Startseite Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
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Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract

  • Ling Dang , Jian Yang , Sally Negm , Attalla F. El-kott , Ali A. Shati , Heba I. Ghamry und Bikash Karmakar EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 22. November 2023
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 21 Heft 1

Abstract

We herein demonstrate a novel green mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract for the treatment of gastric cancer under in vitro conditions. Physicochemical and structural features of the nanocomposite biomaterial were assessed by several techniques like UV-Vis spectrum, transmission electron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The Ag NPs showed high antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The IC50 of Ag NPs and Butylated hydroxytoluene against DPPH were 132 and 77 µg/mL, respectively. In the oncological part of this research, the status of normal and gastric cancer AGS and KATO III cell lines was determined. The IC50 of AgNPs was 193 and 250 µg/mL against AGS and KATO III. It seems that the prepared NP have stopped the growth of gastric cancer cells and the recent cancer cells have been removed with high concentration of NPs.

Keywords: Pistacia atlantica ; silver NPs, anti-gastric cancer; cytotoxicity

1 Introduction

Pistacia atlantica is a plant used in prescriptions related to cancer treatment. This plant is also known as Bane. This plant belongs to the pistachio family or Anacardiaceae [1,2]. Native people eat the fruits of the Pistacia atlantica tree as snacks. In this way, they are roasted and mixed with other nutritious seeds. Pistacia atlantica gum is also used to prepare a kind of natural gum [3,4]. The nature of the Pistacia atlantica plant and its gum is hot and dry, and doctors have mentioned the therapeutic effects of several parts, such as its fruit, leaves, and gum, to cure a wide range of diseases. So far, the Pistacia atlantica plant has been subjected to many studies, a large part of which has been carried out by scientists and students. For example, the antioxidant effects of fruit and peels have been investigated in various in vitro studies, and the antioxidant properties of plant extracts have been compared with the standard compounds studied [5,6,7]. In addition, leaf essential oil and gum have shown significant antibacterial and antifungal effects in different strains [8,9,10,11,12]. A search of reliable sources of traditional medicine shows that Pistacia atlantica is used in the treatment of cancer. Pistacia atlantica gum is used to treat diseases related to the digestive system and is prescribed to cleanse the brain and nervous system of excess moisture. One of the uses of Pistacia atlantica that is widely seen in Iranian medical sources is its use in ointments and poultices that are used to heal swellings, wounds, and injuries that are difficult to treat due to various reasons [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Pistacia atlantica has a special place in the indigenous medicine of different tribes. It is used in the traditional medicine of Algeria, as a compound to strengthen the digestive system and anti-diarrhea [23], in Greece, to freshen the mouth [24], in Turkey, to treat wounds [25], and in Jordan and Morocco, as a medicine against respiratory tract infections and painkillers [26,27]. There are ointments related to diseases of cancer, pigs, taalil nails, leprosy, salah, and squirus, one of the components of which is gum Pistacia atlantica. Shangarf ointment or Zenjfer is one of the topical medicinal forms for the treatment of cancer and pigs, which is mentioned frequently and with little change in the authentic books of traditional medicine. Syringe ointment is also one of the most frequently used ointment, and one of its components is Pistacia atlantica. In addition, sages have prescribed other prescriptions for the treatment of cancer or related diseases, which contain Pistacia atlantica. The point that exists in the Pistacia atlantica used in traditional medicine texts is that sages use the gum of this plant, and apparently, the rest of the plant’s components have not been widely used to treat cancer. Among the other things that can be taken into consideration are the many topical medicinal forms prepared from Pistacia atlantica gum and other ingredients for the cure of cancer and other malignancies. The conducted research works show the very high ability of the effective ingredients of the Pistacia atlantica to affect cancer cells. The amount of Pistacia atlantica constituents are analyzed and determined using methods such as GC and HPLC. According to these research works, the major components of the oil obtained from Pistacia atlantica gum are monotrin compounds such as alpha pinene, limonene, and alpha-pineol [28,29,30]. Pistacia atlantica resin also contains various triterpenoid compounds such as morolic acid, masticadienonic acid, and olanolic acid [27,28,29]. Also, gallic acid, catechin, flavonoids, and anthocyanins have also been identified in Pistacia atlantica [29,30]. The effects of polyphenol compounds in cancer prevention have been confirmed in several animal and cell research works [27,28,29,30].

