Home Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
Article Open Access

Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards

  • Amine Assouguem EMAIL logo , Abdellah Farah , Mohammed Kara , Saoussan Annemer , Riaz Ullah , Essam A. Ali , Sezai Ercisli , Azra Skender and Abderrahim Lazraq
Published/Copyright: August 3, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

Biotic stress caused by pests on citrus trees has become a major problem for ecologists around the world, hence the need to develop ecological approaches to surmount this stress. To evaluate the effectiveness of diverse control methods on the pest Panonychus citri and its predators, Euseius stipulatus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp. Different treatments were applied in orchards planted by Citrus clementina in the Gharb area of Morocco (T0 = treated by water only, T1 = spirodiclofen (the molecular formula is C21H24Cl2O4). 0.5 L/ha, T2 = 5% black soap 125 L/ha, Its ingredients are: argan oil, olive oil, black olive, salt, water, vegetable potash, without chemicals. T3 = mixture of two detergents; Oni product is composed of the following ingredients (sodium C12-13 parenth sulfate, and sodium C14-17 alkyl sec sulfonate) and Tide product with the following ingredients (sodium C10-16 alkylbenzene sulfonate, propylene glycol and sodium borate). Results obtained during the follow-up period showed that the black soap, spirodiclofen, and two detergent treatments provided a decrease in the P. citri population in comparison with plot treated by water during the whole monitoring period. We found 5,044 mobile forms of P. citri in the plot treated by water only, 1,544 forms in the plot treated with spirodiclofen, 3,002 forms in the plot treated with black soap, and 1,567 mobile forms in the plot treated with two detergents. This study demonstrated that all three treatments had a negative effect on the predators that survived in comparison to the control (T0), while the negative impact of spirodiclofen on beneficial phytoseiid mites was greater than that of black soap and detergents. However, the increase in temperature according to the follow-up weeks showed a significant effect on the evolution of the density of the studied mites. Unfortunately, the chemical products like spirodiclofen used against various citrus pests are considered toxic to phytoseiids and to the agro-ecosystem in general. This comparison aims to detect the effectiveness of black soap and mixtures of two detergents on P. citri and their impacts on its predators: E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp. to replace the use of pesticides by these alternative methods, which remain effective and environmentally friendly.

Keywords: biotic stress; detergents; citrus; black soap; ecologists

1 Introduction

Through the combined efforts of the professional agricultural community and the Green Morocco Plan, the citrus industry has experienced a significant expansion in recent years [1,2]. These efforts have focused on encouraging the equipment of farms, the renewal of old plantations and the extension of areas [3,4], the use of certified seedlings [5], the modernization of the tool for the development of production [6], the rationalization of the use of irrigation water, and the promotion of exports ccc. Depending on the results of the general inventory of citrus guided by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2020 [5], Morocco produced about 2.62 million tons of citrus, of which 715,000 tons were reserved for export [7,8], representing a value of over four billion dirhams, according to the Ministry of Agriculture. The sector creates nearly 16 million working days annually [9]. It generates an added value of 4,792 MDH and an employment productivity of nearly 318 DH per day [10,11].

In Morocco’s commercial orchards, the protection against pests is currently provided by preventive and intensive chemical control such as Abamectin (18 g/L), Malathion (440 g/L), Spirodiclofen (240 g/L), Fenazaquin (200 g/L), Tebufenpyrad (20%), Propargite (57%), Dicofol (18. 5%), Milbemectin (1%), Bifenthrin (100 g/L), Clofentezine (500 g/L), Pyridaben (100 g/L), and Maltodextrin (27%). These acaricides are the most frequently used to control spider mites in greenhouses and orchards [12]. These acaricides remain an effective means of crop protection, and therefore of preserving farmers’ incomes. Unfortunately, they are not always effective and cannot be used repeatedly, because they remain highly dangerous pollutants for the air, water, soil, and human health, which is why we need to think about alternative methods that will protect the crop and have less impact on the agro-ecosystem. In addition, spider mites have developed resistance to more than 80 acaricides in several countries around the world [10,13]. In particular, Spider mites have developed resistance to more than 30 organophosphates and carbamates in 40 countries, this resistance being due to mutations in the mitochondrial cytochrome b protein [14]. In addition, the non-rational application of pesticides has killed off most of the pest’s predators [15]. As a result, the quasi-absence of control by natural enemies and alternative methods has caused a considerable increase in the populations of this pest [7]. To overcome this difficulty, agricultural experts are constantly exploring new products based on alternative or biological control [16,17].

Black soap is a black substance, easily biodegradable, and an excellent insecticide [18]. This product is effective on various pests, such as thrips, whiteflies, aphids, mealy bugs, and mites [19,20]. However, it has less harmful side effects on beneficial insects [21]. This treatment is allowed by the organic agriculture specifications; EEC regulation 2092/91 [22,23].

The two detergents Oni (sodium C12–13 parenth sulfate and sodium C14–17 alkyl sec sulfonate) and Tide (sodium C10–16 alkylbenzene sulfonate, propylene glycol, and sodium borate) are not classified as hazardous based on the European Directive 99/45/EC [24].

The spirodiclofen product (ENVIDOR 240 SC, BAYER SA) belongs to the ketoenol family. It functions as an inhibitor of lipid biosynthesis through both direct contact and ingestion. It has a powerful ovicidal action, controls all larval stages and pupal development, and considerably reduces the fertility of females [25,26].

