Home GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
Article Open Access

GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates

  • Mohamed A. Al Abboud , Khatib Sayeed Ismail , Abdullah Mashraqi , Saad Albishi , Ali A. Al-Namazi and Yahya S. Masrahi EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 19, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

Plant extracts have always been used as an alternative source of antimicrobial compounds. The recent spread of multi-drug-resistant bacteria and their increased treatment costs necessitated the study of alternative, cheap sources. The family Euphorbiaceae has over 300 genera and is widely used in traditional medicine. Euphorbia triaculeata, E. fractiflexa, and E. inarticulata were selected to study the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract against 13 Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus) and 2 Gram-negative isolates, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, by the Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion test. Paper discs with different concentrations of the extracts (100, 50, and 25 µg mL−1) were prepared, along with the methanol control and standard antibiotic control. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was done to study the phytochemical components present in the plant methanolic extracts. A total of 50 different phytochemical compounds with antibacterial activity were detected by GC/MS analysis of the plants. Twenty-five compounds were detected in E. inarticulata, 24 in E. triaculeata, and 21 in E. fractiflexa. Out of 37 compounds found in E. inarticulata and E. triaculeata, 12 (32.43%) were common to both. Eleven (22%) compounds were unique to E. inarticulata, while 9 (18%) compounds were unique to E. triaculeata, and 13 (26%) compounds were unique to E. fractiflexa. E. fractiflexa showed the best antibacterial activity against MRSA and Gram-negative bacteria. It also showed higher unique compounds with antibacterial activity (26%), followed by E. inarticulata (11, 22%). This is the first GC/MS analysis and antimicrobial activity report of E. triaculeata and E. fractiflexa.

Keywords: Euphorbia ; GC-MS analysis; antibacterial activities; multi-drug resistant; MRSA; Gram-negative bacteria

1 Introduction

Infectious diseases are a major public health problem in the world. They are one of the leading causes of death. The increased use of antibiotics in the past few years, both in appropriate and inappropriate ways, has led to increased antibiotic resistance. Bacteria are able to resist various antibiotics through horizontal gene transfer or mutation [1]. It is expected that by 2050, 10 million lives will be lost per year, and a cumulative 100 trillion USD of economic output will be at risk due to the rise of drug-resistant infections if we do not find proactive solutions now to slow down the rise of drug resistance [2]. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a recent problem that needs swift resolution. Although extensive research is carried out worldwide on drug discovery, very few new candidates are being discovered. The increasing failure of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance shown by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has led to the screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activities [3]. Adverse reactions shown by some drugs also encourage using local medicinal plants as possible candidates for alternative medicine [4]. Traditional medicines have been the preferred choice in Saudi Arabia for minor ailments [5].

Euphorbiaceae is one of the largest families of angiosperms, with over 300 genera and 8,000 species, distributed mostly in subtropical and tropical regions [6]. Euphorbiaceae represents one of the chemically most diverse angiosperms, with many economic and medicinal uses [6,7]. Euphorbia L. is the largest genus in the family, with more than 2,000 species [6]. Euphorbia species is widely distributed in arid habitats of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula [8]. They have been known as annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with thorns and milky latex. Previous studies on some Euphorbia species (E. granulata, E. helioscopia, E. hirta, E. inarticulata, and E. royleana) showed varied antimicrobial activities [9,10,11]. Different phytochemicals have been found in Euphorbiaceae species mainly terpenoids, diterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, etc. [12].

Not much information is found in the literature about the antimicrobial activities of many Euphorbia species. Furthermore, very little information is available about their activity against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The spines on these Euphorbia species are particularly sharp and the latex is toxic in nature; hence it is extremely difficult to work with these plants. Many plants from this family are listed on the poisonous database of the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA 2019) [13]. Therefore, this work aimed to study the antimicrobial activities of three Euphorbia species (Euphorbia triaculeata, E. fractiflexa, and E. inarticulate from Jazan province, southwestern Saudi Arabia) against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, drug-resistant, and drug-sensitive bacteria, and their phytochemical components. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of their methanol extracts to examine their probable active compounds was also studied. This is the first GC/MS analysis and antimicrobial activity report of E. triaculeata and E. fractiflexa.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Collection, identification, and extraction of plant materials

The three Euphorbia species of this study are stem succulents, wildly growing in rocky habitats in Jazan province, southwestern Saudi Arabia.

Stem branches of E. triaculeata Forssk., E. inarticulata Schweinf., and E. fractiflexa S.Carter & J.R.I.Wood were collected from different localities of rocky habitats, in Jazan province. The plants were identified, and a specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Biology. The branches were thoroughly washed for 5 min with 2% of commercial sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and then five times with sterile distilled water. Samples were dried in an air oven at 55°C, powdered, and soaked in 60–80% (1:4 w/v) petroleum ether for 24 h; they were then filtered through Whatman paper No. 1. Plant materials were extracted with methanol (95%). Forty grams of the plant material were dissolved in 400 mL of 95% (1:10 w/v) methanol in a dark bottle of 1 L. The bottle was sealed and shaken for 1.5 h in a shaker water bath at 110 rpm and 30°C for 24 h at room temperature. This procedure was repeated five times. After 5 days, the contents of the bottle were filtered through filter paper Whatman No.1. The obtained solution of the plant methanol extract was evaporated to a thick mass in a shaker water bath at 50 rpm and 45°C and kept in a refrigerator till further analysis [14].

2.2 Microorganisms

Fifteen bacteria isolates, including 13 Gram-positive S. aureus (12 MRSA and 1 sensitive strain) and 2 Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli), were included in the antimicrobial sensitivity testing. All microorganisms were obtained from the Biology Department, College of Science, Jazan University [15]. The fresh culture was used for antimicrobial sensitivity testing by the Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion test [16].

2.3 Plant extract working solution

Different concentrations of plant methanolic extracts (100, 50, and 25 µg mL−1) and the blank methanol control were used. A total of 200 mg of the plant extract was dissolved in 20 mL of methanol (10 µg mL−1); from this, 10 mL was transferred to the next conical flask containing 10 mL of methanol (5 µg mL−1). After mixing thoroughly, 10 mL was transferred to the next flask containing 10 mL of methanol to give a 2.5 µg mL−1 concentration. About 10 mL from the last flask was discarded, and 10 mL of methanol was used as the blank. Different concentrations of the plant extracts and the blank were poured on sterile filter paper discs kept in different sterile Petri plates and allowed to dry in a bacteriological hood. These paper discs were used for the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test.

