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Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology

  • Xiao-yan Ren EMAIL logo , Xue-yuan Jin and Wei Zong
Published/Copyright: May 8, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

The ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction (UHPE) of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves (TPEU) was optimized and its antioxidant activity on Eucommia ulmoides seed oil was studied. The effects of UHPE pressure, UHPE time, and ethanol concentration on the extraction yield of TPEU were examined by response surface methodology. In addition, TPEU was added to Eucommia ulmoides seed oil, and the effects of TPEU on the antioxidant activity (acid value, peroxide value) of Eucommia ulmoides seed oil during storage were studied. The optimal UHPE conditions were as follows: UHPE pressure, 406 MPa; UHPE time, 8.3 min; and ethanol concentration, 60.2%. Under these UHPE conditions, the yield of TPEU was 7.58%. TPEU had a good antioxidant effect when the TPEU content was 0.06%. The antioxidant effect of TPEU was lower than that of BHA. Both TPEU and BHA have a synergistic effect.

Keywords: ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction; Eucommia ulmoides leaves; total phenols; Eucommia ulmoides seed oil

1 Introduction

Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver), also known as Bakelite, comes from the Eucommia family plant [1,2]. Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EUL) are the dry leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. In China, EUL are distributed in Shanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and other places [3,4]. Modern pharmaceutical research found that the active components of EUL have the functions of neuroprotective effect [5], lipid-lowering activity [6], aldose reductase inhibitory activity [7], antimicrobial activity [8,9], and anti-gastric ulcer activity [10]. The chemical composition of EUL contains phenolic compounds [11], flavonoids [12], and polysaccharides [13]. The phenols of EUL (TPEU) are one of its main active ingredients [14]. At present, many extraction methods have been applied in the extraction of plant extracts [15,16,17], such as ionic liquids’ extraction [18] and refluxing extraction [19]. Among these extraction methods, refluxing extraction is the main extraction method of total phenols for its simplicity; however, the refluxing extraction takes a long time and it can destroy TPEU. Ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction (UHPE) has been used in the extraction of active compounds from natural resources [20]. It is faster and has little damage to the active ingredient.

Eucommia ulmoides seed oil is extracted from Eucommia ulmoides seed; the unsaturated fat content in Eucommia ulmoides seed oil was 91.18% [21]. Because of its unique lipid-lowering and anti-aging effect on the human body, it has aroused extensive attention. However, as it oxidizes easily, it is necessary to add 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), and other antioxidants [22]. However, in recent years, the use of natural antioxidants in oil is of more concern [23]; polyphenols are natural compounds with strong antioxidant properties and are used in food antioxidant applications, etc. [24,25]. Therefore, the extraction of TPEU from EUL and its application in the anti-oxidation of oil are of great significance.

In this study, the UHPE conditions of TPEU from EUL were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and used in the anti-oxidation of Eucommia ulmoides seed oil.

2 Experimental section

2.1 Materials

EUL harvested from Zhengzhou of China in September 2022 were used. Samples were dried at 60°C using a vacuum dryer (DHG9030A; Yiheng Lab Co, China) until the moisture was 5%. Dried samples were crushed into 80 mesh pieces. The powder sample was stored in sealed jars at −18°C. Eucommia ulmoides seed oil (EUSO) was prepared by a press device (ZY28; Daxiang Co, China) and was provided by the Peron Company (Zibo, China). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). BHA, BHT, gallic acid, potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, and ethanol were of analytical purity, and purchased from the National Pharmaceutical Group Co Ltd (Shanghai, China).

