Startseite Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
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Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

  • Suresh Sagadevan EMAIL logo , Is Fatimah , Jayasingh Anita Lett , Md Zillur Rahman , Estelle Leonard und Won-Chun Oh EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 24. Oktober 2023
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 21 Heft 1

Abstract

The two most prominent areas of nanotechnology and nanoscience are environmental remediation and biomedical applications, which has a strong need to develop cleaner and more eco-friendly methods for preparing functional nanomaterials. This involves incorporating non-toxic chemicals and reagents for converting metal cations into metal or metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), using readily available plant reagents and microbes as redox mediators. The extracts of these plants and microbes contain varying amounts of phytochemicals and metabolites that act as redox mediators and capping agents to stabilize biosynthesized NPs. Considering these natural reagents for forming metal/metal oxide NPs, the present work aims to provide a complete review of the green fabrication of nickel oxide (NiO) NPs using extracts from various plant and microbial sources. In addition, the performance of various biosynthesized NiO NPs and their potential uses in biological applications are discussed.

Keywords: nickel oxide nanoparticles; green synthesis; biomedical applications

1 Introduction

Nanotechnology has enabled scientists to develop advanced materials with various nanoscale morphologies, including nanomaterials with unprecedented physical, chemical, and optical properties in the size range of 1–100 nm [1]. Nanomaterials produced by various conventional processes have many advantages and disadvantages, depending on the application in which they are employed [2,3,4]. The mechanical and chemical synthesis of nanomaterials is typically costly, labor-intensive, and potentially hazardous to the natural environment [5]. In addition, conventional chemical techniques rely largely on specialized lab-scale reactors and may produce toxins that pose significant health and safety issues to humans, ecosystems, and the environment [6]. From this perspective, green synthesis techniques are attracting the attention of researchers to produce safer materials, and many small production units have recently increased their investments in sustainable technologies [7,8,9,10,11]. Nanomaterials mainly produced by chemical and physical processes are used in many areas today. In addition to their inexpensive and modern synthesis methods, it is necessary to have more environmentally friendly substances (such as natural solvents, non-toxic reducing agents, and stabilizers) so that their applications can be expanded to the life science and healthcare sectors [12,13]. Therefore, research organizations are interested in developing cost-effective and environmentally benign nanoparticle (NP) synthesis processes that decrease or avoid hazardous chemicals to prevent the production of redundant and hazardous byproducts.

In general, the synthesis methods for forming NPs are divided into three categories: chemical, physical, and biological. Chemical and physical approaches are usually costly, time-consuming, and impact the environment, whereas biological methods are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, have control over size and shape, at mild reaction conditions, reduce agglomeration, and serve as cheaper alternatives for NP production [14,15]. Biological approaches can be divided into two categories: microorganism-mediated and plant extract-mediated. Plant-mediated synthesis of metal NPs (MNPs) is preferred over microorganism-mediated synthesis [16]. Plant extracts contain many secondary metabolites that play essential roles in converting metal precursors into MNPs during the synthesis process [17,18,19,20]. Numerous alternative methods have been developed to synthesize biocompatible NPs, which have the benefits of avoiding chemical risks, reducing waste, and preventing pollution. Owing to the growing environmental concerns, various efforts have been made to produce NPs using plant extracts. Synthetic approaches based on naturally occurring biomaterials offer an alternative method for generating NPs, which are commonly required in the industrial sector. Green chemistry principles have motivated researchers to develop synthetic techniques, and enzymes [21], microorganisms [22], and plant extracts [23,24], all of which play an important role in the manufacturing of NPs. Compared to other biological and traditional methods, plant extract-based synthesis strategies are more environmentally friendly for alternative nanomaterial synthesis.

Among the many different kinds of MNPs, nickel oxide (NiO) is an inorganic black substance, insoluble in all solvents and susceptible to base and acid attacks [25,26]. The simplest and most practical method for obtaining NiO NPs is heating nickel(ii)-based compounds, including hydroxides, nitrates, and carbonates [27,28]. High levels of Ni in soils harm plants, while the same high levels reduce algal growth in water [29]. A minimal amount of Ni must be present in animal feed; however, exceeding the recommended value can be dangerous. For example, animals living near factories are at risk of various cancer types due to nickel levels in the water and soil [30]. However, high levels of Ni at a localized level do not impact the food chain, as Ni is not accumulated in animals or plants [31]. This review article reports recent studies on NiO NPs obtained via plant- and microbe-mediated green synthesis. The biomedical applications of NiO NPs prepared using these methods are also discussed.

2 Green synthesis and characterization of NPs

Due to the unique characteristics of metal oxide NPs, including surface functionality and modifying capacity, small size and high reactiveness, an enriched surface-area-to-volume ratio, good magnetic properties, and high biocompatibility, these NPs have gained a lot of interest. Economically viable, environmentally sustainable, and socially accessible production of NPs is highly sought after in line with a global aspiration toward green engineering solutions [32]. In recent years, an extensive study on living organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plants, has used biological intermediates for the transition of inorganic metal ions into MNPs. The availability of polyphenols in naturally derived biomaterials is primarily responsible for the degradation of organic compounds using a green approach (plant extracts). Various plant extracts and their chemical constituents have been extensively studied for their utility in green synthesis, and the polyphenols present in plant extracts are responsible for certain characteristics of NPs [33 34 35].