2.4 Antibiotic sensitivity testing

Antibiotic sensitivity testing of the methanolic plant extract was carried out using Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion testing method on sterile Muller and Hinton agar plates [16]. A 24 h fresh culture of the test isolates was used to prepare a saline suspension to match the 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard tubes (1.5 × 108 colony forming units/mL). Each isolate was spread on sterile MHA plates using sterile cotton swabs. Different concentration discs were placed on the MHA plates, and a standard antibiotic disc of 5 µg rifampicin was also placed along with it as a control for comparison. The plates were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 24 h. The zone of inhibition was measured using a zone-measuring ruler (Himedia, India) in millimeters (mm). All test procedures followed the recommended standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute [17]. All the tests were done in triplicates.

2.5 GC-MS

Methanol extracts of plants were analyzed using the GC-MS apparatus (model; QP2010 Ultra, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), as described by Almalki et al. [11]. The separation was achieved on the Rtx5MS capillary column (30 m length × 0.25 mm i.d. coated with a 0.25 μm film thickness stationary phase; Restek Corporation, USA). Helium was employed as the carrier gas at a constant linear velocity of 36.3 cm s−1. A sample volume of 1.0 μL was injected using the AOC-20i + s auto-injector. The injection port was set at 290°C in a split-less mode. The temperature of the GC oven was programmed as follows: 5 min at 50°C, heated at 5°C min−1 to 310°C, and held for 10 min. The ion source temperature in the MS was set at 230°C and the interface at 280°C. A total ion chromatogram was created for the m/z range of 50–700. The GC peaks were identified by comparing their mass spectra with the database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology version 11. The relative amount of each component was calculated by comparing its peak area with the total area of peaks in the chromatogram.

2.6 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS V12 using appropriate analysis. Differences were found between the control and treated organisms. In triplicate, the results were interpreted as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean) for each experiment or an average of three separate experiments (n = 3). The P-value obtained was statistically significant.

3 Results and discussion

Plants indigenous to a region have always been studied for their antimicrobial properties. They also give a natural alternative to chemotherapeutic agents. With the ever-increasing burden of drug resistance and the need for newer antibiotic molecules, the race is always on to find a cure for multi-drug-resistant bacteria. MRSA is one of the drug-resistant bacteria causing problems worldwide. Considering this, antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out for methanolic extracts of three Euphorbiaceae plants, mainly E. triaculeata, E. inarticulata, and E. fractiflexa against 13 Gram-positive S. aureus, of which 12 isolates were MRSA and 2 Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and K. pneumoniae. As not much information was available against these three plant species, GC/MS analysis was carried out to see the probable compounds present in the methanolic extract. A literature search was done on the compounds found by GC/MS analysis and previously reported antibacterial activity.

3.1 Antibacterial sensitivity testing

Table 1 shows the effect of E. triaculeata methanol extracts at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 µg mL−1 on the growth of bacterial species by using the paper assay disc method. The data exhibited that E. triaculeata methanol extracts had antibacterial activities against S. aureus (R4), S. aureus (R6), S. aureus (R8), and S. aureus (R11). MIC was found to be 2.5 µg mL−1 against all four isolates. No antibacterial activity was seen against Gram-negative bacteria. Of the 12 MRSA isolates, the extract showed activity against 4 (33.33%) samples. No activity was observed against Gram-negative isolates. No previous literature was reported against this specie.

Table 1

Antibacterial activities of E. triaculeata, E. inarticulate, and E. fractiflexa extracts on bacterial isolates

No. Bacterial isolates Control (0 µg mL−1) Plant extract concentrations (ppm)
2.5 µg mL−1 5 µg mL−1 10 µg mL−1
Zone of inhibition (mm) (+SD)
ET EI EF ET EI EF ET EI EF
1 S. aureus (s) 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 10.3 ± 1.5 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 12.6 ± 1.15 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 25.3 ± 0.57
2 S. aureus (R1) 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 6.3 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 12.3 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 21 ± 1.7
3 S. aureus (R2) 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 10 ± 1 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 17.6 ± 0.57
4 S. aureus (R3) 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 7 ± 1 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 10.6 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 12.3 ± 0.57
5 S. aureus (R4) 0 6 ± 0 5 ± 0 6 ± 0 8 ± 1 5 ± 0 10.3 ± 0.57 9.7 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 19 ± 1.7
6 S. aureus (R5) 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 9.3 ± 1.15 5 ± 0 11.3 ± 1.1 15 ± 1 5 ± 0 13.3 ± 0.57 21.6 ± 0.57
7 S. aureus (R6) 0 8 ± 1 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 10.3 ± 1.5 5 ± 0 6.6 ± 0.57 12.3 ± 1.15 5 ± 0 14.3 ± 1.15
8 S. aureus (R7) 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 6.6 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 10.3 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 16 ± 1
9 S. aureus (R8) 0 7.3 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 9.3 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 12.3 ± 0.57 13.3 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 21.3 ± 2
10 S. aureus (R9) 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 8.6 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 16.3 ± 0.57
11 S. aureus (R10) 0 5 ± 0 7.3 ± 0.57 9.3 ± 1.15 5 ± 0 9.3 ± 1.1 11.3 ± 2 5 ± 0 12.6 ± 1.1 19.6 ± 1.5
12 S. aureus (R11) 0 6 ± 0 7 ± 1 5 ± 0 7 ± 1 8.6 ± 0.57 11.3 ± 2 8.6 ± 1.1 12.3 ± 0.57 20.3 ± 2
13 S. aureus (R12) 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 6 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 9.3 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 18.6 ± 1.15
14 K. pneumonia 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 9 ± 1 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 11.6 ± 0.57
15 E. coli 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 10.6 ± 0.57 5 ± 0 5 ± 0 18.6 ± 2

ET = Euphorbia triaculeata, EI = Euphorbia inarticulate, EF = Euphorbia fractiflexa, SD = standard deviation (+).

