Startseite The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
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The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis

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Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 31. Dezember 2023
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 21 Heft 1

Abstract

This study presented the adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents filled with Cu, Fe, and Cu/Fe nanoparticles (NPs) obtained by the green synthesis method from pepper stem waste. The resulting adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis. The amount of naproxen not adsorbed in the solution was determined from the cyclic voltammetry method, which is one of the electrochemical methods. The equation of the calibration curve used in the conversion of current to concentration and the R 2 value were y = 2.6165 x − 288.22 and 0.999, respectively. While the adsorption with the BS-extract was 3.3%, it was 46.142% for Cu-NP, 92 mg/g, and 57.622% for Fe-NP. With 116.0 mg/g Cu/Fe-NP, 82.406% and 165.0 mg/g capacity were reached. In the isotherm calculations, since the R 2 values for each adsorbent were in the range of 0.998–0.997, it was determined that the Freundlich and Halsey isotherms were compatible. Accordingly, under these conditions, Naproxen adsorption was multilayered and the adsorbent surface had a heterogeneous structure. Graphs drawn from the kinetic data showed that the adsorption obeyed the second-order kinetics. The R 2 value of the kinetic curves was 1 for all adsorbents. Thermodynamic data were determined by Van’t Hoff curves with R 2 values in the range of 0.998–0.996. The enthalpy value for Cu/Fe-NP was calculated to be 31.854 kJ/mol, the entropy value was 0.1993 kJ/mol-K, and the free energy was −27.5374 kJ/mol. These values were 34.605 kJ/mol, 0.272 kJ/mol-K, and −46.451 kJ/mol for Fe-NP, respectively; and 19.79 kJ/mol, 0.247 kJ/mol-K, and −54.3226 kJ/mol for Cu-NP. While all NPs (except Cu-NP) had a high recovery percentage in three cycles, this decreased to 80% at pH 10. For Cu-NP, the recovery percentage decreased at pH 8.5 and 7, but surprisingly it increased at pH 10. As a result, it can be inferred that NPs play a good role in adsorbent development, and Fe and Cu NP-doped BS adsorbents have a better effect on naproxen adsorption and have been evaluated as adsorbents suitable for use several times.

Graphical abstract

Keyword: zero waste; green synthesis; nanoparticle; adsorption

1 Introduction

Naproxen, one of the most commonly used active ingredients of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group, is a powerful painkiller that contains aryl acetic acid in its structure and is frequently recommended by doctors due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Owing to the recent pandemic (such as Covid-19), drug supply and demand have increased. This mobility brought about the contamination of natural water resources, drinking water, and wastewater with such chemicals [1].

When naproxen is exposed to factors such as temperature, pH, and light, it can decompose into 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene (AMN) and 2-methoxy-6-ethylnaphthalene (MEN) (Scheme 1). It has been reported that if they mix with water, they will pose a fatal threat to the creatures living there [2,3] and even pose a risk of damaging their genetics [4]. Another study reported that aquatic creatures cause deterioration in the tissues of organs such as kidneys and liver and changes in gill structures [5] For this reason, it is of great importance to remove naproxen from the environment.

Scheme 1 Chemical formula of naproxen, AMN, and MEN.
Scheme 1

Chemical formula of naproxen, AMN, and MEN.

Techniques such as photodegradation [6], biodegradation [7], biofiltration [8], electrocoagulation-flotation [9], chlorination [10], and adsorption [11] have been used to separate such drugs from the environment. Adsorption [12], which is among these techniques and has been successfully used in the removal of many metals, paints, and dirt, stands out as a practical, cheap, fast, and easy application technique, whereas other techniques are time-consuming, expensive, have limited conditions, and difficult. The success of adsorption also depends on the good surface properties of the adsorbent used. Agricultural wastes have been frequently used in adsorbent production for many years because they have the potential to exhibit high surface area due to their cellulosic structure and are abundant in nature.

In recent years, researchers have developed nanoparticulate adsorbents using natural and non-toxic raw materials such as plant extracts [13] and used them in various fields such as catalysis [14], biosensors, and medicine. The production method is called Green Synthesis because it is more environmentally friendly, has less CO2 emissions, is cheaper, more practical, and uses fewer chemicals than traditional adsorbent production methods. In this method, phytochemicals such as polyols, polyphenols, and terpenoids found in the plant extracts act as both trapping and reducing agents, and owing to the nanostructures obtained, the unit properties of the material are moved to the nano level. In this way, it is possible to exert more properties than the larger-sized structures and to improve the physical and chemical modification and properties of the material at the nanoscale.

In the literature, metal-doped nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared from aqueous extracts of plants such as the Tilia plant [15] and peanut Vera L. shell [16] using the green synthesis method. These materials were used both as catalysts and as adsorbents in the removal of heavy metals such as Cd(ii), Pb(ii), Zn(ii), Co(ii), and Cu(ii) [17]. In addition, NP structures can be easily synthesized by the green synthesis method using solutions of elements such as gold [18], silver [19], zinc oxide [20], iron [21], and copper [22].

Agricultural wastes, plants, and their roots have cellulosic, hemicellulose, and lignin structures. These structures contain hydroxyl groups, and the plant roots turned into biosorbents by these groups will have a certain affinity for metal ions [23]. It is known that hydrogen ions in functional groups such as amide, amine, and carboxyl play an important role in the displacement of metal ions [24]. The ability of such biomass groups to remove heavy metals is due to the binding groups in the structure.