2.1 Green synthesis

The 12 key principles of green chemistry can be used to establish green synthesis processes [36]; a common example is the biogenic production of NPs. In this approach, naturally occurring chemicals generate NPs with different characteristics. Green chemistry concepts integrate reducing hazardous reagents and increasing chemical process efficiency [37]. Compared with chemically produced NPs, NPs formed by green routes have fewer adverse effects on nature and humans. This method leads to numerous applications of NPs in various disciplines [38]. Plant extracts, plants, and microbes are examples of naturally occurring resources for biogenic synthesis, including the synthesis of metal oxide NPs [38,39]. Other biodegradable natural compounds that can be used as reagents for NP synthesis include enzymes, vitamins, and proteins. Plant extraction techniques offer advantages over others in terms of scaling up for industrial production because of their ease of use and greener processes [40]. Metal oxide NPs have emerged as next-generation, cost-effective disinfectants with enormous potential in the biomedical field, pollutant removal, and other industrial applications owing to their novel properties such as antimicrobial, photocatalytic, UV filtering, and high catalytic activity [41,42]. Figure 1 shows the green synthesis approach for forming MNPs and their applications.

Figure 1 Green synthesis and applications of MNPs.
Figure 1

Green synthesis and applications of MNPs.

2.2 Plant-mediated synthesis

Green synthesis has become an ideal alternative to the currently available chemical and physical synthesis methods because it is cheaper, safer, and more environmentally friendly [43,44,45]. During green synthesis, metal ions are reduced through putative metabolic activity, which requires relatively minimal activation energy. Much research on metal oxides has been performed using microorganisms and plants, which take advantage of their ability to mediate precursor redox processes, generate metal/metal oxide NPs, and stabilize the resulting NPs [45,46,47]. For example, bacteria have been reported to be effectively reducing agents for metal ions, and bacterial cells are easy to culture, making them ideal for producing nanomaterials [48]. Owing to the reductive ability of its proteins and intracellular enzymes, the fungus has been used to produce NPs [49]. NPs can be synthesized on purely green principles by utilizing an eco-friendly solvent solution and stabilizing and reducing components [50]. Chouke et al. [51] demonstrated a novel Cleome simplicifolia-mediated green fabrication of NiO NPs to explore in vitro toxicity in Bm-17 and Labeo rohita liver cells (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Schematic representation of the Cleome simplicifolia-mediated synthesis of NiO NPs [52].
Figure 2

Schematic representation of the Cleome simplicifolia-mediated synthesis of NiO NPs [52].

NiO nanostructures were prepared using the flower extract from Clitoria ternatea, as depicted in Figure 3 [52]. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of NiO NPs was tested against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli. Figure 4(a and b) displays high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of the NiO NPs at two different magnifications (100 and 10 nm). The hexagonal shape and lack of agglomeration of the NPs were observed at a magnification of 10 nm. The (2 0 0) plane of NiO was found to have a d-spacing of 0.218 nm between the planes (Figure 4(c)). This result demonstrates the pristine crystalline character of the synthesized NPs. Figure 4(d) shows the diffraction rings with concentric circles.

Figure 3 Green synthesis of NiO nanostructures using the Clitoria ternatea flower extract [52].
Figure 3

Green synthesis of NiO nanostructures using the Clitoria ternatea flower extract [52].

Figure 4 HRTEM images of NiO NPs at different magnifications: (a) 100 nm, (b) 10 nm, (c) 5 nm, and (d) selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern [52].
Figure 4

HRTEM images of NiO NPs at different magnifications: (a) 100 nm, (b) 10 nm, (c) 5 nm, and (d) selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern [52].

Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that offers precise elemental analysis with exceptional spatial resolution. The fundamental principle of EDX spectroscopy involves directing a highly focused electron beam onto a thin sample and measuring the energy of the resulting emitted X-rays. This energy information allows for identifying atomic species present in the material under investigation. Determining elemental distributions within individual NPs is particularly valuable as it enables the characterization of their optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties [53]. The EDX elemental analysis of co-precipitated NiO indicates that the Ni content is 73.83 wt% and the O content is 12.48 wt%, as shown in Table 1 [54], and the remaining carbon comes from the acetate precursor. Zorkipli et al. [55] synthesized NiO NPs using a sol–gel approach, and the NPs were spherical and porous. Another study [56] also showed that NiO NPs synthesized by the biological method have a composition of atomic percentages as determined from the EDX spectrum (Figure 5). In particular, the composition consists of Ni (73.31%) and O (26.69%). Consequently, the atomic ratio of nickel/oxygen is 2.74. The presence of gold (Au) in the EDX spectrum may be attributed to apply a thin layer of gold to the surface of NiO NPs. This coating improves the visual clarity and overall quality of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The elevated atomic percentage ratio of Ni/O may be associated with the progression of formation during the nucleation of NiO and nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) during combustion at 600°C. Notably, when heated at 600°C for 40 min, Ni(OH)2 undergoes full conversion to NiO within the high atomic percentage ratio of Ni/O.