The data exhibited in Table 1 also indicate that E. inarticulata methanol extracts have antibacterial activities against S. aureus (R5), S. aureus (R10), and S. aureus (R11). Of the 12 MRSA isolates, the extract showed activity against 3 (25.00%) samples. MIC was found to be 5 µg mL−1 for isolate number 5 and 2.5 µg mL−1 against isolates 10 and 11. No activity was seen against Gram-negative bacteria. Only one report was found previously on the E. inarticulata plant [11], in which they reported activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In their study, except for E. coli, all other isolates tested were different. They found that the methanolic extract was the best extract to study the GC/MS analysis. The overall findings agreed with the previous literature. Being a strong polar solvent, methanol is considered highly efficient in extracting active compounds.

Different concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 µg mL−1) of E. fractiflexa methanol extracts were used to evaluate their antibacterial activities against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by using the paper assay disc method. Table 1 shows the inhibitory effect of the studied concentrations of the E. fractiflexa methanol extract against a sensitive strain of S. aureus, 12 strains of S. aureus (MRSA), K. pneumonia, and E. coli. The results indicated that the inhibitory effect of the E. fractiflexa methanol extract increased with increasing concentrations of E. fractiflexa methanol extracts. The extract at a concentration of 2.5 µg mL−1 showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus (s), S. aureus (R1), S. aureus (R3), S. aureus (R4), S. aureus (R5), S. aureus (R7), S. aureus (R10), and S. aureus (R12). The maximum inhibition zone for E. fractiflexa methanol extracts was recorded against S. aureus (s) (25.3 mm), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (R5) (21.6 mm) and S. aureus (R8) (21.3 mm). The methanolic extract of E. fractiflexa was shown to have a 100% antimicrobial effect on all 15 indicators, including the susceptible strain of S. aureus and all 12 strains of MRSA. It was also active against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Figure 1 shows the antibiotic sensitivity testing of different methanolic extracts of the plants used.

Figure 1 Antibiotic sensitivity testing of methanolic extracts of Euphorbiaceae: (a) methanolic extract of E. fractiflexa on S. aureus R3 (MRSA), (b) ethanolic extract of E. inarticulata on S. aureus R5 (MRSA), (c) methanolic extract of E. triaculeata on S. aureus R8 (MRSA). Disc concentrations from 10, 5, 2.5 µg mL−1, and methanol control.
Figure 1

Antibiotic sensitivity testing of methanolic extracts of Euphorbiaceae: (a) methanolic extract of E. fractiflexa on S. aureus R3 (MRSA), (b) ethanolic extract of E. inarticulata on S. aureus R5 (MRSA), (c) methanolic extract of E. triaculeata on S. aureus R8 (MRSA). Disc concentrations from 10, 5, 2.5 µg mL−1, and methanol control.

Figure 2 shows the GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of E. inarticulata; 65 peaks were detected. Detected by utilizing total ion concentration vs. time (in minutes). As seen in Table 2, 25 phytochemical components were detected by the GC/MS analysis of methanol extracts of E. inarticulata showing antibacterial activity. Only one study on methanol extracts of E. inarticulata has been reported by Almalki et al. [11]. The major difference between the two studies was that they did not study the effect of the plant extract on MRSA, while our study showed a high level of activity against MRSA.

Figure 2 GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of E. inarticulata.
Figure 2

GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of E. inarticulata.

Table 2

Phytochemical components identified in the methanol extracts of E. inarticulata by GC-MS analysis

No. Name of the compound RT SI (%) MW (g mol−1) Peak area (%) Activity References
1 Glycerin 3.150 91 92 0.29 Bactericidal [23]
2 2,2′-Bioxirane 3.550 94 86 0.90 Antibacterial [24]
3 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone 3.860 88 88 0.05 Antibacterial [25]
4 2-Methyl[1,3,4]oxadiazole 4.525 83 84 0.53 Antimicrobial [26]
5 Maleic anhydride 5.425 83 98 0.18 Antibacterial [27]
6 Furfural 5.515 98 96 3.65 Antibacterial [28]
7 Nonanal dimethyl acetal 5.805 82 188 0.10 Antibacterial [29]
8 2-Furanmethanol 6.320 97 98 2.38 Antibacterial and antiviral [30]
9 4-Cyclopentene-1,3-dione 7.280 92 96 0.38 Antibacterial and antifungal [31]
10 2(5H)-Furanone 8.360 94 84 0.24 Antibiotic [32]
11 1,2-Cyclopentanedione 8.710 87 98 0.68 Antibacterial [33]
12 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- 10.095 97 110 3.75 Antioxidant and antimicrobial [34]
13 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one 10.645 95 144 0.80 Antimicrobial [35]
14 Benzeneacetaldehyde 12.875 96 120 0.75 Antibacterial [36]
15 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone 13.615 92 128 1.16 Antimicrobial [37]
16 2-Furancarboxylic acid, hydrazide 14.215 93 126 0.69 Antibacterial [38]
17 Benzeneacetic acid 19.540 89 136 1.28 Antibacterial [39]
18 4-Hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone 21.250 87 150 1.84 Antimycobacterial [40]
19 Blumenol C 30.885 88 210 1.25 Antimicrobial [41]
20 n-Hexadecanoic acid 36.020 95 256 2.13 Antimicrobial [42]
21 Phytol 38.835 97 296 1.58 Antibacterial [43]
22 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (Linoleic) 39.215 97 280 2.33 Antimicrobial [44]
23 Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester 45.445 90 330 1.07 Antibacterial [45]
24 γ-Sitosterol 56.770 89 414 4.79 Antibacterial [46]
25 β-Amyrin 57.395 97 426 4.73 Antibacterial [47]

As seen in Figure 3, the GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of E. triaculeata showed 49 peaks corresponding to different phytochemical compounds which were detected. A total of 24 phytochemical components (Table 3) were detected by GC/MS analysis of methanol extracts of E. triaculeata that showed antibacterial activity as previously reported by various studies. Though none of the previous literature was on E. triaculeata, the compounds were studied from various other plant sources.

Figure 3 GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of E. triaculeata.
Figure 3

GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of E. triaculeata.

