Startseite Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
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Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles

  • Tinghong Nie , Geng Liu , Yunhe Xiao EMAIL logo , Hadis Yari und Samaneh Goorani
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 28. September 2023
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 21 Heft 1

Abstract

Nanotechnology can solve many biomedical problems and cause transformation in the field of health and pharmaceuticals. The use of this technology in removing pathogenic bacteria is of great interest. The introduction of a strong antibacterial agent is very important to control pathogenic bacteria, especially strains resistant to antibiotics. The aim of this research was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the help of Abelmoschus esculentus aqueous extract and investigate its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens. Our study examined the ability of AgNPs to inhibit the dental bacterial growth and anti-adherence in vitro. The biosynthesized AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus were characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, and SEM tests. The physical and chemical investigation of the synthesized AgNPs showed that the particles were produced in nano dimensions, spherical shape, and without any impurities. In antibacterial test, the 8 µg/mL exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 8 µg/mL). In vitro adherence of S. mutans was significantly prevented by AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (MIC = 8–16 µg/mL). According to the results, the AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus may be good candidates for the oral hygiene agents to prevent periodontopathic conditions and dental caries.

Keywords: oral bacteria; Abelmoschus esculentus ; silver nanoparticles; Streptococcus mutans ; Porphyromonas gingivalis

1 Introduction

More than 700 bacterial species have been identified in the mouth, but most humans only host 34–72 species [1,2,3]. When it comes to health, most of them are harmless. There are several other bacterial species which are beneficial for digestion, while other bacteria care for the gums and teeth. But there are species that are better to be eliminated because they cause gum disease and tooth decay [3,4,5,6,7]. Tooth decay occur when food particles containing carbohydrates (sugar and starch) such as bread, cereal, milk, soft drinks, fruits, cakes, or candy remain on the teeth. Bacteria that live inside the mouth turn the digested food into acid. Food particles, acid, bacteria, and saliva form plaque that sticks to the teeth [5,6,7,8,9]. The acids in the plaque decompose the teeth enamel surface and holes are created on the teeth, which are called caries. Some bacteria are the main cause for tooth decay. The most important of them are Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis [9,10,11]. Streptococcus mutans live in the mouth and use the starches and sugars to eat. This is not bad in itself, but after consuming food, it can cause the production of acid in the mouth and this causes tooth enamel to corrode. For this reason, Streptococcus mutans is the main cause for tooth decay in humans [7,8,9,10]. In normal condition, Porphyromonas gingivalis is not available in the mouth, but when it appears, it causes periodontitis which is an advanced and serious gum disease that destroy the supporting bones and tooth tissues. This disease is very severe and causes the patient to suffer significant pain and eventually can cause tooth loss [10,11,12,13].

Since the pathogenic species of streptococci such as streptococci mutans cause caries in the mouth and ultimately cause the imposition of treatment costs or the loss of teeth, finding materials that can minimize or eliminate these bacterial species is of particular importance [14,15,16]. Recently, the use of herbal medicines and medicinal plants based on traditional medicine local knowledge for treating and preventing diseases has gained momentum. In dental science, along with other medical sciences, the use of herbal medicines and traditional medicine in oral and dental health is increasing day by day [17,18,19,20,21]. The use of mouthwash, toothpaste, and gums containing herbal extracts are among these. Because of the increase in bacterial resistance to synthetic chemical drugs and also the beneficial effects of medicinal plants in the diseases treatment, the use of plants and their herbal nanoparticles (NPs) are increasing [20,21,22]. The greater compatibility of herbal NPs with the immune system, the preference and availability of using natural resources by people are other agents have led to the rise in the herbal NPs use in health-related problems [23,24,25,26]. In recent years, it has been shown that plant NPs have much stronger antimicrobial effects than the plant itself, and this has caused much attention toward plant NPs [22,23,24,25].