Today, several types of cancer treatments including surgery, palliative care, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are available, and depending on the cancer degree and location, several methods are applied for treatment. Hence, there is a need for modern treatment methods to control cancer [31,32,33]. In the current age, the term “Nano-biotechnology” has been become quite familiar amongst researchers, which has made a pivotal connection between nanoscience and biotechnology [34,35]. Meanwhile, the science of nanotechnology has contributed greatly to the development and discovery of modern cancer treatment options. For example, we can mention the use of modified nanoparticles (NPs) for the targeted and selective delivery of drugs to carcinoma tissue [36,37,38]. The use of nanotechnology in the drugs production is one of the promising fields. Because of their excellent physical characteristics, NPs have been applied as an effective candidate for drug treatment, the most important of which is silver NPs [33,34,35,36]. Although there are different methods for NP synthesis, biocompatible methods such as synthesis using bacteria, fungi, and plants are very simple and cost-effective alternatives to chemical and physical methods [39,40,41,42]. Meanwhile, plants have received more attention. Various research works have also revealed the anticancer property of plant NPs, so that these plants have been applied for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs ) [43,44,45]. If the anti-tumor and therapeutic effects of these NPs are approved, this can be a step forward in the advancement of cancer treatment methods [46,47,48,49]. Various studies have proven the AgNPs role on Caspase 3 (Casp3) gene and p53 gene in anticancer effects [50,51,52,53]. The p53 gene is in the chromosome-17 short arm at position P13.17 and has 11 exons and a length of 20 kb. p53 mutations are found in approximately half of human tumors, and the remaining tumors appear to be caused by defects in p53-related pathways. Casp3 gene is in the chromosome-4 long arm at position q344 and has 8 exons. Cas3 is one of the executive caspases that can be activated by proteolysis and activate other procaspases. Finally, programmed cell death occurs and leads to DNA fragmentation, disintegration of the cell skeleton, and nuclear proteins. Also, AgNPs cause the removal of tumor cells by activating the production path of oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) [51,52,53,54,55].

The goal of this research is to introduce a method for the green synthesis of AgNPs using Pistacia atlantica bark (Figure 1), as novel procedure without using any harmful and toxic agents. The prepared AgNPs were analyzed and their cytotoxicity was determined against gastric carcinoma cells.

Figure 1 Image of Pistacia atlantica.
Figure 1

Image of Pistacia atlantica.

2 Experimental methods

2.1 Sources

AgNO3, NaOH, acetone, and ethanol were procured from Sigma Aldrich. Cancer cells (AGS and KATO III) and normal cell lines were purchased from the Iran Pasteur Institute.

2.2 Preparation of plant extract

Cleaned and dried Pistacia atlantica fruit (1.0 g) was added to 20 mL deionized water and heated at 80°C for 0.5 h. The pale-yellow fruit extract was collected by filtration over Whatman-1paper and used as such.

2.3 Synthesis of AgNPs

10 mL of the prepared fruit extract was added to AgNO3 (50 mL, 1 mM) aqueous solution and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The color of the solution turning dark brown confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs (Figure 2). The prepared AgNPs were collected by centrifugation at 1792RCF (G-force) for 10 min, then washed with DI water.

Figure 2 Silver nitrate solution (a), Pistacia atlantica extract (b), and color changes in the synthesis of Ag NPs (c–f).
Figure 2

Silver nitrate solution (a), Pistacia atlantica extract (b), and color changes in the synthesis of Ag NPs (c–f).

2.4 Characterization of biosynthesized AgNPs

The obtained biosynthesized AgNPs were analyzed by modern characterization methods, as follows: transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) analysis was performed using a Phillips CM10 microscope. Elements presence in the related composite was assessed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) linked to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the spectrophotometric analysis, a double beam UV-Vis instrument (PG, T80+) was used along with quartz cuvettes (10 mm). The spectral data of prepared nanocomposite were recorded in the range of 230–700 nm.

