Home Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
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Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent

  • Chun Zhao , Mengqi He , Jibin Duan , Jiaqi Wang , Zhenzhong Fan EMAIL logo and Qilei Tong EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 26, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

With the rapid growth of natural gas consumption capacity, the important role of gas storage in seasonal peak shaving and emergency response is gradually emerging. Long-term forced production and injection of gas storage will lead to problems such as wellhead equipment leakage and string seal failure. Replacing the string is not only costly but also takes a long time. Aiming at thread leakage caused by multiple rounds of forced production and injection in gas storage, a Pickering emulsion differential pressure plugging agent with a self-sealing function under a certain pressure difference was developed. We selected carboxyl nitrile latex with a self-polymerization function and modified the nano-stabilizer Fe3O4@SiO2. The Pickering differential pressure plugging agent with excellent plugging performance was prepared by the combination of modified particles and non-ionic emulsifier OP-10. The plugging test was carried out for the simulated oil pipe thread. When the leakage rate was 50 mL/min, no leakage occurred under a pressure of 20 MPa after plugging. The differential pressure plugging agent is expected to achieve plugging without moving the pipe string and rebuild the integrity of the wellbore.

Keywords: nano-stabilizer Fe3O4@SiO2 ; pickering emulsion; carboxybutyronitrile latex; differential pressure plugging agent

1 Introduction

After multiple rounds of high-intensity and periodic injection and production in Shuang6 gas storage of Liaohe Oilfield, annulus pressure has appeared. Through preliminary analysis of 15 old wells that have injected and produced gas in Shuang6 gas storage, it can be determined that the pressure of annulus A in some wells is due to the leakage of sealing components such as tubing and packer. Long-term annulus pressure will not only cause additional corrosion to the casing but also cause additional corrosion to the casing. This can lead to the failure of wellhead shielding, leading to well control risks. At present, the disposal methods of annulus A band pressure all require the disposal of the original production and completion pipe string, and the workover cost of a single well is up to 10 million yuan (to investigate similar wells of Huabai gas storage and Dagang gas storage). Besides, the workover cycle of gas storage wells is lengthy, and there are many uncontrollable factors in the workover process, which are easy to lead to unexpected conditions such as reservoir pollution caused by killing wells and casing damage caused by milling packers, resulting in irreversible damage. In order to reduce the cost of workover, low-cost and safe workover, there is an urgent need to conduct research on differential pressure plugging technology, plug the loss channel in a non-selective way, and re-establish well integrity.

In recent years, researchers have reported a pressure differential plugging agent with a short repair cycle and simple operation. The sealant has a bionic sealing effect similar to wound blood coagulation. It can only activate the liquid–solid conversion reaction under the effect of the leak point pressure difference, coalesce and precipitate at the edge of the leak hole, and finally form a ductile solid, block the leak point, and complete the sealing repair. However, the remaining sealant remains in a flowing state and will not block other production systems [1,2,3]. Compared with the traditional sealing repair injection agent, the differential pressure plugging agent has stable chemical properties, does not react during transportation, and is not affected by the transmission time, ambient temperature, and pressure. Its sealing characteristics only depend on the nature of the leak point and the differential pressure [4,5]. A differential pressure plugging agent shows important application value in oil and gas development, storage and transportation, and other fields. Xu et al. [6] studied a differential pressure-type plugging agent with a polydisperse system. The plugging agent uses butadiene nitrile latex particles as an emulsifier and removes the surface water film of butadiene nitrile latex particles by adding electrolyte, so that the butadiene nitrile latex can be agglomerated under the cooperation of the viscosity-increasing agent, and can effectively seal the 5 mm3 leak under 5.7 MPa. Guo et al. [7] developed a differential pressure-activated sealant with nitrile latex as the main agent, CH3COONa as the activator, and OP-40 as the terminator, which can effectively repair the leakage and withstand a liquid pressure of 40 MPa after repair. Chang [8] verified that the differential pressure-activated sealant can effectively seal high-pressure and high-leakage rate oil and gas wells with an environmental pressure of 35 MPa. At the same time, the tubing foam simulation plugging experiment verified that the foam differential pressure-activated sealant can effectively seal low-pressure and low leakage rate oil and gas wells with an environmental pressure of less than 10 MPa.

