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Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats

  • Lifang Jia , Waleed Eltantawy , Mohamed Samir Ahmed Ahmed Zaki , Abulqasim M. Sideeg , Heitham M. Mohammed , Attalla F. El-kott and Diaa Massoud EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

In a recent study, we evaluated the remedial properties of gold nanoparticles (gold NPs) green-formulated by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats. UV-Vis, FE-SEM, FT-IR, and TEM tests were applied to characterize the recent gold NPs. The IC50 values of O. majorana, gold NPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene were 382, 250, and 165 µg/mL, respectively, against DPPH. In in vivo tests, 40 male rats were grouped into four groups: the sham, intact, control, and gold NP (50 µg/kg) groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was done to test the lesions post-injury. To determine the neural conduction recovery, somatosensory evoked potential experiments were carried out. For determining the astrogliosis, the GFAP expression was evaluated. All rats were assessed for behavior outcomes using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores every week after spinal cord injury onset. The neuroprotective effects of gold NPs caused improvement in the spinal cord injury contusive model in Wistar rats. Delayed responses were reduced significantly and BBB scores were raised significantly in the gold NP group on sensory tests. The highest reduction in GFAP was evident in the gold NP group. The ventral motor neuron number raised significantly and cavity areas reduced significantly in the gold NP group. Electromyography findings indicated notable improvement of hindlimbs in the gold NP (50 µg/kg) group.

Keywords: spinal cord injury; neuroprotective activities; Origanum majorana ; gold nanoparticles

1 Introduction

Origanum majorana is a perennial and cold-sensitive plant that has a sweet aroma and a taste similar to lemon. In some countries of the Middle East, it is used instead of Oreganum vulgare. In traditional Austrian medicine, this plant is used to treat digestive disorders and infections [1,2,3]. O. majorana has a stem with a square section, almost red and branched. The leaves are oval, fragrant, hairy, and gray-green. The flowers are small, tubular, and white-pink with green-gray sepals. The inflorescence is a cluster type. This plant is not very sensitive to soil and usually grows in any type of soil [1,2]. It prefers dry soils with good drainage and slightly alkaline. This plant is perennial in tropical areas that do not have severe winters, but in some areas such as England, where the winter is very cold, it is cultivated as an annual [4,5,6,7]. This plant is resistant to drought and heat. The aromatic O. majorana seeds are used to flavor sweets and drinks. This plant exhibits antidepressant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiflatulent, choleretic, expectorant, laxative, expectorant, tonic, and energizing properties [3,4,5,6]. The effect of this plant on the nervous system is greater than O. vulgare. Oral consumption of O. majorana is used to treat symptoms caused by bronchitis, headache, insomnia, anxiety, digestive discomfort, and menstrual pain [6,7,8]. O. majorana is used topically to treat muscle pain, arthritis, pain caused by bronchitis, and sprains. In traditional medicine, O. majorana is used for the health of the nervous system and even for spinal cord injured patients [7,8,9,10].

