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X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions

  • Bonginkosi Vincent Kheswa EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 30, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, the X-ray shielding competence of the 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Sm2O3, 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Nd2O3, and 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10CeO2 glasses was investigated using the Phy-X/PSD simulation software and validated using the XCOM simulation software. The Sm3+-doped bismuth-borate glass gave the highest linear attenuation coefficients and effective atomic number, and the lowest half-value layer, tenth-value layer, and mean free path. Thus, it is the most effective radiation shielding material compared to the Nd3+- and Ce4+-doped bismuth-borate glasses. It was also observed that the Sm3+-doped bismuth-borate glass also has better radiation-shielding competence than various glass systems that have been recently investigated in the literature.

Graphic abstract

X-rays are an ionizing radiation that is used in various industries such as the food industry, nuclear research facilities, nuclear power plants, radiography, dentistry, and gas supply pipeline maintenance.

Exposure to this radiation poses health risks to humans. As a result, it is vital to shield them as much as possible. This can be performed using numerous materials that have high density and high X-ray attenuation coefficients. Metallic lead and concrete are the conventional materials that have been used for shielding X-rays in hospitals and nuclear facilities. However, lead is very toxic to humans, and it is no longer preferred in radiation shielding. The disadvantage of concrete is that it is not transparent. As a result, different researchers have been developing heavy-element based glasses and testing their radiation-shielding competence so that they can be used as an alternative to lead and concrete. A few years ago, new bismuth-borate glasses, which are doped with Sm3+, Nd3+, and Ce4+, were developed. Their X-ray shielding properties were simulated, in this work, using the Phy-X/PSD software and verified using the XCOM software. The results show that the Sm3+-doped bismuth-borate glass is, by far, the most effective radiation-shielding glass compared to the Nd3+- and Ce4+-doped glasses. This is illustrated with the figure above, which depicts the linear attenuation coefficient of the three glasses in the photon energy range of 30–300 keV. In this figure, SSm, SNd, and SCe refer to the Sm3+-, Nd3+-, and Ce4+-doped bismuth-borate glasses, respectively. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the SSm glass is also more effective than 15Bi2O3 + 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 55TeO2 glass, which was found to be the most effective sample in one of the recent studies in the literature.

Keywords: bismuth-borate glass; X-ray shielding; Sm3+ ; Nd3+ ; Ce4+

1 Introduction

X-rays are an ionizing radiation that has a typical energy range of hundred eV to hundreds of keV. X-rays can be produced as characteristic X-rays or bremsstrahlung radiation. They are used in various industries for numerous applications. For instance, in medicine, they are used for mammography, dental X-rays, computed tomography scans, and fluoroscopy. In security, they are used for screening freight trains, containers, automobiles, and luggage. They are also used for the maintenance and repair of oil and gas supply pipelines in power plants. In the food industry, they are used to detect odd objects. In all these applications, X-rays pose health risks to humans if they are not well shielded.

Various materials can be used to shield X-rays, but the use of metallic lead (Pb) is the most traditional method in hospitals, nuclear research facilities, and the manufacturing industry [1,2]. This is because of the high density and high linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of Pb. However, lead is very toxic to humans and therefore not user-friendly for radiation shielding [1]. As a result, different researchers have been searching for alternative materials that pose no health risks and have high radiation attenuations [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. These are heavy-element-based glass materials, which are even better than concrete due to their transparency [13]. The radiation shielding competence of different borate glasses has been studied by various researchers in the X-ray energy region. For example, the impact of Bi2O3 concentration on X-ray shielding properties of TeO2–Li2O–GeO2–ZnO–Bi2O3 glass was recently investigated using Phy-X/PSD software in the 30–303 keV energy range [2]. The results showed that the radiation shielding competence of this glass improves with an increase in the Bi2O3 concentration. Similarly, the radiation shielding properties of Li2O–B2O3–MgO–Er2O3 glasses co-doped with Sm2O3 were investigated, and they were found to greatly improve, in the X-ray energy region, with the increase in the Sm2O3 content [14]. In the same vein, La2O3–CaO–B2O3–SiO2 has been studied and its X-ray shielding capacity increased with the increase in La2O3 concentration [15].