2.2 UHPE process

An ultra-high pressure treatment device (2 L; Kefa Ltd., Baotou, China) (Figure 1) was used for the UHPE process. EUL samples (20 g each) were weighed, mixed with 500 mL of ethanol solution, and then placed in the high-pressure chamber of the device for extraction. The UHPE parameters were controlled through the control panel. The high pressure (100–600 MPa) is produced to the high-pressure oil by the high-pressure pump and is conducted to the high-pressure chamber through the high-pressure oil pipeline. The UHPE process was conducted at different UHPE pressures, different UHPE times, and different ethanol concentrations. After extraction, the solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 20 min using a centrifugal machine (H1850; Hunan Xiangyi Ltd., Changsha, China). The supernatant was collected and concentrated in a vacuum concentrator (R5003KE; Taikang Ltd., Xian, China) to obtain the extract. The total phenols in the extract were determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method as described by Mechikova et al. [26] with slight modification. The yield of TPEU was expressed as follows:

Y ( % ) = m W × 100 % ,

where W is the weight (mg) of EUL and m is the weight (mg) of TPEU (mg).

Figure 1 Device of ultra-high-pressure treatment.
Figure 1

Device of ultra-high-pressure treatment.

2.3 Signal test

2.3.1 Effect of UHPE pressure on the yield of TPEU

The yield of TPEU was taken as an index; the ethanol concentration was 60%, the UHPE time was 8 min, and the pressure was changed from 100 to 600 MPa. The effect of UHPE pressure on the yield of TPEU was studied.

2.3.2 Effect of UHPE time on the yield of TPEU

The yield of TPEU was taken as an index; the ethanol concentration was 60%, the UHPE pressure was 400 MPa, and the UHPE time was changed from 0 to 10 min. The effect of UHPE time on the yield of TPEU was studied.

2.3.3 Effect of ethanol concentration on the yield of TPEU

The yield of TPEU was taken as an index; the UHPE pressure was 400 MPa, the UHPE time was 8 min, and the ethanol concentration was changed from 40 to 65%. The effect of ethanol concentration on the yield of TPEU was studied.

2.4 RSM test

On the basis of a single-factor test, the UHPE pressure, UHPE time, and ethanol concentration were selected as the variables, and the TPEU yield was taken as the response value. The TPEU yield was optimized using the Box–Behnken design. The levels and codes are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Levels and code of extraction variables used in the Box–Behnken design

Variable Symbols Coded levels
Coded −1 0 1
UHPE pressure (MPa) A 380 400 420
UHPE time (min) B 7 8 9
Ethanol concentration (%) C 58 60 62

2.5 Refluxing extraction

EUL samples (20 g each) were weighed, mixed with 500 mL ethanol solution, and then were placed in a 2,000 mL flask for refluxing extraction at 80°C for 2 h. After extraction, the solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 20 min using a centrifugal machine (H1850; Hunan Xiangyi Ltd., Changsha, China). The supernatant was collected and concentrated in a vacuum concentrator (R5003KE; Taikang Ltd., Xian, China) to obtain the extract. The total phenols were determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the yield of TPEU was determined.

2.6 Effect of TPEU on the oxidative stability of EUSO

TPEU (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09%) samples were fully dissolved in cones containing 100 g of EUSO in bottles and placed in an oven set to (60 ± 2)°C. To the blank EUSO and samples, 0.06% BHA was added as a control; the peroxide value and acid value of EUSO were measured every 3 days, and the oxidative deterioration of EUSO was observed within 25 days.

2.7 Determination of the peroxide value

The peroxide value was determined according to the AOAC official method 965.33 peroxide value of oils and fats.

2.8 Determination of the acid value

The acid value was determined according to the AOAC official method cd3d-63 acid value.

2.9 Statistical analysis

All data in the test were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). P < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. RSM was performed using the software Design-Expert 8.0.6.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Effect of UHPE pressure on yield of TPEU

The effect of UHPE pressure on the yield of TPEU is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Effect of UHPE pressure on the yield of TPEU (n = 3).
Figure 2

Effect of UHPE pressure on the yield of TPEU (n = 3).