Table 1

Elemental compositions of the synthesized NiO particles [54]

Element Weight (%) Atom (%)
C 13.69 35.87
O 12.48 24.55
Ni 73.83 39.58
Figure 5 EDX analysis with elemental mapping of biosynthesized NiO NPs [56].
Figure 5

EDX analysis with elemental mapping of biosynthesized NiO NPs [56].

Recently, researchers found that MNPs synthesized using medicinal plants have excellent anticancer effects. Indeed, green-made MNPs have received considerable attention in several medical disciplines [57,58]. Recent discoveries in phytochemicals and NPs have enabled the production of customized NPs using eco-friendly processes [59]. The production of phyto-nano-mixtures was previously achieved by adding bioactive compounds to prefabricated NPs [60], which enabled the loading of bioactive phytochemicals onto NPs to produce functionalized NPs using a straightforward one-pot synthesis technique [61]. However, as plant extracts typically comprise a complex blend of phytochemicals such as lignans, sugars, flavonoids, polyphenols, xanthones, aromatic acids, proteins, terpenes, alkaloids, and quinones, it is difficult to identify the specific component that catalyzes the intended NP production [62]. Another issue is that climate change and location can affect phytochemical levels in plants [63]. The probable mechanism for synthesizing NiO NPs is shown in Figure 6 [64].

Figure 6 Schematic for the step-wise synthesis of NiO NPs [64].
Figure 6

Schematic for the step-wise synthesis of NiO NPs [64].

As a result, the properties of plant extracts are likely to vary between batches, making NP production difficult with this method. However, there are limitations to this approach, such as the simple and inexpensive process of skipping purification steps to obtain higher-quality chemicals. The plant extracts are used as renewable and environmentally favorable resources, so they are sustainable [63,64]. Recent advances in bio-inspired materials science have increased interest in studying the interaction between materials science and biological systems. In addition to plants, there are also examples of microbes that synthesize inorganic compounds; for example, magnetotactic bacteria are useful for synthesizing magnetite NPs [65,66]. However, microbial synthesis was found to be more expensive than synthesis using plant extracts. The screening and cultivation of microorganisms usually take a long time. The mechanism of metal oxide NP synthesis using plant extracts is shown in Figure 7. The various plant extracts used to synthesize the NiO NPs are listed in Table 2.

Figure 7 Mechanisms of plant-mediated metal oxide NP synthesis.
Figure 7

Mechanisms of plant-mediated metal oxide NP synthesis.

Table 2

Different plant extracts obtained from various plant parts are useful for the synthesis of NiO NPs

Plant name Precursor Size (nm) Morphology Reference
Avicennia Marina leaf extract NiCl2 30–50 Flacks [67]
Olive leaves Ni(NO3)2 30–65 Spherical [68]
Aloe vera Ni(NO3)2·6H2O — — [69]
Lactuca serriola seeds NiCl2⋅6H2O — Spherical [70]
Calendula officinalis (leaf) NiSO4⋅6H2O 60.39 Spherical [71]
Abutilon indicum (leaf) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O — Cubic [72]
Capparis decidua (leaf) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O — Flower [73]
Areca catechu (leaf) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O 5–15 Hexagonal [74]
Nigella sativa (seed) Ni (NO3)2⋅6H2O 10–50 Spherical [75]
Lantana camara linn (leaf) NiCl2⋅6H2O 21 Hexagonal [76]
Berberis balochistani (stem) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O 31.44 Rhombohedral [77]
Rosemarinus officinalis (leaf) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O 8.09 Quasi-spherical [78]
Opuntia ficus indica (leaf) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O 20–35 Spherical [79]
Limonia acidissima (fruit) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O 23 Spherical [80]
Raphanus sativus (root) Ni(CH3COOH)2·4H2O 34.89 — [81]
Arabic gum (gum) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O 59 Spherical [82]
Eichhornia crassipes (leaf) NiCl2 9.1 Spherical [83]
Limonia acidissima natural fruit juice (NO3)2⋅6H2O 23 Spherical [84]
Euphorbia heterophylla (L.) Ni(NO3)2·6H2O 12–15 Rhombohedral [85]
Rhamnus triquetra (leaf) Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O 65 Spherical [86]
Vernonia amygdalina (leaf) NiCl2⋅6H2O — Octahedral [87]
Phoenix dactylifera (Dates) Ni(NO3)2 — Rod [88]
Plectranthus amboinicus (leaf) Ni(NO3)2 100 Spherical [89]
Ananas comosus leaf NiCl2.6H2O — — [90]
Stevia (leaf) Ni(CH3COOH)2·4H2O 10–40 Spherical [91]
Solanum trilobatum leaf Ni(NO3)2 25–30 Cylindrical and rod [92]
Leucas aspera (leaf) NiCl2⋅6H2O — Spherical [93]
Allium jesdianum (leaf) Ni(NO3)2·6H2O — Spherical [94]
Cydonia oblonga Ni(NO3)2.6H2O 74.5 — [28]
Zingiber officinale and allium sativum (roots) Ni(NO3)2 <50 The cubical and more spherical shape [95]