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a flowering plant that is classified in the Paneer Kian family. The main source of okra is in the regions of Asia or Africa. The interesting thing about okra is that the Egyptians cultivated okra in the twelfth or thirteenth century AD. Okra grows well in tropical regions, but in cold regions it grows very little and does not produce much. The okra plant has a straight stem and its height is about 1 m [26,27,28,29]. Sometimes it reaches up to 2 m in favorable conditions. Okra contains rich amounts of folate, which is very useful for pregnant women and the fetus. The folate in okra minimizes neural tube defects in the fetus. In addition, this mineral can prevent miscarriage and premature birth [30,31,32]. One of the most important properties of okra is that it strengthens and detoxifies the liver. New research has shown that okra can help detoxify the liver, and it can also help treat fatty liver disease [33,34,35]. Okra is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, which are essential for strengthening the immune system. Therefore, the consumption of okra can cure this disease by strengthening the body’s immune systems in addition to preventing colds. Okra contains rich amounts of vitamin C and powerful antioxidants that can control and reduce damaging free radicals [34,35,36,37]. Free radicals cause skin aging and wrinkles on the skin, which can be controlled by consuming okra. In addition, okra also makes the skin shine. One of the benefits of okra is that it strengthens bones. Okra contains rich amounts of vitamin B12, which is vital for bone health [35,36,37,38]. Also, consuming okra, in addition to strengthening bones, also prevents diseases such as osteoporosis. Okra is a food that can be included in almost any diet. Okra contains rich amounts of fiber, which makes a person feel full after consumption. In addition, okra can reduce appetite and prevent overeating, thus helping to lose weight [36,37,38]. Okra contains rich amounts of fiber, which prevents and treats constipation. The fiber in okra relieves constipation by improving bowel movements, and in addition to treating constipation, it can also help treat diarrhea. Okra can also reduce blood fat. The fiber in okra helps to eliminate excess cholesterol in the body [30,31,32,33]. As a result, it helps in the treatment of triglycerides, cholesterol, and high blood fat. One of the properties of okra is fighting cancer cells. In recent studies, scientists have found that the lectin in okra can fight breast cancer cells and help treat this cancer [39,40]. One of the important properties of okra is that, like fenugreek, it has the property of removing toxins from the digestive system. Okra contains a slimy substance that helps eliminate toxins and waste materials in the digestive system. Okra contains high amounts of potassium, which is one of the positive points of this plant [28,29,30,31,32]. Of course, high potassium can cause problems for people with kidney disease. One of the problems that the consumption of okra can cause for some people is that it causes increased sweating in the body, and for this reason, people who are allergic should observe a balance when consuming okra [30,31,32,33,34]. Diseases such as cataracts and macular degeneration are caused by the lack of vitamins and minerals in the body. Okra contains adequate amounts of beta-carotene and vitamin A, lutein and xanthine, which are essential for eye health, and in addition to preventing some eye diseases, they also improve vision [32,33,34,35,36].

Nanotechnology is one of the basic and emerging fields of research in modern sciences, which have many applications in different sciences and have a great impact on different areas of human life [39,40,41,42,43]. NPs are simple particles with dimensions of 1–100 nm that provide unique activities such as an extraordinary surface/volume ratio and high surface energy. Recently, the synthesis of NPs has gained special importance due to its many applications in the packaging industry to preserve the health of food and as permitted food additives [44,45,46]. Among the metal oxides, AgNPs have attracted the researcher’s interest because of their antibacterial, antifungal, UV filter, and antioxidant properties. Several chemical processes have been proposed for the synthesis of Ag, which include the Ag reaction with transfer alcohol, steam, precipitation method, hydrothermal synthesis, etc. [42,43,44]. Recently, the concentration of NPs using plants or the NPs green synthesis has been considered as a new method that can be an alternative to the synthesis of NPs by physical and chemical methods [46,47,48,49]. This method is cost-effective and environmentally friendly and is easily performed without the use of toxic chemicals or the need for high-pressure energy and temperature. The use of this method is cost-effective due to the variety of climates and vegetation [50,51,52,53,54]. By adding nano oxide particles to the polymers used in the packaging industry, the thermomechanical properties and the amount of water and gas penetration from the packaging surfaces can be changed to an optimal value. Also, because of the antibacterial effects of these NPs, according to the recommendations of the Food and Drug Organization, they can be used in milk packaging and improve its lifespan and health [55,56,57,58,59].