There are a few studies in the literature on naproxen adsorption using commercially activated carbon [25], agricultural waste apricot peels [26], and NPs/nanocomposites [27]. There are no studies in which an adsorbent with Cu and Fe NPs was developed by green synthesis from BS. The adsorbed naproxen, and the amount of naproxen remaining in the environment after adsorption was determined by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. Thus, this study is thought to be the first.

The stems (BS) of red-hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.), popularly known as ISOT, are grown and the dried pepper powder is produced from the Sanlıurfa stems (BS) of this pepper. They threaten the environment as both domestic and industrial waste. According to the statement by Şanlıurfa Vegetable Fruit Brokers Association, 10% of the estimated 250,000 tons of pepper used in the production of dry powdered pepper in this region is released into the environment as waste. For this reason, it was preferred as an adsorbent raw material because it was thought to contribute to the bioeconomy.

In this study, BS was used as plant extracts to produce copper (Cu-NP), iron (Fe-NP), or copper/iron (Cu/Fe-NP) adsorbents. NPs were used because they provide high surface area, homogeneity, and high stability to the adsorbent. Naproxen adsorption performance of the obtained adsorbents was examined under conditions such as solution pH, temperature, adsorbent amount, and concentration. Structural characterization of the adsorbents was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction, thermal characterization by thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Brauner–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface analyzer. Naproxen adsorption was monitored using the CV method, which is one of the electroanalytical methods.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals used

BSs used in the study were collected from the local manufacturer. Copper (ii) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) and iron (iii) chloride (FeCl3), used as a source of NPs, were purchased from Merck. Naproxen was obtained from the drug tablet named Naprosyn, produced by Abdi İbrahim Company, a local pharmaceutical company. Acetonitrile (ACN; Merck) and purified water were used to prepare the solution. All solutions were kept in a cool place protected from light.

2.2 Preparation of pepper stem (BS) extract (BS-ext.)

The collected BS was washed thoroughly with distilled water and dried in an oven at 70°C. About 50 g of the dried BS was weighed and transferred to a 250 mL flask and distilled water was added to the level above it. It was boiled under a reflux system for 10 h to obtain the BS-ext. The resulting dark-brown extract was cooled and centrifuged at 1,100 rpm to separate very small particles. It was filtered with Whatman no. 1 filter paper for a clearer extract. The obtained clear extract was used immediately for green synthesis of the adsorbent-containing NPs.

2.3 Green synthesis of Cu-, Fe-, and Cu/Fe-NP-doped adsorbents

The synthesis of Cu-, Fe-, and Cu/Fe- NP-doped adsorbent is presented in Figure 1. A clear and fresh BS-ext. was added to 0.01 M CuSO4·5H2O solution at 70–80°C at a ratio of 4:1 by volume. It was kept under constant stirring for 2 h. The color of the solution, which was initially light blue, changed to yellowish-green and then to dark brownish-black over time (Figure 1). This color change was considered as an indication of NP formation [17]. The mixture was left in the dark for 24 h. The mixture was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 6 min to separate the formed particles. The precipitated particles were washed with ethanol to avoid any residue. They were dried in an oven at 90°C for 3 h. The obtained adsorbent was labeled as Cu-NPs. Fe-NPs and Cu/Fe-NPs were obtained using the same method as that used for Cu-NPs. Here, 0.01 M Fe(iii) chloride (FeCl3) solution was used for the iron NP content: 0.01 M CuSO4·5H2O solution(10 mL) and 0.01 M FeCl3 (10 mL) were used to prepare Cu/Fe-NPs.

Figure 1 The synthesis of Cu-, Fe-, and Cu/Fe-BS adsorbents.
Figure 1

The synthesis of Cu-, Fe-, and Cu/Fe-BS adsorbents.

Previously, it has been reported that antioxidants and phytochemicals in the structures of the extract captured and reduced Cu2+ ions and, in turn, oxidized the alcohol functional groups to ketones [28]. In light of this information, a reaction in which the alcohol groups in the capsaicin structure captured Cu2+ ions and turned into ketones was proposed. The possible mechanism is given in reaction (1).

Accordingly, owing to the –OH group in the capsaicin structure in the BS-ext., it reduced Cu2+ ions and resulted in the formation of abundant Cu NPs.

2.4 Characterization

Structural characterization of NP-doped adsorbents obtained from the BS-ext. by green synthesis was carried out by FT-IR spectroscopy using a Bruker Vertex 70 FTIR device in the wavenumber range of 4,000–400 cm−1. The obtained data were given as wavenumber vs % transmittance. Thermal characterization by thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA-Shimadzu DTG-60H Simultaneous DTA-TG apparatus), morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) (ZEISS Evo/LS 10 electron microscope), and BET (Nova 2200e surface area and pore size analyzer) were performed.

Naproxen adsorption was monitored by electroanalytical methods such as CV by using an Ivium Ver-texOne potentiostat/galvanostat (4D-Systems) instrument.

2.5 Adsorption experiments

Naprosyn tablets were thoroughly ground, and 500 mg of the powder was weighed and dissolved in 10 mL of methanol. Then, the total solution volume was made up to 500 mL by adding ACN to prepare a stock solution of 1,000 ppm. The volume of the adsorption experiment solution was 50 mL. The studied concentration was prepared by diluting with ACN from the stock solution. For example, to prepare a 50 mL solution of 100 ppm, 5 mL of the stock solution was taken by a pipet and made up to 50 mL with ACN.