A few years ago, the novel bismuth-borate glasses doped with rare earth Ce4+, Nd3+, and Sm3+ were synthesized and evaluated for their luminescence properties [16]. Recently, these materials were also investigated for optical and γ radiation shielding properties at energies above 284 keV [17]. However, these materials have never been investigated for their X-ray shielding properties in energies below 284 keV, and this is the main focus of this article. The X-ray applications such as airport security, mammography, computed tomography, and X-ray crystallography use X-rays with energies below 284 keV. Hence, it is important to understand X-ray shielding in this energy region in order to improve the protections of humans, involved in the aforementioned applications, from potential radiation hazards. Thus, in this work, the X-ray shielding properties of 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Sm2O3, 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Nd2O3 and 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10CeO2 were investigated and discussed in detail. In particular, the LAC, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean-free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Z eff) of these three glasses were simulated using Phy-X/PSD software in the 30–300 keV X-ray energy region. The results were also validated using the XCOM software.

2 Methods

The X-ray shielding capacity of 15Bi2O + 75H3BO2 + 10Sm2O3, 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Nd2O3 and 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10CeO2 were computed using the Phy-X/PSD online software [18,19]. The summary of the samples´ codes, chemical contents, and densities used in this study is shown in Table 1. Phy-X/PSD is a user-friendly software for the calculation of LAC, MAC, HVL, TVL, MFP, Z eff, and many more. This software works for all photon energies between 1 keV and 100 GeV. It requires primary input data, which is the chemical composition and density of each sample for which the aforementioned quantities need to be calculated. The chemical composition is required as a mole fraction or weight fraction. The input data used in the Phy-X/PSD calculations are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

The chemical contents (mol%) of glass samples used in Phy-X/PSD calculation [16]

Code Bi2O3 H3BO2 Sm2O3 Nd2O3 CeO2 Density (g/cm3)
SSm 15 75 10 — — 7.1
SNd 15 75 — 10 — 6.1
SCe 15 75 — — 10 5.69

The LAC and MAC describe the interaction probability between X-rays and an absorber material. The higher the LAC and MAC, the better the X-ray shielding capacity of the material. LAC (µ) is calculated using the well-known Beer–Lambert law, which relates the photon counts to the thickness of an absorber according to the following formula:

(1) N f = N i e − µ t ,

where Ni and Nf are the photon counts before and after passing through the absorber with thickness t, respectively. MAC is calculated from LAC, µ, and material density, ρ, as follows [18]:

(2) MAC = μ ρ = ∑ w i ( μ / ρ ) i ,

where w i is the weight fraction of the ith constituent element. The HVL and TVL are the thicknesses, of a radiation shielding material, needed to reduce the intensity of X-rays by 50 and 90%, respectively. The lower the HVL and TVL, the better the radiation shielding ability of the material. The HVL and TVL are computed using the LAC according to the following formulas [18]:

(3) HVL = ln 2 μ ,

and

(4) TVL = ln 10 μ ,

where µ is the LAC of the material. Furthermore, the MFP, which is the mean distance required to attenuate photons in an absorber, is calculated from the LAC, µ, as follows [18].

(5) MFP = ∫ 0 ∞ te ( − μ t ) d t ∫ 0 ∞ e ( − μ t ) d t = 1 μ .

The lower the MFP, the better the radiation shielding capacity of the absorber. Z eff is also used to assess the superiority of a radiation shielding material. The higher the value of Z eff, the better the material is in shielding X-rays. The values of the Z eff are given by ref. [18]:

(6) Z eff = ∑ f i A i μ ρ i ∑ f i A i Z i μ ρ i ,

where f i , A i , and Z i are, respectively, the mole fraction of each element, atomic weight, and atomic number in the absorber material.

The results computed with the Phy-X/PSD software were compared with the calculations of the XCOM software. The XCOM software is an online software for the simulation of MAC for photon energies in the 1 keV to 100 GeV range [20,21]. The primary input data required in the XCOM software are the chemical compositions. XCOM requires chemical contents in weight fraction, and the XCOM input values used in this study are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

The chemical contents (wt%) of glass samples used in XCOM calculation

Code Bi2O3 H3BO2 Sm2O3 Nd2O3 CeO2 Density (g/cm3)
SSm 0.502 0.247 0.251 — — 7.1
SNd 0.507 0.249 — 0.244 — 6.1
SCe 0.575 0.283 — — 0.142 5.69

3 Results and discussion

Our findings on the X-ray shielding properties of 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Sm2O3, 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Nd2O3, and 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10CeO2 are discussed in detail in this section. In particular, we discuss the LAC, MAC, HVL, TVL, MFP, and Z eff of each sample and compare them to the literature. Figure 1 shows the LACs of the SSm, SNd, and SCe glasses as a function of X-ray energy in the 30–300 keV energy region. These results show that the LAC decreases fast with an increase in the X-ray energy for all three glass materials. This trend is consistent with the observations in the literature [10,22,23]. It is because this energy region is dominated by the photoelectric absorption component, of the LAC, which decreases sharply with an increase in photon energy. The SSm glass has the highest LAC at all energies, while SCe has the lowest LAC. In detail, it ranges from 1.946 to 122.594 cm−1, 1.660 to 104.007 cm−1, and 1.589 to 100.614 cm−1 for SSm, SNd, and SCe, respectively. There is also a sudden increase in the LAC at 100 keV for all glasses. This is due to the K absorption edge, which enhances the photoelectric absorption.