As can be seen from Figure 2, when the UHPE pressure increased from 100 to 600 MPa, the yield of TPEU increased first and then decreased, and reached the maximum at a UHPE pressure of 400 MPa. In the UHPE process, the extraction process can be divided into three stages: pressure increase, pressure holding, and pressure unloading. During the pressure increase stage, the pressure inside the cell is much lower than that outside the cell. The higher the pressure, the higher the rate of solvent permeation. In the pressure holding stage, the extracellular solvent continues to enter the cell at a high rate of penetration, and TPEU were dissolved in the solvent. In the pressure unloading stage, the pressure inside the cell is much higher than that outside the cell. The cell breaks down and the TPEU are released. The higher the pressure, the greater the degree of cell rupture. But high pressure also leads to the release of impurities into the cell, affecting the release of TPEU. He et al. [27] used UHPE for extracting total phenolics from deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata). They found that a pressure of 385 MPa gives the highest total phenol yield. It is similar to the optimal pressure in this study. Therefore, 400 MPa is chosen as the UHPE pressure factor (code level 0) of the RSM test.

3.2 Effect of UHPE time on the yield of TPEU

The effect of UHPE time on the yield of TPEU is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Effect of UHPE time on the yield of TPEU (n = 3).
Figure 3

Effect of UHPE time on the yield of TPEU (n = 3).

As can be seen from Figure 3, when the UHPE time increased from 0 to 10 min, the yield of TPEU increased with an increase in time. At a UHPE time of 8 min, TPEU reached the maximum. But after the UHPE time of 8 min, with the UHPE time prolonged, the TPEU increase was not significant (P > 0.05). This is because, in the pressure holding stage, it takes a certain time for the solvent to diffuse into the cell and dissolve the TPEU. If the UHPE time is too short, it is difficult for the solvent to diffuse into the cell and dissolve the TPEU completely. Alexandre et al. [28] used UHPE for extracting total phenols from pomegranate peels. They also observed that the higher the pressure time, the more solvent can enter the cell and more compounds can permeate the cell membrane. Therefore, 8 min was chosen as the UHPE time factor (code level 0) of the RSM test.

3.3 Effect of ethanol concentration on the yield of TPEU

The effect of ethanol concentration on the yield of TPEU is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Effect of ethanol concentration on the yield of TPEU (n = 3).
Figure 4

Effect of ethanol concentration on the yield of TPEU (n = 3).

As can be seen from Figure 4, when the ethanol concentration increased from 40 to 65%, the yield of TPEU increased first and then decreased, and reached a maximum at an ethanol concentration of 60%. The reason is that the polarity of 60% ethanol is similar to that of TPEU, and the yield of TPEU is the highest under the condition of similar solubility. With the increase in the concentration of ethanol, the polarity of the solution decreased and the solubility of TPEU decreased. Li et al. [29] extracted TPEU from EUL. They also found that the ethanol concentration had a significant effect on the TPEU yield. Therefore, 60% is chosen as the ethanol concentration factor (code level 0) of the RSM test.

3.4 RSM test

On the basis of the single-factor test, the RSM test was carried out according to the factors and levels given in Table 1. The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

RSM test plan and results

Test number Coded variable levels Y TPEU (%)
A: UHPE pressure (MPa) B: UHPE time (min) C: ethanol concentration (%)
1 −1 0 1 5.31
2 −1 0 −1 5.43
3 1 1 0 6.48
4 −1 1 0 6.36
5 0 −1 −1 6.51
6 1 −1 0 6.81
7 0 1 −1 6.43
8 0 0 0 7.68
9 0 0 0 7.52
10 0 0 0 7.26
11 1 0 1 6.98
12 0 1 1 6.41
13 0 0 0 7.70
14 −1 −1 0 6.47
15 0 −1 1 6.90
16 1 0 −1 6.62
17 0 0 0 7.38

The response factors in Table 2 were fitted by multiple regression, and the quadratic regression equation is obtained as follows:

Y TPEU = 7.51 + 0.42 A − 0.13 B + 0.076 C − 0.055 A B + 0.12 A C − 0.10 B C − 0.73 A 2 − 0.256 B 2 − 0.70 C 2

Here, Y is the yield of TPEU (%), and A, B, and C are the coded values of the UHPE pressure, UHPE time, and ethanol concentration, respectively.