Naproxen adsorption was investigated based on the concentration (12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 ppm), pH (2, 4.5, 7, 8.5, and 10), temperature (25, 30, 35, 40, and 45°C), and adsorbent dosage amount (0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09 g) factors. The pH effect was investigated at acidic, neutral, and basic. For this aim, while pH values of 2, 4.5, and 7 for the neutral medium were selected in the acidic medium, pH values ​of 8.5 and 10 were selected in order to better observe the effect in the basic medium. In experiments, while each factor was examined within a certain range, the others were kept constant and the time-dependent change was monitored electrochemically. After adsorption with NPs from the 100 ppm naproxen solution at different pH values (2, 4.5, 7, 8.5, and 10) at 30°C, naproxen was recovered by using 50 mL of distilled water at the adsorption pH at 35 K for 2 h in a batch system [29]. After adsorption, the adsorbents were filtered and the filtrate was subjected to electrochemical measurements to determine the naproxen concentration [30].

2.6 Electrochemical studies

Electrochemistry measurements were made using a triple electrode system. In this system, the Pt button electrode was used as a working electrode, the Ag wire electrode was used as a reference, and the Pt wire was used as a counter electrode. The reference electrode is set against Ce/Ce2+. KCl solution (0.1 M) was used as the supporting electrolyte solution. For electrochemical measurements, after adding the adsorbent to the adsorption experiment solution, 20 µL of the solution was taken from this solution at 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60, 75, 95, 120, 150, and 180 min time intervals with the help of a micropipette. To determine the current values depending on the amount of naproxen remaining in the solution, it was transferred to a CV cell containing 5 mL of the supporting electrolyte solution and mixed for 30 s. The potential range used for CV was −0.6 and 1.5 V, and the sweep rate was 100 mV/s. In CV measurements, two oxidation peaks of naproxen, in 0.2–0.4 V and 1.3–1.5 V ranges, and two reduction peaks, 0.96 and −0.12 V, were observed. First, the highest current values at 1.5 V were chosen to determine the concentration. Then, a calibration curve was drawn between the current and concentration to determine the concentration of naproxen remaining in the solution after adsorption. The concentration was calculated using the equation of this curve.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization of Cu-, Fe-, and Cu/Fe-NP-doped adsorbents

The FT-IR, EDX, and TGA-DTA graphs of the adsorbents doped with NPs are shown in Figure 2. The BS-ext shows special IR peaks due to its organic nature. A sharp O–H stretch peak (3,400–3,500 cm−1) and C–H asymmetric stretch (2,900–2,700 cm−1) peaks were also observed. In addition, C═C stresses, C═O stresses, and C–O stress peaks symbolized the BS-ext structure. In the structural analysis of Cu-, Fe-, and Cu/Fe-NPs, in addition to the peaks representing the organic structure, the O–H peak became weaker and wider, unlike the BS-ext, while a distinct Cu2O peak was observed at 621 cm−1 [31,32]. These findings supported that the NP-filled adsorbent was formed.

Figure 2 The FT-IR spectra of (a) BS-ext. and all NPs. The EDX graphs of (b) BS-ext., (c) Cu-NP, (d) Fe-NP, (e) Cu/Fe -NP, and the TG-DTA curves of (f) BS-ext and all NPs.
Figure 2

The FT-IR spectra of (a) BS-ext. and all NPs. The EDX graphs of (b) BS-ext., (c) Cu-NP, (d) Fe-NP, (e) Cu/Fe -NP, and the TG-DTA curves of (f) BS-ext and all NPs.

Moreover, the NP contents of adsorbents were verified by EDX images (Figure 2b, c, d, and e). Accordingly, 55.04% Cu (Figure 2c) was detected at 8 keV levels in the Cu-NP structure and 61.5% Fe was detected at 6 keV levels in the Fe-NP (Figure 2d) structure. For Cu/Fe-NP, both NPs (Cu and Fe) were detected (Figure 2e). In addition, C, K, Na, and O originating from the BS-ext. were also detected (Figure 2b). The TG-DTA curves of all adsorbents are shown in Figure 2f. A 60% mass loss was observed at 205°C in the BS-ex. This proves that there is no thermal structure degradation in the green synthesis process. However, overall, the percentage of thermal degradation remained lower for Cu-NP, Fe-NP, and Cu/Fe-NP at the end of 1,000°C due to the NP content. The mass losses were approximately calculated to be 98, 79, 90, and 94% for BS-ext., Cu-NP, Fe-NP, and Cu/Fe-NP, respectively.

The SEM images of all adsorbents are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 SEM images of (a) BS-ext, (b) Cu-NP, (c) Fe-NP, and (d) Cu/Fe-NP (magnifications: (a) 5.00 K – 1 µm, (b) 5.00 K – 2 µm, (c) 5.00 K – 3 µm, and (d) 5.00 K – 2 µm).
Figure 3

SEM images of (a) BS-ext, (b) Cu-NP, (c) Fe-NP, and (d) Cu/Fe-NP (magnifications: (a) 5.00 K – 1 µm, (b) 5.00 K – 2 µm, (c) 5.00 K – 3 µm, and (d) 5.00 K – 2 µm).

The surface morphological structure of the BS-ext. is given in Figure 3a. It was clearly seen that the surface of the material obtained as a result of green synthesis consisted of regular geometric shapes (Figure 3b and c). These changes in the morphological structure of the BE-ext. occurred in the presence of Cu and/or Fe particles and homogeneously distributed on the surface. It was determined that Cu causes more cubic geometric shapes in the structure, while Fe causes more acicular structures. The effects of both NPs can be observed together in Cu/Fe-NP (Figure 3d).