2.5 Measurement of anti-gastric cancer properties

Synthesized Ag NPs’ cytotoxic effects on gastric cancer AGS and KATO III cells were assessed by Methy Thiazol Tetrazolium (MTT) test.

DMEM high glucose culture medium enriched with 4 mM l-glutamine and FBS 10% were used for cell culture and the cells were transferred to an incubator. After three successful passages, the cells were cultured to the number of 104 cells in each well. After 24 h of cell culture, they were exposed to several dilations of NPs for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Then, the MTT test was performed to determine the cytotoxicity induced by the above NPs and the percentage of cell survival. After the desired time, a sufficient amount of MTT was added to the wells. After incubating the plates for 3 h, the culture medium was removed and DMSO was added to the wells. After 150 min, optical absorption at 570 nm was read by an ELISA reader (BioTek manufactured by Viragen). The cells’ survival percentage was computed using the below formula [54]:

Cell viability ( % ) = Sample A Control A × 100 .

2.6 Measurement of antioxidant properties

In order to check the antioxidant property, 2-2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) test was conducted. The color change was measured using spectrophotometry. 1 mL of 1 mM DPPH was added to 1 mL of NPs in different dilutions, shaken well, and kept in the dark at 25°C for 0.5 h. Then, the absorbance of the mixture at 517 nm wavelength was measured with blank methanol and DPPH solution and free radical inhibition was calculated using the below formula [54]:

DPPH scavenging effect ( % ) = [ ( A 0 − A 1 ) / A 0 ] × 100 .

In the above biological tests, IC50 was obtained from a linear graph with a regression coefficient above 0.9.

3 Results and discussion

The AgNP synthesis can be easily detected by visible observations, as shown in Figure 2, where the color of the solution changed to light brown. This result was also confirmed by UV-Vis study, where the AgNPs peak appeared at around 450 nm. Figure 3 shows the reduction sequence in the measured absorbance terms in UV-Vis, at several time intervals.

Figure 3 UV-Vis absorption spectra of biosynthesis of AgNPs using Pistacia atlantica extract.
Figure 3

UV-Vis absorption spectra of biosynthesis of AgNPs using Pistacia atlantica extract.

The surface size, shape, and morphology of the prepared AgNPs were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and TEM images (Figures 4 and 5). Subsequently, the inherent structural morphology was dispensed from TEM investigations (Figure 5) As can be seen from TEM images, the materials are well-dispersed with spherical shaped. Nanocomposite particles mean diameter are within 20–30 nm.

Figure 4 FESEM image of biosynthesized AgNPs.
Figure 4

FESEM image of biosynthesized AgNPs.

Figure 5 TEM images of formulated NPs.
Figure 5

TEM images of formulated NPs.

EDX investigation of formulated AgNPs was carried out in order to have information on its chemical composition (Figure 6). The appeared strong signal at 2.5–3.2 keV was correspond to Ag species. The O and C small peaks are detected in the lower region corresponding to the phytomolecules from Pistacia atlantica.

Figure 6 EDX spectrum of biosynthesized AgNPs.
Figure 6

EDX spectrum of biosynthesized AgNPs.

The findings of the MTT test on gastric cancer cell lines and HUVEC showed that cell viability depended on the concentration of NPs. So, in 48 h after the treatment and at high doses of this NP, the survival rate of cancer cells decreased drastically (Table 1, Figures 7 and 8). IC50 in 48 h for cancer cells was reported to be about 193 and 250 μg/mL on AGS and KATO III, while normal cells revealed a higher percentage of survival than cancer cells. The results indicated that these NPs could inhibit gastric cancer cells more strongly than normal cells.

Table 1

AgNPs and Pistacia atlantica extract IC50

AgNPs (µg/mL) Pistacia atlantica extract
IC50 against AGS 193 ± 5a 562 ± 5b
IC50 against KATO III 250 ± 4a 593 ± 7b
IC50 against HUVEC − −

Non-identical words (a, b) show the significant difference.

