capsule, an extract from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) medic, ameliorates adriamycin-induced renal inflammation and glomerular injury via inhibiting p38MAPK signaling pathway activity in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;147:311–20.10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[67] Zhao Q, Wan YG, Sun W, Wang CJ, Wei QX, Chen HL, et al. Effects of Huangkui Capsule on renal inflammatory injury by intervening p38MAPK signaling pathway in rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. China J Chin Mater Med. 2012;37:2926–34.Search in Google Scholar

[68] Mao Z-M, Shen S-M, Wan Y, Sun W, Chen H-L, Huang M-M, et al. Huangkui capsule attenuates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy rats through regulating oxidative stress and p38MAPK/Akt pathways, compared to α-lipoic acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;173:256–65.10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[69] Cai H, Su S, Qian D-W, Guo S, Tao W, Cong XD, et al. Renal protective effect and action mechanism of Huangkui capsule and its main five flavonoids. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;206:152–9.10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.046Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2023-03-25
Revised: 2023-08-29
Accepted: 2023-09-25
Published Online: 2023-11-21

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0138
Keywords for this article
retinal damage; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; silver nanoparticles; Abelmoschus esculentus
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 29.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0138/html
Scroll to top button