Table 3

Phytochemical components identified in the methanol extracts of E. triaculeata by GC-MS analysis

No. Name of the compound RT SI (%) MW (g mol−1) Peak area (%) Activity References
1 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- 10.090 97 110 1.72 Antibacterial and antifungal [34]
2 Benzeneacetaldehyde 12.875 96 120 0.42 Antimicrobial and antibiofilm [48]
3 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- 16.290 92 144 0.19 Antimicrobial [49]
4 2-Furfurylthiol 6.095 86 114 0.51 Antibiotic [50]
5 4-Cyclopentene-1,3-dione 7.280 86 96 0.64 Antibacterial and antifungal [31]
6 2(5H)-Furanone 8.355 95 84 6.76 Antimicrobial [32]
7 Butanoic acid, 4-hydroxy- 8.290 95 104 1.03 Antimicrobial [51]
8 6-Oxa-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one 8.710 86 98 1.20 Antibacterial [52]
9 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one 10.635 95 144 0.26 Antibacterial and antifungal [35]
10 2H-Pyran-2,6(3H)-dione 11.215 89 112 0.55 Antibacterial [53]
11 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone 13.590 86 128 1.19 Antimicrobial [37]
12 2-Furancarboxylic acid, hydrazide 14.220 91 126 1.27 Antibacterial [54]
13 Benzeneacetic acid, methyl ester 17.245 85 150 0.49 Antimicrobial [55]
14 Sulfurous acid, hexyl heptyl ester 15.750 84 264 1.50 Antimicrobial [56]
15 Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- 18.555 90 120 4.04 Antibacterial [57]
16 Benzeneacetic acid 19.625 91 136 1.30 Antimicrobial [58]
17 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol 21.250 83 125 3.49 Antimicrobial [59]
18 Heptyl caprylate 21.485 74 242 1.64 Antimicrobial [60]
19 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 35.290 94 270 6.17 Antimicrobial [61]
20 n-Hexadecanoic acid 36.020 95 256 1.70 Antibacterial [42]
21 Phytol 38.835 97 296 1.72 Antimicrobial [62]
22 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- 39.220 97 280 2.19 Antimicrobial [42]
23 Stigmasterol 52.210 70 412 0.48 Antimicrobial [63]
24 γ-Sitosterol 56.765 89 414 1.75 Antimicrobial [46]

As observed in the GC-MS chromatogram (Figure 4) of the methanolic extract of E. fractiflexa, 39 phytochemical components were detected. A total of 21 phytochemical components were detected by GC/MS analysis of methanol extracts of E. fractiflexa and they showed antibacterial activity as previously reported by various studies (Table 4). Though none of the previous literature was on E. fractiflexa, the compounds were studied from various other plant sources.

Figure 4 GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of E. fractiflexa.
Figure 4

GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of E. fractiflexa.

Table 4

Phytochemical components identified in the methanol extracts of E. fractiflexa by GC-MS analysis

No. Name of the compound RT SI (%) MW (g mol−1) Peak area % Activity References
1 Glycerin 3.14 92 92 0.11 Antibacterial [22]
2 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one 10.645 90 144 0.07 Antimicrobial [35]
3 Benzeneacetaldehyde 12.9 90 120 0.04 Biological [64]
4 Thymine 14.065 85 126 0.07 Biological [65]
5 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- 16.55 93 144 0.30 Biological [49]
6 Benzoic acid 17.165 98 122 1.53 Antibacterial [66]
7 Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- 18.54 90 120 0.69 Biological and antifungal [67]
8 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol 21.245 88 150 0.54 Antimicrobial [67]
9 Benzeneethanol, 4-hydroxy- 24.29 90 138 0.63 Antibacterial and antioxidant [68]
10 Benzoic acid, 2-(1-oxopropyl)-, methyl ester 24.960 75 192 0.12 Antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant [69]
11 1-Heptadecene 28.160 95 238 0.14 Antibiotic [70]
12 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl methyl ester 31.095 96 236 0.38 Antibacterial and antioxidant [71]
13 Lanosterol 31.615 89 426 0.23 Antimicrobial [72]
14 Olean-18-ene 31.794 81 410 0.68 Antibacterial [73]
15 D:B-Friedo-B′:A′-neogammacer-5-en-3-ol, (3β)- 32.290 82 426 0.36 Biological [74]
16 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol 34.249 74 180 12.15 Biological [75]
17 1-Nonadecene 35.184 88 266 9.16 Antibacterial [76]
18 n-Hexadecanoic acid 36.010 94 256 1.01 Antibacterial [42]
19 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-ethylhexyl ester 36.240 91 334 1.02 Antibacterial and antioxidant [71]
20 β-Sitosterol 56.775 91 414 2.75 Antibacterial [77]
21 β-Amyrin 57.405 95 426 4.01 Antioxidant [78]

A total of 50 different phytochemical compounds were detected by GC/MS analysis of three plants. Twenty-five compounds were detected in E. inarticulata, 24 in E. triaculeata, and 21 in E. fractiflexa. Of the 37 compounds found in E. inarticulata and E. triaculeata, 12 (32.43%) compounds were common in both. Compounds 2, 8, and 11 were found in all three plants and showed antimicrobial activities, as reported by previous studies. Of the 41 compounds found in E. inarticulata and E. fractiflexa, just 5 (12.2%) compounds were common to both plants. E. triaculeata and E. fractiflexa shared just 6 (15.39%) common compounds of the 39, as detected by GC/MS analysis. Of the total 50 compounds, 11 (22.00%) compounds were unique to E. inarticulata, while 9 (18.00%) compounds were unique to E. triaculeata and 13 (26%) compounds were unique to E. fractiflexa.