In Morocco, especially in the Gharb region, Panonychus citri McGregor 1916 (Acari: Tetranychidae) was considered a primary pest with significant damage on infected trees [3,27]. The control of P. citri has been principally based on acaricide sprays; however, the intensive and abusive use of acaricides to control this mite has driven an increasingly important resistance against various chemical products [28,29]. To overcome this difficulty, experts are constantly exploring new products based on biological control, such as predatory insects, bacteria, or fungi, which can be used as alternative approaches for controlling this pest [30,31]. Besides, other alternative methods have shown effective results, such as artificial ultraviolet-B, trenches, electromagnetic radiation, organic mulch, mechanical shocks, pneumatic control, and the introduction of new genetic methods [32,33,34,35]. Of all the mite species, the citrus red mite is identified as a major pest [10]. Its control is achieved by natural predatory mites, such as Phtoseiulus persimilis, Euseius stipulatus, and Typhlodromus sp. [36,37].

Unfortunately, the abusive use of pesticides induces several negative impacts on the agroecosystem and favors the resistance development of pests; chemical products such as spirodiclofen used against various citrus pests are considered toxic [38,39,40]. Therefore, this comparison aims to detect the effectiveness of black soap and mixtures of two detergents on P. citri pest and their impacts on its predators, namely P. persimilis, Typhlodromus sp., and E. stipulatus in an orchard covered by 4 ha of Citrus clementina trees. The goal is to replace the use of pesticides with these alternative control methods, which remain effective and environmentally friendly.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Study area

This study was performed in Mechraa BelKsiri, northeast of the province of Sidi Kacem, situated in the Gharb area of northern Morocco (Figure 1). The study site was located at a low altitude of 300–500 m above sea level. The Gharb region is the highest agricultural area in Morocco (600 km2) [41]. Citrus, grains, and vegetable crops are known to be produced in this region because of the favorable climate and soil conditions [42]. It is featured by a Mediterranean climate with temperatures averaging 28°C in the summer and 13°C in the winter, with annual rainfall ranging from 470 to 620 mm [43].

Figure 1 Geographical localization of the studied orchard (source: Administrative Division of Morocco, 2015).
Figure 1

Geographical localization of the studied orchard (source: Administrative Division of Morocco, 2015).

2.2 Sampling design

To evaluate the effect of black soap, spirodiclofen, and a mixture of detergents on P. citri populations and their predators (P. persimilis, Typhlodromus sp., and E. stipulatus), an orchard of Nules (C. clementina) was selected. Spirodiclofen product was performed due to its efficiency against a wide variety of biting-sucking parasites, particularly spider mites. The orchard covers 4 ha of C. clementina trees. The orchard was divided into four plots of 1 ha (Figure 2), and each plot was sprayed with a typical concentration of the selected product. T0 is the control experiment. T1 shows the plot treated with spirodiclofen 0.5 L/ha, that is the proposed dose to control citrus spider mites. T2 presents the plot treated with 125 L/ha of black soap (5%), and T3 shows the plot treated with a mixture of two detergents: 4 L/ha of Oni product and 2 L/ha of Tide product. These two detergents are frequently carried out by local farmers to control spider mites and reduce the application of accaricides. Around 2,500 L of spray solution was pulverized by a trailed sprayer on each 1-ha plot, with 6 L of spray for each tree. To estimate the impact of each product utilized, 10 trees from a square block were chosen and followed each week. On each tree, 10 leaves obtained from different directions (North, South, East, and West) and at different heights of the tree (1.5–3 m) were examined during 8 weeks. Ten repetitions were carried out independently. We left two untreated lines around 12 m between treated plots to avoid overlapping treatments. The obtained leaves were placed directly into referenced polyethylene bags in the laboratory for examination. The different mobile forms of the studied mites on each leaf were determined and counted on both leaf surfaces under a binocular microscope. Inspections were performed 3 days after treatment applications: April 12 (w1), April 19 (w2), April 26 (w3), May 3 (w4), May 10 (w5), May 17 (w6), May 24 (w7), and June 1 (w8). Temperature data were obtained in the field, using Davis Instruments Vantage Pro2.

Figure 2 The various types of control treatments employed in Nules orchards [44].
Figure 2

The various types of control treatments employed in Nules orchards [44].

2.3 Statistics

The data were presented as means and percentages ± standard deviation. A post hoc Tukey test at p < 0.05 was examined after comparing the effects of various treatments, monitoring dates, and their interactions utilizing a univariate general linear model (GLM) [44]. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was utilized to determine the normality and homogeneity of variance for all variables. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the variable variation and correlation between spider mites (E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, Typhlodromus sp., and P. citri) and temperature, as well as to discover similarities and differences within samples (weeks). A hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to better visualize the similarities between samples (weeks). This technique classified the groups based on the average temperature and the four spider mites. PCA and HCA were performed utilizing JMP Pro 14 software (SAS Company, Cary, NC, USA).

3 Results

3.1 Mite occupancy rate on leaves in various plots

During the follow-up period, the occupancy of the examined leaves by the pest P. citri on the untreated plot (T0) was very important with the highest number of motile forms n = 5,044, which presents 22% of the mites sampled in the four plots. Typhlodromus sp. was the most abandoning predator on this plot with 1,599 mobile forms 7%, followed by P. persimilis with a percentage of 6% (n = 1,328) and, finally, E. stipulatus with 4% (n = 847).

In the plot treated with spirodiclofen (T1), a significant decline in the number of mites studied was observed compared to the untreated plot. P. citri showed a proportion of 7% with 1,544 mobile forms, whereas for the predators a very intense negative effect was revealed. On P. persimilis, 731 mobile forms were observed (3%), E. stipulatus showed a proportion of 2% (n = 500 mobile forms), and finally, 589 mobile forms (3%) were counted for Typhlodromus sp.