ANOVA for the RSM quadratic model of TPEU is shown in Table 3. The model F-value of 5.92 implies that the model is significant. There is only a 1.43% chance that such a large “model F-value” could occur due to noise. Values of “Prob > F” < 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. In this case, A, A 2, and C 2 are significant model terms. For “lack of fit,” values of “Prob > F” > 0.0500 indicate that model terms are not significant. A negative “Pred R-Squared” implies that the overall mean is a better predictor of response than the current model. “Adeq Precision” measures the signal-to-noise ratio, and a ratio greater than 4 is desirable. A ratio equal to 6.956 indicates an adequate signal. This model can be used to navigate the design space. From the F value, the order of the influencing factors was water UHPE pressure > UHPE time > ethanol concentration.

Table 3

ANOVA for the response surface quadratic model for the yield of polysaccharides

Source SS Df MS F value P value (Prob > F)
Model 6.64 9 0.74 5.92 0.0143
A 1.38 1 1.38 11.05 0.0127
B 0.13 1 0.13 1.02 0.3455
C 0.047 1 0.047 0.37 0.5606
AB 0.012 1 0.012 0.097 0.7645
AC 0.058 1 0.058 0.46 0.5185
BC 0.042 1 0.042 0.34 0.5797
A 2 2.24 1 2.24 17.94 0.0039
B 2 0.27 1 0.27 2.13 0.1876
C 2 2.04 1 2.04 16.37 0.0049
Residual 0.87 7 0.12
Lack of fit 0.72 3 0.24 6.51 0.015
Pure error 0.15 4 0.037
Total variation 7.51 16
R 2 0.8839
Adj. R 2 0.7345
Pre. R 2 −0.5732
Adeq. precision 6.956
CV (%) 5.25

Note: P < 0.05 was considered significant.

According to Figure 5a and b, the yield of TPEU increased first and then decreased with the increase of the UHPE pressure and UHPE time, indicating that the interaction between the UHPE pressure and UHPE time is significant. According to Figure 5c and d, the yield of TPEU increased first and then decreased with the increase of UHPE time and ethanol concentration, indicating that the interaction between UHPE time and ethanol concentration is significant. According to Figure 5e and f, the yield of TPEU increased first and then decreased with the increase of UHPE pressure and ethanol concentration, indicating that the interaction between the UHPE pressure and ethanol concentration is significant.

Figure 5 Response surface and contour map of the effects of factor interaction on the yield of TPEU. (a) Response surface map of A to B, (b) countour map of A to B, (c) response surface map of C to B, (d) countour map of C to B, (e) response surface map of C to A, (f) countour map of C to A.
Figure 5

Response surface and contour map of the effects of factor interaction on the yield of TPEU. (a) Response surface map of A to B, (b) countour map of A to B, (c) response surface map of C to B, (d) countour map of C to B, (e) response surface map of C to A, (f) countour map of C to A.

The optimum extraction conditions of TPEU when the response value was 7.60%, obtained by RSM, were as follows: UHPE pressure, 406.1 MPa; UHPE time, 8.29 min; and ethanol concentration, 60.21%. In order to facilitate the operation of the process in practical application, the UHPE pressure, the UHPE time, and ethanol concentration were adjusted to 406 MPa, 8.3 min, and 60.2%, respectively. On this basis, the yield of TPEU was 7.58% in three parallel and repeated experiments. It was shown that the model could effectively predict the yield of TPEU.

3.5 Comparison of different extraction methods

The EUL were extracted under the optimum conditions of UHPE and compared with the refluxing extraction method. The results are shown in Table 4.