3.2 Adsorption experiments

Experiments were carried out at six different concentrations in the range of 12.5–150 ppm, including 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 ppm. Each concentration was prepared by diluting the Naproxen stock solution with ACN. Adsorption was carried out at 25°C with a 200 rpm shaking speed using 50 mL of the experiment solution in 200 mL flasks. About 20 µL of this solution was taken with the help of a micropipette (NICHIRYO brand Nichipet EXII “10–100 µL volume range”) at the aforementioned time intervals and added to 5 mL of KCl electrolyte solution for electrochemical measurements. The measurements were repeated three times and the average value was used in the calculations. The calibration curve was drawn according to the Randles–Sevcik equation (equation (2)), which expresses the linear relationship between the current and concentration [33]:

(2) I p = 2.69 × 10 5 n 3 / 2 AC D ϑ ,

where I p is the peak current value (A), n is number of electrons is the electrode area (cm2), D is the diffusion coefficient (cm2/s), C is the concentration (mol/cm3), and ϑ is the scanning speed (V/s). For accurate calibration, the calibration curve was plotted by using the oxidation CV curves (0–1.5 V range) obtained at nine different values (150, 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5 ppm) in the 150–12.5 ppm concentration range of naproxen. The curves are shown in Figure 4a. A calibration chart was created by using the peak current values in these curves (Figure 4a, inset 1).

Figure 4 (a) The oxidation CV graph obtained at different concentrations and calibration curves (inset). (b) The degradation mechanism of naproxen by electrochemical oxidation (150, 100, 75, 50, 25, 12.5 ppm; 25°C, pH 4.5; 100 mV/s, 0–1.5 V).
Figure 4

(a) The oxidation CV graph obtained at different concentrations and calibration curves (inset). (b) The degradation mechanism of naproxen by electrochemical oxidation (150, 100, 75, 50, 25, 12.5 ppm; 25°C, pH 4.5; 100 mV/s, 0–1.5 V).

The calibration curve of the graph in Figure 4 was obtained from equation (3),

(3) y = 2.6165 x − 288.22 ,

and an R 2 value of 0.999 (Figure 4a, inset 1). By using equation (2), concentration data were obtained, which corresponds to the current values read (Figure 4a, inset 2) from the solutions taken at different conditions and times. This value was used as the concentration of naproxen (C t) remaining in the medium. Using these data, CV graphs of each adsorbent in each factor were plotted over time. Since the electrode type and solution content did not change, the characteristics of the CV plots were the same. Only the change in the solution pH caused the characteristics of the CV curves to change as well. All these graphics are given in the Supplementary Information (SI). Equation (4) was used to reach the adsorption equilibrium values:

(4) q e = ( C 0 − C t ) V m ,

where q e is the amount of substance in equilibrium (mg/g), C 0 is the initial concentration of naproxen (mg/L), and C t is the equilibrium concentration of naproxen in solution (mg/L) at time t of adsorption. V represents the adsorption solution volume (mL) and m represents the amount of adsorbent used (mg).

Basically, the breakdown of a drug molecule through oxidation depends on the presence of OH radicals in the environment. While the oxidant in the environment (this can sometimes be a chemical, sometimes a ray, or the oxidizing voltage) is adsorbed by the NP, it takes electrons from there and forms OH radicals. Meanwhile, the OH− ion is oxidized. The radicals formed to cause the decomposition of the molecule adsorbed on the surface. As a result of the reaction, CO2 and H2O are formed. The rate of this reaction depends on the electron transfer of the NPs. The possible degradation mechanism occurs with the formation of hydroxyl (HO˙) radicals in the presence of H2O, OH−, and oxidants in the environment. [34,35] This situation is illustrated in Figure 4b. The possible electrochemical degradation mechanism and the reaction of NAP are shown in reactions (5) and (6): [36]

(5) O 2 + 2 H + + 2 e − → H 2 O 2 + 2 e − → 2 OH ˙ ,

(6) H 2 O 2 → OH ˙ + H + + e − .

3.3 Changes in adsorption with time in the adsorbent obtained using different NPs

The adsorption results using the BS-ext., Cu-NP, Fe-NP, and Cu/Fe-NP are shown in Figure 5, and adsorbents containing different NPs are compared to observe the adsorption efficiency obtained. The BS-ext. showed the lowest adsorption efficiency while Cu/Fe-NP showed the highest adsorption efficiency. Since the BS-ext. has a completely rigid, tight, and non-porous structure, and low adsorption efficiency was an expected result. Since there may be interaction with pi electrons between Cu NPs and functional groups in the naproxen structure, it was likely to be adsorbed on the NP-filled adsorbent surface [37]. The same approach can be observed for Fe-NP. The related graphics are shown in Figure 5c. In Figure 5d, the comparison of the equilibrium values is shown.

Figure 5 (a) Changes in the naproxen adsorption percentage over time with different adsorbents and (b) adsorption efficiency comparison (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, 100 ppm, 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).
Figure 5

(a) Changes in the naproxen adsorption percentage over time with different adsorbents and (b) adsorption efficiency comparison (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, 100 ppm, 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).

While the adsorption efficiency was 3.3% with BS-ext., it was 46.142% with Cu-NP, 57.622% with Fe-NP, and 82.406% with Cu/Fe-NP. It was clear that Cu and Fe NPs BS-ext. possessed active sites suitable for adsorption, and the two NPs exerted a synergistic effect together and formed more active sites.