In the plot treated with black soap (T2), we registered 3,002 mobile forms (13%) for the pest P. citri, 6% (n = 1,309) for Typhlodromus sp., 4% (n = 979) for the predator P. persimilis, and only 3% (n = 777) for E. stipulatus.

In the plot sprayed with detergents (T3), we registered only 7% (n = 1,567) of pest P. citri, for the predators 4% (n = 959) of P. persimilis, 6% (n = 1,271) of Typhlodromus sp., and finally, 3% (n = 766) of E. stipulatus (Figure 3).

Figure 3 The percentage of the various mites examined (P. citri phytophagous mite and its predators, E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp.) in relation to the various products applied T0 = control experiment, T1 = spirodiclofen, T3 = black soap; T3 = oni + tide product.
Figure 3

The percentage of the various mites examined (P. citri phytophagous mite and its predators, E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp.) in relation to the various products applied T0 = control experiment, T1 = spirodiclofen, T3 = black soap; T3 = oni + tide product.

3.2 The effect of treatments on the various mites investigated

Table 1 shows that the synergy between treatment and monitoring dates has a significant impact on the variance of the averages of the several mites studied. In terms of the effectiveness of the treatments used on the mites tested throughout the 2 months of follow-up, the treatment with detergents and spirodiclofen offered an efficient control of the pest P. citri compared to the less effective black soap (Table 2). While black soap and detergent treatment on the predators (E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, and Typhlodropmus sp.) was less harmful than the chemical (spirodiclofen) (Figure 4).

Table 1

Variance analysis of different mite densities using general linear model (GLM) according to follow-up dates, treatments, and its interactions

Species Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-value p-value
Monitoring dates 7 183,474 26210.6 3215.61 0.000*
P. citri Treatments 3 101,861 33953.6 4165.56 0.000*
M. dates × treatments 21 65,625 3,125 383.39 0.000*
Monitoring dates 7 16,444 2349.14 266.15 0.000*
Typhlodromus sp. Treatments 3 6,865 2288.28 259.35 0.000*
M. dates × treatments 21 2,454 116.85 13.24 0.000*
Monitoring dates 7 9458.2 1336.88 299.35 0.000*
E. stipulatus Treatments 3 873.4 291.12 65.19 0.000*
M. dates × treatments 21 405.9 19.33 4.33 0.000*
Monitoring dates 7 19,017 2716.76 254.84 0.000*
P. persimilis Treatments 3 2,276 758.60 72.26 0.000*
M. dates × treatments 21 288 3,070 10.66 0.000*

*Statistically significant p-values (p ＜ 0.05). M. – monitoring.

Table 2

Means of various species evaluated according to the products applied in Nules orchards

P. citi Typhlodromus sp. E. stipulatus P. persimilis
Control experiment (T0) 63.05A ± 7.20 19.99A ± 2.56 10.59A ± 1.63 16.60A ± 2.22
Spirodiclofen 0.5 L/ha (T1) 19.43C ± 2.52 7.36C ± 1.13 6.23B ± 1.37 9.13B ± 1.24
Black soap 5% (T2) 37.52B ± 4.42 16.36B ± 2.25 9.71A ± 1.25 12.23B ± 1.95
Detergent (T3) 19.59C ± 2.18 15.89B ± 2.32 9.57A ± 1.41 11.99B ± 2.05

Values in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p＜0.05).

Figure 4 PCA presents the projection of the variables and the mite populations on the first and second principal components. (a) Biplot according to the different weeks. (b) Biplot according to the different treatments used in Nules orchard; T0 = control experiment; T1 = spirodiclofen, T2 = black soap; T3 = detergents and follow-up weeks.
Figure 4

PCA presents the projection of the variables and the mite populations on the first and second principal components. (a) Biplot according to the different weeks. (b) Biplot according to the different treatments used in Nules orchard; T0 = control experiment; T1 = spirodiclofen, T2 = black soap; T3 = detergents and follow-up weeks.

Treatment with spirodiclofen (T1) significantly decreased P. citri populations with a value of 19.43C ± 2.52 compared to the control (T0) 63.05A ± 7.20. The detergent treatment had the same positive effect, which decreased P. citri levels to a value of 19.59C ± 2.18. Black soap reduced the numbers of this pest with a mean of 37.52B ± 4.42 compared to the control; moreover, the populations of P. citri were less susceptible to this treatment compared to the spirodiclofen and detergent treatment (Table 2).

Compared to the plot treated by water only (T0) which had an average of 19.99A ± 2.56 for Typhlodromus sp., we observed that the black soap (T2) and two detergents’ (T3) treatments were less damaging to the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus sp. with a value of 16.36B ± 2.25 in the plot treated with black soap and 15.89B ± 2.32 in the one pulverized with detergents, while spirodiclofen treatment (T2) exhibited the most harmful effect on the Typhlodromus sp. population with a mean of 7.36C ± 1.13.

For E. stipulatus predator, the mean was 10.59A ± 1.63 in the plot sprayed with water only (T0). It was 9.71A ± 1.25 in the black soap-treated plot (T2) and 9.57A ± 1.41 in the two detergent-treated plot (T3). In contrast, the spirodiclofen-treated plot (T1) had a low mean for this population with a value of 6.23B ± 1.37.

The three treatments used had a similar impact on the predator P. persimilis; for the black soap treatment, we had an average of 12.23B ± 1.95. In the plot treated with detergents, the average was 11.99B ± 2.05, while it was 9.13B ± 1.24 on the spirodiclofen-treated plot, whereas, it was 16.60A ± 2.22 on the plot treated only with water.

