Home Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
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Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract

  • Xiaoming Lin , Cuiping Bu and Jiangling Su EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 13, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

Stomatitis or generalized inflammation of the mouth includes inflammation or pain in the mouth. Natural compounds are one of the best options for stomatitis treatment. Silybum marianum has many medicinal properties in traditional medicine. In recent research, iron nanoparticles were formulated by S. marianum. The research aim was to determine the Fe nanoparticles’ (FeNPs) efficacy in denture stomatitis treatment. FeNPs were characterized by TEM, FE-SEM, and UV-Visible. This was a clinical trial study with 60 patients who received FeNPs. The patients in 14 days were suggested to use mouthwash 1 time per 6 h each time 15–20 drops for 120–180 s and after that they should avoid drinking and eating for 0.5 h; patients in the two groups were offered to apply the drug. At each visit, mycological samples were taken for culture from the palatal mucosa. Inflammation amount and erythema were determined in each session and determined with a graded blade and recorded. The erythema surface of the palatal was significantly decreased in the group at follow-up visits compared to the pretreatment condition.

Keywords: denture stomatitis; Fe nanoparticles; Silybum marianum

1 Introduction

Denture stomatitis or stomatitis of artificial teeth is a common inflammatory reaction related to the use of prostheses and is caused by a fungus or yeast called Candida. Rarer cases of denture stomatitis may occur as a result of mechanical trauma or an allergic contact reaction [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Sores can also appear on other parts of body. But when it influences the mouth it is denture stomatitis. People who use dentures or artificial teeth or prostheses are most likely to be affected [7,8,9,10,11]. Denture stomatitis usually does not cause many symptoms, but when examined, the mucosa that has been in contact with the denture will be red and swollen, and sometimes there are red dots on them [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. When the dentures are taken out of the mouth, the dentist can see the red areas that have formed under the denture. In addition, red sores may appear around the lips [14,15,16]. Laboratory microbiology samples taken from the palate or the surface of prostheses can confirm the yeasts’ presence [13,14]. If this condition is not treated, it can cause ulcers inside the mouth, which will make the dentures unable to fit well inside the mouth [17,18,19,20,21,22]. Cleaning and washing the mouth after eating is so important. Smoking worsens yeast infection growth. The dentures should be wearied over the night for preventing infections [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. Recently, medicinal plants and their nanoparticles (NPs) are used to treat various inflammations, such as widespread mouth ulcers or stomatitis [15,16,17,18].

When the metallic NPs enter the body, the immune system recognizes and responds to them. This answer can be different according to the NPs’ physicochemical properties, such as hydrophobicity degree, shape, charge, and size [19,20,21]. The NPs’ interaction with several immune system components such as antigen-processing cells and neutrophils depends on the NPs’ characteristics [22,23,24,25]. Allergic reactions of NPs also are another immune system stimulation. Several studies have linked NP exposure to allergic reactions in humans and animals. Also, many reactions of the body’s immune system are caused by inflammatory cytokines’ production. Different researches have presented cytokine induction with several types of NPs (lipid NPs, polymers, dendrimers, gold colloids, etc.) [23,24,25,26]. Information about the NPs several effects on innate immune system cells (mast cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) and acquired immune system cells (T cells and B cells) is provided and increases our understanding of the immunological effects of nanomaterials and helps to develop products based on NPs [27,28,29,30,31]. Innate immune system cells express inflammatory cytokines, activate T lymphocytes, and activate inflammasomes. By affecting mast cells, NPs cause the release of histamine and the increase of cytosolic calcium ions [29,30,31,32]. Also, metallic NPs can increase the stimulation of natural killer cells for presenting the antigen presentation to acquired immune system cells. NPs strengthen the acquired immunity during vaccination by affecting B cells and help to target B-cell lymphoma without any chemotherapy. Particles’ interaction with T lymphocytes can cause Thi and The response and cytokine production [33,34,35]. Based on the body’s immune responses to NPs, these substances can be applied in the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases, as well as being used as vaccines [34,35,36,37]. NPs have an extremely small size and they can be controlled to perform antimicrobial operations and fight against intracellular microbes. Infection treatment caused by drug-resistant strains and intracellular pathogens using antibiotics becomes more complicated due to the poor transport of antibiotics [37,38,39,40]. Therefore, medium-sized drugs have low activity on intracellular microbes. A treatment way by NP-carried drugs has been suggested to solve this problem. Host phagocytes easily phagocyte the NPs due to small size. In addition, the structure of several kinds of NPs is suitable for liposomal NPs carrying, whose walls are covered by more or one lipid layer around the NPs. Therefore, NPs can enter the host cells through endocytosis and release the drug [38,39,40]. Recently, the metallic NPs green-formulated by Silybum marianum have been used as agents for stomatitis treatment [41,42,43,44]. In recent research, iron NPs were synthesized by S. marianum for denture stomatitis treatment.