Figure 7 The cytotoxicity effects of Pistacia atlantica extract and AgNPs.
Figure 7

The cytotoxicity effects of Pistacia atlantica extract and AgNPs.

Figure 8 The anti-gastric carcinoma effects of Pistacia atlantica extract and AgNPs against AGS (a) and KATO III (b) cells.
Figure 8

The anti-gastric carcinoma effects of Pistacia atlantica extract and AgNPs against AGS (a) and KATO III (b) cells.

Antioxidants prevent the free radicals formation or interrupt the free radicals release from several mechanisms, namely (1) removal of peroxidation initiator species, (2) chelation of metal ions in such a way that they cannot produce ROS or break down lipid peroxide, (3) quenching O2- to prevent the peroxide formation, and (4) reducing the O2 concentration [55,56,57]. Chain antioxidants, depending on their physical location inside the food and chemical characteristics, are different in terms of antioxidant effect. The antioxidant chemical power and oil solubility affect the access of proxy radicals, especially in the emulsion, micelle, and membrane systems, because for the effectiveness in these systems, the biophilic property is needed [56,57,58,59]. The best antioxidants have some properties: (1) Give H to oxidation free radicals and become radicals themselves, (2) have phenolic or aromatic rings, and (3) interrupt free radical chain reactions. The radical intermediates are stabilized based on the electron resonance non-establishment in the aromatic ring and the quinone formation [57,58,59,60]. Also, several phenolics lack suitable molecular positions. Propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (synthetic antioxidants), and flavonoids (natural plants containing phenolics) work in this way. So, several tissues have developed antioxidant systems to regulate the levels of secondary decomposition products, oxidation mediators, lipid oxidation, and free radicals [59,60,61,62,63]. They are tocopherols, carotenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids that act as reducing agents, eliminate free radicals, and inhibit the oxidation. Medicinal plants and herbal NPs have excellent H-donating effects and can have high anticancer properties [64,65,66,67,68,69,70].

Colorimetric tests of Ag NPs that were synthesized from plant extracts were done to confirm the presence of antioxidant compounds in NPs and the NPs’ toxicity effect on different cancer and normal cell lineages. The activity of antioxidants was tested using DPPH tests and the toxicity effect was tested using the MTT method, and all the findings revealed a raise with the increase in the concentration of NPs. In this research, the maximum antioxidant activity was shown at 1,000 μg/mL and above 100%. The findings of the antioxidant test are shown in Figure 9 and Table 2.

Figure 9 The antioxidant potentials of Pistacia atlantica extract, BHT and AgNPs.
Figure 9

The antioxidant potentials of Pistacia atlantica extract, BHT and AgNPs.

Table 2

IC50 of Pistacia atlantica extract, BHT, and AgNPs

AgNPs (µg/mL) BHT (µg/mL) Pistacia atlantica extract (µg/mL)
IC50 against DPPH 132 ± 3 77 ± 3 426 ± 6