2.3 Microbe-mediated synthesis

The essential mechanism for forming NP biogenesis involves the reduction of metal ions by the biomolecules present in living things. This process creates a large number of NPs with well-defined sizes and morphologies that can be isolated from the contaminants. Many researchers applied various techniques for the synthesis of NPs by using bacteria, actinobacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, and microalgae, as these microorganisms have the innate capability to multiply in various environments [96–102]. Bacteria and microalgae can produce unique nanomaterials such as exopolysaccharides, nanocellulose, and nanowires [103–105]. The production of NPs using microorganisms is far safer than chemical and physical processes [96–102]. Bacteria are preferred over other microorganisms for NP production because they can be cultured in a laboratory setting and their growth rate can be regulated. Microorganisms can adapt to environments with higher metal concentrations and can reduce inorganic elements to NPs via extracellular or intracellular pathways [96]. Microbes take up metal ions from their environment/media and the microorganisms ingest metal ions from the culture media and enzymatically reduce them into their elemental form [106]. During the extracellular synthesis of NPs, the extracellular microbial enzymes, especially the reductase-containing supernatant, are extracted from the microbial culture by centrifugation and allowed to react with the metal ions to synthesize NPs [107–109]. Metal ions are bio-reduced in a cell-free supernatant, resulting in the production of NPs [110]. For microbial intracellular manufacturing, the cellular mechanism of the microbe is exploited for NP production. Initially, sufficient microbial biomass is obtained by following an appropriate culture protocol [111]. Then, the microbes are supplemented with metal ions and cultured further under optimal conditions for the reduction process, which will be observed by specific chromatic changes. Microbes synthesize NPs as a part of their defense mechanism, as high reactive ion concentrations in their environment are detrimental to their sustainability. To prevent cell death, the microbes use their cellular machinery to convert the reactive ions into a stable form of the respective NPs of reduced ions. Cell damage can occur when the NPs are generated in excessive concentrations. The microbes can tolerate a range of environmental parameters such as ionic strength, pH, temperature, and pressure, but the tolerable range is often limited, and any further change beyond this range due to a longer reaction time can be detrimental to the microbes [42].

3 Biological applications

3.1 Antibacterial and antifungal activity

The NiO NPs are synthesized with aloe vera gel and heated at 300–500°C to study their antibacterial properties, as the free radical nature of NiO NPs can impair microbial cell proliferation [69]. Figure 8(a) shows the zone of inhibition (ZoI) for the antibacterial activity of Bacillus subtilis, Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, where the NPs showed significant antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria. Among all tests, the NiO NPs made from aloe vera gel and annealed at 500°C have excellent antibacterial activity. In this, regard the NiO NPs have stronger antibacterial activity toward Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria due to a single layer of peptidoglycan in the Gram-negative bacteria’s cell wall, while Gram-positive bacteria have a multi-layered solid peptidoglycan. According to Arokiyaraj et al. [112], the NiO NPs are more effective against Gram-positive bacterial strains. Similarly, the NiO NPs synthesized were tested for antifungal activity against the fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium notatum. The analysis indicated the observation of significant antifungal activity as well. However, this activity is lower than the antibacterial activity due to the increased resistance of fungal strains compared to bacterial strains (Figure 8b).

Figure 8 ZoI of NiO NPs against (a) bacterial and (b) fungal strains [69].
Figure 8

ZoI of NiO NPs against (a) bacterial and (b) fungal strains [69].

The particle size of NiO NPs is attributed to its antimicrobial activity, as it improves the NPs’ dispersibility and causes cell damage due to the binding of the extracellular Ni2+ to the intracellular Ca2+ metabolism. The electrostatic interaction between Ni ions and the membrane of a microbial cell is stronger in NPs, resulting in significant activity [113]. The activity is also influenced by the consistency, shape, and size of the NPs [114]. According to a study, NPs change bacteria and fungi’s membrane shapes by interacting with them and inhibiting their growth. It disrupts normal mobility during the development of the plasma membrane, resulting in cell death [115]. Since the prepared NiO NPs have a smaller particle size than micro-sized particles and a high surface area to volume ratio, the NPs react with phosphorus or sulfur in the DNA, stopping protein production and causing cell death [116]. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) structure promotes antimicrobial effects that are part of normal metabolism in living organisms [117]. The onset of ROS destroys cells, which defines the formation of extremely reactive radicals that destroy cell membranes, proteins, the intracellular system, and DNA [118]. The mechanism for the various damages due to the cell lines is shown in Figure 9 [119].

Figure 9 Schematic mechanism of the toxicity effect of NiO NPs against bacteria [119].
Figure 9

Schematic mechanism of the toxicity effect of NiO NPs against bacteria [119].