The spinal cord starts from the medulla in the occipital bone and continues through the cervical vertebrae to the first and second lumbar vertebrae [11,12]. This part receives sensory messages from other organs, directs them to the brain, and transmits the brain’s commands to the organs in the same way [11,12,13,14]. It is the most main cause of disturbance in the human sensory–motor system and has great effects on life and daily activities. Spinal cord injury occurs when a person is injured due to accidents such as car accidents, severe blows during sports, falling from a height, etc., and his/her spine suffers a fracture. In this case, the spinal cord loses its protection and is damaged due to the impact it receives [13,14,15,16]. The occurrence of sensorimotor problems is the most important complication caused by spinal cord injury, and depending on the injury severity, it causes changes in the body’s feelings and functions. Spinal cord injury affects all aspects of human life, including psychological, emotional, and social aspects, and causes many problems for the affected person and those around them [17,18,19,20]. Spinal cord injury is divided into two general types: upper limb injury and lower limb injury. If the spinal cord injury occurs at the thoracic vertebrae level and below, it causes paralysis of the lower limbs and also causes disorders in the functioning of the intestines, bladder, thoracic, abdominal, and sexual organs. If a spinal cord injury occurs in the neck area, it leads to paralysis of the arms and legs and the person will no longer be able to use them [20,21,22]. The closer this injury is to the brain, the greater the severity of the injury and it will damage more organs of the body. The causes of spinal cord injury include falling from a height, car accidents, gunshot wounds, stabbing, sports events, violent behavior, electric shock, congenital abnormalities of the vertebrae, congenital diseases, etc. [23,24,25]. Problems that cause spinal cord injury include spine fracture, disc damage, vertebral dislocation, intervertebral disc protrusion, vertebral slippage, and spinal canal stenosis. Spinal cord injury of any kind has signs and symptoms that include paralysis of limbs and their thinning; lack of movement in the upper or lower limbs; loss of muscle fitness and weakness; burning or numbness in the limbs; involuntary muscle spasms; severe pain or burning sensation in the affected area; and loss or change in the sensation of heat, cold, and touch [23,24,25,26]. X-ray, tomography scan, and MRI are used to check the patient’s condition. The most main stage of the patient’s treatment is the initial and emergency measures after transfer to the hospital [27,28,29,30]. This treatment depends on the condition of the patient and the severity of the injury. In fact, the doctor waits for a few days for the inflammation and pain caused by the injury to subside. The doctor performs a neurological examination and measures the patient’s muscle strength and ability. The last step is surgery [26,27,28,29,30].

Nanotechnology is a modern and very practical branch that has attracted the attention of researchers and has created several opportunities for the progress in medical sciences. Also, this technology is used in material rapid detection, sensors, magnetic imaging, diagnostic methods, agricultural, and military [31,32,33]. Today, scientists have used this science to treat and diagnose several diseases, including cancer. In recent years, this science has introduced many drugs for the treatment of neurological disorders [34]. Also, scientists have focused on solving the problems of spinal cords with biomaterials and nanoparticles (NPs). However, there is much research about the therapeutic effects of NPs in neurology, and investigations of side effects, and finding the best doses are continuing [35,36,37,38,39,40]. In the neurological imaging test discussion, less invasive tests are more acceptable, so metallic particles are an ideal option for the development of these images [41,42,43,44,45]. In nanobiotechnology, they use engineered materials that communicate at the molecular level of biological systems and can create nerve stimulation and physiological responses. NPs’ control and drug distribution maintained in several parts are better than other drugs [36,37,38,39]. NPs are used for imaging in neurosciences, as well as investigating nervous system adult stem cells fate and treatment of several CNS disorders [46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53]. Nowadays, many studies are conducted on metallic NPs that may help in the treatment and regeneration of nerves in several ways such as modulating inflammatory factors, stimulating nerve cell proliferation, antioxidant effects, etc. Because of their morphological and chemical characteristics, some metallic NPs are promising remedial ways that, depending on the dose and size, can have neuroprotective and antioxidant properties [54,55,56,57]. In this research, we report the formulation of gold NPs fabricated over O. majorana leaf aqueous extract. The green-formulated gold NPs were characterized by UV-Vis, TEM, FE-SEM, and FT-IR. Also, the properties of Au NPs for spinal cord injury treatment were evaluated.

2 Experimental

2.1 Preparation and extraction of aqueous extract

The heat-soaking method was applied for plant extraction. After weighing, 30 g of O. majorana leaves was washed at different times with distilled water to omit the contamination of the surface. Then it was added to 0.3 L of boiling water and after 45 min, the gained extract was passed by Whatman filter paper number one. The fresh extract was saved for the biological experiments.