The present investigation discloses the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesizing capability of the leaves of pharmacologically important Abelmoschus esculentus. A rapid, cost-effective, one-step process of formulation has been achieved. The effect of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus was assessed against oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans in a recent study.

2 Methods and materials

2.1 Green synthesis of AgNPs

Some leaves of the Abelmoschus esculentus were bought and dried at 25 °C and away from sunlight. Extraction of the plant extract was done using water. 10 g of the plant was weighed and mixed with 200 mL of twice distilled water. It was placed in a bain-marie at 80°C for 1 h, the resulting mixture was then passed through a Whatman paper filter, and the aqueous extract was stored for further analysis in the refrigerator.

To synthesize AgNPs, 5 mL of the extract solution was added to 50 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 solution to obtain a uniform solution. Then, the solution pH was inserted to 9 with the help of 0.2 M soda solution and it was strongly stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 2 h. The precipitate was separated from the solution with the help of filter paper. After washing three times with ethanol and deionized water, it was calcined in an oven at 500°C to obtain AgNPs.

2.2 Antibacterial effects of the AgNPs against the oral pathogens

In this study, two oral bacteria, namely, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans were used. First, 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard was used to prepare the microbial suspension, then it was transferred to the Mueller Hinton Agar for culturing. 70 µL of several concentrations of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus, Abelmoschus esculentus, and AgNO3 were transferred to the disks and wells. In the recent experiment, distilled water was added as negative control and Amikacin (25), Oxytetracycline (30), Chloramphenicol (30), and Difloxacin (30) were used as positive controls. The growth inhibition zone (GIZ) was measured on disks and wells [60].

The macro broth dilution assay was applied to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Several concentrations of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus, Abelmoschus esculentus, and AgNO3 were added tubes, following which 70 µL of suspensions containing the bacteria were added and incubated. No turbidity and minimum concentration are two factors for determining the MIC. To measure the MBC, 70 µL MIC and four preceding chambers were transferred on Agar. Minimum concentration with no bacterial growth was MBC [60].

2.3 Statistical analysis

In the investigation of antibacterial activity, the results were subjected to one-way ANOVA analysis with SPSS-22 software. Then, the averages were compared with the minimum significant difference method (1% confidence level was used for calculations).

3 Results and discussion

AgNPs formation is certified by the presence of peaks at 509, 587, and 648 cm−1, which belong to the bending vibration of Ag–O. Take peaks at 2,867 and 3,416 cm−1 as examples, which are related to aliphatic C–H and O–H, respectively (Figure 1). Likewise, the peaks extending from 1,626 to 1,382 cm−1 correspond to C═O and C═C stretching, and the peaks related to –C–O and C–N stretching are detectable at 1,217 and 1,013 cm−1, respectively.

Figure 1 FT-IR analysis of AgNPs.
Figure 1

FT-IR analysis of AgNPs.

Figure 2 exhibits the FE-SEM picture of AgNPs, Which shows the spherical morphology of the AgNPs of size 15–48 nm. The images reveal an aggregation for AgNPs which is one of the common properties of green formulated NPs’ [19,20,21].

Figure 2 FE-SEM image of AgNPs.
Figure 2

FE-SEM image of AgNPs.

In the current experiment, Figure 3 reveals the UV–Vis spectrum of AgNPs. The band at 428 nm confirms the AgNPs formation.

Figure 3 UV–Vis analysis of AgNPs.
Figure 3

UV–Vis analysis of AgNPs.