3.4 Effect of solution pH

It was expected that the presence of NPs increased the adsorption efficiency. However, as excess ions such as H+ and OH− in the environment will affect the electrostatic attraction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate, the adsorption process proceeds depending on the pH of the solution. Thus, the adsorption of the naproxen molecule was investigated by adjusting the ambient pH to 2, 4.5, 7, 8.5, and 10. The obtained data are shown in Figure 6a for each pH value as percent separation and adsorption capacity.

Figure 6 Naproxen adsorption efficiency and capacity of different adsorbents: (a) pH effect (adsorption conditions: 30°C, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent), (b) concentration effect (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, and 0.05 g adsorbent), (c) temperature effect (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent), and (d) adsorbent dosage effect (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, and 100 ppm) graph (column graph represents adsorption capacity, symbol graph represents adsorption efficiency) (CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).
Figure 6

Naproxen adsorption efficiency and capacity of different adsorbents: (a) pH effect (adsorption conditions: 30°C, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent), (b) concentration effect (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, and 0.05 g adsorbent), (c) temperature effect (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent), and (d) adsorbent dosage effect (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, and 100 ppm) graph (column graph represents adsorption capacity, symbol graph represents adsorption efficiency) (CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).

As expected, higher adsorption occurred in the acidic and neutral media compared to the basic medium. Considering that the pH of the naproxen solution is around 4.5–5, it was observed that the best adsorption pH was its solution medium. The highest adsorption efficiency and adsorbent capacity were observed at pH 4.5 for all adsorbents. At this pH, 82.4% removal and a capacity of 165 mg/g were achieved with Cu/Fe-NP. However, these values were 57,622% and 116 mg/g for Fe-NP and 46% and 92 mg/g values for Cu-NP. The removal percentage and adsorption capacity at higher pH values were 50% and 100 mg/g for Cu/Fe-NP, respectively, and were 35% and 70 mg/g for Fe-NP and 28% and 56 mg/g for Cu-NP.

A decrease was observed from each adsorbent in both adsorption capacity and percent removal at high pH. The reason for this could be that the excess OH− ions in the adsorption medium prevented the interaction between the naproxen molecules and the NPs on the adsorbent. In addition, at high pH values, NPs may cause leaching from the surface. Thus, the surface could become unstable and inefficient [38].

The variations in adsorption capacity and removal percentage at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 ppm) are shown in Figure 6b. It was expected that the adsorption capacity and removal percentage would increase with increasing concentration because concentration played a driving force in the movement of ions in the liquid phase toward the solid surface. In addition, the structure of the molecule to be adsorbed, the presence of active sites of the surface to be adsorbed, and the electrostatic attraction increase the adsorption efficiency and adsorption capacity.

According to the data obtained, the removal of naproxen with Cu/Fe-NP increased from 47 to 88%, while the adsorption capacity increased from 12 to 264 mg/g. These values increased from 33 to 63% and from 8.22 to 184 mg/g for Fe-NP; and from 26.25 to 49% and from 7 to 147 mg/g for Cu-NP, respectively. In the literature, it was observed that adsorption decreases with the concentration in adsorption processes with naproxen. In this study, an increase was observed between increasing concentrations but this increase was low due to the increase rate. The reason for this could be due to the lack of active sites on the surface and the electrostatic interaction between these sites and the molecules.

The type of adsorption with activated carbon and its derivatives was observed to be physical adsorption. Since heat is released to the environment during the adsorption of the molecule on the surface by the active sites, the increase in the temperature did not affect the adsorption in physical adsorption, since mass transfer was prevented at high temperatures [39]. This effect can be clearly observed in Figure 6c. It showed an adsorption capacity of 164.73 mg molecules per gram of Cu/Fe-NP with a removal of 82.36% at 25°C. The removal reached 82.58% with a 0.22 increase at 45°C and the adsorption capacity reached 165.16 mg/g with an increase of 0.43 mg/g. The amount of increase observed in Cu/Fe-NP due to the NP difference was determined to be 0.32 mg/g for 0.16% adsorption capacity for the removal with Fe-NP, and the increase in removal for Cu-NP was 0.03% for an adsorption capacity 0.06 mg/g. This behavior was compatible with physical adsorption.

3.5 Isotherm studies

Isotherms are very useful equations used to understand and explain the connection between the mass transfer and transition of the adsorbed molecules to the adsorbent active surface in the adsorption event. Important constants reflecting these isotherms were calculated by using isotherms such as Freundlich [40], Langmuir [41], Halsey [42], Jovanovic [43], and Dubinin–Radushkevich [44], which are frequently used to explain the characteristics of the adsorption phenomenon on the surface of the adsorbent. The purpose of using the Langmuir isotherm is to know whether the adsorption process on the adsorbent surface is in a single layer if the results obtained comply with this isotherm, and whether the adsorbent surface has a homogeneous structure. The equation used was

(7) C e q e = 1 q L K L + 1 q L C e ,

where C e is the equilibrium concentration (mg/L), q e is the adsorption capacity (mg/g), and K L is an adsorption energy constant (L/mg). These values were reached with the help of the graphs drawn from the relevant data and are given in Table 1. In addition, R L, which is the equilibrium parameter depending on the initial concentration (C o) and the K L value, expresses the applicability of the isotherm, and is given as follows:

(8) R L = 1 1 + ( K L C o ) .