2.2 Green synthesis and chemical characterization of gold NPs

The stabilizer and regenerator were O. majorana extract. Gold NPs were synthesized according to the following steps. First, 10 mL of the extract of O. majorana (4 g in 15 mL distilled water) was poured into HAuCl4·6H2O (30 mL, 0.02 M). Then, HAuCl4·6H2O was washed three times with water/ethanol (50:50) . A centrifuge with a speed of 10,000 rpm was run for 15 min to separate the residue. At the end, the NPs were dried at 45°C. Gold NPs as a dark yellow powder were used for biological and chemical evaluation. After observing the color change, the NP production was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The maximum absorption peak in the curve obtained for the NP solution biosynthesized with the plant aqueous extract was seen at a 549 nm wavelength, which indicates the NP synthesis. Through the spectrophotometric method, due to the surface plasmon resonance of the particles, it is possible to track gold NP production in the plant extract environment. Gold NP absorption peak is around the wavelength of 549 nm, depending on the conditions and size of the particles, the location of the absorption peak changes.

2.3 Antioxidant properties

In the antioxidant activity test, dipheny1-2-picry-DPPH-1,1 hydrazyl was used. For that, 1 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH was added to 6 mL of NPs (1–1,000 μg/mL). After incubating for 30 min, the absorbance was read at 517 nm. The radical absorption percentage was computed by the following equation [32]:

(1) Inhibition ( % ) = Sample A Control A × 100 .

2.4 In vivo design

Traumatic spinal cord injury was induced according to the study of Kaka et al. [58]. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: the sham, intact, control, and gold NP (50 µg/kg) groups. In an open-field motor test, to evaluate the neurological function, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale was applied. In 1995, this scale was designed in order to standardize the measurement of locomotor behavior in the open box instrument by the above three researchers and is used as a valid test all over the world. This test can determine even small movement improvements. Until 1996, this test was used for mild and moderate injuries. But now it is also used in severe injuries. Of course, it is difficult to check the coordination of anterior and posterior organs in relation to each other. The main use of this method is to evaluate all types of movements of the hind limbs in laboratory animals, and scoring is done between 0 and 21. From scores 0 to 7, it is related to joint movements, and from scores 8 to 21, it is related to walking on the soles of the feet and continuous coordination between limbs. Among the advantages of BBB, the following can be mentioned: (1) It does not require training and training before the test. (2) Since a wide range of animal functions are examined, it measures the health of the reticulospinal and vestibular pathways. The test was done in 1–56 days every week. The hot-water test was done to assess the pain as a behavioral test in 1–56 days every week. Twenty-four hours before the animal’s sacrifice, the needles of intramuscular electromyography (EMG) recording were bilaterally inserted into the hindlimb flexor muscles to determine the 10 s electrical potential produced by the muscle cells. Then, we compressed 10–1 s by EMG software to gain the motor unit’s recruitment index. Twenty-four hours after electrophysiological assessment and 56 days after the surgery, all animals were anesthetized, then were perfused intracardially with buffered formalin and saline. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for spinal cord section histopathological analysis at T8. The lesion area and white and gray matter volume and the positive GFAP astrocyte perikaryons and lower motor neuron number were then assessed by image-analyzing software. We used an ECLIPSE 50i microscope to get better resolution for image analysis [58].

Statistical analysis was done in three repetitions, then the findings were evaluated using the one-way ANOVA test and Tukey test.

3 Results and discussion

Drug delivery to the CNS is a challenge for biologists because of CNS protective barriers. The CNS drug effectiveness depends on the drug's ability to cross the BBB and make remedial dilations [37]. Therefore, failure in the CNS disorders treatment is often not because of a drug potency lack, but because of a problem in the drug delivery method. Nanotechnology, especially the use of NPs, has registered promising answers [49]. Generally, pharmacotherapy must have a unique shelf life to be effective in the blood. NPs are usually more effective because of their small size. Several factors such as surface charge, weight, surface characteristics, shape, and size are effective in the NPs’ persistence in the blood [47,48]. The low volume-to-surface ratio of NPs gives them the ability to link ligands to their surface [46]. In another study, neuron-protective peptides were placed in nanostructures of monosialotetrahexosylgan glycoside for the Alzheimer’s disease combined treatment [43]. Also, NPs coated with polyethylene or polysorbate and with a size smaller than 100 nm can be saved from the RES. Nowadays, because of the negative charge present on the endothelial cells' surface, it is possible to create electrostatic interaction by functionalizing the NP surface. As a result, the NPs entry by the blood–brain barrier is facilitated. NPs pass through the blood–brain barrier by lipoprotein and transferrin receptors inside the cell through absorption [59]. Cell harvesting starts with transferrin binding to its receptor and hangs on with the endocytosis process that can pass the drugs and NP mixture through the blood–brain barrier [44]. Also, the modified NP circulation causes easier interaction and penetration into the endothelial cells and the possibility of more control over the actions of the cells in the blood. However, despite the current progress in the science of nanomedicine, the use of NPs still faces problems, for example, unknown tissue unpredictability and interaction consequences [48,53]. Cationic gold NPs enter the cell without consuming energy bypassing ways and affecting the function of the cell [49]. NPs can be applied as antioxidant enzyme carriers. In this regard, antioxidant enzymes are capable of reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, they remain for a short time in the blood and then decompose. Therefore, it is hard to cross the blood–brain barrier because of their short presence [50–52]. Some drug delivery systems are in the polymer NP form and these NPs can pass by tight cell junctions [54]. Nanospheres and nanocapsules are vital in new drug delivery as they have a high drug-loading capacity. Therefore, they increase the drug-reaching probability to the brain [55].