Table 3 and Figure 5 show that there is a positive correlation between the temperature and different mite populations studied (P. persimilis, P. citri, Typhlodromus sp., and E. stipulatus). Figure 5 shows a strong correlation between the last 3 weeks (6th to 8th week) and the different mites studied. It was medium with weeks 4 and 5. This correlation was negative between the first 3 weeks (weeks 1, 2, and 3) and the four mites studied.

Table 3

Correlation matrix between the variables (temperature, E. stipulates, P. citri, P. persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp.)

Temperature P. citri Typhlodromus sp. E. stipulatus P. persimilis
Temperature 1.0000 0.6765 0.7656 0.8860 0.8474
P. citri 0.6765 1.0000 0.8318 0.8055 0.8873
Typhlodromus sp. 0.7656 0.8318 1.0000 0.9191 0.9113
E. stipulatus 0.8860 0.8055 0.9191 1.0000 0.9649
P. persimilis 0.8474 0.8873 0.9113 0.9649 1.0000
Figure 5 Loading plot that presents the projection of the variables on the first and second principal components.
Figure 5

Loading plot that presents the projection of the variables on the first and second principal components.

3.3 The evolution of the mites according to the treatments and the follow-up weeks

Three days after application of the treatments, we noticed a considerable reduction in P. citri; we obtained during the first week an average of 9.00E ± 1.26 and 11.00F ± 1.54 for the black soap and 9.10D ± 2.41 for the detergent treatment (Table 4). Conversely, during the same week in the untreated plot T0, this mean was 18.10F ± 2.30. The increase in T° from 27 to 34°C from week 1 to week 5 (Table 5), P. citri showed a slight increase in their numbers during the first 5 weeks after spirodiclofen treatment compared to the mean achieved in the untreated plot (Figure 6), at week 5 these means were 14.90D ± 2. 41 in the spirodiclofen-treated plot and 43.20C ± 4.56 in the untreated plot, beyond that, this pest expanded significantly in the last 3 weeks to a mean of 41.90A ± 4.75 in the spirodiclofen-treated plot and 138.6A ± 10.46 in the untreated plot in week 8, when the temperature rises to 39°C.

Table 4

Means of the various species investigated (PC: P. citri; ES: E. stipulatus; TY: Typhlodromus sp.; PP: P. persimilis) in the four treatments used control experiment (T0), spirodiclofen (T1), black soap (T2), and detergents (T3) according to follow-up weeks (W: week)

PC-TO PC-T1 PC-T2 PC-T3 TY-T0 TY-T1 TY-T2 TY-T3 ES-T0 ES-T1 ES-T2 ES-T3 PP-T0 PP-T1 PP-T2 PP-T3
W1 18.10F ± 2.30 9.00E ± 1.26 11.00F ± 1.54 9.10D ± 2.41 6.90D ± 1.43 2.80F ± 0.93 5.00E ± 1.77 7.60E ± 1.49 3.80D ± 1.61 1.60D ± 0.84 3.00E ± 1.35 2.60D ± 1.45 4.70E ± 1.56 2.80E ± 1.32 3.50E ± 1.23 3.20E ± 1.23
W2 24.90E ± 2.55 9.90E ± 1.61 11.20F ± 2.43 9.70D ± 2.34 8.00D ± 1.34 3.30F ± 1.14 5.70E ± 1.54 9.0DE ± 1.24 4.70CD ± 1.32 2.00D ± 1.41 3.70E ± 1.33 3.30D ± 1.13 7.00DE ± 1.12 4.00DE ± 1.36 5.00DE ± 1.56 4.40DE ± 1.42
W3 25.90E ± 2.69 9.70E ± 1.56 13.50E ± 2.08 10.40D ± 2.31 13.00C ± 1.56 5.30E ± 1.45 7.80E ± 1.73 11.50DE ± 2.54 6.70CD ± 1.54 2.90CD ± 1.21 4.40E ± 1.56 4.60D ± 1.63 8.40DE ± 2.15 6.30CD ± 1.44 6.70CDE ± 1.54 6.70CDE ± 1.32
W4 30.00D ± 4.34 11.10DE ± 2.34 15.50E ± 2.54 11.50CD ± 2.44 22.30B ± 2.87 5.80E ± 1.16 13.30D ± 2.45 13.90CD ± 2.47 7.70C ± 1.70 3.80CD ± 1.67 7.90D ± 1.45 9.30C ± 1.55 10.50CD ± 2.41 6.80CD ± 1.55 9.10CD ± 1.26 9.10CD ± 1.41
W5 43.20C ± 4.56 14.90D ± 2.41 39.90D ± 4.16 15.30C ± 2.34 22.30B ± 2.45 7.90D ± 1.51 16.40D ± 2.49 17.40BC ± 2.30 8.50BC ± 1.87 5.00C ± 1.61 9.40D ± 2.19 10.60BC ± 2.45 14.70BC ± 2.87 8.70BC ± 1.45 9.40C ± 1.45 10.40C ± 2.43
W6 110.20B ± 9.79 27.20C ± 3.11 58.20C ± 5.22 27.10B ± 3.79 23.40B ± 1.84 9.00C ± 1.67 20.60C ± 3.21 19.50B ± 2.94 12.10B ± 1.54 9.90B ± 2.24 12.10C ± 2.85 12.50B ± 2.44 20.20B ± 2.97 11.10B ± 2.43 15.90B ± 2.12 16.30B ± 2.24
W7 113.5B ± 10.62 31.70B ± 4.54 69.60B ± 6.12 30.10B ± 3.29 30.30A ± 3.84 11.40A ± 2.44 29.20B ± 3.43 20.90B ± 2.54 19.90A ± 2.19 11.30AB ± 2.45 16.60B ± 2.76 16.00A ± 2.67 32.00A ± 3.56 15.80A ± 3.01 22.890A ± 3.12 22.00A ± 2.67
W8 138.6A ± 10.46 41.90A ± 4.75 81.60A ± 5.69 43.50A ± 3.44 34.50A ± 2.77 13.40A ± 2.17 32.90A ± 4.12 27.30A ± 3.55 21.30A ± 2.75 13.50A ± 2.59 20.60A ± 2.86 17.70A ± 2.12 35.30A ± 2.89 17.60A ± 2.21 25.40A ± 2.76 23.80A ± 2.87

Values in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p＜0.05).