Table 1

Parameters calculated from different adsorption isotherms

Isotherm Parameter Cu/Fe-NP Fe-NP Cu-NP
Langmuir q L (mg/g) 76.92 83.33 71.42
K L (L/mg) 0.058 0.109 0.214
RL 0.2215 0.1551 0.7234
R 2 0.9812 0.9889 0.9909
Freundlich n 0.893 0.879 0.888
1/n 1.1186 1.1374 1.1255
KF (mg L1/n /mg1/n g) 0.1551 0.072 0.046
R 2 0.9984 0.9985 0.9976
Halsey n 1.12 1.13 1.12
K H (mg mg n /g g n ) 6.49 14 22.08
R 2 0.9984 0.9985 0.9976
Jovanovic K J (L/g) 0.0341 0.0561 0.106
q max (mg/g) 24.1 27.46 26.86
R 2 0.7767 0.8076 0.8048
DR K (mol2/J2) 45.522 10.858 4.9479
q m (mg/g) 187.24 201.96 200.357
E (kJ/mol) 0.105 0.215 0.317
R 2 0.9851 0.9141 0.9755

Adsorption conditions: pH 4.5 and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution.

This gives information that the applied isotherm and adsorption conditions are unfavorable if the R L value is greater than 1, linear if it is equal to 1, favorable if it is between 1 and 0, and irreversible if it is equal to 0 [45]. It is accepted that the adsorbent surface used in the adsorption events to which the Freundlich isotherm fits is heterogeneous and the molecule is adsorbed on these scattered active sites. The equations representing the Freundlich isotherm are as follows:

(9) q e = K F C e 1 / n ,

and

(10) log q e = log K F + 1 / n log C e .

These equations give the amount of equilibrium substance (q e, mg/g) adsorbed on the adsorbent surface used in adsorption given its mass. C e (mg/g) depends on the equilibrium concentration and from the graph drawn by taking the logarithm, the Freundlich constant (K F) expressing the adsorption capacity and the data expressing the degree of adsorption efficiency (n) are obtained.

The Halsey isotherm is used for multi-layer adsorption events on the heterosporous adsorbent surface, and is expressed as follows:

(11) ln q e = 1 / n ln k H − 1 / n ln C e ,

k H and n are the Halsey isotherm constants and are obtained from the graph drawn using the equilibrium adsorption capacity (q e, mg/g) and the final concentration (C e, mg/L) of the adsorbent.

However, Jovanovic’s isotherm suggests that some mechanical interactions between the adsorbents and molecules should be taken into account in addition to some of the assumptions of the Langmuir model. The expression for this isotherm is as follows:

(12) ln q e = ln q max . − K j C e .

This equation relates the equilibrium adsorption capacity (q e, mg/g) to the final concentration (C e, mg/g). The Jovanovic constant K J can be found in the graph of C e drawn against ln q e.

The mean adsorption energy is defined as the free energy required to adsorb one mole of adsorbent from the solution onto the solid adsorbent surface, and these data provide information about whether the adsorption behavior is chemical or physical [44].

In this study, the DR isotherm was used to calculate the E. This isotherm is expressed by the following equation:

(13) q e = q s e − K Ɛ 2 ,

where q e and q s are the adsorption capacities (mg/g) at equilibrium and the saturated state, respectively:

(14) Ɛ = RT ln 1 + 1 C e ,

Ɛ is a value called the Polanyi potential (kJ2/mol2) [46], R is the gas constant (J/mol K), T is the temperature (K), and C e is the equilibrium concentration (mg/L). If equation (10) is linearized, K is found from the slope of the resulting equation. K is a constant that depends on the adsorption energy and is used in the following equation to find the mean energy:

(15) E = 1 − 2 K .

The graphs obtained from all three adsorbent data in this study are shown in Figure 7. The DR characteristic data and E obtained from the calculations are given in Table 1. Accordingly, the calculated energy values are 0.105 kJ/mol for Cu/Fe-NP, 0.215 kJ/mol for Fe-NP, and 0.317 kJ/mol for Cu-NP. Since it is known that the parameter E < 8 kJ/mol in physical adsorptions and E > 8 kJ/mol in chemical adsorptions [41], NAP adsorption occurs physically with these adsorbents in this study.

Figure 7 The isotherm graphs of (a) Langmuir, (b) Freundlich, (c) Jovanovic, (d) Halsey, and (e) DR (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).
Figure 7

The isotherm graphs of (a) Langmuir, (b) Freundlich, (c) Jovanovic, (d) Halsey, and (e) DR (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).

When the R 2 values of the curves were examined and the adsorption of the Naproxen molecules with Cu/Fe-NP, Fe-NP, and Cu-NP was compared, it was seen that the most compatible isotherm was Freundlich and, another version of it, Halsey. According to the calculations, R 2 values for each adsorbent in Freundlich and Halsey were in the range of 0.998–0.997. Accordingly, the adhesion of the naproxen molecules on the adsorbent surface under these conditions was realized by a multi-layer adsorption process and the adsorbent surface had a heterogeneous structure. In fact, there was a homogeneous distribution of NPs on the surface, as observed from SEM mapping images, but this harmony can be interpreted as the clustering of some NPs caused the surface to behave as if it was a heterogeneous surface, and the adsorption took place in a multilayered manner.

3.6 Kinetic studies

Figure 8 shows the adsorption capacity (q t) and percent removal graphs of the naproxen molecules at time t in comparison with four different adsorbents.

Figure 8 The variation of (a) adsorption capacity and (b) adsorption efficiency of different adsorbents with time (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).
Figure 8

The variation of (a) adsorption capacity and (b) adsorption efficiency of different adsorbents with time (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).

Adsorption varied with time and increased rapidly in about 20 min, and then equilibrium was reached in the range of about 30–35 min. However, it is observed that adsorption continues in very small percentages due to the presence of NPs, the presence of active sites formed on the surface, and multilayer adsorption.