The small size of NPs reduces the ratio of volume to surface and it can absorb many free radicals (FR) and is a suitable solution to deal with FR released after nerve damage [55]. Soluki et al. determined the cerium oxide NP effects on improving motor performance and tissue changes following sciatic nerve injury in rats [39]. Also, in another research that investigated the endothelial cells and nerve cells oxidative stress, it was found that NPs decreased apoptosis and were efficient in repairing peripheral nervous system (PNS) [36]. Also, the effect of NPs in anti-cancer applications, modulating the CNS and PNS, angiogenesis, inhibiting high blood pressure, decreasing damage/damaged tissue, decreasing cholesterol levels, and antibacterial effects have been confirmed [36,39]. Because of NPs’ properties, there is high hope for creating treatment and diagnostic facilities. A prominent molecule for therapeutic and diagnostic applications is magnetic NP (MNP), which can move drugs by a magnetic field to preferred locations [36]. MNPs inhibit damaged tissue accumulation and inflammation and are applied as biomarkers to assess drug effectiveness. By effectively delivering growth factors and stimulating regeneration, the MNP's role in PNS repair has been proven [60,61]. Scientists also indicated that the neurotrophic factors covalent combination with iron oxide NPs raised the stability and improvement of peripheral nerves [61]. The researchers found that the sciatic nerve grafting with channels designed with nanocomposites was successful, and the animals whose sciatic nerve was grafted with this method showed a higher nerve message conduction speed than other groups. [62]. It was also observed that the presence of zinc NPs in the matrix intelligently increases the proliferation of nerve cells due to their conductivity and biodegradability [63].

Figure 1 presents the UV–Vis spectrum of gold NPs. The gold NP formation was confirmed by the presence of the band at 549 nm.

Figure 1 UV-Vis analysis of gold NPs.
Figure 1

UV-Vis analysis of gold NPs.

Figure 2 presents the FT-IR spectrum of gold NPs. The bands at 433 and 520 cm−1 (related to the Au–O bond) confirm the gold NP production. Other peaks at 3,429 and 2,919, 1,399 to 1,621, and 1,086  cm−1 are related to the phenolic, flavonoid, triterpenes, and other antioxidant compounds, which were presented previously [50–52,54,55].

Figure 2 FT-IR analysis of gold NPs.
Figure 2

FT-IR analysis of gold NPs.

Figures 3 and 4 reveal the TEM and FE-SEM of gold NPs. These NPs were green-formulated in a spherical shape with a size ranging from 14 to 64 nm. According to the results, the plant extract secondary metabolites presence causes an insufficient homogeneity for NPs and predisposes a tendency to aggregation for metallic NPs [50–52,54,55]. Previous studies have reported a size of 10–80 nm for gold NP size [36,39,60–62].

Figure 3 TEM analysis of gold NPs.
Figure 3

TEM analysis of gold NPs.

Figure 4 FE-SEM analysis of gold NPs.
Figure 4

FE-SEM analysis of gold NPs.