2 Materials and methods

The heat soaking method was used for extraction. After weighing, 10 g of plant aerial parts was washed different times with deionized water to omit surface contamination. Then, it was added to 100 ml of boiling water and after 45 min, and the obtained extract was passed by Whatman filter paper number one. Fresh extract was used in all stages of the experiment.

First, 10 mL of extract of S. marianum (0.1 g in 50 mL of distilled water) was poured into 30 mL of 0.02 M FeCl3·6H2O. Next, the flask was put in an ultrasonic bath for 70 min at 65°C. Then, water:ethanol (50:50) was used to wash FeNPs@Silybum marianum three times. Then, a centrifuge with a speed of 10,000 rpm for 15 min was run to separate the residue. At the end, the NPs were dried in an oven at 45°C. FeNPs@Silybum marianum as a powder with a black color was kept for biological and chemical evaluation.

In the clinical trial study, sixty patients were selected from patients. Samples were assigned by eight samples random blocks in each group. At the beginning of the study, the palatal mucosa was tested for inflammation presence, and then, candidiasis was proved by the palatal mucosa microbiologic cultures. Patients with lesions of denture stomatitis (diagnostic criteria were inflammation and swelling of denture surface) were selected. This was a controlled and randomized study with 60 patients in two groups: 30 people were treated by NPs (5 µg/mL) and others by nystatin drop. The analyzer and examiner did not know anything about drugs. The patients in 14 days were suggested to use mouthwash 1 time per 6 h each time 10–16 drops for 120–180 s and avoiding any drinking and eating for 0.5 h. Levels of erythema and inflammation determined after and before the treatment. To assess improvement, we used two rating system criteria for mycological culture density and erythema surface of palatal mucosa on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after therapy commencement (Tables 1 and 2). After taking the palatal mucosa mycological samples by swab, they were transferred to mycological lab. To evaluate the yeast culture, swabs were cultured on YGC medium, and then, after 2 days, colonies were expressed and counted in density terms. At each visit, the erythema of palatal mucosa was tested and recorded [45].

Table 1

Rating system for palatal mucosa erythema surface

Rating Description (cm2)
6 >25
5 21–25
4 16–20
3 11–15
2 6–10
1 0–5
Table 2

The system of rating for mycological culture dentistry

Rating Colony number (description)
5 100–1,000
4 >100
3 10–100
2 1–9
1 0

3 Results and discussion

The science of nanotechnology has contributed greatly to the development and discovery of modern inflammatory treatment options; for example, we can mention the modified NPs’ use for the selective and targeted delivery of drugs to inflammatory tissue [46,47,48,49]. The use of nanotechnology in the drugs’ production is one of the promising fields for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Because of their excellent physical characteristics, NPs have been applied as an effective candidate for drug treatment, the most important of which is iron NPs [50,51,52,53,54]. Although there are different methods for NP synthesis, biocompatible methods such as synthesis using bacteria, fungi, and plants are very simple and cost-effective alternatives to chemical and physical methods [55,56,57,58]. Meanwhile, plants have received more attention. Various studies have also shown the anticancer potential of plant NPs, so that these plants have been applied for the Fe nanoparticles (FeNPs) green synthesis [49,50,51,52,53].