Table 5

Temperatures measured during the observation period

Follow-up date May 4 May 11 May 18 May 25 June 1 June 7 June 12 June 19
Temperature 27 28 30 32 34 38 37 39
Figure 6 Fluctuation of P. citi and its predators in the four treatments.
Figure 6

Fluctuation of P. citi and its predators in the four treatments.

The findings of the detergent treatment were comparable to those of the spirodiclofen treatment in that the pest P. citri significantly decreased throughout the course of the 8-week follow-up period. During the last week of follow-up, these averages were 43.50A ± 3.44 in the plot treated with detergents and 138.6A ± 10.46 in the untreated plots.

Despite the temperature rise from 27 to 32°C, the black soap treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the P. citri population during the first 4 weeks after its spraying compared to the untreated plot (Figure 6). During the fourth week, these means were 15.50E ± 2.54 in the black soap-treated plot and 30.00D ± 4.34 in the untreated plot. This pest’s abundance increased throughout the last 4 weeks of monitoring (weeks 5–8) in the plot treated with black soap, reaching 81.60A ± 5.69 in the eighth week.

Regarding the treatment’s effect on the predators based on the dates, the three treatments used had a negative effect on the abundance of the three predatory mites; this influence was superior by the spirodiclofen treatment compared to the black soap and detergent treatments (Figure 6).

For Typhlodromus sp. in the untreated plot, the number of this predator was 6.90D ± 1.43 in the first week and increased to 34.50A ± 2.77 in the last week of monitoring (W8), but after spirodiclofen spraying, the average number of Typhlodromus sp. was 2.80F ± 0.93 in the first week and increased to 13.40A ± 2. 17 in the last week (W8); for the detergent treatment, this average was 7.60E ± 1.49 in week 1 to reach 27.30A ± 3.55 in week 8, and finally, the black soap showing the least harmful impact on the Typhlodromus sp. population in week 1 was 5.00E ± 1.77 to reach 32.90A ± 4.12 in week 8.

For the predator E. stipulatus, the results were similar to those obtained for Typhlodromus sp. where the black soap treatment showed the least dangerous impact with almost similar averages for those obtained in the untreated plot followed by detergents and finally spirodiclofen; in the last week of monitoring, the average was 13.50A ± 2.59 in T1 (spirodiclofen), 20.60A ± 2.86 in T2 (black soap), and 17.70A ± 2.12 in T3 (detergent).

For P. persimilis, black soap and detergents indicated the least harmful impact; in the last week of monitoring, in the plot treated with detergents, black soap, and spirodiclofen, the values were 23.80A ± 2.87, 25.40A ± 2.76, and 17.60A ± 2.21, respectively, while on the untreated plot, we had 35.30A ± 2.89.

To better evaluate the classification of the samples (weeks) based on temperature, P. citri, E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp., a hierarchical classification analysis was carried out (Figure 7). The results of this analysis indicated a distinct differentiation between the two clusters. The first cluster represented weeks 1–3. The second cluster represented weeks 6–8. It is notable that weeks 4 and 5 were included in both clusters. Therefore, they represented the intermediary between the two clusters. In the first cluster (weeks 1–3), the temperature and the presence of mites population (P. citri, E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp.) were minimal (in blue). However, the second cluster (weeks 6–8) represents the opposite of the first cluster, and the temperature and the presence of mite populations were maximal (in red). PCA and HCA confirmed that the presence of mites population was significantly affected by dates (weeks) and temperature (environmental conditions).

Figure 7 HCA of samples of Nules variety using the squared Euclidean distance between classes.
Figure 7

HCA of samples of Nules variety using the squared Euclidean distance between classes.

4 Discussion

The resistance acquired by the pests against the acaricides, favoring an exceptional propagation. Thus, the biodiversity of natural enemies including beneficial phytoseiid mites on the national and international territories has started to decline strongly. The aim of the present study is to assess the detergents’ impacts, spirodiclofen and black soap, on the pest P. citri, on the one hand, and on beneficial phytoseiid mites, on the other hand.

During the whole monitoring period, we found 5,044 motile forms of P. citri on the untreated plot, 1,544 forms on the plot treated with spirodiclofen, 3,002 forms on the plot treated with black soap, and 1,567 forms on the plot treated with detergents; the results obtained showed that the three treatments used assured a decrease in population rate of the pest P. citri in comparison with the untreated plot. The same finding was noted by [45,46,47]; spirodiclofen spraying allowed a reduction in the survival rate and fecundity of P. citri. Furthermore, black soap was found to be effective against various insects, including Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell, 1896, Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, 1889, eggs, adults, and larvae, on poinsettia cuttings in greenhouse and against Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854, Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas, 1853 in the field [18,22]. The three treatments used in our study demonstrated a negative effect on predators studied when compared to the control. Whereas we have noticed that spirodiclofen had a more negative significant effect than that of the black soap and mixture of two detergents. The impact of spirodiclofen on Neoseiulus californicus McGregor, 1954, predator of Tetranychus urticae, was evaluated, and the findings revealed that unfavorable effects on population growth factors were significant [26]. In a trial plot of apple trees treated with spirodiclofen, its utilization in a conventional chemical control program reduced Forficula auricularia populations (Dermaptera) Linnaeus, 1758, which is an essential generalist predator that regulates the populations of various pests [48]. Several studies indicate that black soap and detergents may be used in place of chemical treatments and are an excellent alternative for comprehensive pest management [49,50].