Table 4

Comparison of different extraction methods

Method Y TPEU (%) Time (min)
UHPE 7.58 8.3
Refluxing extraction 6.82 120

The results show that UHPE has a shorter time and higher extraction yield compared with the refluxing extraction method, so it is a suitable method for extracting TPEU.

3.6 Effect of TPEU on the oxidative stability of EUSO

The effects of TPEU on the peroxide value and acid value of EUSO are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Effects of TPEU on the peroxide value and acid value of EUSO (different letters represent significant differences at the same time [P < 0.05]) (a: peroxide, b: acid value).
Figure 6

Effects of TPEU on the peroxide value and acid value of EUSO (different letters represent significant differences at the same time [P < 0.05]) (a: peroxide, b: acid value).

From Figure 6a and b, compared with the blank EUSO, the peroxide value and the acid value of EUSO were significantly decreased by the addition of 0.03 and 0.06% TPEU, which indicated that the addition of 0.03 and 0.06% TPEU could significantly decrease the peroxide value and acid value of EUSO; the oxidation rancidity rate of EUSO was significantly reduced by 0.03 and 0.06% TPEU (P < 0.05). But, with the increase of TPEU, the addition of 0.09% TPEU accelerated the oxidation rancidity rate of EUSO, which could be because the excessive TPEU leaves have the function of supporting oxidation. Shang et al. [30] studied the oxidative stability of Camellia seed oil by the addition of 0.04% of olive polyphenols (OP); they, however, added 0.06% of OP to control the oxidation of Camellia seed oil and found that the antioxidant activity of TPEU was similar to that of OP.

Compared with EUSO, the addition of 0.06% TPEU and 0.06% BHA significantly decreased the peroxide value and acid value of the seed oil (P < 0.05); the peroxide value and the acid value of 0.06% BHA were lower than those of TPEU, which indicated that the antioxidant effect of BHA was better than that of TPEU. However, the peroxide value of 0.03% BHA + 0.03% TPEU was higher than that of 0.06% TPEU and 0.06% BHA (P < 0.05), which indicated that TPEU had a synergistic effect with BHA. Shang et al. [30] also studied the oxidative stability of Camellia seed oil with the addition of 0.02% OP + 0.02% BHA to control the oxidation of Camellia seed oil. They found that BHA and OP had a synergistic effect. The antioxidant activity of TPEU and BHA on EUSO was similar to this. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the safety of antioxidants. The use of natural antioxidants is favored by consumers. As TPEU is a good antioxidant, it is expected to be widely used in food anti-oxidation.

4 Conclusion

RSM was used to optimize the extraction conditions of TPEU with UHPE. The optimum conditions were as follows: UHPE pressure, 406 MPa; UHPE time, 8.3 min; and ethanol concentration, 60.2%. Under these conditions, the yield of TPEU was 7.58%. The effect of TPEU on the oxidative stability of EUSO was studied. The results showed that TPEU had a good antioxidant effect on EUSO when the TPEU content was 0.06%, and the antioxidant effect of TPEU was lower than that of BHA. TPEU and BHA have a synergistic effect.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by the natural science project of universities in Anhui province, China (KJ2021A1312) and the vocational education innovation development pilot zone project in Anhui province, China (WJ-RCPY-007).

  2. Author contributions: Xiao-yan Ren: conceptualization, data curation, funding acquisition, project administration, resources, writing – original draft; Xue-yuan Jin: supervision, validation; Wei Zong: software, writing - review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state that there was no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2023-02-02
Revised: 2023-03-13
Accepted: 2023-03-14
Published Online: 2023-05-08

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
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  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
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  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
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  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
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  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
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  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
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  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
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  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
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  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
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  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
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  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0309
Keywords for this article
ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction; Eucommia ulmoides leaves; total phenols; Eucommia ulmoides seed oil
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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