In the adsorption event, the molecules were adsorbed on the adsorbent surface by mass transfer. In order to better understand the mechanism of this phenomenon, adsorption kinetics were examined. The Lagergren [47] approximation for pseudo first order,

(16) log ( q e − q t ) = log q e − K t 2 , 303 t .

The Ho–McKay [48] approach for pseudo-second-order,

(17) t q t = 1 k 2 q e 2 + 1 q e t ,

the Elovich [49] approach,

(18) q t = 1 B ( ln aB ) + 1 B ln t ,

and the Weber–Moris [50] approach for the intraparticle diffusion mechanism,

(19) q t = C + K int t 1 / 2 ,

were used in calculations as adsorption kinetics.

In electrochemical analyses, whether the process that occurs during the interaction of the electrode and the substance in the medium is diffusion-controlled or not was determined by the Randles–Sevcik equation. Here, the oxidation and reduction current values corresponding to the different scan rates were plotted against the square root of the scan rate. As the R 2 value of the curves approached 1, it was inferred that the electrochemical analysis was diffusion-controlled. Accordingly, the graphs obtained are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Kinetic plots of (a) Lagergren, (b) McKay and Ho, (c) Elovich, (d) Weber–Morris, and (e) Weber–Morris incremental for three different adsorbents comparatively (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).
Figure 9

Kinetic plots of (a) Lagergren, (b) McKay and Ho, (c) Elovich, (d) Weber–Morris, and (e) Weber–Morris incremental for three different adsorbents comparatively (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 30°C, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).

When the graphs drawn from the obtained data were examined, it was found that the adsorption process from the R 2 values of the curves complied with the pseudo-second-order kinetics (Figure 9b). These kinetic curves had an R 2 value of 1 for all adsorbents. It is observed from the graph curves (Figure 9d) that the adsorption phenomenon between adsorbents and naproxen does not comply with intraparticle diffusion. However, when examined in detail, it was found that it followed intraparticle diffusion in two stages (Figure 9e), the first 20 min and the next 100 min.

The parameters obtained from the curves and equations used in kinetic studies and the kinetic mechanism are given in Table 2.

Table 2

Kinetic parameters

Parameters Cu/Fe-NP Fe-NP Cu-NP
Pseudo first-order q e (calculated) mg/g 151.356 96.449 27.765
K 1 min−1 0.0258 0.0278 0.0304
R 2 0.9607 0.9873 0.9718
Pseudo second-order q e (calculated) mg/g 263.158 119.047 28.0112
q e, (experimental) mg/g 264 118.5 28
K 2 × 1010 g/mg min 14.4 — 147
h 1 × 1016 — 9 × 1016
R 2 1 1 1
Elovich α 289.718 45.499 23.527
β 0.0268 0.0369 0.1335
R 2 0.9793 0.976 0.973
Intraparticle diffusion
First linear part k int, mg/g min1/2 40.478 22.226 5.3452
C 35.257 26.513 9.569
R 2 1 0.9928 0.9901
Second linear part k int, mg/g min1/2 8.6692 5.5619 1.5812
C 162.49 55.72 10.421
R 2 0.9979 0.9913 0.9948

Adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution.

Thermodynamic data were determined by the following equation, depending on the change in enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG):

(20) Δ G = Δ H − T Δ S ,

(21) Δ G = − RT ln K c ,

(22) ln K c = − Δ G RT = − Δ H RT + Δ S R ,

(23) K c = C t C e .

K c was found as the ratio of the naproxen concentration in the medium to the equilibrium concentration. When the equation, also known as the Van’t Hoff equation, was plotted for different temperatures, enthalpy and entropy changes were obtained from the slope and the cut of the equation. From here, the Gibbs free energy was calculated. The values obtained by using five different temperatures in this study are shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 Van’t Hoff plot (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).
Figure 10

Van’t Hoff plot (adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).

When the curves of the graphs were examined, the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy values of the naproxen adsorption process were calculated for each adsorbent from the equations of the curves, whose R 2 values were determined to be 0.9984, 0.9979, and 0.999 for each Cu/Fe-NP, Fe-NP, and Cu-NP adsorbent, respectively. These data are given in Table 3.

Table 3

Gibbs free energy data of the adsorbents

Parameters Cu/Fe-NP Fe-NP Cu-NP
ΔH, kJ/mol −9.92 −10.56 −7.39
ΔS, J/mol-K 9.11 9.96 6.78
ΔG, kJ/mol −7.21 −7.58 −5.37
Equation −1193.4x + 9.1066 −1269.7x + 8.9667 −889.9x + 6.7869
R 2 0.9984 0.9979 0.999

Adsorption conditions: pH 4.5, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, -0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).

The enthalpy value for Cu/Fe-NP was calculated to be 9.92 kJ/mol, the entropy value was 9.11 J/mol-K, and the free energy was −7.21 kJ/mol. These values are 10.56 kJ/mol, 9.96 J/mol-K, and −7.58 kJ/mol for Fe-NP, and were 7.39 kJ/mol, 6.78 J/mol, and −5.37 kJ/mol for Cu-NP, respectively. Since the Gibbs free energy is in the range of 0 and −20 kJ/mol, the Naproxen adsorption by NPs is physical adsorption. In addition, with the enthalpy change below 40 kJ/mol, it also revealed that the adsorption was physical.