Regarding the effect of treatments based on the dates on P. citri, we revealed that treatments with black soap guaranteed a reduction in the abundance of this pest during the first 4 weeks and, on the other hand, treatments with detergents and spirodiclofen ensured a significant control during the whole follow-up period which lasted 2 months, These may be attributed to the high toxicity of the chemical products [14]. Repetitive monthly spraying of black soap, which is less toxic to the plant and predators, and the condition of the agroecosystem in general can significantly control pests in orchards [18]. In Florida, a research was done to establish a long-term control method (“Predator-In-First”) against pepper pests. Under greenhouse and field conditions, the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius swirskii proved particularly successful in controlling various pepper pests, including B. tabaci Gennadius, 1889, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895, and Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks. Results indicate that the application of A. swirskii alone or in combination with sustainable control methods can aid in the control of many pepper pests and guarantee increased crop yield [17].

Our findings demonstrate that the rate of P. citri increased considerably from the first week of monitoring (May 4) to the last week of monitoring (June 19) because of an increase in temperature from 28 to 39°C; similar results were observed on clementine in Morocco’s Gharb region. According to this study, the degree of infection of the trees was 10% in mid-April and rapidly climbed to 87% in July [51]. The study by [52] also showed that the increase in temperature plays a major role in the evolution of mite populations.

5 Conclusions

Our findings highlight three key messages: (1) black soap and a mixture of two detergents used (Tide + Oni) can replace pesticides and remain important tools in integrated pest management if used properly. (2) Repetitive spraying of ecological products can guarantee that pest levels are reduced over the long term. (3) According to our findings, the persistence of natural products (black soap and mixture of two detergents) does not exceed 4 weeks; thus, the release of these enemies may be assured 5 weeks after treatment with these products.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R45), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by researchers supporting project number (RSP2023R45), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: A.A. and A.F. – conceptualization; A.A. – methodology; A.F. and A.L. – validation; M.K. and A.A. – investigation, H.M., S.A., R.U., S.E., E.A.A., and A.S. – review and editing; S.E. and A.L. – supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the article.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All related data are within the article.

References

[1] Assouguem A, Kara M, Mechchate H, Alzain MN, Noman OM, Imtara H, et al. Evaluation of the effect of different concentrations of spirotetramat on the diaspine scale parlatoria ziziphi in citrus orchards. Agronomy. 2021;11(8):1–11.10.3390/agronomy11081562Search in Google Scholar

[2] Assouguem A, Farah A, Ullah R, Korkmaz YB, Almeer R, Sayed AA, et al. Evaluation of the varietal impact of two citrus species on fluctuations of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites. Sustainability. 2022 Mar [cited 2022 Mar 31];14(5):3088. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/5/3088.10.3390/su14053088Search in Google Scholar

[3] Smaili MC, Abbassi M, Boutaleb JA, Blenzar A. Richesse spécifique des ennemis naturels associés aux vergers d’agrumes au Maroc: Intérêt et implication pour la lutte biologique. EPPO Bull. 2013;43(1):155–66.10.1111/epp.12013Search in Google Scholar

[4] Vicente C, Boutaleb A, Lebrun P. Quelles stratégies de lutte contre les acariens ravageurs du pommier au Maroc. Parasitica. 2003;59(1):25–41.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Trade F. Les chiffres clés de la filière Agrumiculture. https://www.fellah-trade.com/fr/filiere-vegetale/chiffres-cles-agrumiculture; 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 11]. https://www.fellah-trade.com/fr/filiere-vegetale/chiffres-cles-agrumiculture.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Smaili MC, Afellah MAA. Contribution à la mise en place d’un système de lute intégrée sur Clémentinier dans la région du Gharb; 2001 [cited 2021 Jul 10]. https://scholar.google.com/scholar? hl = fr&as_sdt = 0%2C5&q = Smaili+MC%2C+Afellah+M%2C+Aarab+A+%282001%29+Biologie%2C+écologie+et+lutte+biologique+contre+Phyllocnistis+citrella+Stain.+sur+clémentinier+dans+la+région+du+Gharb.+In+%3A+Abstracts+of+the+“I+Coll+de.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Assouguem A, Kara M, Mechchate H, Korkmaz YB, Benmessaoud S, Ramzi A, et al. Current situation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Northern Africa: The sustainable control methods and priorities for future research. Sustainability. 2022;14(4):2395.10.3390/su14042395Search in Google Scholar

[8] Smaili MC, El Ghadraoui L, Gaboun F, Benkirane R, Blenzar A. Impact of some alternative methods to chemical control in controlling aphids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) and their side effects on natural enemies on young Moroccan citrus groves. Phytoparasitica. 2014;42(3):421–36.10.1007/s12600-013-0379-9Search in Google Scholar

[9] Jaouad M, Moinina A, Ezrari S, Lahlali R. Key pests and diseases of citrus trees with emphasis on root rot diseases: An overview. J Agri Sci. 2020;1(3):149–60. www.techagro.org.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Mazih A. Status of citrus IPM in the southern mediterranean basin Morocco, North Africa. Acta Hortic. 2015;1065:1097–104.10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1065.138Search in Google Scholar