Several research works have been done on the Pistacia atlantica fruit, known as Bane, in such a way that the fruit extract has been tested on different types of cancer cells. Based on the studies conducted on the methanolic extract of the pericarp of Pistacia atlantica fruit on the breast cancer cell line (T47D), it was found that this extract can induce apoptosis and prevent cell proliferation, and its effect is comparable to that of doxorubicin [71]. In another study by the same group of researchers, to clarify the mechanism of the anti-cancer effect of the skin of Beneh fruit, the effect of the extract on the cell cycle of breast cancer cells (T47D) and the proteins involved in it were analyzed by cytometry and Western blot methods. According to the findings of this research, the anti-cancer activity of Beneh fruit is applied by stopping the cell cycle and greatly decreasing the expression of the genes related to cdk4 and cyclin D1 proteins, which are the mediator proteins in DNA replication and mitosis division [72]. In another study, the effect of the fruit extract of the tuber on the colon cancer cell line (HT29) was compared with that of doxorubicin. In this study, the extract (0.7 mg/mL) had the same activities as that of doxorubicin with a concentration of 500 nM. The mechanism of action is the inhibitory effect on gene expression of cyclin A and cyclin B1 proteins [73]. The ethanolic extract of fruit peel of Beneh has been tested on the prostate cancer cell line (PC3) and normal L929 cells. The findings of this research showed that this extract can prevent the PC3 cells proliferation. This inhibitory effect depends on the duration of the test period and the dose of the extract. It was also found that the extract of the skin of Beneh fruit induces apoptosis in PC3 cells and its cytotoxic effects on PC3 cells are more than normal L929 cells [74]. In addition to this, research has been conducted to assess the effect of the fruit extract on the SK-N-MC (neuroblastoma cell line). In this research, dry fruits were powdered and extracted by methanol and water with a ratio of 70–30 using the percolation method. Examining the compounds of the extract with the HPLC method has shown that terpenoids are the key compounds in the said extract. The mentioned extract has confirmed effects on inhibiting the human neuroblastoma cell line. Since continuous cell division is one of the indicators of cancer cells and microtubule proteins play a key role in these cell divisions, the effect of the extract on the polymerization of microtubules has been tested. Based on the results of this study, it has been found that Beneh fruit extract causes structural changes in tubulin proteins and inhibits the polymerization of microtubules. Based on these results, Beneh fruit has been introduced as a source for the preparation of herbal anti-cancer drugs [75]. Ethanol extract of Pistacia atlantica leaves has been investigated on gastric cancer cells (AGS), uterine cancer cells (HeLa), and skin fibroblast cells (HDFS). The values of IC50 or inhibition of 50% of the growth of cancer cells were determined to be 382 g/m for AGS cells, 332 µg/m for HL cells, and 896 µg/m for HDF cells. According to the mentioned results, Pistacia atlantica leaf extract can inhibit the gastric and uterine cancer cells proliferation [76]. The bark and leaves of the Pistacia atlantica grown in Jordan have also been the subject of research on the anti-cancer effects of this plant. The essential oil obtained from leaves and gall have been tested on colon cancer (HCT116and2-Caco) and breast cancer (T47Dand MCF7) cell lines. In addition, their effects have been investigated in combination with doxorubicin. Both leaf and gall essential oils have been investigated in terms of chemical compounds, monoterpenes with low molecular weight were the dominant compounds of both essential oils, but sesquiterpenes were present in a higher percentage in the leaf essential oil. The comparison of these two essential oils has shown stronger cytotoxic effects of leaf essential oil than gall essential oil in the tested cell lines. In addition, the effects of the drug doxorubicin increase with leaf essential oil, while this effect is not seen in the case of gall essence [77]. A group of researchers conducted a study on Pistacia atlantica resin and investigated its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on normal and cancer cells. In this study, Pistacia atlantica resin was dissolved in a phosphate-saline buffer containing 5% of DMSO and tested on NIH 33 KB and HUVEC cells. According to the findings of this research, Pistacia atlantica resin has cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on both normal cells and cancer cells. The researchers of this study have suggested that since Pistacia atlantica gum is a natural gum and is also commonly used to treat diseases, in vivo studies should be done to investigate its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects [78].

4 Conclusion

In conclusion, we introduced a method for the green synthesis of AgNPs using Pistacia atlantica bark, as novel procedure without using any harmful and toxic agents. The IC50 of BHT and AgNPs were 77 and 132 µg/mL, respectively. The silver NPs were checked in anticancer potentials against gastric cancer AGS and KATO III cells. The viability of cancer cells reduced in the presence of Ag NPs.

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large groups under grant number RGP2/227/44.

  1. Funding information: The work was financially supported by Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University (number RGP2/227/44).

  2. Author contributions: All authors equally contributed in conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-10-31
Accepted: 2023-11-02
Published Online: 2023-11-22

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0157
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Pistacia atlantica; silver NPs, anti-gastric cancer; cytotoxicity
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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Heruntergeladen am 2.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0157/html
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