As seen in Table 5, compound 2, furaneol (2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one), is an aroma molecule found in fruits. It is known for its antibacterial activity, as seen in previous studies [18]. Compound 8, benzeneacetaldehyde, a phenolic compound, is also known to have antibacterial activity [19], and compound 11, n-hexadecanoic acid and a methyl ester of fatty acid, also known as palmitic acid, is known to have antibacterial activity [20]. All three plants showed the presence of these three antibacterial compounds. β-Amyrin (compound 19), a triterpene, a known antibacterial agent, was found in E. inarticulata and E. fractiflexa, thereby indicating a strong antibacterial activity. Triterpenes have been shown to act as an efflux pump inhibitor and a growth inhibitor and cause cell membrane disruptions [21]. Compound 22, glycerin, was also reported to have antibacterial activity and was found in the above two plant extracts [22]. A total of 13 molecules present only in E. fractiflexa molecules (from 38 to 50 in Table 5) indicate a stronger antimicrobial response confirmed by 100% antimicrobial activity as seen in Table 3 against Gram-positive, including MRSA and Gram-negative bacteria. Further studies are required to analyze E. fractiflexa and study other extracts such as chloroform and acetone, as well as its application to control multi-drug-resistant bacteria. An overall positive indication toward action on MRSA has made this a very important study.

Table 5

Common phytochemical compounds showing antibacterial activity as detected by GC/MS in E. inarticulata, E. triaculeata, and E. fractiflexa

Sr. No Compounds E. inarticulata E. triaculeata E. fractiflexa
1 2(5H)-Furanone + + —
2 2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one + + +
3 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone + + —
4 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- + + —
5 2-Furancarboxylic acid, hydrazide + + —
6 4-Cyclopentene-1,3-dione + + —
7 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-(Linoleic) + + —
8 Benzeneacetaldehyde + + +
9 Benzeneacetic acid + + —
10 γ-Sitosterol + + —
11 n-Hexadecanoic acid + + +
12 Phytol + + —
13 1,2-Cyclopentanedione + — —
14 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone + — —
15 2,2′-Bioxirane + — —
16 2-Furanmethanol + — —
17 2-Methyl[1,3,4]oxadiazole + — —
18 4-Hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone + — —
19 βAmyrin + — +
20 Blumenol C + — —
21 Furfural + — —
22 Glycerin + — +
23 Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester + — —
24 Maleic anhydride + — —
25 Nonanal dimethyl acetal + — —
26 2-Furfurylthiol — + —
27 2H-Pyran-2,6(3H)-dione — + —
28 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol — + +
29 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- — + +
30 6-Oxa-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one — + —
31 Benzeneacetic acid, methyl ester — + —
32 Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- — + +
33 Butanoic acid, 4-hydroxy- — + —
34 Heptyl caprylate — + —
35 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester — + —
36 Stigmasterol — + —
37 Sulfurous acid, hexyl heptyl ester — + —
38 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-ethylhexyl ester — — +
39 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl methyl ester — — +
40 1-Heptadecene — — +
41 1-Nonadecene — — +
42 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol — — +
43 Benzeneethanol, 4-hydroxy- — — +
44 Benzoic acid — — +
45 Benzoic acid, 2-(1-oxopropyl)-, methyl ester — — +
46 β-Sitosterol — — +
47 D:B-Friedo-B′:A′-neogammacer-5-en-3-ol, (3β)- — — +
48 Lanosterol — — +
49 Olean-18-ene — — +
50 Thymine — — +
TOTAL 25 24 21

+, present; –, absent.

4 Conclusion

E. inarticulata, E. triaculeata, and E. fractiflexa showed varied antibacterial activities. E. fractiflexa showed the best antibacterial activity against multi-drug-resistant strains of S. aureus, MRSA, and Gram-negative bacteria. It also showed more unique compounds with antibacterial activity (26%), followed by E. inarticulata (11%, 22%). This is the first report on the antimicrobial activity of E. triaculeata and E. fractiflexa based on GC/MS analysis. More studies on extraction methods and antimicrobial activities of compounds are needed to better extract the active compounds found in the crude extract of the Euphorbiaceae family.

tel: +966-506552385

  1. Funding information: The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, for funding this research work through project number ISP20-16.

  2. Author contributions: MAA: set up and performed the experimental lab data, planned the research project, interpreted the data results, and wrote the manuscript. KSl: contributed to the planning of the research project and supported the experimental lab data work. AM: contributed to the planning of the research project and supported lab experiments. SA: analyzed and inspected the data and edited the manuscript. AAN: edited the text, assisted in the experimental lab data collection, and participated in the study project design. YSM: set up and performed the experimental lab data, planned the research project, interpreted the data results, wrote the manuscript, and also supported the research project’s funding. All the authors read the final manuscript and agreed.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

References

[1] Reygaert WC. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. AIMS Microbiol. 2018 Jun 26;4(3):482–501.10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.482Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] O’Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. Government of the United Kingdom; 2016 May [cited 2023 Feb 21]. https://apo.org.au/node/63983.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Iwu M, Duncan A, Okunji C. New Antimicrobials of plant origin. Perspectives on new crops and new uses. Alexandria, VA: ASHS Press; 1999 Jan 1. p. 457–62.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Fatiany P, Ruphin, Baholy R, Sylver S, Aubin R, Oscar Y, et al. GC-FID and GC/MS analyses and Antimicrobial activity of Croton greveanus, C. borarium and C. geayi (Euphorbiaceae) essential oils from Madagascar. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2016 Jul 17;5:188–97.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Ullah R, Alqahtani AS, Noman OMA, Alqahtani AM, Ibenmoussa S, Bourhia M. A review on ethno-medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020 Oct;27(10):2706–18.10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Kubitzki K. The families and genera of vascular plants. Switzerland: Springer. [cited 2023 Feb 21]. https://www.springer.com/series/1306.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Shaker KH, Zohair MM, Hassan AZ, Sweelam HTM, Ashour WE. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS based phytochemical perspectives and antimicrobial effects of endophytic fungus Chaetomium ovatoascomatis isolated from Euphorbia milii. Arch Microbiol. 2022 Oct 4;204(11):661.10.1007/s00203-022-03262-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Remesh M, Masrahi YS, Sayed OH. Phragmites australis (Poaceae): New addition to flora of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019 Nov;26(7):1563–6.10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.11.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Ashraf A, Sarfraz RA, Rashid MA, Shahid M. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and cytotoxic activities of an important medicinal plant (Euphorbia royleana) from Pakistan. J Food Drug Anal. 2015 Mar;23(1):109–15.10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[10] Awaad AS, Alothman MR, Zain YM, Zain GM, Alqasoumi SI, Hassan DA. Comparative nutritional value and antimicrobial activities between three Euphorbia species growing in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2017 Dec;25(8):1226–30.10.1016/j.jsps.2017.09.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[11] Almalki G, Rabah S, Al-Faifi Z, Alharbi A, Sharma M. Phytochemistry Screening, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia inarticulata Schweinf Plant Extract. Pharmacophore. 2022;13(1):91–9.10.51847/S7eqwFEBAXSearch in Google Scholar