The IC50 values of O. majorana, gold NPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene were 382, 250, and 165 µg/mL, respectively, against DPPH. The antioxidant test results are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 The antioxidant activities of O. majorana, gold NPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene.
Figure 5

The antioxidant activities of O. majorana, gold NPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene.

The therapeutic properties of the recent NPs are related to the gold metal and plant extract. O. majorana is traditionally used as a medicine, anti-bloating, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, expectorant, and antiseptic. According to traditional medicine experts, this plant is hot and dry by nature [1,2,3]. In India, its leaves and seeds are used as an astringent, carminative, breast softener, and tonic medicine. High consumption of O. majorana is harmful to the kidneys and bladder, so it should be eaten sparingly to moderate it [4,5,6,7]. Also, adding a few drops of its essential oil to the nose can be useful for clearing the nose and relieving epilepsy. The essential oil of O. majorana also has healing and disinfecting effects, so ointments made from it are used for dressing, disinfecting, and healing wounds [6,7,8,9,10]. The compounds prepared from its hot tea are used to speed up the flow of menstrual blood that stops due to cold. Its diluted oil is also used to relieve toothache and joint pain. In traditional Chinese medicine, O. majorana is used as a medicine to treat fever, vomiting, dysentery, jaundice, and poor appetite problems in children [8,9,10]. In a study on the antioxidant activity of 21 phenolic compounds in O. majorana, the highest antioxidant activity was related to rosmarinic acid, luteolin, caffeic acid, and butyl rosmarinate compared to the ascorbic acid control (SC50 – 37.7 μM) [64]. Another in vitro study was conducted on the antioxidant properties of the essential aerial parts of O. majorana. Both essential oils had significant activity in reducing the toxic product production resulting from the activity of RNS, such as 3-nitrotyrosine in marjoram, and maintaining the previous values of 17 and 27.2 μg/mL for malondialdehyde. Also, the main components of essential oil from thymol and carvacrol showed a notable inhibitory effect on the formation of nitrotyrosine compounds with IC50 of 81.3 and 106.3 μM, respectively, compared to that of ascorbic acid (400 μM). Also, these values were recorded for the inhibition of malondialdehyde production by maintaining the previous values of 9.43 and 1.70. In contrast, bisimene and gammatrienin were inactive in both evaluations and did not show significant activity [65]. Also, P-Simen and Gammatriene were inactive in both evaluations and did not show any significant activity [65]. In another evaluation with DPPH Schiff bases 1a, 1b thymol, and a-1 carvacrol showed more antioxidant activities than thymol and carvacrol themselves [66]. Şahin et al. also evaluated the antioxidant properties of the methanol extract and essential oil by DPPH and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. The results showed that the methanolic extract had a greater ability to trap DPPH radicals compared to the essential oil. However, in preventing the oxidation of linoleic acid, essential oil showed 50% inhibition at a concentration of 2.2 mg/mL, while the methanolic extract at a concentration of 2 mg/mL had only 32% oxidative inhibition [67]. In another study, the antioxidant activity on oxygen species (ORAC), the content of phenolic compounds, and the amount of rosmarinic acid in the essential oils of 42 cultivated plants were evaluated. The results showed that the lowest absorption capacity of oxygen FRs related to the Virideh subspecies belonged to Albania and the highest one belonged to Germany. The highest amount of rosmarinic acid was related to the Virideh subspecies from Albania [68]. The results of another study showed that essential oils in different doses can show different activity. In this research, it was found that some monotrinic compounds, such as thymol and carvacrol, in concentrations higher than 230 μM, caused an increase in oxidative stress in 2-Caco colon cancer cells, simultaneously with an increase in the reactive oxygen species and a decrease in glutathione enzyme content [69]. In another study, FR scavenging activity was evaluated with the essential oil of O. majorana with the dominant compounds of thymol and carvacrol [70].

