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Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles

  • Kiran Akram , Ibrar Khan EMAIL logo , Aneela Rehman , Azam Hayat , Mujaddad Ur Rehman , Mohsin Khurshid , Palwasha Hayat , Abdulrahman Alshammari , Metab Alharbi and Salvatore Massa
Published/Copyright: August 4, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, it is essential to explore alternative strategies to effectively combat medically significant resistant pathogens. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising alternative source of antimicrobial agents. While nanoscale particles were traditionally synthesized using chemical techniques, the development of metallic NPs using biological methods has garnered attention. This current study focuses on the synthesis of iron NPs (Fe NPs) using metal-tolerant fungal strains, as numerous microorganisms serve as environmentally safe and durable precursors to produce persistent and bi-functional NPs. The study involved the isolation and evaluation of ten fungal strains that are resistant to heavy metals to determine their ability to produce Fe NPs. The biologically synthesized Fe NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The XRD results indicated the presence of Fe in nanopowder form, displaying a series of reflection angles (2θ) at 65° and 75° indicating the existence of cubic planes. EDX analysis revealed the presence of ferrous and ferric elements, along with zero-valent Fe NPs. Micrographs of the surface topology displayed spherical aggregation of the synthesized NPs. Furthermore, the Fe NPs exhibited promising antibacterial potential against selected bacterial strains, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Cronobacter sakazakii, Listeria innocua, and Enterococcus fecalis. This study demonstrates that the biological synthesis of metallic NPs is environmentally safe, and Fe NPs produced through mycological means could be utilized to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains.

Keywords: nanoparticles; biological synthesis; Penicillium notatum ; iron NPs; antimicrobial activity

1 Introduction

Engineered nanomaterials have become increasingly significant for their positive impact on various industries such as consumer goods, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, transportation, and agriculture. In biomedical sector these nanoscale particles are widely used for drug delivery, photoablation therapy, bioimaging, hyperthermia, and biosensors. These materials are now being synthesized in bulk quantities for commercial use [1]. Antibiotic resistance arises from a complex interplay of factors that contribute to the development and spread of resistance mechanisms [2]. As pathogenic bacterial strains have become more resistant to traditional antibacterial treatments, new approaches to infection control have emerged [3]. Nano-conjugates have demonstrated significant efficacy against pathogenic bacteria, making them important in the field of nano-medicine. However, excessive use of nanomaterials in humans has been associated with numerous side effects [4].

Nanoparticles (NPs), also known as nanoscale particles, have atomic masses ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Compared to bulk materials, nanoscale particles can rapidly modify their physicochemical properties [5,6]. It is worth noting that NPs can be synthesized from a wide range of bulk materials, and their functions vary based on chemical composition, particle size, and form [7]. Various methods have been used for the manufacture of metallic NPs. NPs can be synthesized using both top-down and bottom-up techniques. The top-down method involves shrinking large particles using lithographic and mechanical processes such as machining and grinding, and it is also referred to as “green synthesis.” The bottom-up method, on the other hand, builds tiny building components such as chemical synthesis into a larger structure [8].

NPs can be synthesized using chemical or biological methods. Chemical synthesis methods have been associated with negative side effects due to the presence of hazardous substances deposited on the surface. In contrast, biological methods of NP manufacturing employing microbial enzymes are less hazardous to the environment than chemical and physical methods that are extracted from fungi and plants [9]. The development of environmentally acceptable technologies for NP synthesis is becoming a major nanotechnology sector, particularly for silver and iron NPs that have numerous applications [10]. Various organisms act as environmentally safe and long-lasting precursors to produce persistent, bi-functional NPs. Microbial entities such as yeast, fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, and other microorganisms have been reported for NP production [11]. The production of NPs by microorganisms is an environmentally friendly process commonly referred to as green technology. Fungi have gained attention from researchers in investigative studies on the biological generation of metallic NPs due to their tolerance and metal bioaccumulation characteristics [12]. Biologically synthesized zero-valent iron NPs (Fe NPs) have been arisen as an effective therapeutic agent because these are highly diffusible and have high specific surface area. Iron is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust and is considered one of the most important metals due to its presence in different oxide forms. Moreover, it serves as the structural backbone of modern infrastructure [12].