[12] Mali PY, Panchal SS. Euphorbia neriifolia L.: Review on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017 May;10(5):430–8.10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Nutrition C for FS and A. FDA Poisonous Plant Database. FDA. FDA; 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. https://www.fda.gov/food/science-research-food/fda-poisonous-plant-database.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Begashaw B, Mishra B, Tsegaw A, Shewamene Z. Methanol leaves extract Hibiscus micranthus Linn exhibited antibacterial and wound healing activities. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Jun 26;17(1):337.10.1186/s12906-017-1841-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[15] Essa AMM, Al Abboud MA, Khatib SI. Metal transformation as a strategy for bacterial detoxification of heavy metals. J Basic Microbiol. 2018 Jan;58(1):17–29.10.1002/jobm.201700143Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Kirby-Bauer JH. Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol [Internet]. ASM.org; 2009 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. https://asm.org/Protocols/Kirby-Bauer-Disk-Diffusion-Susceptibility-Test-Pro.Search in Google Scholar

[17] M45Ed3: Test Infrequently Isolated/Fastidious Bacteria [Internet]. Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. [cited 2023 Feb 21]. https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m45/.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Schwab W. Natural 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (Furaneol®). Molecules. 2013 Jun 13;18(6):6936–51.10.3390/molecules18066936Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Tanapichatsakul C, Monggoot S, Gentekaki E, Pripdeevech P. Antibacterial and antioxidant metabolites of Diaporthe spp. isolated from flowers of Melodorum fruticosum. Curr Microbiol. 2018 Apr 1;75(4):476–83.10.1007/s00284-017-1405-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Abubakar MN, Majinda RRT. GC-MS analysis and preliminary antimicrobial activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Pterocarpus angolensis (DC). Med (Basel). 2016 Jan 28;3(1):3.10.3390/medicines3010003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Cappiello F, Loffredo MR, Del Plato C, Cammarone S, Casciaro B, Quaglio D, et al. The revaluation of plant-derived terpenes to fight antibiotic-resistant infections. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Jun 13;9(6):325.10.3390/antibiotics9060325Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Ermawati DE, Surya AP, Setyawati R, Niswah SU. The effect of glycerin and polyethylene glycol 400 as humectant on stability and antibacterial activity of nanosilver biosynthetic peel-off mask. J App Pharm Sci. 2022 Apr 5;80–9.10.7324/JAPS.2022.120409Search in Google Scholar

[23] Nalawade TM, Bhat K, Sogi SHP. Bactericidal activity of propylene glycol, glycerine, polyethylene glycol 400, and polyethylene glycol 1000 against selected microorganisms. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(2):114–9.10.4103/2231-0762.155736Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Kawahara T, Itoh M, Izumikawa M, Hashimoto J, Sakata N, Tsuchida T, et al. MBJ-0086 and MBJ-0087, new bicyclic depsipeptides, from Sphaerisporangium sp. 33226. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2015 Jan;68(1):67–70.10.1038/ja.2014.98Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Montazeri N, Oliveira AC, Himelbloom BH, Leigh MB, Crapo CA. Chemical characterization of commercial liquid smoke products. Food Sci Nutr. 2013 Jan;1(1):102–15.10.1002/fsn3.9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Gupta V, Kashaw SK, Jatav V, Mishra P. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new 3–[5-(4-substituted) phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2yl]-2- styrylquinazoline-4(3H)-ones. Med Chem Res. 2008 Jun 1;17(2):205–11.10.1007/s00044-007-9054-3Search in Google Scholar

[27] de Souza RC, de Moraes JO, Haberbeck LU, de Araújo PHH, Ribeiro DHB, Carciofi BAM. Antibacterial activity of low-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene-co-maleic anhydride films incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2021 Oct 1;14(10):1872–84.10.1007/s11947-021-02684-1Search in Google Scholar

[28] Ismail BA, Nassar DA, Abd El–Wahab ZH, Ali OAM. Synthesis, characterization, thermal, DFT computational studies and anticancer activity of furfural-type schiff base complexes. J Mol Structure. 2021 Mar 5;1227:129393.10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129393Search in Google Scholar

[29] Halima B, Messaoud R, Lograda T, Chalard P, Figueredo G. Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of Capparis spinosa essential oils from Algeria. Biodiversitas J Biol Diversity. 2019 Dec 21;21(1):161–9.10.13057/biodiv/d210121Search in Google Scholar

[30] Full article: Antimicrobial activities of Trichoderma atroviride against common bean seed-borne Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 21]. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2314808X.2020.1809849.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Mokhtari M, Jackson MD, Brown AS, Ackerley DF, Ritson NJ, Keyzers RA, et al. Bioactivity-guided metabolite profiling of feijoa (Acca sellowiana) cultivars identifies 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione as a potent antifungal inhibitor of chitin synthesis. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Jun 6;66(22):5531–9.10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06154Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[32] Sharafutdinov IS, Pavlova AS, Akhatova FS, Khabibrakhmanova AM, Rozhina EV, Romanova YJ, et al. Unraveling the molecular mechanism of selective antimicrobial activity of 2(5H)-Furanone Derivative against Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Feb 6;20(3):694.10.3390/ijms20030694Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Liu X, Cui R, Shi J, Jiang Q, Gao J, Wang Z, et al. Separation and microencapsulation of antibacterial compounds from wood vinegar. Process Biochem. 2021 Aug 1;110.10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.020Search in Google Scholar