The most important thing in preparing a differential pressure plugging agent is the selection of latex and stabilizer. On the one hand, latex determines the performance of the plugging agent; on the other hand, the stabilizer determines whether the plugging agent can effectively prevent the excessive aggregation and solidification of latex and maintain excellent stability. In addition to the most basic latex, herein, in preparation for the differential pressure-type plugging agent, a certain amount of sodium cellulose solution is added to thicken the latex, and potassium chloride solution is used as an activator to achieve the aggregation and the growth of latex particles by destroying the liquid film outside the latex particles and increasing the particle size. After the size of the colloidal particles increases to a certain extent, a stabilizer is added to emulsify the colloidal particles again, and the liquid film is coated on the outside again to form a stable O/W Pickering emulsion [9,10], preventing its continuous aggregation. The stabilizer adopts solid nanometer Fe3O4@SiO2 and compounds with an emulsifier OP-10. Solid nano Fe3O4@SiO2 can be obtained by the modification of the nano-Fe3O4. Fe3O4 has strong hydrophilicity due to its small wetting angle, which is not conducive to the formation of stable O/W emulsion [11]. Through modification, SiO2 can be coated on the outer layer of Fe3O4, which partially wets the particles and improves the stability of the emulsion. When the modified nanoparticles are combined with OP-10, a skeleton structure is formed between the colloidal particles and the liquid film. This skeleton structure increases the mechanical resistance between lotion particles, blocks further aggregation and growth of latex particles, and thus increases the stability.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Ferric chloride hexahydrate, sodium citrate, ammonia, tetraethyl silicate, and potassium chloride were purchased from Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium acetate was bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ethylene glycol (EG) and absolute ethanol were purchased from Tianjin Kaitong Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Carboxybutyronitrile latex was purchased from Jingjiang Tonggao Chemical Co., Ltd. (Zhenjiang, China). Sodium cellulose was bought from Zibo Hailan Chemical Co., Ltd. (Zibo, China); OP-10 was purchased from Shandong Kunbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China); and defoamer was from Yantai Hengxin Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Yantai, China).

2.2 Instrumentation and characterization

The instruments used in the study are as follows: precision electronic balance (Xiamen Leide Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China); SDC-200S contact angle measuring instrument (Kunshan Shengding Industrial Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China); digital display booster electric mixer (Suzhou Sains Instrument Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China); desktop high-speed centrifuge (MCI Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China); CNC ultrasonic cleaning machine (Changsha Mingjie Instrument Co., Ltd., Changsha, China); high shear dispersion homogenizer (Shanghai Huchu Industrial Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); DZF-6030 vacuum drying oven (Suzhou Nameri Electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China); circulating water multipurpose vacuum pump (Zhengzhou Dufu Instrument Factory, Zhengzhou, China); box-type resistance furnace (Juyihui Supply Chain Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China); Zeiss Gemini 300 field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Zeiss, Germany); INVENIOR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Germany); optical microscope (Shanghai Guangmi Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); high temperature and high pressure filtration instrument (Shandong Meike Instrument Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China); and Nanolink S901 Nanometer Analyzer (Zhuhai OMAX Instrument Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China).

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the preparation of nano-Fe3O4 particles by the hot solvent method.
Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the preparation of nano-Fe3O4 particles by the hot solvent method.

Figure 2 Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2 particles.
Figure 2

Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2 particles.