Silver has excellent antimicrobial properties on several microbes, such as viruses, gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, protozoa, and some fungi. Furthermore, Ag has few fluctuations and high thermal stability. So, it can withstand the preparation process well in harsh conditions. In a 2011 review article, Dallas et al. pointed out three mechanisms commonly proposed by different researchers: (1) DNA gradual degradation and transcription inhibition and ATP production by Ag ions, (2) cell membrane direct damage, and (3) generation of active oxygen radicals by AgNPs and Ag ions. Ag ions can bind to electron-donating groups such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur in biological molecules. The interaction of silver ions with the thiol group of proteins can cause the inactivation of bacterial enzymes. This action causes the denaturation of proteins and their lack of biological efficiency [61,62,63]. Some researchers believe that the release of Ag ions is necessary for the antimicrobial effect. But Liu et al. reported in 2018 that among polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone hydrogels containing AgNPs, AgNPs can have an antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria only through surface contact [62]. In 2013, Naghsh et al. attributed the effect of AgNPs on Escherichia coli bacteria despite the wall resistance to the small diameter of Ag ions (4 nm and spherical shape) and as a result, the greater permeability of these NPs. Also, the microorganism transformation is done by changing SH bonds to SA-g, which results in the destruction of the microorganism; therefore, regarding the innovation aspect of Naghsh et al.’s research, it is necessary to explain that the shape of the NP (spherical, star, and rod) and its size affect how its physiological effects affect living cells [64,65,66]. Ag produced active oxygen, this mechanism applies mostly to AgNPs placed on SiO2 or TiO2. Then, the particles produce the strongest antimicrobial agents, i.e., oxygen and –OH ions by oxidizing oxygen atom and hydrolyzing water, respectively [67]. The microorganism transformation is carried out by the conversion of -SH bonds to –SAg. Ag ions change -SH in the microorganism wall to -SAg bands, which cause the destruction of microorganism [67]. Naghsh et al. concluded in 2013 that since AgNPs are attached to the microbial membrane surface, they can penetrate the cells and influence important biological molecules. AgNPs can enter into the bacterial cells through aquaporin in the gram-negative bacteria outer membrane [64]. After the AgNPs penetrate the cells, they begin to connect with cellular structures and biological molecules and then damage the internal structure of bacteria. The Ag ions released in the environment link to the negatively charged protein, which converts the structure of the protein and ultimately causes the inactivation of the protein. AgNPs can interact with the DNA of bacteria and degenerate it and stop the microbe’s cell growth. Also, AgNPs can decrease the DNA structure stability by electrostatic repulsion, because AgNPs and DNA have the same polar charge [68]. Sadon and others have shown that Ag ions can bind to the DNA, so by breaking hydrogen bonds after combining with double-stranded DNA, they change double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA [69]. Since AgNPs are attached to the microbial membrane surface, they can affect cellular activity [69].