[34] Tailulu A, Li M, Ye B, Al-Qudaimi R, Cao F, Liu W, et al. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Hainan dry noni fruit alcoholic extracts and their novel compounds identification using UPLC-Q-Exactive Obitrap-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022 Oct 25;220:114989.10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114989Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[35] Islam S, Pramanik MJ, Biswas S, Moniruzzaman M, Biswas J, Akhtar-E-Ekram M, et al. Biological efficacy of compounds from stingless honey and sting honey against two pathogenic bacteria: An in vitro and in silico study. Molecules. 2022 Oct 3;27(19):6536.10.3390/molecules27196536Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[36] Chehregani A, Mohsenzadeh F, Mirazi N, Hajisadeghian S, Baghali Z. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Tripleurospermum disciforme in three developmental stages. Pharm Biol. 2010 Nov 1;48(11):1280–4.10.3109/13880201003770143Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[37] Devadas SM, Nayak UY, Narayan R, Hande MH, Ballal M. 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone as an Anti-biofilm Agent Against Non-Candida albicans Candida Species. Mycopathologia. 2019 Jun;184(3):403–11.10.1007/s11046-019-00341-ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[38] Sedaghat T, Ebrahimi Y, Carlucci L, Proserpio DM, Nobakht V, Motamedi H, et al. Diorganotin(IV) complexes with 2-furancarboxylic acid hydrazone derivative of benzoylacetone: Synthesis, X-ray structure, antibacterial activity, DNA cleavage and molecular docking. J Organomet Chem. 2015 Oct 1;794:223–30.10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.06.034Search in Google Scholar

[39] Jigna P, Pranav I, Rathish N, Shipra B, Chanda S. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some Schiff bases derived from 4-aminobenzoic acid. J Serbian Chem Soc. 2005 Oct 1;70:1155–62.10.2298/JSC0510155PSearch in Google Scholar

[40] Shahar Yar M, Siddiqui A, Mohamed AA. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of novel heterocycles. J Serbian Chem Soc. 2007 Jan 1;72:5–11.10.2298/JSC0701005YSearch in Google Scholar

[41] Zhang HY, Gao Y, Lai PX. Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow. Molecules. 2017 Feb 28;22(3):381.10.3390/molecules22030381Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[42] Grace OMA, Kolawole IA. Cajethan. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the extracts of Daedalea elegans: A Nigerian mushroom. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2020 Jun 30;14(6):204–10.10.5897/AJMR2019.9120Search in Google Scholar

[43] Inoue Y, Hada T, Shiraishi A, Hirose K, Hamashima H, Kobayashi S. Biphasic effects of geranylgeraniol, teprenone, and phytol on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 May;49(5):1770–4.10.1128/AAC.49.5.1770-1774.2005Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[44] Krishnaveni M, Dhanalakshmi R, Nandhini N. GC-MS analysis of phytochemicals, fatty acid profile, antimicrobial activity of Gossypium seeds. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2014 Jul 1;27:273–6.Search in Google Scholar

[45] Igwe O. GC-MS evaluation of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of the oil fraction from the stem bark of Brachystegia eurycoma harms. Int J Chem Sci. 2013 Jan 1;11(1):357–71.Search in Google Scholar

[46] Ríos-Chávez P, Perez-Gonzalez J, Salgado-Garciglia R, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, Martinez-Trujillo M, et al. Antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities and phytochemical analysis of three ornamental plants grown in Mexico. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2019 Jun 19;91(2):e20180468.10.1590/0001-3765201920180468Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[47] Kiplimo J, Koorbanally N, Chenia H. Triterpenoids from Vernonia auriculifera Hiern exhibit antimicrobial activity. Afr J Pharm Pharmacology. 2011 Aug 1;5:1150–6.Search in Google Scholar

[48] Hamayeli H, Hassanshahian M, Askari, Hesni M. Identification of bioactive compounds and evaluation of the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effect of Psammocinia sp. and Hyattella sp. Sponges from the Persian Gulf. Thalassas. 2021 Apr 1;37(1):357–66.10.1007/s41208-020-00268-ySearch in Google Scholar

[49] Olaniyan OT, Kunle-Alabi OT, Raji Y. Protective effects of methanol extract of Plukenetia conophora seeds and 4H-Pyran-4-One 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-Dihydroxy-6-Methyl on the reproductive function of male Wistar rats treated with cadmium chloride. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2018 Nov 1;22(4):289–300.10.5935/1518-0557.20180048Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[50] Wang D, Chen L, Yang F, Wang H, Wang L. Yeasts and their importance to the flavour of traditional Chinese liquor: a review: The importance of yeasts to Chinese liquor flavour. J Inst Brew. 2019;125(2):214–21.10.1002/jib.552Search in Google Scholar

[51] Izunwanne U, Akalazu J, Ukpai K, Chinonye I. Antimicrobial assessment of annona muricata fruits and its chemical compositions. Asian J Med Health. 2017 Jan 10;3:1–7.10.9734/AJMAH/2017/31927Search in Google Scholar

[52] Kadhim M, Fauzi A, Hameed I. Determination of bioactive compounds of methanolic extract of vitis vinifera using GC-MS. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2017 May 1;9:113–26.10.25258/ijtpr.v9i02.9047Search in Google Scholar

[53] Mir JM, Maurya R. ‘Oxovanadium(IV) complex of 8-hydroxy quinoline and 3-acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione: Experimental, theoretical and antibacterial evaluation. J King Saud Univ - Sci. 2018 Mar 1;31.10.1016/j.jksus.2018.03.023Search in Google Scholar

[54] Zarafu I, Limban C, Radulescu C, Dulama ID, Nuta DC, Chirita C, et al. Novel structures of functionalized graphene oxide with hydrazide: Characterization and bioevaluation of antimicrobial and cytocompatibility features. Coatings. 2022 Jan;12(1):45.10.3390/coatings12010045Search in Google Scholar

[55] Charnock C, Finsrud T. Combining esters of para-hydroxy benzoic acid (parabens) to achieve increased antimicrobial activity. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007 Dec;32(6):567–72.10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00854.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[56] Sivanandham V, GC-MS ANALYSIS OF. Bioactive compounds in bryonopsis laciniosa fruit extract. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015 Jan 1;6:3375–9.Search in Google Scholar

[57] Kumar M, Basavaraja KM, Mathada M, Mylarappa M. Novel synthesis and biological activity of (2E)-1- (3-amino-5-chloro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)-3-arylprop-2-en-1-ones and their derivatives. Rasayan J Chem. 2021 Jan 1;14(3):1699–710.10.31788/RJC.2021.1436422Search in Google Scholar