Figure 1 LAC of SSm, SNd, and SCe.
Figure 1

LAC of SSm, SNd, and SCe.

To validate the Phy-X/PSD software calculations, we compared the LACs obtained using Phy-X/PSD to the ones obtained using XCOM software, for all three glass samples used in this study. The XCOM software is only able to compute MAC, which is converted to LAC using the densities of SSm, SNd, and SCe materials. This comparison is depicted in Figure 2, and clearly, there is a very good agreement between the XCOM and Phy-X/PSD values of the LAC. Thus, we can trust all other observables computed with the Phy-X/PSD software since they are all based on LAC. Hence, the rest of the radiation shielding parameters presented in this study were computed with the Phy-X/PSD software, and there was no need to further compare them with the XCOM-based calculations.

Figure 2 Comparison of the Phy-X/PSD LAC and XCOM LAC.
Figure 2

Comparison of the Phy-X/PSD LAC and XCOM LAC.

The MAC of each glass sample is shown in Figure 3. The MAC shows a decreasing trend with an increase in X-ray energy for all three materials. In particular, it is in the range of 0.279–17.683, 0.272–17.050, and 0.274–17.267 cm2/g for SCe, SNd, and SSm, respectively. It is also clear that at energies between 0.05 and 0.1 MeV, the MAC of SSm is the highest, while at energies below 0.05 MeV and above 0.1 MeV, all three glasses are comparable. Clearly, no one material has the highest or lowest MAC in the whole X-ray energy region. A similar situation has been observed in other studies [24]. It shows that the materials´ densities have a strong impact on making SSm have the highest LAC (see Figure 1) compared to SNd and SCe.

Figure 3 MAC as a function of X-ray energy.
Figure 3

MAC as a function of X-ray energy.

Figures 4 and 5 show the HVL and TVL that were computed for SSm, SNd, and SCe. It is observed that the HVL of SSm remains the lowest in the entire X-ray energy region. Furthermore, the HVL increases with an increase in photon energy. This behavior has been seen in other studies [25,26]. In detail, it increases from 0.006 to 0.356 cm for SSm, 0.007 to 0.418 cm for SNd, and 0.007 to 0.436 cm for SCe. The TVL shows a similar trend that is observed in the HVL. In this case, the values range from 0.019 to 1.183 cm for SSm, from 0.022 to 1.387 cm for SNd, and from 0.023 to 1.449 cm for SCe. They are also the lowest in the entire energy range for the SSm sample.

Figure 4 HVL of SSm, SNd, and SCe as a function of X-ray energy.
Figure 4

HVL of SSm, SNd, and SCe as a function of X-ray energy.

Figure 5 TVL of SSm, SNd, and SCe as a function of X-ray energy.
Figure 5

TVL of SSm, SNd, and SCe as a function of X-ray energy.

The variation of the MFP, of our three glass samples, as a function of X-ray energy is depicted in Figure 6. It is clear that the MFP increases with the increase in photon energy, and SSm is significantly the lowest in the whole X-ray energy region. In particular, the MFP of SSm increased from 0.008 to 0.514 cm, while the MFP of SNd and SCe ranged from 0.010 to 0.603 cm and from 0.010 to 0.629 cm, respectively. This increasing trend of an MFP as a function of photon energy is consistent with the literature [27].

Figure 6 MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe samples against X-ray energy.
Figure 6

MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe samples against X-ray energy.

Figure 7 depicts the distribution of the Z eff for all three glass materials in the 30–300 keV photon energy range. It is observed that the Z eff has a decreasing trend with an increase in the X-ray energy. The values of Z eff decrease from 72.21 to 24.67 for SSm, from 72.04 to 24.37 for SNd, and from 73.37 to 23.19 for SCe. SSm is the highest at energies between 40 and 300 keV, while SCe is highest in the 30–40 keV energy range.

Figure 7 Z eff of SSm, SNd, and SCe samples against X-ray energy.
Figure 7

Z eff of SSm, SNd, and SCe samples against X-ray energy.