In 2015, Heimzadeh et al. showed that spherical Ag and gold (Au) NPs with 10 nm diameters have antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans to some extent. Of the total Candida albicans isolates identified, 58 samples were inhibited by AgNPs and AuNPs with 10 nm diameters. The diameter of the inhibitory zone was between 0 and 19 mm. The results of minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) and MIC also confirmed these results. Considering that the diameter of the halo of the growth inhibition in the case of the standard strain of Candida albicans (ATCC-1677) and AgNPs is one of the smallest halos, it can be said that the standard strain of Candida albicans has become very resistant over time, so that AgNPs had little inhibitory activity against clinical microbes on this strain, just the opposite of AuNPs which had a greater effect [70]. In 2014, Asghari et al. showed in their research of the AgNPs effect with 10 nm diameters on Candida albicans clinical microbes that these NPs had an antimicrobial effect at a concentration of 500 ppm. But this effect was less than the effect of fluconazole. In the disc method, 500 ppm dilution inhibited the growth of 36 samples out of 50 samples of the aforementioned fungi, and subsequent dilutions did not show an inhibitory effect. The diameter of the halo of non-growth in the disc method with 500 ppm dilution was between 11 and 15 mm for clinical isolates. The diameter of the halo of non-growth in the case of standard Candida albicans was also 11 mm. The results of MIC and MFC also confirmed these results. Considering that the growth inhibition halo diameter in the case of the standard strain of Candida albicans (ATCC-1677) and AgNPs is one of the smallest halos, it can be said that the standard strain of Candida albicans has become very resistant over time, so that AgNPs had little inhibitory activity against clinical microbes on this strain. It is important to note that the diameter of the non-growth halo of AgNPs in all samples was lower than that of the antimicrobial drug fluconazole. This issue indicates the low inhibitory activity of AgNPs compared to fluconazole [71]. In 2014, Asghari et al. determined the antimicrobial potentials of AgNPs on candida vulvovaginitis-causing factors in laboratory conditions. The results showed that out of the total Candida albicans isolates identified (50 samples), 36 samples were inhibited by spherical AgNPs with a diameter of ten nanometers. The diameter of the growth inhibition halo was obtained between 0 and 15 mm. The MIC of the samples was between 125 and 31.25 ppm and the MFC of the samples was between 62.5 and 250 ppm; therefore, spherical AgNPs with a diameter of 10 nm have some antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. It is possible that in the future, after examining these NPs, they can be used in the treatment of vulvovaginitis-causing agents [71]. AgNPs at a concentration of 50 ppm along with the ethanolic extract of eucalyptus reduce the number of Aspergillus niger colonies. The antimicrobial effect mechanism of AgNPs on Aspergillus niger fungus is due to the creation of oxidative stress and inactivation of the cellular antioxidant system, which leads to the reduction in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. In general, specific mechanisms for the antimicrobial effects of AgNPs apply to most microbes. Considering the proof of the effects of silver on the death of cancerous lymph cells, probably in the present study, these NPs attacked the microbe cells with a similar mechanism by releasing free radicals caused by AgNPs and caused the transformation of the microorganism by converting SH bonds to S–Ag [72]. In 2012, Naghsh et al. assessed the antimicrobial properties of AgNPs with a diameter of 4 nm against Aspergillus fumigatus fungus. For this purpose, the direct drop method was used. The results of the statistical data showed that AgNPs in a dose-dependent pattern reduce the number and diameter of the colonies of this fungus [73]. In 2009, Kim Jan et al. investigated and evaluated the antimicrobial effects of AgNPs and their mode of action against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichosporon bijelli. The findings of this research indicated that the antimicrobial activity of NPs works by destroying the cell membrane structure and inhibiting the natural germination process, which causes cell membrane integrity destruction [74].

As has been revealed in Tables 1–3, there is no notable change (p ≤ 0.01) in the GIZ of both bacteria between standard antibiotics and AgNPs. Highest GIZ in agar disk and well diffusion assays was the gain at 512 µg/mL. No inhibitory zone of AgNPs was seen at 1, 2, and 4 µg/mL in case of both oral pathogens in agar well diffusion assay (p ≤ 0.01).

Table 1

GIZ of oral pathogens in several dilutions of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus, Abelmoschus esculentus, and AgNO3

Dilution (µg/mL) GIZ in disk diffusion (mm)
Microorganism Streptococcus mutans Porphyromonas gingivalis
Difloxacin (30) 33 ± 1.22ab 36.2 ± 1.3a
Chloramphenicol (30) 28.6 ± 0.89b 33.4 ± 0.89ab
Oxytetracycline (30) 26.4 ± 0.54b 34.2 ± 0.44ab
Amikacin (25) 24.6 ± 1.14b 26 ± 1b
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (512) 43.4 ± 0.54a 46 ± 1.22a
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (256) 41.2 ± 0.44a 44.6 ± 0.89a
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (128) 34.2 ± 1.3ab 41.4 ± 0.54a
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (64) 30.6 ± 0.89ab 36.4 ± 0.89a
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (32) 26.2 ± 0.44b 33.2 ± 0.83ab
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (16) 24.4 ± 0.54b 26.4 ± 0.54b
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (8) 21.2 ± 1.3bc 22.6 ± 0.89b
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (4) 15.2 ± 0.44bc 15.2 ± 0.44bc
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (2) 9 ± 1c 10.6 ± 0.89c
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (1) 9.4 ± 0.54c 8 ± 0c
Abelmoschus esculentus (512) 34.6 ± 1.14ab 37.2 ± 0.44a
Abelmoschus esculentus (256) 30 ± 0.7ab 37.2 ± 0.83a
Abelmoschus esculentus (128) 28.2 ± 0.44b 31.2 ± 1.3ab
Abelmoschus esculentus (64) 23.2 ± 0.83b 24.2 ± 1.3b
Abelmoschus esculentus (32) 16.2 ± 0.44bc 20.4 ± 0.54bc
Abelmoschus esculentus (16) 12.4 ± 0.54c 14.6 ± 1.14c
Abelmoschus esculentus (8) 10 ± 1.22c 13 ± 0.7c
Abelmoschus esculentus (4) 8 ± 0c 9.4 ± 0.54c
Abelmoschus esculentus (2) NIZO NIZO
Abelmoschus esculentus (1) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (512) 23.6 ± 1.14b 25.2 ± 0.83b
AgNO3 (256) 16.6 ± 0.89bc 22.2 ± 0.44b
AgNO3 (128) 13.2 ± 1.3c 14.4 ± 0.89c
AgNO3 (64) 11.4 ± 0.54c 12.2 ± 1.3c
AgNO3 (32) 9 ± 1c 11.6 ± 0.89c
AgNO3 (16) 9.2 ± 0.44c 10.4 ± 0.54c
AgNO3 (8) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (4) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (2) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (1) NIZO NIZO
Distilled water NIZO NIZO