Various mechanisms are proposed for the action mode of MNPs against microbiological organisms, which include (1) cell wall/membrane degradation, (2) MNP-generated oxidative stress, and (3) deterioration/damaging of intracellular proteins due to NP penetration. Because of their nano size, NPs penetrate the intracellular cell matrix, disrupting intracellular absorption and causing cell injury. Electrostatic interactions cause NiO NPs to disrupt cell membranes. Due to electrostatic attraction, the Ni2+ ions produced by the NiO NPs interacted with the bacterial cell surfaces of opposite charge and disrupted the cell membrane and its normal physiology and functions. Also, the NPs are so narrow that they can easily pass through the cell wall/membrane and disrupt the cellular components by several routes, which include [120] (1) DNA damage/dysfunction by the interaction of NiO NPs, rendering them unable to perform the regular functions; (2) breaking of hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphate bonds that denature the proteins and associated alteration of protein structure; and (3) oxidative stress-mediated damage of mitochondria. Furthermore, these results are consistent with previous research results that indicate the highly active antibacterial activity of NiO NPs against multiple strains of bacteria [121–124]. Since NiO NPs have promising bioactivity in addition to antibacterial activity, they have potential as medicinal antibacterial agents in the medical sector. Furthermore, eco-friendly routes for synthetic purposes must be developed and used to ensure the environmental safety of green synthetic routes and avoid environmental pollution. The routes using biological agents are one of the best solutions to avoid problems associated with conventional synthetic techniques [125,126]. Ali et al. [70] described the environmentally friendly production of Ni0/NiO NPs using the Lactuca serriola seed extract with bactericidal activity against human pathogenic microorganisms. The surface morphology of the Ni0/NiO NPs is shown in Figure 10. The spherical morphology of the Ni0/NiO NPs with a small agglomeration can be attributed to the induced magnetic interaction and polymeric adhesion among the NiO/NiO NPs, as evident from the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images. The antibacterial effect of MNPs is strongly dependent on size and surface charges and thus causes changes to the cell membrane and blocks transport channels. When nano-sized metallic ions reach the cell, they generate ionization that can disrupt intracellular structures and trigger cell death [127,128]. Multifunctional ROS are formed by the combination of short-lived oxidants, including superoxide radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals (OH−), singlet oxygen (O2−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Figure 11) [129,130]. Due to their extremely high reactivity, such oxidants produce ROS with the strong ability to destroy cell membranes, DNA, mRNA, proteins, ribosomes, and peptidoglycans [131]. In that view, the traditional disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ni0/NiO NPs against different cultures of E. coli, S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacilus pumilus, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria. From the analysis, the Ni0/NiO NPs at a 20 g/mL concentration showed outstanding antibacterial efficacy (as compared to the ciprofloxacin drug) against 7 out of 8 harmful bacteria included in this study, where a ZoI of 6.05–15.04 mm was observed [127–130]. Also, the antibacterial activity of Ni0/NiO NPs was investigated against serially diluted bacterial strains with varying concentrations of Ni0/NiO NPs (10 and 20 μg/mL). The results showed that bacterial growth was significantly reduced at both concentrations of Ni0/NiO NPs, and such an inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacterial growth by the biologically synthesized Ni0/NiO NPs was most likely responsible for the inclusive activity. As a result, Ni0/NiO NPs were observed for bacteriostatic activity at low concentrations and bactericidal activity at high concentrations.

Figure 10 (a–d) FESEM images of Ni0/NiO NPs [70].
Figure 10

(a–d) FESEM images of Ni0/NiO NPs [70].

Figure 11 Different possible mechanisms associated with the antimicrobial activity of Ni0/NiO NPs [70].
Figure 11

Different possible mechanisms associated with the antimicrobial activity of Ni0/NiO NPs [70].

Another study used the hot plate combustion method to synthesize NiO NPs, utilizing the Solanum trilobatum leaf extract as the fuel and nickel nitrate as the precursor [92]. The high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) images support the shape of the NiO NPs, as shown in Figure 12. The surface does not have a cylindrical or rod-like form. Some of the elements that influence the morphology attained are the preference of the solvents, capping agents, and experimental parameters such as temperature and time, which affect the reaction mechanism. As a result, the approach used nickel nitrate, and the fuel, an extract of Solanum trilobatum leaves, favored the synthesis of NiO NPs with cylindrical and rod-like morphologies. Therefore, it was concluded that the synthesis of NiO NPs with a large surface area and small particle size has made possible by the Solanum trilobatum leaf extract, making them suitable for biological applications [92].

Figure 12 (a) HR-SEM image of NiO NPs, (b–d) HR-TEM images of NiO NPs, and (e) SAED pattern of NiO NPs [92].
Figure 12

(a) HR-SEM image of NiO NPs, (b–d) HR-TEM images of NiO NPs, and (e) SAED pattern of NiO NPs [92].

