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Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles

  • Yang Nie , Huifang Chen , Junfang Zhu , Bo Li , Haichao Huang , Jianhua Yi EMAIL logo and Rohallah Moradi
Published/Copyright: October 27, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

In this research, we have used a green approach to vanadium nanoparticle (NP) synthesis by the Salvia leriifolia watery extract. The NP characterization was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The NPs materialized in spherical morphology with an average size of 26.26 nm. The antioxidant activity was assessed using 2-2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) assay, while the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was used to measure anti-colorectal cancer (against HCT-15‎, COLO 320, Caco-2, DLD-1‎, HT-29, and HCT-116 cell lines) and cytotoxicity (against HUVEC cell line) activity of vanadium NPs. Cancer cell line viability decreased dose dependently in the presence of V NPs. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of V NPs were 149, 125, 173, 83, 131, and 105 µg/mL against Caco-2, COLO 320, DLD-1‎, HCT-15‎, HCT-116‎, and HT-29 cell lines, respectively. In radical scavenging activity, V NPs scavenged DPPH with the IC50 value of 33 µg/mL.

Keywords: anti-colorectal carcinoma; antioxidant; vanadium nanoparticles; Salvia leriifolia

1 Introduction

In recent years, research on herbal medicines to prevent all types of cancer is growing due to the fewer side effects of the chemical drug [1,2,3]. The Salvia genus is an important medicinal plant in different cultures. The genus belongs to the Lamiaceae family, which displays various biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor [4,5,6,7]. Salvia leriifolia is a plant with several medicinal applications. The plant is used to cure colds, cholera, constipation, liver disorders, and various disorders. The antibacterial, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant have been reported. S. leriifolia is rich in various classes of compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic, and terpenoids [8,9].

Carcinoma is a class of diseases in which cells lose their ability to divide and grow normally and multiply uncontrollably and may spread to the body (metastasis) [10,11,12,13]. The abnormal growth of these cells eventually leads to the formation of large masses (tumors). Tumors are divided into malignant and benign tumors, which are not life-threatening. There is a possibility of cancer at any age, but it increases with age [12,13,14,15]. With the help of technological advances in bioinformatics and molecular techniques, a lot of information has been obtained that will help in the early recognition of cancer, and timely screening for some cancers can help in their early diagnosis [16,17,18,19].

Recently, nanotechnology has become an important and effective technology for science on a global scale. Nanomaterial engineering is a powerful technology that has opened research new ways and development in environmental science, agriculture, cosmetics, material science, bioscience, medicine, food, and information technology. It is applied as a tool to understand how the nano-sized materials change physicochemical properties [20,21,22]. In fact, nanotechnology is a very practical knowledge that includes a wide range of sciences, and developing countries need investment and special attention to this science to improve the situation in the fields of treatment and health, environment, energy, and water. Nanomaterials’ main unit is placed in this range in three-dimensional space [22,23,24,25]. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown their effects in a broad spectrum against both groups of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and several cancers. For example, ZnONPs can prevent Staphylococcus aureus, and AgNPs indicate antimicrobial property in a concentration-dependent manner against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. However, different types of NPs often have different effects [21,22,23,24]. Their anticancer mechanisms have not been fully determined (9). Anticancer mechanisms of metallic NPs such as vanadium NPs that have been accepted so far are generally described in one of these three models: 1) induction of oxidative stress, 2) release of metal ions, or 3) non-oxidative mechanisms [23,24,25]. There are modern prospects for the recent formulation development based on several types of NPs with various shapes and sizes and outstanding antimicrobial effects [22,23,24,25].

In this study, we focused on the V NP green synthesis using S. leriifolia extract and also evaluated the cytotoxicity properties of the NPs against common human colorectal cancer cell lines, i.e., Caco-2, COLO 320, DLD-1‎, HCT-15‎, HCT-116‎, and HT-29‎.

2 Methods and materials

2.1 Green synthesis of V NPs

A 10 g of the S. leriifolia dried aerial parts was extracted in 200 mL of boiling water. Then, 40 mL of the filtered extract was poured to 40 mL of NaVO3 (0.04 M). The mixture was placed on a stirrer at 35°C for 2 h. The NPs were formed as precipitate in a deep yellow color. Then, this precipitate was centrifuged at a rate of 12,000 rpm for 15 min to separate the NPs. Finally, the NPs were washed with deionized water four times and left in a dark and cold place (4°C) to dry.