NIZO: No inhibitory zone observed. a,b,c,A,BNon-like letters show a significant difference between the several groups (p ≤ 0.01).

Table 2

GIZ of oral pathogens in several dilutions of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus, Abelmoschus esculentus, and AgNO3

Dilution (µg/mL) GIZ in well diffusion (mm)
Microorganism Streptococcus mutans Porphyromonas gingivalis
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (512) 36.2 ± 0.44a 37 ± 1.22a
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (256) 32.2 ± 1.3a 33.2 ± 0.44a
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (128) 30.4 ± 0.54a 32.6 ± 0.89a
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (64) 25.2 ± 0.44ab 26.4 ± 0.89ab
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (32) 24 ± 1.22ab 20.6 ± 0.89b
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (16) 14 ± 1c 12.4 ± 0.54c
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (8) 9.4 ± 0.54c 10.4 ± 0.54c
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (4) NIZO NIZO
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (2) NIZO NIZO
AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (1) NIZO NIZO
Abelmoschus esculentus (512) 24.6 ± 0.89b 27.6 ± 1.14ab
Abelmoschus esculentus (256) 22.2 ± 0.83b 24.4 ± 0.54b
Abelmoschus esculentus (128) 15 ± 1.22bc 19.2 ± 0.44bc
Abelmoschus esculentus (64) 11.4 ± 0.54c 16.2 ± 1.3bc
Abelmoschus esculentus (32) 10.2 ± 0.83c 10.6 ± 0.89c
Abelmoschus esculentus (16) 10 ± 1c 8 ± 0c
Abelmoschus esculentus (8) NIZO NIZO
Abelmoschus esculentus (4) NIZO NIZO
Abelmoschus esculentus (2) NIZO NIZO
Abelmoschus esculentus (1) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (512) 15.2 ± 0.44bc 19.2 ± 0.44bc
AgNO3 (256) 14.4 ± 0.54c 17.6 ± 1.14bc
AgNO3 (128) 11.4 ± 0.54c 10.2 ± 0.44c
AgNO3 (64) 8 ± 0c 10.6 ± 0.89c
AgNO3 (32) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (16) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (8) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (4) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (2) NIZO NIZO
AgNO3 (1) NIZO NIZO
Distilled water NIZO NIZO

NIZO: No inhibitory zone observed. a,b,c,A,BNon-like letters show a significant difference between the several groups (p ≤ 0.01).