[58] Hady Faten , AE, Elshahid DZ. Tyrosinase, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Potential, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Sponge Derived Fungi with correlation to their GC/MS Analysis. [cited 2023 Feb 21]. https://www.academia.edu/17905251/Tyrosinase_Acetylcholinesterase_Inhibitory_Potential_Antioxidant_and_Antimicrobial_Activities_of_Sponge_Derived_Fungi_with_correlation_to_their_GC_MS_Analysis.Search in Google Scholar

[59] Nafis A, Saad FE, Khalloufi FE, Kasrati A, Abbad A, Mezrioui N, et al. New insight into antimicrobial activities of Linaria ventricosa essential oil and its synergetic effect with conventional antibiotics. Arch Microbiol. 2021 Sep;203(7):4361–6.10.1007/s00203-021-02391-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[60] Hanus LO, Rezanka T, Spízek J, Dembitsky VM. Substances isolated from Mandragora species. Phytochemistry. 2005 Oct;66(20):2408–17.10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[61] Shaaban MT, Ghaly MF, Fahmi SM. Antibacterial activities of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria. J Basic Microbiol. 2021 Jun;61(6):557–68.10.1002/jobm.202100061Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[62] Okpala EO, Onocha PA, Ali MS. Antioxidant activity of phytol dominated stem bark and leaf essential oils of Celtis zenkeri Engl. Trends Phytochem Res. 2022 Jun 1;6(2):137–44.Search in Google Scholar

[63] Yusuf A, Abdullahi M, Aleku G, Ibrahim I, Alebiosu O, Yahaya M, et al. Antimicrobial activity of stigmasterol from the stem bark of Neocarya macrophylla. J Medicinal Plants Economic Dev. 2018 Mar 19;2:1–5.10.4102/jomped.v2i1.38Search in Google Scholar

[64] Zhang K, Ding Z, Mo M, Duan W, Bi Y, Kong F. Essential oils from sugarcane molasses: Chemical composition, optimization of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation by response surface methodology and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Ind Crop Products. 2020 Nov 15;156:112875.10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112875Search in Google Scholar

[65] Deng P, Chen J, Yao L, Zhang P, Zhou J. Thymine-modified chitosan with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities for wound healing. Carbohydr Polym. 2021 Apr 1;257:117630.10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117630Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[66] Synowiec A, Żyła K, Gniewosz M, Kieliszek M. An effect of positional isomerism of benzoic acid derivatives on antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Open Life Sci. 2021;16(1):594–601.10.1515/biol-2021-0060Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[67] Rubab M, Chelliah R, Saravanakumar K, Barathikannan K, Wei S, Kim JR, et al. Bioactive Potential of 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol and Benzofuran from Brassica oleracea L. var. capitate f, rubra (Red Cabbage) on Oxidative and Microbiological Stability of Beef Meat. Foods. 2020 May 4;9(5):568.10.3390/foods9050568Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[68] Makky EA, AlMatar M, Mahmood MH, Ting OW, Qi WZ. Evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2021 Jun;59(2):127–36.10.17113/ftb.59.02.21.6658Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[69] Nisa S, Shoukat M, Bibi Y, Al Ayoubi S, Shah W, Masood S, et al. Therapeutic prospects of endophytic Bacillus species from Berberis lycium against oxidative stress and microbial pathogens. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 Jan;29(1):287–95.10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.099Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[70] Patil V, Jadhav (Rathod) V. GC-MS and FTIR analysis of methanolic leaf extract of Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Curr Botany. 2021 Jan 5;221–5.10.25081/cb.2020.v11.6415Search in Google Scholar

[71] Melappa G, Prathap S, Vinay V, Ryavalad C. Chemical composition of methanol extract of endophytic fungi, Alternaria Sp. of Tebebuia argentea and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Int J Biol & Pharm Res. 2014 Jan 1;5:861–9.Search in Google Scholar

[72] Matin MM, Uzzaman M, Chowdhury SA, Bhuiyan MMH. In vitro antimicrobial, physicochemical, pharmacokinetics and molecular docking studies of benzoyl uridine esters against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2022 May;40(8):3668–80.10.1080/07391102.2020.1850358Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[73] Lehbili M, Alabdul Magid A, Kabouche A, Voutquenne-Nazabadioko L, Abedini A, Morjani H, et al. Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of triterpenes and flavonoids from the aerial parts of Salvia barrelieri Etl. Nat Prod Res. 2018 Nov;32(22):2683–91.10.1080/14786419.2017.1378207Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[74] Bruce S. Evaluation of the antiulcer activity and GC-MS spectroscopic Analysis of the crude ethanolic extract of Peuraria Phaseoloide Leaf (ROXB) Benth. (FABACEAE). World J Pharm Res. 2021 Jun 1;10:39–59.Search in Google Scholar

[75] Babu RA, Aswathy TR, Indu S, Nair AS. Pharmacognostic and antibacterial activity evaluation of Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2020;9(3):48–54.Search in Google Scholar

[76] Makajanma MM, Taufik I, Faizal A. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extract from two species of mosses: Leucobryum aduncum and Campylopus schmidii. Biodiversitas J Biol Diversity. 2020 May;21(6). https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/5559.10.13057/biodiv/d210651Search in Google Scholar

[77] Luhata LP, Usuki T. Antibacterial activity of β-sitosterol isolated from the leaves of Odontonema strictum (Acanthaceae). Bioorg Medicinal Chem Lett. 2021 Jul 1;48:128248.10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128248Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[78] Karen Cardoso B, Line Marko de Oliveira H, Zonta Melo U, Mariano Fernandez CM, Franco de Araújo Almeida Campo C, Gonçalves JE, et al. Antioxidant activity of α and β-amyrin isolated from Myrcianthes pungens leaves. Nat Product Res. 2020 Jun 17;34(12):1777–81.10.1080/14786419.2018.1525715Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2023-02-23
Revised: 2023-03-27
Accepted: 2023-04-11
Published Online: 2023-04-19

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0325
Keywords for this article
Euphorbia; GC-MS analysis; antibacterial activities; multi-drug resistant; MRSA; Gram-negative bacteria
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 17.11.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2022-0325/html
Scroll to top button