3.7 Recovery experiment

The reuse of the adsorbent used in the technique of separating substances such as heavy metals, dye, or drugs from the medium is very important in terms of both economy and practicality. For the recovery experiment, naproxen-adsorbed NPs were regenerated in the same pH solutions at room temperature for 2 h with continuous stirring. In addition, the amount of naproxen recovered was calculated. Figure 11 shows the naproxen concentration (Figure 11a) and percent recovery (Figure 11b) obtained as a result of three reuse cycles of three different adsorbents at different pH values. While obtaining the percentage recovery, the amount of naproxen adsorbed at the same pH value was taken as the basis.

Figure 11 (a) The naproxen concentration and (b) the percent desorption obtained as a result of three reuse of three different adsorbents at different pH values (adsorption conditions: 30°C, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).
Figure 11

(a) The naproxen concentration and (b) the percent desorption obtained as a result of three reuse of three different adsorbents at different pH values (adsorption conditions: 30°C, 100 ppm, and 0.05 g adsorbent; CV conditions: 100 mV/s, −0.6 to 1.5 V, and 0.1 M KCl/ACN electrolyte solution).

According to the data obtained, all NPs (except for Cu-NP) had high recovery percentages in three cycles, while this rate dropped to 80% at high pH. For Cu-NP, the recovery decreased at pH 8.5 and 7, but surprisingly it increased at pH 10. However, the performance of Cu-NP was weaker than the other two NPs at about 77%. Although desorption is described, it was actually thought that the desorbed substance was adsorbed in the first place. Thus, the recovery process of naproxen in a sense ensured the regeneration of the adsorbents. As a result, NP plays a good role in adsorbent development, of which Fe and Cu NP-doped BS adsorbents had better effect on naproxen adsorption and were considered suitable adsorbents for several times use.

4 Conclusion

Naproxen adsorption was carried out with adsorbents filled with Cu, Fe, and Cu/Fe NPs obtained by the green synthesis method from pepper stem waste. Cu-NP formation was supported by the decrease and shift in the intensity of the broader and other functional group peaks in the BS-Cu spectrum, the sharp OH peak observed in the extract spectrum, and the characteristic Cu2O vibration peak at 621 cm−1. NP contents of adsorbents were verified by EDX images. Accordingly, 8.44% Cu was detected at 8 keV levels in the Cu-NP structure, and 7.05% Fe was detected at 6 keV levels in the Fe-NP structure. The NPs of Cu-NP and Fe NP adsorbents were visualized at 200 nm size and dispersed on the surface with different regular geometrical formations, as determined by SEM.

The amount of naproxen not adsorbed in the medium was determined by electrochemical analysis methods such as CV and square wave. To determine the amount of unknown concentration, a calibration curve was drawn from the current values corresponding to the specific concentration. The calibration curve of the graph was obtained with the equation y = 2.6165 x − 288.22 and an R 2 value of 0.999. While the adsorption efficiency was 3.3% with BS-ext., it was 46.142% with Cu-NP, 57.622% with Fe-NP, and 82.406% with Cu/Fe-NP. The highest adsorption efficiency and adsorbent capacity were observed at pH 4.5 for all adsorbents. At this pH, 82.4% removal with Cu/Fe-NP and a capacity of 165 mg/g were achieved. These values were 57.622% and 116 mg/g for Fe-NP and 46% and 92 mg/g values for Cu-NP, respectively.

For Cu/Fe-NP, when the concentration increased from 12.5 to 150 ppm, the removal increased from 47% to 88%, and the adsorption capacity from 12 to 264 mg/g. For Fe-NP, it increased from 33 to 63% and from 8.22 to 184 mg/g, while for Cu-NP it increased from 26.25 to 49% and from 7 to 147 mg/g. By contrast, temperature did not affect the adsorption process since physical adsorption took place, and the adsorption data remained constant.

As the R 2 values for each adsorbent were in the range of 0.998–0.997 in the isotherm calculations, it was found that the Freundlich and Halsey isotherms were compatible. Accordingly, the adhesion of the naproxen molecules on the adsorbent surface under these conditions occurred with a multi-layer adsorption process and it was found that the adsorbent surface has a heterogeneous structure.

When the graphs drawn from the kinetic data were examined, it was determined that the adsorption process from the R 2 values of the curves complied with the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The R 2 values of these kinetic curves were 1 for all adsorbents.

Thermodynamic data were determined using Van’t Hoff curves with R 2 values in the range of 0.998–0.999. The enthalpy value for Cu/Fe-NP was calculated to be 9.92 kJ/mol, the entropy value was 9.11 J/mol-K, and the free energy was −7.21 kJ/mol. These values were 10.56 kJ/mol, 9.96 J/mol-K, and −7.58 kJ/mol for Fe-NP; and 7.39 kJ/mol, 6.78 J/mol-K, and −5.37 kJ/mol for Cu-NP, respectively. Since the Gibbs free energy is in the range of 0 to −20 kJ/mol, Naproxen adsorption by NPs is physical adsorption. In addition, with the enthalpy change below 40 kJ/mol, it was also revealed that the adsorption was physical [51].

In this study, BS-ext shows a low percentage of adsorption and can reach high adsorption values ​with Cu and/or Fe NPs. It was observed that it is possible to reach a higher adsorption percentage by increasing the amount of adsorbent.

  1. Funding information: This research received no external funding.

  2. Author contributions: The author confirms sole responsibility for the following: study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-10-14
Revised: 2023-11-22
Accepted: 2023-12-18
Published Online: 2023-12-31

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
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  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
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  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
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  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
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  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0185
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
zero waste; green synthesis; nanoparticle; adsorption
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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Heruntergeladen am 1.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0185/html
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