While microorganisms can mutate in large numbers to build resistance, NPs can target a wide range of locations, inhibiting bacteria from developing resistance to them [13]. The rigidity, flexibility, and structure of the bacterial cell wall protect the cell against osmotic pressure, preventing mechanical damage and rupturing [14]. Given the importance of Fe NPs, the current study emphasizes a simple and new green production method for Fe NPs using a metallotolerant fungal strain and the antibacterial activity of the synthesized NPs against pathogenic microbes. Thus, the bio-based Fe NPs are innovative and sustainable alternatives to traditional Fe NPs, synthesized using environmentally friendly methods. They offer advantages such as reduced environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and tunability in size and shape, making them promising for applications in environmental remediation, biomedical fields, and sustainable energy production. Their bio-based synthesis methods utilize natural biomolecules, providing a greener approach to NP production.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sample collection

This study analyzed soil heavy metals and indigenous microbial strains using polluted soil from Karachi’s Korangi Industrial Zone. Heavy metal-contaminated soil samples were collected from effluent sites in Karachi’s Industrial Zone by plowing a layer up to 20 cm with a sharp spatula. The samples were then transferred to labeled polyethylene homogenization containers and thoroughly mixed to obtain a homogenous sample representative of the entire sampling interval. The labeled polyethylene bags were transported to the laboratory and stored for pretreatment and analysis. The contaminated soil samples were dried at room temperature and in an oven at 75°C until constant mass was achieved, which took 2 weeks, and were kept in a desiccator for further analysis [15].

2.2 Isolation of fungal strain

To isolate indigenous fungal strains from the soil samples, we used the serial dilution method on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Each soil sample was diluted up to 106 and 1 mL of each dilution ranging from 104 to 106 was plated on PDA plates containing 0.5 g L−1 chloramphenicol. The plates were then incubated for 1 week at 28°C. After incubation, the predominant fungal isolates were picked and subcultured to obtain a pure culture of each isolate. This was done by subculturing individual colonies from the initial culture on fresh PDA, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Czapek yeast extract agar, and malt extract agar [1], each containing 0.05% chloramphenicol [16].

2.3 Synthesis of Fe NPs

Fe NPs were synthesized via myogenesis in a liquid medium containing potato dextrose broth (PDB) under aerobic conditions. Fungal spores were inoculated and incubated for 96 h in a shaker incubator at 28°C and 150 rpm. The filtrate was obtained using Whatman filter paper no. 1 and subsequently used for the biosynthesis of metal NPs [17]. The fungal isolate that showed high-level production of the desired NPs was selected for further investigation.

2.4 Identification of fungal isolates

2.4.1 Morphological identification

The isolated fungal strains were identified based on their cell morphology and colonial morphology [18,19]. Young developing fungal fungi from each strain were recorded using a fluorescence microscope after 2 days of growth on different media. The images of fungal strains were captured using the Cell Sense standard software, following the method described previously. The pure fungal strain was isolated and purified on PDA media for further preservation purposes.

2.4.2 Molecular identification

The selected fungal isolate was cultured in PDB medium and the inoculated mycelium was separated by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 10 min. DNA was extracted from the mycelium using a modified method, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) conserve sequence was amplified using primers IT5:50-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-30 and IT5:50-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-30 through standard PCR, as previously described [20]. After sequencing, a BLAST analysis was conducted and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 4.0 [21].

2.5 Analysis of biosynthesized Fe NPs

2.5.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)

To observe the crystalline structure of NPs, a diffraction technique was used. Pure powder of NP was operated at 30 mA current and 40 kV voltage. Scanning temperature was adjusted between 10 and 100°C and XRD pattern was seen at two ranges, i.e., 30–80° by using XRD diffractometer (PANalytical-XPERT PRO diffractometer system). The graph was constructed with the Origin Pro8 program [22].

2.5.2 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)

The dried NPs sample was applied to a spin column containing graphene sheets for EDX examination of the elemental analysis of the sample [22]. Same instrument was used for EDX analysis as used during scanning of samples.

2.5.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

SEM was used for microscopic examination of dried NPs. Initially the sample was casted on glass slide and fixed on a copper support. A gold coater was used to coat NP samples with gold. The scanning microscope (JEOL JSM 6360LA, Akishima City, Tokyo, Japan) operated at 20–30 kV was used to analyze the images at various resolutions [16]. Elemental mapping and quantitative and qualitative analysis of the produced NPs are carried out through energy dispersive spectroscopy feature of scanning microscope.

2.6 Antimicrobial properties of Fe NPs

The effects of Fe NPs (produced utilizing fungal species) were evaluated against chosen pathogenic bacterial ATCC strains, i.e., including Listeria innocua (ATCC13932), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC9144), Escherichia coli (ATCC10536), Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC10145), on nutrient agar plates to determine antibacterial activity in dilution of 1 mM (0.017 g/100 mL) Fe NPs. The antimicrobial activity of the biologically synthesized NPs was analyzed using a well-diffusion essay. Inoculated plates were incubated for 18 h at 37°C. The zone of inhibition was investigated after complete incubation [16].

3 Results

Myco-nanotechnology refers to the process of synthesizing NPs using metabolites produced by microorganisms and fungal biomass. Fungal mycelia can be effectively utilized for this purpose due to their high surface area and the ability of their cell walls to reduce and absorb metal ions, which are necessary for the formation of metal NPs. Fungi have also been found to produce NPs with superior polydispersity, extremely stable structures, and a greater variety of sizes than other organisms. In the current study, heavy metal-tolerant fungal strains were isolated and used to synthesize Fe NPs via biological myogenesis.