2.3 Methods

2.3.1 Preparation of nano-stabilizer Fe3O4@SiO2 particles

  1. Nano-Fe3O4 particles were prepared by the solvothermal method. An analytical balance was used to weigh 0.12 g of sodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7) and was added to 50 mL of EG. After dissolution, 0.36 g of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) was added. After stirring and dissolving, 0.14 g of ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) was added. After 30 min of ultrasonic treatment, a yellow uniform solution was obtained. The obtained homogeneous solution was transferred to the polyfluoroethylene lining and then placed it in a stainless steel reactor to initiate the reaction at 200℃ for 8 h. After the reaction, the reactor was cooled to room temperature, and the solution was taken out. The reaction liquid was poured into the centrifugal tube and centrifuged. Ethanol and water were used to wash the reactants during centrifugation, and the centrifugal speed was 4,000 rpm and allowed to stand for 5 min. After washing, it was placed in a constant temperature oven at 60℃. After drying, nano-Fe3O4 particles were obtained. The method of preparing nano-Fe3O4 particles is shown in Figure 1 (DOI: 10.27550/d.cnki.ghgys.2021.000076).

  1. To 60 mL ethanol, 0.1 g of Fe3O4 particles, 5 mL of water, and 1.5 mL of NH3·H2O were added, stirred for 1 h, and then 0.18 mL of tetraethyl silicate (ethyl orthosilicate, TEOS) was added to the above solution. After the reaction for 8 h, the mixture was washed three times with ethanol and water to obtain Fe3O4@SiO2 particles. The principle of preparing Fe3O4@SiO2 particles is shown in Figure 2.

2.3.2 Determination of particle wettability

About 0.05 g of Fe3O4 particles was added to 10 g of anhydrous ethanol and then dispersed ultrasonically for 30 min. Then, a microsampler was used to absorb 1 μL of the solution and drop it on the slide. The solution was dried in a vacuum drying oven at 60℃ for 12 h. After drying, the contact angle of Fe3O4 particle coating was analyzed with an optical contact angle measuring instrument. The water contact angle of Fe3O4@SiO2 particles was measured by the same method.

Figure 3 Schematic diagram for the preparation of the Pickering differential pressure plugging agent.
Figure 3

Schematic diagram for the preparation of the Pickering differential pressure plugging agent.

2.3.3 Preparation of a pickering differential pressure plugging agent

  1. About 140 mL of carboxyl nitrile latex and 60 mL of 0.2% sodium cellulose solution were added into a 500 mL three-necked flask and stirred at 550 rpm at normal temperature. Then, 20 mL of 20% potassium chloride solution (activator) and 1 mL of defoamer were added to the flask and mixed. The mixing was stopped after dropping within 10 min, and allowed to stand for 15 min.

  2. The mixing is turned on again after standing with the rotating speed maintained at 550 rpm. Then, 0.1 g of Fe3O4@SiO2 particles and 10 mL of 20% OP-10 solution were added to the mixture and stirred for 15 min. After mixing, the stable Pickering-type differential pressure plugging agent was obtained. The principle of preparing the Pickering differential pressure plugging agent is shown in Figure 3.

2.3.4 Simulation plugging process of the differential pressure plugging agent

For the prepared differential pressure plugging agent, the plugging performance experiment was preliminarily simulated under different differential pressure conditions (5, 10, 15, 20 MPa) at different leakage speeds (50, 80, 100 mL/min). The gas leakage rates were adjusted through the throttle valve, which were 50, 80, and 100 mL/min, respectively. After the leakage rate was stable, the container valve was opened and a differential pressure-type plugging agent was injected. Then, the injection pressure was adjusted to 5 MPa via the pressure regulating valve of the high-pressure gas cylinder, and the same differential pressure was maintained for 30 min after the injection pressure was stable. Considering 30 min as the node, pressurize for 5 MPa each time, and the pressure change was measured within 30 min after the pressure increases to 10, 15, and 20 MPa. The experimental method is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Simulated plugging process of a differential pressure plugging agent.
Figure 4

Simulated plugging process of a differential pressure plugging agent.