Table 3

MBC and MIC of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus, Abelmoschus esculentus, and AgNO3 against oral pathogens

Microorganism Streptococcus mutans Porphyromonas gingivalis
MICAgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (µg/mL) 8 ± 0b 8 ± 0a
MIC Abelmoschus esculentus (µg/mL) 64 ± 0c 32 ± 0a
MICAgNO3 (µg/mL) 256 ± 0d 128 ± 0b
MBCAgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (µg/mL) 16 ± 0B 8 ± 0A
MBC Abelmoschus esculentus (µg/mL) 64 ± 0c 64 ± 0B
MBCAgNO3 (µg/mL) 256 ± 0D 256 ± 0B

a,b,c,A,BNon-like letters show a significant difference between the several groups (p ≤ 0.01).

AgNPs inhibited both oral pathogens growth at 8 µg/mL concentration and destroyed Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis at 16 and 8 µg/mL, respectively. So, the data revealed high antibacterial potentials of AgNPs against both of the tested oral pathogens. Also, Ag NPs had the highest antibacterial activities on Porphyromonas gingivalis (p ≤ 0.01).

Naghsh et al. showed in 2013 that nanosilver and eucalyptus have synergistic effects. The MIC for nanosilver and eucalyptus was shown to be 50 ppm. In addition, the effective time to induce inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli was 3 days after treatment with AgNPs. It has been indicated that the shape and size of the particles play a major role in the antimicrobial activity of NPs. In this case, small particles show more antimicrobial activity than large particles. It was also shown that 67.2 nm hydrogel polymer chains-protected AgNPs have more antibacterial effects compared to larger AgNPs in composite networks. In 2013, Dodi et al. reported that 140 (3.75%) samples of gram-negative bacilli were ESBL-producing and 46 samples (7.24%) were non-ESBL gram-negative bacilli. The most infected sample of gram-negative bacilli with ESBL was related to infectious urine samples and the most common isolated bacterium was Klebsiella pneumoniae. All samples were sensitive to the solution of AgNPs with a concentration of 100 ppm. Enterobacter aerogenes (24 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23 mm) showed the highest diameter of the non-growth halo in the presence of 500 ppm concentration of AgNPs. AgNPs can have an inhibitory effect on all gram-negative bacilli tested, and with the increase in the concentration of AgNPs, the diameter of the non-growth halo of gram-negative bacilli with ESBL also increases. According to this study results, it can be concluded that the AgNPs used in vitro conditions in small amounts prevent the growth of gram-negative bacilli producing ESBL [75,76]. Naghsh et al., in their study in 2012, reported that the most suitable time for the inhibitory effect of Escherichia coli bacteria was 6 days after treatment at a concentration of 25 ppm of AgNPs combined with ethanolic extract of eucalyptus. After 24, 48, and 72 h and also on the 6th and 8th days after the treatment, there was no change in the diameter of the no-growth halo, which showed that time did not have much effect on the change in the diameter of the no-growth halo at this concentration. But in the case of 50 ppm concentration, there was a very little difference from other situations regarding the change in the diameter of the no-growth halo with the passage of time. Regarding the variable effect of different concentrations, the obtained results indicate that at a combined concentration of 25 ppm of NPs and eucalyptus ethanolic extract, the diameter of the growth halo was recorded compared to the single state (0.83 mm) [77].

Escarcega-González showed in 2018 that AgNPs are spherical. AgNPs indicate antimicrobial effect in laboratory conditions. Also, the antimicrobial effects of AgNPs were tested in a mouse skin infection model. The findings showed that the AgNPs revealed in this research can eliminate bacteria in a body infection. Also, kidney, liver, and skin profiles were observed in the mouse infection model and the findings showed that AgNPs can be applied as remedial agents in animal models. Using green chemistry methods, AgNPs can be used as therapeutic agents in dealing with infections caused by resistant strains [78]. In 2017, Long et al. reported the antibacterial mechanism of AgNPs against Escherichia coli bacteria as a model organism. The results showed that after 2 h of treating the bacteria with 100 µg/mL of AgNPs, protein, and sugar leakage from the bacterial cell was observed. Also, proteomics analysis showed that even after a short period of treatment of bacteria with AgNPs, a change in the expression of a series of heat shock proteins and bacterial cell coat proteins was observed. Therefore, these particles can enter the membrane and lead to the destruction of the bacterial membrane. Also, AgNPs can cause a significant decrease in potassium inside the cell. As a result, AgNPs reduce the level of ATP. The possible molecular target of the AgNPs can be protein thiol groups and the place of action of the AgNP is the bacterial cell membrane phospholipid part [79]. Based on the study conducted by Kim et al. in 2007, the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and yeast was evaluated. After treating these microorganisms with the above NPs, it was seen that yeast and Escherichia coli were prevented at low concentrations, while the inhibitory effects on gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were moderate [80].