[11] Humpal D. Report on Bumpers and Import Sensitivity Analysis for Moroccan Citrus Moroccan citrus by don humpal (dai) with data assistance from kathleen jacques services (sps) contract with financing from the middle east. Washington: US Agency for International Development; December, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

[12] ONSSA. Commission des Pesticides à Usage Agricole. Homologation des intrans chimiques; 2019 [cited 2021 Apr 10]. http://eservice.onssa.gov.ma/CPUA.aspx.Search in Google Scholar

[13] İçli N, Tahmas Kahyaoğlu D. Investigation of pesticide residues in fresh sultani grapes and antioxidant properties of fresh/sun-dried/oven-dried grapes. Turkish J Agric For. 2020;44(4):350–60.10.3906/tar-1904-49Search in Google Scholar

[14] Van Leeuwen T, Tirry L, Yamamoto A, Nauen R, Dermauw W. The economic importance of acaricides in the control of phytophagous mites and an update on recent acaricide mode of action research. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2015;121:12–21. 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.12.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Assouguem A, Kara M, Benmessaoud S, Mechchate H, Jabboury Z, El Farah A, et al. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann ( Diptera: Tephritidae) in Moroccan Citrus orchards: Chemical and Sustainable Control Methods and Priorities for Future Research. 2021;5(October):1703–8.10.26538/tjnpr/v5i10.2Search in Google Scholar

[16] Nieto G. Biological activities of three essential oils of the lamiaceae family. Med 2017. 2017 Aug [cited 2022 Mar 31];4(3):63. https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/4/3/63/htm.10.3390/medicines4030063Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Kumar V, Mehra L, Mckenzie CL, Osborne LS. Predator-In-First”: A preemptive biological control strategy for sustainable management of pepper pests in Florida. Sustainability; 2020. www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability.10.3390/su12187816Search in Google Scholar

[18] Egho E, Emosairue S. Evaluation of native soap (local black soap) for the control of major insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) WALP in ASABA, Southern Nigeria. Agric Biol J North Am. 2010;1(5):938–45.10.5251/abjna.2010.1.5.938.945Search in Google Scholar

[19] Aniwanou CTS, Sinzogan AAC, Deguenon JM, Sikirou R, Stewart DA, Ahanchede A. Bio-efficacy of diatomaceous earth, household soaps, and neem oil against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in benin. Insects. 2021;12(1):1–18.10.3390/insects12010018Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[20] Fasulo TR, Denmark HA. Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Arachnida: Acari: Tetranychidae). Edis. 1969;2003(15):1–4.10.32473/edis-in307-2000Search in Google Scholar

[21] Ramdani C, Bouharroud R, Sbaghi M, Mesfioui A, El Bouhssini M. Field and laboratory evaluations of different botanical insecticides for the control of Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) on cactus pear in Morocco. Int J Trop Insect Sci. 2021 Jun [cited 2023 Apr 14];41(2):1623–32. 10.1007/s42690-020-00363-w Search in Google Scholar

[22] Boutaleb Joutei A, Bassy F. Essais de lutte chimique et biologique contre les acariens (Tetranychus urticae Koch) et les pucerons (Myzus persicae Sulzer) sur cultures maraîchères dans la région du Saïs. Trav l’Institut Sci Série Zool. 2009;45.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Franco JC, Suma P, Da Silva EB, Blumberg D, Mendel Z. Management strategies of mealybug pests of citrus in mediterranean countries. Phytoparasitica. 2004;32(5):507–22.10.1007/BF02980445Search in Google Scholar

[24] EUR-Lex. Législation de l’UE. [cited 2022 Jan 24]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=fr.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Kühnhold J, Klueken AM, LDM Movento®, an innovative solution for sucking insect pest control in agriculture: field performance in fruits and vegetables. [cited 2021 Jul 24]. https://scholar.google.com/scholar? hl=fr&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Kuhnhold+et+al.%2C+2008&btnG=.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Sarbaz S, Goldasteh S, Zamani AA, Solymannejadiyan E, Vafaei Shoushtari R. Side effects of spiromesifen and spirodiclofen on life table parameters of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Int J Acarol. 2017;43(5):380–6. 10.1080/01647954.2017.1325396.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Elaini R, Asadi R, Naish N, Koukidou M, Ahmed M. Evaluation of rearing parameters of a self-limiting strain of the mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Insects. 2020;11(10):1–11.10.3390/insects11100663Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] IRAC Mode of Action Classification | Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC); 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 5]. https://irac-online.org/mode-of-action/.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Gashout HA, Goodwin PH, Guzman-Novoa E. Lethality of synthetic and natural acaricides to worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) and their impact on the expression of health and detoxification-related genes. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018 Oct [cited 2021 Oct 5];25(34):34730–9. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-018-3205-6.10.1007/s11356-018-3205-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] Hamza A, Mohamed A, Derbalah A. Unconventional alternatives for control of tomato root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions. J Plant Prot Res. 2016;56(3):298–305.10.1515/jppr-2016-0046Search in Google Scholar