2.3.5 Plugging test of the differential pressure plugging agent on the simulated tubing thread

The leakage of the tubing thread is generally small and the leakage channel is tortuous and narrow. The prepared plugging agent lotion has a small particle size and can enter into the tiny pores of the tubing thread to form a plugging. By adjusting the number of turns of the screw thread in the simulated tubing screw thread device, the different gas leakage speeds were adjusted, which were 50, 80, and 100 mL/min, respectively. The high-pressure gas cylinder was opened to inject the plugging agent into the short connection of the oil pipe, and plugged the leaking thread, with a test pressure of 6 MPa. After the simulated tubing thread was plugged, the pressure was increased to 20 MPa, stabilized for 30 min, and the leakage rate of the simulated tubing thread was measured. The experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 The flowchart of the simulated tubing thread plugged with the differential pressure plugging agent.
Figure 5

The flowchart of the simulated tubing thread plugged with the differential pressure plugging agent.

2.3.6 Plugging test of the differential pressure plugging agent for simulated corrosion perforation

In the plugging experiment of the differential pressure-type plugging agent for simulating corrosion perforation, an orifice plate with a hole diameter of 1 mm was selected. After the differential pressure-type plugging agent was kept still for 48 h, 200 mL of it was injected into the container of the high-temperature and high-pressure filter, and the orifice plate and filter paper with a diameter of 1 mm were added in turn. Different differential pressures were applied to the differential pressure-type plugging agent, and at the time when the differential pressure-type plugging agent stopped flowing out, the film thickness was recorded. The orifice plate and 1 mm hole diameter are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Orifice plate and 1 mm aperture.
Figure 6

Orifice plate and 1 mm aperture.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization and analysis of nano-Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2

The obtained product was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra of the product and the modified product are shown in Figure 7. It can be observed from the spectrogram (Figure 7, black curve) that the stretching vibration peak of Fe–O appears at 568, 621, 1,445, and 2,915 cm−1, and the absorption peak of –OH appears at 3,438 cm−1, which proves that nano-Fe3O4 particles have been successfully prepared by the thermal solvent method. It can be seen from the spectrogram (Figure 7, red curve) that there is a strong and wide characteristic absorption peak of Si–O–Si at 1,062–1,237 cm−1, which indicates that there is a characteristic absorption peak of SiO2 in the modified product. This proves that SiO2 is successfully coated on the surface of Fe3O4.

Figure 7 Fourier transform infrared spectra of nano-Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2.
Figure 7

Fourier transform infrared spectra of nano-Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2.

Figure 8 shows the SEM images of nano-Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2. It can be seen from the observation images that they are regular in appearance, mostly spherical, and almost no agglomeration occurs. The particle size of Fe3O4 is about 120 nm, which is relatively uniform, and the average particle size of the modified product Fe3O4@SiO2 is about 130 nm, which is also relatively uniform.

Figure 8 SEM images of nano-Fe3O4 (a) and Fe3O4@SiO2 (b) (scale = 400 nm).
Figure 8

SEM images of nano-Fe3O4 (a) and Fe3O4@SiO2 (b) (scale = 400 nm).

Figure 9 shows the measurement results of the static water contact angle of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2 particles. It can be seen from the figure that the contact angle of the two kinds of particles is less than 90°, both of which are hydrophilic particles. Hydrophilic particles can ensure the formation of liquid film-coated colloidal particles when stabilizing emulsified colloidal particles. The water contact angle of Fe3O4 particles is 30.0°, while that of Fe3O4@SiO2 particles is 53.0°. The closer the contact angle is to 90°, according to Gibbs' free energy formula, the greater the desorption energy required for solid particles to separate from the two-phase interface, and the more stable the Pickering emulsion is formed. This shows that the wettability of the particles has been improved through modification, which has the characteristics of partial wettability. This is conducive to improving the stability of the formed Pickering lotion.

Figure 9 Static water contact angles of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2 particles. (a) 30.0° and (b) 53.0°.
Figure 9

Static water contact angles of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2 particles. (a) 30.0° and (b) 53.0°.