Inflammation is the body’s natural response to tissue infection and damage [71]. If the inflammation is not controlled, pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, enzymes, ROS, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins are released, which will stimulate the development of arthritis, arteriosclerosis, and even cancer in some cases. Luiz et al. proved that trines such as erovacrole acetate and thymol present in the essential oil of three species of Mexican O. majorana caused a significant reduction in the levels of ROS and nitric oxide. Lima et al. conducted an experiment where 50–100 mg/kg carvacrol was injected in rats with paw swelling, and found that the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B and prostaglandin E2 levels decreased which was mostly related to the expression of IL-1B and cyclooxygenase 2 genes. In addition, it was observed that the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was also improved [72]. Also, in another study, the ability of carvacrol to reduce obesity in mice has been proven by changing the genes expression pattern related to the inflammatory response [73]. Also, the rosmarinic acid present in O. majorana, which is a steroidal anti-inflammatory compound, has been used topically to inhibit gingivitis and led to a reduction in platelet aggregation in guinea pigs [74]. Several studies indicated that O. majorana with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects treats injuries in several organs [69–74]. It seems that the therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold NPs with O. majorana on spinal cord injury in rats are related to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds of the O. majorana extract and the potential and synergism effects of these compounds with gold NPs.

In this study, intraperitoneal gold NP administration 24 h after injury ameliorated significantly locomotor function as compared with the control group. The rats in the shame group indicated no notable change in locomotion scores (BBB) as compared with the intact group (Figure 6). Statistical assessments showed that the response mean latency time to painful stimulus was reduced significantly in the gold NPs group vs. the control group (Figure 7). Statistical assessments indicated that the recruitment index mean was increased for the right and left hind limbs in the gold NP group vs the control group (Figure 8).

Figure 6 Effect of NPs on BBB scores in several days.
Figure 6

Effect of NPs on BBB scores in several days.

Figure 7 Effect of NPs on the sensory function in hot water tests in several days.
Figure 7

Effect of NPs on the sensory function in hot water tests in several days.

Figure 8 Effect of NPs on EMG results.
Figure 8

Effect of NPs on EMG results.

Statistical analysis indicated that the mean cavity size was decreased significantly in the gold NP treatment group as compared with the control group (Figure 9). Dunnett’s post-hoc multiple-comparison experiment application showed a notable increase in the VHMN number in the gold NP treatment group as compared with the control group (Figure 10).

Figure 9 Effect of NPs on cavity area (µm2) in histomorphological evaluations.
Figure 9

Effect of NPs on cavity area (µm2) in histomorphological evaluations.

Figure 10 Effect of NPs on the VHMN number.
Figure 10

Effect of NPs on the VHMN number.

Strong immunostaining for GFAP was indicated in the control group (Figure 11) but this activation was remarkably weakened in the gold NP group.

Figure 11 Effect of nanocomposite on the astrocyte number.
Figure 11

Effect of nanocomposite on the astrocyte number.

4 Conclusion

This study’s aim was to synthesize green-formulated gold NPs using O. majorana extract and to survey the remedial effects of gold NPs on asthma. In UV-Vis analysis, the band at 549 nm confirms the gold NP formation. In FT-IR analysis, the bands at 468 and 590 cm−1 (Au–O bond) confirm the gold NP production. These analyses showed that gold NPs have been successfully prepared. In the in vivo study, EMG findings indicated notable improvement of hindlimbs in the gold NP (50 µg/kg) group. Cavity areas were reduced and the ventral motor neuron numbers were increased in the gold NP group. BBB scores were increased and delayed responses were reduced in the gold NP group on sensory tests. Although more studies are needed to determine the action mechanism, the recent findings offer that gold NPs may have remedial activities for treating spinal cord injury patients.

  1. Funding information: The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through a large group Research Project under grant number (RGP2/40/44).

  2. Author contributions: All authors had the same role in the conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The experiments were performed according to the ethical guidelines of the International Association for the Study of Humans.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-06-11
Revised: 2023-11-28
Accepted: 2023-11-28
Published Online: 2023-12-31

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
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  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
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  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
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  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
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  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
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  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
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  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0172
Keywords for this article
spinal cord injury; neuroprotective activities; Origanum majorana; gold nanoparticles
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
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  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
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  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
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  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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