Similar to any other cell viability test, the cytotoxicity of NiO NPs prepared using the Solanum trilobatum leaf extract was also tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, where the analysis is based on the reduction of the MTT dye to formazan crystals. For example, in a previous study [92], the cell viability of A549 cells was tested using varying concentrations of NiO NPs (up to 1,000 µg/mL), and the results indicated negligible cell viability losses up to 31.2 μg/mL and a significant reduction above that concentration, meaning that the cell viability is dose-dependent. The fluctuation in percent cell viability in response to NiO NPs at their change of concentrations was observed at change in absorbance which has directly influenced by the number of viable cells [92]. The observed absorbance for the control cells was 0.481 OD (optical dispersion) and 0.083 OD for the cells that reacted with 1,000 μg/mL NiO NPs, indicating that the cells’ metabolic activity reduced at the NPs’ maximum concentration. Furthermore, to understand the physiological changes occurring to the cells due to NiO NP treatment, morphological studies are performed against the A549 cells at varying concentrations of NiO, as shown in Figure 13(a–d). The regulated cells have a normal, smooth, and uniform morphology, but the cells exposed to NiO NPs have an uneven morphology due to cell division and swelling following death. The extent of cell damage is dose-dependent, and the cell nuclei changed dramatically, indicating that the NiO NPs impact the cell nuclei and their morphology to interrupt regular biochemical functions. The NiO NPs generated ROS and associated oxidative stress, which could decrease the cell’s biological activity [132]. For example, following the treatment of A549 cells were observed to have ROS damage. In general, ROS induces DNA damage, a basic site, cell wall damage, oxidized base lesions, breaks single and double strands, and oxidizes proteins and lipids, resulting in the formation of dangerous electrophilic species that alter cellular signal transduction pathways, and lead to cell death [133]. In addition, oxidative stress is generated due to electron transfer from ROS such as ˙OH, H2O2, and O2˙− [134]. Several studies have also indicated that the metal ions released from the MNPs are a significant component of cytotoxicity [135]. For instance, the Ni2+ ions released by the NiO NPs following the treatment of A549 cells were found to induce oxidative stress induction both directly and indirectly, eventually dysfunctioning the mitochondria [136]. Also, the release extent of Ni2+ ions is determined by the intrinsic properties of bulk materials, particle size, surface properties, and crystallinity of NiO. Hedberg et al. [137] suggested that the increased metal ion release is associated with ligand-induced metal release processes. They also showed that the Ni2+ ions released into the cell culture medium by the NiO particles were absorbed by the A549 cells and further tightly bound to the cell membrane to eventually form stable complexes with various ligands, such as proteins and amino acids. Moreover, the toxicity associated with NiO NPs and the released Ni ions is significantly higher in the nano-sized particles than in the corresponding micro-sized ones [138]. In the nano-sized NiO NPs, considerable cytotoxic effects were observed due to the specific surface area, metal ion-releasing ability, strong physicochemical activities, high crystalline effects, etc. As a result, the NiO nanomaterials thus synthesized by the green synthesis routes serve as promising biomaterials for cytotoxic induction in cancer cell lines (e.g., A549 cells) through oxidative damage by the production of ROS.

Figure 13 (a–d) Morphological changes due to the treatment of varying concentrations of NiO NPs formed using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract [92].
Figure 13

(a–d) Morphological changes due to the treatment of varying concentrations of NiO NPs formed using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract [92].

3.2 Cytotoxicity activity

The NP’s research for cancer diagnosis and treatment is increasing nowadays. Sabouri et al. [82] studied the cytotoxic effects of NiO NPs on normal CN cell lines and cancer U87MG cell lines using gum arabic polymer. The analysis results indicated that NiO NPs have contributed to a 50% cancer cell reduction at only 16 µg/mL concentration, thereby confirming this value as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Also, a steep increase in cell viability loss with increased NiO NP concentration was observed, implying that the cytotoxicity is dose-dependent, which can severely impair cancer cell survival. According to the results of this study, the lethal effect of NiO NPs formed by the green synthesis routes is greater in cancer cells than in normal cells, thus supporting the potential role of NiO NPs in cancer treatment. Ghazal et al. [28] used the Cydonia oblonga extract to carry out the biosynthesis of NiO NPs in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner, using the same MTT test to understand cell viability and bioavailability [139]. Figure 14 shows FESEM/PSA images of NiO-NPs prepared using an extract of Cydonia oblonga at 400°C [28]. According to the SEM results, the sample’s morphology, with an average particle size of roughly 74.5 nm, was investigated.

Figure 14 (a–c) FESEM images and (d) PSA of NiO-NPs [28].
Figure 14

(a–c) FESEM images and (d) PSA of NiO-NPs [28].

Figure 15 provides the in vitro cell viability studies following NiO NP treatment in the concentration range of 0–400 mg/mL, where the results have indicated no significant cytotoxicity up to 400 mg/mL concentration. This suggests that the L929 cells can tolerate the synthesized NPs, thereby indicating their biocompatibility.

Figure 15 Cytotoxicity studies of varying concentrations of NiO NPs (up to 400 µg/mL) by MTT assay [28].
Figure 15

Cytotoxicity studies of varying concentrations of NiO NPs (up to 400 µg/mL) by MTT assay [28].

Chouke et al. [51] investigated the in vitro toxicity of bioinspired NiO NPs on the growth of the B. mori cell line (Bm-17 cells) and the liver cells of L. rohita fish, as illustrated in Figure 16. Agar gel electrophoresis was used to assess cell viability, necrotic cell morphology, and DNA damage. NiO NPs promote significant vacuolization in an insect cell line (Bm-17 cells).

Figure 16 Schematic representation of in vitro toxicity of bioinspired NiO NPs [51].
Figure 16

Schematic representation of in vitro toxicity of bioinspired NiO NPs [51].