In a recent study, S. marianum was used for synthesizing the NPs. Many studies have indicated the therapeutic effects of the S. marianum [59,60,61,62,63,64,65]. Different mechanisms have been offered for the silymarin effect in inhibiting cancer cell growth. Research reports indicate that silymarin inhibits replication in cancer cells, inhibits cell stimulation, disrupts cell message transmission, inhibits inflammatory effects, and also stimulates antioxidant activity and cell cycle regulation [60]. In prostate cancer cell culture, silymarin inhibits the growth factor and cell message that stimulates cell growth, stops the cycle of cell stimulation, and stops the cell activity that inhibits phagocytosis of cancer cells [60,61,62,63]. In rats, the chemical compound azocasemethane causes colon cancer, but simultaneous administration with silymarin prevents the development of this cancer [64,65,66,67]. Oral administration of silymarin has no effect on small intestine adenocarcinoma but inhibits mouse bladder cancer caused by nitrosamine substance and prevents mouse tongue cancer caused by nitrocholine oxide substance [62]. Silibinin oral administration to mice with prostate cancer causes the production of a protein that binds to the cancer growth factor (similar to insulin) in the blood and, removing this growth factor, significantly prevents the increase in the volume of the cancer mass in mice [64,65]. The effect of silymarin in stimulating the second phase of detoxification in mice has been reported in several studies. This herbal medicine increases glutathione transferase activity in skin, small intestine, stomach, lung, and liver cells with a daily dose of 200–100 mg/kg to mice for 3 days [66,67,68]. The administration of toxic substances to mice treated with silymarin revealed that in these animals, the glutathione level in hepatocytes raised, oxidation stress reduced, and liver enzyme activity was lesser than untreated mice [63]. Silymarin and silybinine raise the liver cells’ regeneration and enzymes’ production needed for the synthesis of DNA [64]. Several studies have been conducted on the cytotoxicity caused by the administration of silymarin alone or in combination with other drugs. In a study, the administration of various flavonoids, including silymarin, to cell cultures showed that silymarin does not cause human lymphocytes and liver colon cells’ DNA damage, but with a very high dose, it causes DNA damage in human lymphocytes and the skin cells. Of course, prescribing this concentration of silymarin to humans is not possible [64,65,66]. Animal studies have shown that the animals’ pretreatment with silymarin protects liver cells against various toxic substances. It has been claimed that silymarin prevents cellular absorption of toxic substances or effectively expels toxic substances from the cell before the effect; probably this effect causes cell detoxification [65,66,67,68,69,70,71]. In controlled clinical studies, the administration of silymarin with placebo in liver patients has been without any side effects, silymarin consumption has been well tolerated, and in rare cases, it has caused mild diarrhea. In addition, mild allergy has been reported in cases with high doses of silymarin [67]. A case study has reported that the consumption of silymarin intermittently causes sweating, stomach cramps, vomiting, nausea, weakness, and diarrhea; all these problems are resolved after stopping silymarin [68]. Taking silymarin is well tolerated even in high doses. Silimarin has been prescribed even in pregnant women with reduced hepatic bile secretion at a dose of 560 mg per day for 16 days, and no side effects have been observed in the mother or fetus [69]. Intravenous injection of silymarin (50–20 mg/kg) to children poisoned by poisonous mushrooms did not cause any side effects [70]. Administering silymarin to rats and mice at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg did not cause any toxicity, even silymarin at a dose of 2,500 mg/kg for 12 months did not cause any toxicity to rats and dogs [71].

In this research, FeNPs were synthesized by S. marianum for the treatment of denture stomatitis. In the recent study, Figure 1 exhibits the UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum of FeNPs. The band at 296 nm approves the FeNPs’ formation.

Figure 1 UV-Vis analysis of iron NPs.
Figure 1

UV-Vis analysis of iron NPs.

Figures 2 and 3 exhibit the FE-SEM and TEM pictures of FeNPs. The spherical morphology with 13.5–66.9 nm is obtained for synthesized NPs. The images show an aggregation for NPs, which is one of the common properties of green-synthesized metallic NPs [46,47,48,49]. So far, NPs, which have green synthesized using plant extracts, are formed in a wide range size of 10–100 nm. This reveals a resemblance with particle size of NPs [51,52,53].

Figure 2 FE-SEM image FeNPs.
Figure 2

FE-SEM image FeNPs.

Figure 3 TEM image of FeNPs.
Figure 3

TEM image of FeNPs.

In this study, 60 patients with denture stomatitis entered the trial: 30 patients were female and 30 were male. No statistically notable changes were seen between the groups regarding gender. After culturing the palatal mucosa candidal colonies, the notable change between two groups is not seen. The palatal mucosa erythema surface was decreased in the FeNPs and nystatin groups and it was different with the control groups (Table 1 and Figure 4). Nevertheless, in both the NPs and nystatin groups, the inflammation degree was various.

Figure 4 Comparison of GOES (erythema surface grade) several times. The numbers indicate the mean of patients.
Figure 4

Comparison of GOES (erythema surface grade) several times. The numbers indicate the mean of patients.

But, in NPs and nystatin groups, the count of colony change was notable and they decreased in comparison with treatment starting. The difference between the two groups was not notable except one of them. There was a notable decrease in palatal mucosal colonies in NPs and nystatin except on the 7th, 14th, 21th, 28th, 35th, and 42th days, in which the reduction was not significant (Table 2 and Figure 5). It seems that the therapeutic effects of the Fe@Sylibum marianum NPs are related to the synergistic combination of FeNPs and S. marianum extract.

Figure 5 Colony count comparison at several times. The numbers indicate the mean of patients.
Figure 5

Colony count comparison at several times. The numbers indicate the mean of patients.

4 Conclusion

In summary, the green synthesis of iron NPs was carried out using the extract of S. marianum leaves. Also, we compared nystatin and iron NPs mediated by S. marianum and evaluated that the both effects in reducing candidal colony count and inflammation have no notable change, which is consistent with other researches. The NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM techniques. The findings revealed that iron NPs mediated by S. marianum dramatically are effective in ameliorating denture stomatitis compared with nystatin.

  1. Funding information: Authors state that no funding is involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors had the same role in conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review & editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: There is no any conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The experiments were performed according to the ethical guidelines of the International Association for the Study of Humans.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-07-30
Revised: 2023-08-20
Accepted: 2023-09-12
Published Online: 2023-12-13

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
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  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0130
Keywords for this article
denture stomatitis; Fe nanoparticles; Silybum marianum
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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