The magnetic properties of the modified particles were tested, and the hysteresis curve is shown in Figure 10. The saturation magnetization of the modified particles is 76.97 emu g−1. When the external magnetic field reaches 4.3 kOe, the magnetic response of the modified particles tends to be saturated. In addition, the hysteresis curve of the obtained particles passes through the origin, which indicates that the coercivity and remanence of the modified particles are both 0, that is, superparamagnetic particles are successfully prepared. The saturation magnetic response intensity per unit length and unit mass of the product particles is about 0.32 emu g−1 nm−1. The particles have superparamagnetism, which can accelerate the breaking of the stability of colloidal emulsion by applying an external magnetic field when plugging the leakage point with a differential pressure plugging agent. Under the double action of the differential pressure and magnetic force, the hydration film on the surface of latex particles will be removed more quickly. As a result, the consolidation process of colloidal particles will also be accelerated and the plugging efficiency will be increased.

Figure 10 Hysteresis curve of modified particles.
Figure 10

Hysteresis curve of modified particles.

3.2 Characterization analysis and performance evaluation of the differential pressure plugging agent

3.2.1 Particle size analysis

The particle size analysis of the prepared differential pressure plugging agent shows that the particle size dispersion of the prepared latex is narrow, the distribution range is 160.57–319.50 nm, and the average particle size is 240.86 nm, as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11 Particle size distribution of product particles.
Figure 11

Particle size distribution of product particles.

3.2.2 Plugging morphology of the differential pressure plugging agent

The differential pressure plugging agent is a white emulsion with fluidity before plugging the leak point, as shown in Figure 12(a); after plugging, it forms an elastic rubber body, which can only deform under a certain pressure; brittle failure does not occur, as shown in Figure 12(b).

Figure 12 Status before (a) and after plugging (b) with the differential pressure plugging agent.
Figure 12

Status before (a) and after plugging (b) with the differential pressure plugging agent.

3.2.3 Magnetic response experiment

Fe3O4@SiO2 is not only used as a stabilizer but also has magnetic response characteristics. After the pressure difference plugging agent is injected, an external magnetic field can be applied at the leakage point. Fe3O4@SiO2 has magnetic response characteristics, and it will be separated from the latex droplets by magnetic force adsorption. The framework constructed by Fe3O4@SiO2 particles and OP-10 will be destroyed, which will accelerate the coalescence of latex particles and seal the leakage point more quickly. In addition, when the on-site construction is completed, there will inevitably be a redundant differential pressure-type plugging agent. The liquid is not convenient for transportation and treatment relative to the solid. Applying an external magnetic field to the residual poor leakage plugging agent will destroy the skeleton constructed by Fe3O4@SiO2 and OP-10, thus destroying the stability of the leakage plugging agent. After the stability of the plugging agent is damaged, it will start to solidify and become a solid colloid after a certain time, which is conducive to on-site treatment after construction. The magnetic response of the differential pressure plugging agent is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13 (a) Differential pressure plugging agent. (b) The magnetic field is applied to the differential pressure plugging agent. (c) Fe3O4 particles are adsorbed to one side of the cup wall. (d) The differential pressure plugging agent begins to cure after its stability is destroyed.
Figure 13

(a) Differential pressure plugging agent. (b) The magnetic field is applied to the differential pressure plugging agent. (c) Fe3O4 particles are adsorbed to one side of the cup wall. (d) The differential pressure plugging agent begins to cure after its stability is destroyed.

3.2.4 Morphology and coalescence of the solid phase in a differential pressure plugging agent

Figure 14(a) shows the shape of the solid particles after being diluted with deionized water for the differential pressure-type plugging agent. The solid particles are regularly shaped, spindle and spherical, forming hydrated colloidal particles with a particle size greater than 100 mm. Some particles are overlapped to form large particles with irregular shapes. Figure 14(b) shows the aggregation morphology of the hydrated colloidal particles after dehydration. Obviously, the activity of colloidal particles increases after dehydration, and they spread, overlap, and stack on the surface to form a ductile solid with a certain hierarchical structure. This phenomenon shows that dehydrated colloidal particles have strong self-coalescence ability and can self-assemble into solids in space.