3.3 Anticancer activity

Kganyago et al. [140] reported the preparation of NiO NPs using the Monsonia burkeana plant extract and studied their potential antibacterial activity against numerous bacterial strains and anticancer activity. As shown in Figure 17, the cell viability results analyzed using both MUSE and MTT assays indicated that the treatment of A549 cells with different concentrations of NiO NPs does not affect the viability (>95% of cells are viable) up to a 24 h incubation period. The analysis showed that the plant extract-mediated formation of NiO NPs was ineffective against the lung cancer cells even at high concentrations during the first 24 h period. However, these results contradicted the recent findings and demonstrated that NiO NPs formed with Moringa olifera continued to exhibit antiproliferative activity against the HT-29 colon cancer cells. This disparity can be attributed to the changes in phytochemicals in plants such as Moringa olifera versus Monsonia burkeana, specificity, and incubation time. Also, the kind of cell line matters, as the plant extract used for the formation of NPs has previously been shown to serve as a blood purifier, and it is not surprising that the same plant-derived NPs are effective against bacterial strains. In addition, light microscopy provided morphological analysis of A549 cells, indicating that the plant-derived NiO NPs had no lethal effects on the cells even after 24 h. However, there was a significant effect on the cell growth. Plant-made NiO NPs significantly reduced the development of A549 cells. The morphological form of untreated and treated A549 cells is shown in Figure 18(a–d). The green circles indicate that both groups retained the usual epithelial cell shape. The NiO NPs do not affect the morphology of A549 cells and show no cytotoxicity toward A549 in both treatments, as confirmed by the viability profile data. However, treated cells have more space than the corresponding cells without any treatment. Observing some cells with classic apoptotic features (e.g., red circles) can be linked to the natural cell death associated with cell cycles. NiO NPs produced from Monsonia burkeana do not affect the viability of non-cancerous HEK 293 cells of the embryonic kidney, thereby supporting the fact that the particles have the potential for the sustainable treatment of cancer and are non-harmful even if consumed.

Figure 17 Flow cytometry studies of A549 cells following the treatment of NiO NPs at different profiles of (a) untreated, (b) 125 μg/mL, (c) 250 μg/mL, and (d) 500 μg/mL [140].
Figure 17

Flow cytometry studies of A549 cells following the treatment of NiO NPs at different profiles of (a) untreated, (b) 125 μg/mL, (c) 250 μg/mL, and (d) 500 μg/mL [140].

Figure 18 Morphological observation of A549 cells: (a) untreated, (b) 125 μg/mL, (c) 250 μg/mL, and (d) 500 μg/mL NiO NP treatment [140].
Figure 18

Morphological observation of A549 cells: (a) untreated, (b) 125 μg/mL, (c) 250 μg/mL, and (d) 500 μg/mL NiO NP treatment [140].

3.4 Antioxidant properties of NiO NPs against DPPH

Zhang et al. [71] effectively prepared NiO NPs in an aqueous medium using the Calendula officinalis leaf extract. They also tested the DPPH radical scavenging potentials of particles coated with the leaf extract by comparing them with BHT as a typical antioxidant. In general, free radicals are species that do not have a complete electron shell and can speed up chemical reactions more than others. They develop when the human body is exposed to cigarette smoke and radiation. The main human free radical is oxygen. When an oxygen (O2) molecule is exposed to radiation, it steals an electron from other molecules, destroying DNA and other molecules. These changes can lead to chronic diseases such as heart disease, muscle failure, diabetes, and cancer [141]. Antioxidants, which act like a broom against free radicals, are recognized as effective treatments for destroying free radicals and regenerating damaged cells. More importantly, laboratory evidence suggests that antioxidants can significantly reduce cancer risk [57,142–144]. Aqueous leaf extracts of C. officinalis, BHT, and NiO NPs have IC50 of 328, 204, and 192 mg/mL, respectively (Figure 19). The MNPs have high potential for DPPH inhibition. The results of our investigation are consistent with many other studies examining the mutual effects of herbs and metal salts on anti-oxidant capacity against DPPH [57,142–144]. In general, MNPs have outstanding antioxidant properties, with the antioxidant properties of NiO NPs being well documented. When NiO NPs are made from medicinal plants, the Ni element forms a powerful compound with phenolic and flavonoid chemicals, resulting in unique antioxidant properties.

Figure 19 (a) Comparison of the antioxidant nature of NiSO4, (b) aqueous extract of C. officinalis, (c) NiO NPs, and (d) BHT against DPPH [71].
Figure 19

(a) Comparison of the antioxidant nature of NiSO4, (b) aqueous extract of C. officinalis, (c) NiO NPs, and (d) BHT against DPPH [71].