[31] Bostan C, Butu M, Ortan A. Allelopathic effect of Festuca rubra on perennial grasses. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2013 [cited 2023 Apr 21];18(2):8190–6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254560012.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Butnariu M, Samfira I, Sarac I, Negrea, Negrea A, P. Allelopathic effects of Pteridium aquilinum alcoholic extract on seed germination and seedling growth of Poa pratensissearch.ebscohost.com. 2015 [cited 2023 Apr 21];35(2):227–36. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09714693&AN=101794273&h=Q%2B9uMbR9XAxXi9rNc1Xz8gv6SnERSK%2FDL3SjOg8fFj3vyi0AADfx2bXTHNDZBBshbG465x8Eki48gTlzctvlfg%3D%3D&crl=c.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Raza MF, Yao Z, Dong X, Cai Z, Zhang H. Citrus insect pests and their non chemical control in china. Citrus Res Technol. 2017;38(1):122–38.10.4322/crt.ICC117Search in Google Scholar

[34] Samfira I, Butnariu M, Rodino S, Butu M. Structural investigation of mistletoe plants from various hosts exhibiting diverse lignin phenotypes. Dig J Nanomater Biostructures. 2013;8(4):1679–86.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Vincent C, Panneton B. Les méthodes de lutte physique comme alternatives aux pesticides. Sci L’Environ. 2001 Oct [cited 2022 Jan 31];2(Numéro 2). http://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/4093.10.4000/vertigo.4093Search in Google Scholar

[36] Ferragut F, Laborda R, Costa-Comelles J, García-Marí F. Feeding behavior of Euseius stipulatus and Typhlodromus phialatus on the citrus red mite Panonychus citri [Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae]. Entomophaga. 1992;37(4):537–44.10.1007/BF02372323Search in Google Scholar

[37] Smaili MC, Boutaleb-Joutei A, Blenzar A. Beneficial insect community of Moroccan citrus groves: assessment of their potential to enhance biocontrol services. Egy J Biol Pest Cont. 2020;30:30–47.10.1186/s41938-020-00241-0Search in Google Scholar

[38] Franco JC, Garcia-Marí F, Ramos AP, Besri M. Survey on the situation of citrus pest management in Mediterranean countries. Integr Control citrus fruit Crop Lisbon. 26-27 Sept 2005 IOBC wprs Bull. 2006 Jan;29(3):335–46.Search in Google Scholar

[39] Masui S, Katayama H, Kaneko S. Status and use of biological control of insect pests in citrus IPM. Japanese J Appl Entomol Zool. 2018;62(3):137–48.10.1303/jjaez.2018.137Search in Google Scholar

[40] Masui S. Impact of insecticide application on the population density of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae)in Citrus Orchards with different predator species compositions. Japanese J Appl Entomol Zool. 2018;62(2):107–14.10.1303/jjaez.2018.107Search in Google Scholar

[41] Hassouni T, Belghyti D. Distribution of gastrointestinal helminths in chicken farms in the Gharb region - Morocco. Parasitol Res. 2006 Jul 16 [cited 2021 Jul 10];99(2):181–3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-006-0145-8.10.1007/s00436-006-0145-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] Benyahia H, Talha A, Fadli A, Chetto O, Omari FE, Beniken L. Performance of ‘Valencia late’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) on different rootstocks in the gharb region (Northwestern Morocco). Annu Res Rev Biol. 2017;20(4):1–11.10.9734/ARRB/2017/37924Search in Google Scholar

[43] Sara S, El Moutaouakil ME. Study on the spread of Procambarus clarkii at gharb (Morocco) and Its impact on rice growing. J Agric Sci Technol A. 2019;9(2):81–92.10.17265/2161-6256/2019.02.002Search in Google Scholar

[44] Assouguem A, Kara M, Mechchate H, Al-Mekhlafi FA, Nasr F, Farah A, et al. Evaluation of the impact of different management methods on tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their predators in citrus orchards. Plants. 2022 Feb [cited 2022 Mar 31];11(5):623. https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/5/623.10.3390/plants11050623Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[45] Acari M, Ahmed MM, Abdelwines MA. Sublethal effects of cyflumetofen and spirodiclofen on biological parameters of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae). Persian J Acarol. 2021;10(4):467–80.Search in Google Scholar

[46] Hu J, Wang C, Wang J, You Y, Chen F. Monitoring of resistance to spirodiclofen and five other acaricides in Panonychus citri collected from Chinese citrus orchards. Pest Manag Sci. 2010;66(9):1025–30.10.1002/ps.1978Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[47] Nauen R. Spirodiclofen: Mode of action and resistance risk assessment in tetranychid pest mites. J Pestic Sci. 2005;30(3):272–4.10.1584/jpestics.30.272Search in Google Scholar

[48] Fountain MT, Harris AL. Non-target consequences of insecticides used in apple and pear orchards on Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Biol Control. 2015 Dec;91:27–33.10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.07.007Search in Google Scholar

[49] Bajwa U, Sandhu KS. Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food-a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2014;51:201–20.10.1007/s13197-011-0499-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[50] Tomislav CS. Les détergents et les savons comme outils pour la lutte intégrée dans l’agriculture. IntechOpen; 2016 [cited 2021 Dec 9]. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51590.Search in Google Scholar

[51] Hmimina M, Allam L, Ougass Y, Marmouche A. Circonstances des pullulations de Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae: Acarina) en verger d’agrumes. IOBC/wprs Bull. 1995;18(28):35.Search in Google Scholar

[52] Tello Mercado V, Loyola ER, Soto TR. Post-embryonicdevelopment and life table parameters of Neoseiulus californicus on tetranychus desertorum and Panonychus citri (Acari: Phytoseiidae, tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. Gayana. 2020;84(1):54–63.10.4067/S0717-65382020000100054Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-02-27
Revised: 2023-07-09
Accepted: 2023-07-17
Published Online: 2023-08-03

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0105
Keywords for this article
biotic stress; detergents; citrus; black soap; ecologists
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 29.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0105/html
Scroll to top button