Figure 14 (a) Latex particles without demulsification (×100) and (b) coalescence of latex particles (×300).
Figure 14

(a) Latex particles without demulsification (×100) and (b) coalescence of latex particles (×300).

3.2.5 Plugging performance with different pressure differences and leakage rates

The differential pressure change of the pressure gauge after plugging with a differential plugging agent under different leakage rates and differential pressures are shown in Figures 15–17.

Figure 15 The pressure change at a gas leakage rate of 50 mL/min.
Figure 15

The pressure change at a gas leakage rate of 50 mL/min.

Figure 16 The pressure change at a gas leakage rate of 80 mL/min.
Figure 16

The pressure change at a gas leakage rate of 80 mL/min.

Figure 17 The pressure change at a gas leakage rate of 100 mL/min.
Figure 17

The pressure change at a gas leakage rate of 100 mL/min.

It can be seen from Figure 15 that when the leakage rate reaches 50 mL/min, even if the differential pressure increases from 5 to 20 MPa, the pressure can be kept stable within 30 min under each differential pressure. This shows that the differential pressure plugging agent has a good plugging effect for the leakage of 50 mL/min, and the maximum pressure can be reached at 20 MPa.

According to Figure 16, when the leakage rate reaches 80 mL/min, the pressure gauge can be kept constant in the pressure range of 5–15 MPa after plugging the leakage point with a differential pressure plugging agent. However, leakage occurred again after the pressure increased to 20 MPa, and it stabilized after the pressure dropped to 10 MPa. Therefore, the differential pressure plugging agent can only withstand a maximum differential pressure of 15 MPa after effectively plugging the leakage point with a leakage rate of 80 mL/min.

As shown in Figure 17, the gas leakage rate reaches 100 mL/min. After the differential pressure plugging agent blocks the leakage point and the injection pressure is stabilized at 5 MPa for 30 min, the pressure increases to 10 MPa, and the leakage occurs immediately. At the same time, the pressure drops rapidly to 2.4 MPa. It can be seen that for the leakage point with a leakage rate of 100 mL/min, the pressure bearing performance of the differential pressure plugging agent configured is poor, and the maximum pressure difference can only be 5 MPa.

To sum up, the differential pressure plugging agent is sensitive to the differential pressure. The larger the differential pressure, the smaller the leakage channel at the same leakage speed, the stronger the dehydration ability of the surface of the nano lotion, and the dehydrated lotion particles will be crosslinked more easily and solidified via coalescence, resulting in an excellent plugging effect. The larger the leakage channel, the nano-sized lotion particles can still block the leakage point under a small pressure difference. However, when the pressure difference increases, the cured latex has poor pressure-bearing performance, resulting in leakage again. Therefore, when the leakage rate is low, the plugging performance of the differential pressure plugging agent is excellent, and it can withstand high differential pressure (≤20 MPa). However, when the leakage rate is high, the differential pressure plugging agent can only achieve plugging under a small differential pressure (≤5 MPa).

3.2.6 Plugging performance of the differential pressure plugging agent on simulated tubing threads

The plugging capacity of the differential pressure-type plugging agent to analog tubing threads is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Plugging effect of the differential pressure plugging agent on analog tubing threads

Leakage velocity (mL/min) Injection pressure of plugging agent (MPa) Test pressure after plugging (MPa) Leakage velocity (mL/min)
50 6.0 20.0 0
80 6.0 20.0 0
100 6.0 20.0 25

By using a simulated tubing thread plugging device, the relation table between different leakage speeds and plugging performance is formed. As shown in the table, the differential pressure plugging agent has a good plugging effect on the leakage of the simulated tubing thread. When the leakage speed is 50 or 80 mL/min, the plugging effect is very good, and no leakage occurs when the pressure increases to 20 MPa.When the leakage rate is 100 mL/min, the leakage rate is high, and the plugging effect becomes worse. When the pressure increases to 20 MPa, leakage occurs and the leakage rate is 25 mL/min. It can be seen that when the leakage rate is small, the configured differential pressure-type plugging agent has a good plugging effect. However, when the leakage rate is too high, there is still leakage after the injection of the plugging agent, and the leakage point of the simulated tubing thread cannot be completely plugged but the leakage point is improved, and the leakage rate is significantly smaller than before the injection of the plugging agent.