AgNPs have more advantages compared to Ag antibiotics, and this has caused their use in the treatment of diseases of microbial origin to increase. Some of the most important advantages of AgNPs compared to antibiotics include the following: (1) Bacteria are not resistant to AgNPs, because AgNPs affect only various parts and enzymes. (2) AgNPs are effective on a wide range of bacteria. (3) AgNPs in some forms and concentrations do not have a toxic effect on human cells. (4) Unlike antibiotics, which change and become ineffective after reacting with cells, AgNPs are released after impacting microbes and affect other microorganisms as well. (5) These NPs in some concentrations and forms are non-sensitizing and non-stimulating for biological cells [80].

The antibacterial properties of AgNPs correlate with the particle dimension. Choi et al. reported that it was hard for the AgNPs of >0.02 pm to move into the microbes; particles of >0.015 pm could attach at the microbes surface, but at the size of lesser than 5 nm, AgNPs have higher antimicrobial properties than more size [81]. To survey the bactericidal functional of AgNPs on resistant Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans, we adopted lesser than 50 nm Ag spheres. The findings revealed that the MBC and MIC of AgNPs on Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were between 8, 16 and 8 μg/mL, respectively, confirming that AgNPs had a high antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis at low concentration. More antibacterial tests demonstrated that AgNPs could destroy P. aeruginosa rapidly. Orlov et al. revealed that AgNPs removed E. coli in a time- and concentration-dependent manner [82].

However, there are plenty of advantages of nanomedicine, exposure analysis and risk assessment of NPs gained by fast formulation procedures toward cancer or normal cells are critical at specific doses for increased applications in medicine [83]. The toxicity evaluation for AgNPs health hazards is still in its infancy [83,84,85]. Some research works show both systemic and local toxicity of AgNPs, with mechanisms that relate to oxidative stress, immune cells induction, and toxicity at genome levels. More enduring research works by different patterns can show the specific toxicity modes [84,85,86]. The nanotoxicity of AgNPs is dependent on agglomeration, administration route, dose, shape, surface, and size. Antibacterial drug dose determination is so foremost and critical for remedial aims. This is because high dose can lead to a decrease in the antibacterial activity. Previous experiments showed that 400 ng/mL was the minimal IC50 level for AgNPs. The maximum amount analyzed was 0.25 mg/mL. But genotoxic activities were seen at 10–10,000 g/mL in BEAS-2B [83,84,85,86].

4 Conclusion

In the above experiment, we revealed a cost-effective biological process to formulate AgNPs by Abelmoschus esculentus leaf aqueous extract. The physical and chemical investigation of the synthesized AgNPs showed that the particles were produced in nano dimensions, spherical shape, and without any impurities. This method could be applied for the large-scale industrial formulation of AgNPs as an antioxidant and antibacterial agents by Abelmoschus esculentus leaf. In vitro adherence of S. mutans was significantly prevented by the addition of AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (MIC = 8–16 µg/mL). Among the concentrations, the 8 µg/mL exhibited the lowest MICs against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 8 µg/mL). These NPs may have several medical applications in the pharmacology industry for the modern formulations development on oral pathogens strains.

# Tinghong Nie and Geng Liu are co-first authors, they contributed equally to this work.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors had an equal role in conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-03-25
Revised: 2023-05-25
Accepted: 2023-05-29
Published Online: 2023-09-28

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0349
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
oral bacteria; Abelmoschus esculentus; silver nanoparticles; Streptococcus mutans; Porphyromonas gingivalis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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Heruntergeladen am 1.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2022-0349/html
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