2.2 Antioxidant property (DPPH)

In order to check the antioxidant property, 2-2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) test was applied. The color change was measured by spectrophotometry. 1 mL of 1 mM DPPH was added to 1 mL of NPs in different dilutions, shaken well, and kept at 25°C for 0.5 h and in the dark. Then, the absorbance of the mixture at 517 nm wavelength was measured with blank methanol and DPPH solution, and free radical inhibition was calculated using the following formula [22,23]:

DPPH scavenging effect ( % ) [ ( A 0 − A 1 ) / A 0 ] × 100 .

2.3 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) test protocol

To carry out this research study, Caco-2, COLO 320, DLD-1‎, HCT-15‎, HCT-116‎, and HT-29 colorectal cancer cell lines were used. To assess the cytotoxic effect, different concentrations of NPs were prepared and used in the experiment. The survival percentage of cells was studied after 24, 48, and 72 h. Cells in 1640-RPMI culture medium enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum and streptomycin (50 µg/mL) and (50 IU/mL) penicillin were placed in an incubator at 37°C with 5% CO2. The degree and humidity of 95% were cultivated. After five to six passages, the cells were in the logarithmic phase of growth. After passaging the cells and counting them with a Marienfeld hemocytometer, 3 × 104 cells was poured into each well of the 96-well plate. For 24 h, the cells were placed in the CO2 incubator of Mamrat Company with the culture medium containing serum, so that the cells stick to the bottom of the well. Then, the wells were washed with PBS buffer and treated with 100 µL of fresh medium and 20 µL of the desired concentrations, and each treatment was repeated three times. Then, the plates were placed in a CO2 incubator at a temperature of 37 degrees for 24, 48, and 72 h. After the aforementioned times, it was removed from the previous environment and washed with buffer. Then, 100 µL of fresh medium without serum and 10 µL of MTT solution (Sigma) were removed and added to wells and placed in a CO incubator for 2 h. After this period of time, the supernatant of the wells was discarded and 200–150 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (Shikma Company) was added to each well for cell lysis. Then, the light absorption belonging to each well at a wavelength between 570 and 590 nm was read by the Dlagnostic device and used to calculate the viability of the cells through the following formula:

Cell viability ( % ) = Sample A Control A × 100

In this research, different concentrations of NPs were used as treatment groups and a group without NPs as a negative control. At the end, the treated cells were photographed using a Zeiss light microscope (Axiostar Plus) equipped with a Canon (Japan) camera [22,23].

Statistical analysis of the data was performed by SPSS24 software; according to the results of the Shapiro–Wilk test, all the data had a normal distribution. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with one-way analysis of variance tests (p < 0.05).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Optimization of green synthesis of vanadium NPs

To obtain the optimization condition for the synthesis of vanadium NPs, the synthesis was run at different conditions, including different temperatures (25, 35, 45, 55°C), times (1, 2, 3, 4 h), volumes of extract (30, 40, 50, 60 mL), and NaVO3 concentration (0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 M). The highest yield was obtained for temperature of 35°C, time of 2 h, volume extract of 40 mL, and concentration of 0.04 for NaVO3. The solid-state stability of NPs was checked by the color change, the yellow color of NP was stable, and no change was observed in the color of NPs.

3.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of vanadium NPs

Vanadium NP XRD pattern is indicated in Figure 1. According to the results, the NPs are crystalized in the V2O5 formula. The obtained data are matched to joint committee on powder diffraction standards no: 85–2422 as the standard data. The values of 22.82, 25.18, 27.82, 31.02, 31.87, 40.88, 45.00, and 47.78 for two thetas are indexed for the planes of the signals at (001), (101), (110), (301), (011), (002), (411), and (600) respectively. Similar signals have been reported for V2O5 [24].

Figure 1 XRD pattern of V NPs.
Figure 1

XRD pattern of V NPs.