According to previous literature reports, differential pressure plugging agents can handle leaks with a pressure difference of 7 MPa. The performance of the pressure difference-type plugging agent synthesized herein is superior. Even if the test pressure reaches 20 MPa, the sealing work can be completed well.

3.2.7 Plugging performance of the differential pressure plugging agent for simulated corrosion perforation

The plugging performance results of the differential pressure plugging agent for a 1 mm orifice plate are shown in Table 2 and Figure 18.

Table 2

Plugging performance of the differential pressure plugging agent for a 1 mm orifice plate

Leakage pressure difference (MPa) 5 10 15 20 25
Time required for plugging (min) Total leakage Total leakage Total leakage Total leakage Total leakage
Film thickness (mm) 0 0 0 0 0
Figure 18 Sealing effect of a 1 mm orifice plate under pressure (the right-hand side picture is taken after standing still).
Figure 18

Sealing effect of a 1 mm orifice plate under pressure (the right-hand side picture is taken after standing still).

For the orifice plate with a diameter of 1 mm used to simulate corrosion perforation, all the differential pressure-type leakage plugging agents leaked out under pressures of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 MPa, and the hole diameter could not be blocked. The colloidal particle of the differential pressure leakage plugging agent is a composite droplet, and its outer liquid film can isolate the protective colloidal particle and maintain the thermodynamic and dynamic stability of the sealing fluid. The reason why the differential pressure plugging agent cannot show the plugging effect is that the lotion particle size of the differential pressure plugging agent is in the nano-meter range, and the pore size of the material simulating corrosion perforation is relatively large and the pore size is a cylinder shape, which is different from the stepped shape of the gradually narrow oil pipe thread. Such leakage points do not have a differential pressure effect. The colloidal particles do not dehydrate and their stability is not damaged, so they cannot be dehydrated and accumulated in the pores. On the contrary, the colloidal particles will directly pass through the pores. At this time, there is no differential pressure between the inside and outside, so there will be no solidification, and no effective plugging can be formed, as shown in Figure 19.

Figure 19 Schematic diagram of the rubber particles directly passing through a 1 mm aperture.
Figure 19

Schematic diagram of the rubber particles directly passing through a 1 mm aperture.

3.3 Analysis of the plugging mechanism of the differential pressure plugging agent

The differential pressure plugging agent is a multiphase fluid composed of latex particles and the dispersion medium [12]. As a dispersion phase, the colloidal particles have regular morphology. The inner layer is a polymer cross-linked by hydrophobic chains and hydrophilic chains through covalent bonds, while the outer layer is a liquid film wrapped around the core. This structure can be understood as an O/W Pickering emulsion. The electrolyte is introduced to reduce the zeta potential. The potential will destroy the stability of the Pickering emulsion, resulting in the two-phase separation of latex and water film, and improving the aggregation performance of colloidal particles to increase the size of colloidal particles. By adjusting the aggregation growth time of colloidal particles, the size of the colloidal particles can be controlled. Carboxybutyronitrile latex is selected to prepare the differential pressure plugging agent because its latex molecular weight and particle size distribution are relatively uniform, and it has good oil resistance, high salinity resistance, acid and alkaline resistance, which can greatly increase the universality of differential pressure plugging agent. In addition, because there are strong polar carboxyl groups on the macromolecular chain of the carboxyl nitrile latex, its activity and adhesive strength have also been significantly improved [13,14,15]. The size of the colloidal particles is determined by the time when the stabilizer is added. The stabilizer can block the aggregation of the colloidal particles and play the role of emulsification, so that the colloidal particles are once again wrapped by the liquid film to form a stable Pickering emulsion, preventing the excessive aggregation of the latex and curing.