3.4.1 DPPH radical scavenging assay

Kumar et al. [84] demonstrated a facile green synthesis of NiO NPs using the natural Limonia acidissima fruit juice via a solution combustion technique. Antioxidants are characterized by their ability to scavenge free radicals. Another important characteristic of antioxidants is their ability to donate hydrogen or electrons to oxidizing agents. DPPH is a stable free radical with an unpaired electron on the nitrogen atom and an absorbance of 517 nm (a deep violet color). The color changed to yellow when the odd electron was connected to the DPPH [145]. The ability of antioxidant molecules to donate hydrogen is required for scavenging free radicals [146]. The radical scavenging activity of NiO NPs against DPPH is significant (Figure 20a). In addition, as NiO NPs were prepared by combustion using the Limonia acidissima fruit juice, with a possibility of phytochemical adsorption on their surface. Compared to the reference substance, BHT, NiO NPs proved to be more effective. The antioxidant activity of NiO NPs is comparable (2.73 µg/mL) to that of the reference chemical BHT (2.21 µg/mL). NiO NPs have significant hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (Figure 20b).

Figure 20 Comparison of antioxidation effects of NiO NPs by (a) DPPH radicals and (b) hydroxyl radicals [84].
Figure 20

Comparison of antioxidation effects of NiO NPs by (a) DPPH radicals and (b) hydroxyl radicals [84].

3.4.2 Angioinhibitory effect by NiO NPs

Figure 21 shows the autoinhibitory effect of NiO NPs, where the analysis showed a significantly progressive result in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) test model of growing embryos. The data show the results of six eggs in one batch. The anti-angiogenic effect of NiO NPs was examined and shown to have excellently slowed the proliferation of capillaries near the area of disks containing NiO NPs compared to controls (Figure 21).

Figure 21 (a and b) CAM model assay provided suppression of in vivo angiogenesis by NiO NPs [84].
Figure 21

(a and b) CAM model assay provided suppression of in vivo angiogenesis by NiO NPs [84].

3.5 Antifungal activity of phytofabricated NiO NPs

Uddin et al. [77] developed a green biogenic approach for the green production of NiO NPs using the phytochemical-rich strain extract of Berberis balochistanica (BBS). The antibacterial activity of phytofabricated BBS-NiO NPs (100, 500, and 1,000 g/mL) against the bacterial strains Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus is shown in Figure 22a. BBS-NiO NPs showed a dose-dependent response to both bacterial strains tested. In addition, for antibacterial activities, it was found that 10 g of ciprofloxacin (a positive control) was more reactive than any BBS-NiO NPs used. BBS-NiO NPs were tested for antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and Alternaria alternata at different doses (50, 100, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL). There were dose-dependent responses against all three fungal strains studied (Figure 22b). F. oxysporum showed less susceptibility at high concentrations (1,000 µg/mL), while A. alternata showed the highest level of susceptibility (71.25% inhibition), followed by A. niger (39.51% inhibition).

Figure 22 (a and b) Comparison of antimicrobial potentials of various NiO NP-based composites [77].
Figure 22

(a and b) Comparison of antimicrobial potentials of various NiO NP-based composites [77].

4 Conclusions and future perspectives

Green synthesis is by far the most environmentally friendly method for producing NPs, using plant sources and microbes as redox mediators to convert metal cations into metal/metal oxide NPs. Plant and microbial extracts contain a variety of phytochemicals and metabolites that act as stabilizers for biosynthesized NPs by acting as capping agents. The advantages of green synthesis over standard synthetic methods include low cost, safety, and environmental friendliness, justifying the growing interest in green synthesis over the past few decades. Many recent investigations on the preparation of NiO NPs by plant-mediated green synthesis are discussed and covered in this review. Many of these are medicinal plants with established therapeutic uses. Synthetic techniques using plant and microbial extracts and the characterization and performance of the bio-synthesized NiO NPs are briefly described, highlighting their promise in photocatalysis and biomedical applications. The main advantages of more environmentally friendly approaches are low cost and the use of antimicrobial NP combinations, allowing natural plant extracts where the synthesis approach does not require toxic chemicals as reducing agents, as well as new uses such as antibacterial bandages. A thorough understanding of the wide range of microbial/biochemical constituents is required, as well as the various routes of laboratory synthesis, including the isolation and tracing of components used in the precise reduction of multiple metal salts to the required materials. Future challenges and achievements related to green prospects for manufacturing nanomaterials need to be addressed by expanding laboratory-based compliance to a feasible industrial level by considering current and past health and environmental impacts. On the other hand, a more environmentally friendly approach based on bio-derived materials or nanomaterials is needed and will be widely used in the field of environmental remediation as well as in other broad fields such as the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, biomaterials from marine plants and algae isolated from specific regions have yet to be discovered. As a result, there are several potential avenues for developing novel green techniques based on biogenic synthesis. A significant amount of scientific research is required to enable the industrial production of green nanomaterials. The eventual release of such nanomaterials into the environment could result in unusual behavior, which is a concern that requires further research.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: S.S – conceptualization; S.S., I.F., A.L.J., Z.R.M., E.L. and W.C.O. – data curation,; S.S., I.F., A.L.J. and Z.R.M – formal analysis; I.F., A.L.J., Z.R.M., E.L. and W.C.O – validation.; I.F. and E.L. – visualization; Z.R.M – investigation.; W.C.O – funding acquisition.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-07-31
Revised: 2023-09-10
Accepted: 2023-09-26
Published Online: 2023-10-24

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0141
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
nickel oxide nanoparticles; green synthesis; biomedical applications
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
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  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
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  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
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  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
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  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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Heruntergeladen am 29.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0141/html
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