3.3 SEM results of vanadium

In recent years, SEM imaging is developed as a sufficient technique to study the morphology of the material. In this method, the surface is scanned using an electron beam with a specific energy [25,26,27]. The image is produced by the collected data with the detector. The resolution of the images depends on the synthesis condition of NPs [28,29,30,31,32]. Figure 2 (a–d) reveals the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) pictures of V NPs. The images show a spherical morphology. Vanadium NPs are aggregated, which is known as a familiar property of metallic NPs [24,25,26,27]. The aggregation of vanadium NPs was observed for all selected optimization conditions of the synthesis. The NPs are produced in an average size of 26.26 nm. Vanadium NP, which was synthesized using green chemistry approaches, ranged in size from 15 to 90 nm [28,29,30,31,32].

Figure 2 FE-SEM pictures of V NPs.
Figure 2

FE-SEM pictures of V NPs.

3.4 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) results of vanadium NPs

FT-IR spectrum of V NPs is shown in Figure 3. The peaks at 430 and 709 cm−1 are attributed to V–O and V–O–V bonds. The bands at 821 and 1,018 cm−1 are attributed to V2O5 crystal [33]. The other peaks in the regions of 1,400–1,700 and 2,850–3,300 cm−1 belong to the organic functional groups of C═O, C═C, C–H, and C–O, which are bending to the surface of V NPs and play an important role to cap and reduce the synthesis of V NPs.

Figure 3 FT-IR spectrum of V NPs.
Figure 3

FT-IR spectrum of V NPs.

3.5 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results of vanadium NPs

Figure 4 reveals the EDS diagram of V NP. The elemental analysis of NPs revealed the presence of vanadium by the signals at 0.6, 4.8, and 5.4 for VLα, VKα, and VKβ, respectively. The signals below 0.3 KeV confirm the presence of oxygen and carbon; similar signals for vanadium NPs have been reported previously [30].

Figure 4 EDS analysis of V NPs.
Figure 4

EDS analysis of V NPs.

3.6 Antioxidant and anticancer results of vanadium NPs

In the recent research, V NP radical scavenging capacity is expressed as a percentage inhibition, which is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Antioxidant potentials of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and V NPs.
Figure 5

Antioxidant potentials of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and V NPs.

There are many studies about biological and therapeutic effects of the NPs [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. Nam et al. designed smart gold NPs to accumulate in the relatively acidic environment of the cell. Considering that the size of these particles was very small (10 nm), their entry into the internal environment of cancer cells was easily done. These NPs had both negative and positive charges on their surface. The electrostatic state between the charges of the cell caused the accumulation of NPs in the space inside the cell. The entry of NPs into the cell was monitored using a dark field microscope, and it was observed that this accumulation and their photothermic effects cause the destruction of cancer cells [34]. In the study of Qiu et al., compounds of cathalocyanine NPs were prepared and synthesized to deliver hydrophobic photosynthesizers to the desired tissue in the photodynamic therapy method. It is one of the effective drug delivery ways to the target tissue, which was used to treat cancer. Gold NPs stabilized with phthalocyanine had a size of about 2–4 nm, and phthalocyanine was present in nano-dimensions on the surface of the NPs. In a method that can be referred to as cancer treatment using a Trojan horse, the compounds of this NP were incubated with a cancer cell line, and it was observed that these NPs are effectively absorbed by the cells. This caused significant cell death. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with NPs was twice as high as when the uterus (HeLa) was not treated with NPs. In the end, this research showed that gold compounds can be a very suitable tool for delivering hydrophobic photosynthesizers used in photodynamic therapy of cancer cell culture [35]. Of course, the research of Samberg et al. (2009) showed that uncoated silver NPs have the ability to induce toxic effects on various human cells, but on the other hand, if these NPs are covered with a layer of carbon, these toxic effects will not be observed [36]. In the study of Zeng et al., a drug delivery system, including acid, cholic Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and vitamin E TPGS, was designed to deliver and control the stability of docetaxel to the target tissue in order to treat uterine cancer. Cholic acid consists of steroid units and three hydroxyl groups. This substance can cause better biocompatibility in the substances that come with it. The triple complex of these materials (cholic acid-PLGA–vitamin E) has a high ability to enter the cell and also has anti-tumor effects. Therefore, this substance can be used as a modern biological molecular substance in pharmacology and cancer treatment with high efficiency [37]. In the research of Ma et al. who used poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(lactic acid)-triglycerides NPs for the chemotherapy of uterine cancer, docetaxel was loaded on these NPs and its cellular uptake and toxicity in HeLa cells were compared with the commercial formulation of Taxotere. These NPs entered HeLa cells well and were much more effective in reducing the number of tumor cells [38]. Also, in Qiu et al.‘s study, a new biodegradable NP called TPGS-b-PCL-ran-GA was used for simultaneous drug delivery to investigate its synergistic effect on uterine cancer treatment. Experiments conducted with this method on HeLa cells of naked mice showed that the combination of these drugs with various NPs can effectively and simultaneously deliver them to HeLa cells. As a result of this experiment, it was seen that HeLa cell life significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Also, using this mechanism can reduce the growth of tumors and even eradicate them [35].