The interfacial tension of the composite liquid drop causes it to exhibit a special dynamic deformation behavior under the effect of the leak point pressure difference, which is the key to achieving adaptive sealing of the sealing fluid [16,17]. In the narrow and tortuous pores of the tubing thread, due to the pressure difference at the leak point, after the differential pressure plugging agent enters the leak point, the latex particles rotate, swing, wall slip, and impact, and the force on the phase interface changes. The skeleton constructed by the solid particles Fe3O4@SiO2 and OP-10 was destroyed, resulting in the overall transient deformation, the surface dehydration of the latex particles, and the destruction of the water film on the surface. At this time, the dehydrated colloidal particles show strong self-agglomeration. By overlapping, diffusion, and adsorption of molecular chains in the inner and outer layers, the multi-particles coalesce and fuse to form a solid with a certain structural strength, which fills the leak holes [18,19,20,21]. A seal repair is achieved, as shown in Figure 20 (DOI: CNKI:SUN:TRQG.0.2020-03-021).

Figure 20 Plugging mechanism of the differential pressure plugging agent.
Figure 20

Plugging mechanism of the differential pressure plugging agent.

4 Conclusions

Aiming at the problem of thread leakage of oil pipes in gas storage, the plugging performance and mechanism of the differential pressure plugging agent were studied. Based on nano-Fe3O4, hydrophilic Fe3O4@SiO2 particles were obtained by modification. This particle, as a stabilizer, cooperates with the emulsifier OP-10 in the preparation of the Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent to build a skeleton on the surface of the rubber particles, playing an excellent emulsification and stability effect so that the dewatered latex particles are covered by the liquid film again and stop aggregating, without curing. Carboxybutyronitrile latex in this differential pressure plugging agent has high activity and bonding strength, ensuring the excellent plugging ability of the plugging agent. Its average particle size is about 241 nm, and its size is small. For the throttling valve plugging test, the pressure of the 50 mL/min leak point can be 20 MPa after the differential pressure plugging agent effectively plugs the leak point. When the leakage rate reaches 80 mL/min, the differential pressure plugging agent can only withstand 15 MPa after plugging. When the leakage rate reaches 100 mL/min, the differential pressure plugging agent can complete plugging under an injection pressure of 5 MPa, but it can no longer bear higher pressure and has poor pressure-bearing performance. In addition, the differential pressure plugging agent can effectively block the tubing thread within a pressure difference of 20 MPa and a leakage rate of less than 100 mL/min. The differential pressure-type plugging agent prepared in this article can meet the requirements of rapid, economical, and safe repair of sealing damage such as oil pipe threads in gas storage, and provides a new technical reference for rapid recovery of gas storage integrity.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Mr. Liu Qingwang for providing the test site and equipment.

  1. Funding information: The project was supported by the Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation of “Study on flocculation of oilfield wastewater with magnetic nano-materials Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2,” Fund No.: LH2020E014.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, M.H. and C.Z.; methodology, J.D. and J.W.; software, Q.T.; validation, Z.F. and M.H.; formal analysis, Z.F.; investigation, J.W.; resources, J.D.; data curation, Q.T.; writing – original draft preparation, C.Z.; writing – review and editing, C.Z., M.H. and J.D.; visualization, M.H.; supervision, C.Z.; project administration, Z.F.; funding acquisition, Z.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: All authors disclosed no relevant relationships.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also form a part of an ongoing study.

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Received: 2023-07-03
Revised: 2023-07-28
Accepted: 2023-08-01
Published Online: 2023-09-26

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0114
Keywords for this article
nano-stabilizer Fe3O4@SiO2; pickering emulsion; carboxybutyronitrile latex; differential pressure plugging agent
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
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  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
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  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
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  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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