Furthermore, the shielding competence of the SSm, SNd, and SCe samples was compared with other glass samples from the literature, in a way similar to the one used in the previous study [28]. In particular, the MFPs of SSm, SNd, and SCe glasses, at 100 and 50 keV, were compared with the MFP of 80TeO2–20Ag2O (20Ag2O) and 80TeO2–20ZnO (20ZnO) from the previous studies [6,29] and PbCl2–TeO2 (P25T75), Bi2O3–PbCl2–TeO2 (B10P20T70), MoO3–PbCl2–TeO2 (M10P20T70), Sb2O3–PbCl2–TeO2 (S10P20T70), WO3–PbCl2–TeO2 (W10P20T70) and ZnO–PbCl2–TeO2 (Z10P20T70) from the previous study [6]. These comparisons are shown in Figures 8 and 9. It is interesting to see, in Figure 8, that the MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe at 100 keV is lower than the MFP of P25T75, B10P20T70, M10P20T70, S10P20T70, W10P20T70, Z10P20T70, 20Ag2O, and 20ZnO glasses, and SSm still remains the lowest.

Figure 8 MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe compared to other glass materials at 100 keV.
Figure 8

MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe compared to other glass materials at 100 keV.

Figure 9 MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe compared to other glass materials at 50 keV.
Figure 9

MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe compared to other glass materials at 50 keV.

It is also observed in Figure 9 that at 50 keV, SCe has the highest MFP compared of P25T75, B10P20T70, M10P20T70, S10P20T70, W10P20T70, Z10P20T70, 20Ag2O, and 20ZnO glasses. On the other hand, SSm clearly has the lowest MFP compared to P25T75, B10P20T70, M10P20T70, S10P20T70, W10P20T70, Z10P20T70, 20Ag2O, and 20ZnO at 50 keV.

In Figure 10, the MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe, at 50 keV, is also compared to the MFP of the 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 70TeO2 (BiTe1), 5Bi2O3 + 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 65TeO2 (BiTe2), 10Bi2O3 + 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 60TeO2 (BiTe3), and 15Bi2O3 + 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 55TeO2 (BiTe4) glasses from the previous study [2]. It is also observed that SSm still has the lowest MFP compared to BiTe1, BiTe2, BiTe3, and BiTe4, while SCe remains the highest.

Figure 10 MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe compared to other glass samples at 50 keV.
Figure 10

MFP of SSm, SNd, and SCe compared to other glass samples at 50 keV.

4 Conclusion

The radiation shielding properties of bismuth-borate glasses were simulated using the Phy-X/PSD and XCOM simulation software. In particular, we computed the LAC, MAC, HVL, TVL, MFP, and Z eff of 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Sm2O3, 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Nd2O3 and 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10CeO2. The Sm3+-doped glass has the lowest HVL, TVL, and MFP for all X-ray energies below 300 keV, and it has the highest Z eff for all photon energies between 40 and 300 keV. In particular, its HVL, TVL, MFP, and Z eff are, respectively, in the ranges of 0.006–0.356 cm, 0.019–1.183 cm, 0.008–0.514 cm, and 72.21–24.67 in the 30–300 keV X-ray energy region. Hence, Sm3+-doped glass has the most superior radiation shielding competence compared to the ones doped with Nd3+ and Ce4+. It is also intriguing to see that the Sm3+-doped glass is even more effective in shielding X-rays than many glass systems that have been studied in the literature, which are 80TeO2–20Ag2O, 80TeO2–20ZnO, PbCl2–TeO2, Bi2O3–PbCl2–TeO2, MoO3–PbCl2–TeO2, Sb2O3–PbCl2–TeO2, WO3–PbCl2–TeO2, ZnO–PbCl2–TeO2, 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 70TeO2, 5Bi2O3 + 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 65TeO2, 10Bi2O3 + 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 60TeO2, and 15Bi2O3 + 10Li2O + 10ZnO + 10GeO2 + 55TeO2, which were recently investigated.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank the National Research Foundation of South Africa for funding under research grant numbers 127579 and CSRP2204214088.

  1. Author contributions: The author did all simulations, data visualization, data analysis, and interpretation of results and is responsible for releasing this content.

  2. Conflict of interest: The author declares that there is no conflict of interest to this work.

  3. Data availability statement: All data presented in this article are available on request from the author.

  4. Ethical approval: This computational research does not involve humans or animals.

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Received: 2023-03-01
Revised: 2023-04-29
Accepted: 2023-05-24
Published Online: 2023-06-30

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
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  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0345
Keywords for this article
bismuth-borate glass; X-ray shielding; Sm3+; Nd3+; Ce4+
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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