The cytotoxicity of metallic NPs is affected by the variation in NP size [42]. NPs indicated a necessary activity on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and cell viability in a size-dependent manner in several cell lines [42]. It is evident that surface reactivity, volume ratio, and surface area can be changed with particle size [43]. In addition, deposition velocity, attachment efficiency, mass diffusivity, and sedimentation velocity of NPs over the solid or biological surfaces are considerably affected by particle size [43,44,45,46,47]. Particle size can also affect the interaction of mammalian cells [45,46]. Different studies have been carried out to assess the NP size effect on several cell lines. In support of this statement, Carlson et al. worked with  55 and 15 nm hydrocarbon-coated NPs and found that the 15 nm NPs can generate more ROS compared with 55 nm NPs in a macrophage cell line [48]. Using different cell lines (SGC-7901, MCF-7, HepG2, and A549), Liu et al. found that 5 nm NPs were more toxic than 50 and 20 nm NPs [47].

In this research, the colorectal and HVEC normal cell lines were treated with V NPs using MTT assay. The results of HUVEC did not reveal any cytotoxicity effect of V NPs (Figures 6–9).

Figure 6 The anti-colorectal cancer potentials of NPs against Caco-2 and COLO 320.
Figure 6

The anti-colorectal cancer potentials of NPs against Caco-2 and COLO 320.

Figure 7 The anti-colorectal cancer potentials of NPs against DLD-1‎ and HCT-15.
Figure 7

The anti-colorectal cancer potentials of NPs against DLD-1‎ and HCT-15.

Figure 8 The anti-colorectal cancer potentials of NPs against HCT-116‎ and HT-29.
Figure 8

The anti-colorectal cancer potentials of NPs against HCT-116‎ and HT-29.

Figure 9 The cytotoxicity potentials of NPs on healthy cells (HUVEC).
Figure 9

The cytotoxicity potentials of NPs on healthy cells (HUVEC).

Cancer cell line viability decreased dose dependently in the presence of V NPs. The IC50 values of V NPs were 149, 125, 173, 83, 131, and 105 µg/mL against Caco-2, COLO 320, DLD-1‎, HCT-15‎, HCT-116‎, and HT-29 cell lines, respectively (Figures 6–9).

4 Conclusion

In summary, the green synthesis of vanadium NPs was performed successfully using a green chemistry approach using a plant extract. The NPs were recognized by chemical techniques such as FE-SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and EDS. V NPs were formed in a spherical morphology with an average size of 26.26 nm.

The findings of the research revealed the benefits of V NPs to cure colorectal cancer. A dose-dependent vanadium NPs were observed for the malignant cancer cell line viability. Furthermore, the NPs exhibited a better antioxidant activity against DPPH compared to BHT as the positive.

# Yang Nie and Huifang Chen contributed equally to this work.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by Medical Science and Technology Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. B2018184), Foundation of Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 20192063, 20201247), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College (No. 2017YZ001, 2018ZR024), Science and Technology Plan Foundation of Huizhou City (No. 2018Y277), and Guangdong Health Committee Fund (Project No.: a2021203.2021).

  2. Author contributions: All authors had the same role in conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-05-25
Revised: 2023-06-30
Accepted: 2023-07-17
Published Online: 2023-10-27

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
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  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
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  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0108
Keywords for this article
anti-colorectal carcinoma; antioxidant; vanadium nanoparticles; Salvia leriifolia
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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