3.1 Isolation of fungal strain

A total of ten heavy metal resistant fungal strains (n = 10) were isolated from heavy metal contaminated soil of Korangi industrials zone, Karachi. Different growth mediums including PDA, malt extract agar (MEA), and SDA were used for isolation and purification at 30°C of incubation for 72 h.

3.2 Screening for Fe NPs synthesis

All the fungi were grown in PDB medium for 72 h at 30°C. After incubation, the broth medium for each strain was centrifuged at 5,000g for 15 min. Pellet was removed and discarded carefully. The supernatant was filtered through Whatman filter no. 1. Salt solution of ferric chloride (0.1 M) was incubated with supernatant that showed significant NP synthesis after 1 week of the incubation period. Synthesized NPs were air-dried and stored. The highest NP synthesis was observed in case of K1 (13.5 mg) whereas lowest synthesis was noticed from K9 strain (5.9 mg) (Table 1).

Table 1

Synthesis of Fe NPs by isolated fungal strains

Strain no. K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 K10
Fe NPs (mg) 13.5 10.0 8.5 11.1 7.6 6.8 8.9 7.7 5.9 11.3

Fe NPs: iron nanoparticles.

3.3 Identification of fungal strain (K1)

3.3.1 Morphological identification

The K1 strain’s colonies on MEA medium showed moderate growth, velvety smoothness, and parrot green frontal sides, back side of the colony was white at 25°C in 7 days of incubation. On microscopy, the hyphae were found to be sporangial hyaline and the conidiophore branched suggesting that the K1 strain had most of the same features as Pencillium notatum (Figure 1).

Figure 1 K1 strain on MEA media: (a) front, (b) back, and (c) chain of mycelium and spores.
Figure 1

K1 strain on MEA media: (a) front, (b) back, and (c) chain of mycelium and spores.

3.3.2 Molecular identification

The gDNA was extracted and a PCR product of 541 bp band was amplified by using gDNA as a template according to the procedure described in Section 2. The ITS sequence of the fungal isolate was aligned by using the data in the NCBI database and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by using neighbor joining method which indicates that the fungal isolate used in this study is more than 98% similar to P. notatum (Figure 2).

Figure 2 A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining analysis of ITS sequence for a fungal isolate, along with other fungal species relations that had a value >80% during NCBI Blast. The tree included Aspergillus flavus NRRL as an outgroup [16].
Figure 2

A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining analysis of ITS sequence for a fungal isolate, along with other fungal species relations that had a value >80% during NCBI Blast. The tree included Aspergillus flavus NRRL as an outgroup [16].

3.4 Antimicrobial effects of biologically synthesized Fe NPs

The antibacterial activity of the biologically synthesized NPs was evaluated by dissolving in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for different dilutions (1:20) of Fe NPs. The Fe NPs were tested for antibacterial action against different ATCC cultures of pathogenic bacteria including B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Cronobacter sakazakii, L. innocua, and . fecalis. As a negative control, only DMSO was employed. All dilutions of Fe NPs showed maximum activity against E. coli and lowest activity against C. sakazakii (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria.
Figure 3

Antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria.

3.5 Characterization of synthesized NPs

Synthesized NPs were subjected to different characterization techniques to evaluate their behavior.

3.5.1 Structural characterization of Fe NPs with XRD

The phase composition and nature of biologically synthesized Fe NPs were identified by using an X-ray powder diffractometer with the help of Bragg’s angle ranging from 20o to 80°. The presence of iron in nanopowder was then confirmed by a series of reflection angles (2θ) at 65° and 75° with the cubic plane of iron as shown in Figure 4. Oxides of iron also revealed their presence shown by red squares.

Figure 4 XRD analysis of Fe nano-powder.
Figure 4

XRD analysis of Fe nano-powder.

3.5.2 EDX

EDX analysis of the synthesized NPs was also carried out at room temperature to confirm the presence of Fe NPs. Peaks at different positions reveal the presence of different oxidation states, i.e., ferrous and ferric along with zero-valent Fe NPs. Oxide of iron showed their presence as well (Figure 5).

Figure 5 EDX analysis of Fe nanopowder.
Figure 5

EDX analysis of Fe nanopowder.

3.5.3 SEM

The surface topology of the Fe NPs was confirmed by SEM. Figure 6 shows that the synthesized NPs have spherical shapes and also show agglomeration. Agglomeration is a common phenomenon observed in NPs to get stability [23]. Micrographs showed that most of the particles were agglomerated in the form of large irregular lumps while few particles in the range of 100–200 nm can also be seen in the micrographs. Along with instability and agglomeration, another major issue is wide range of particle size while dealing with NPs [24].

Figure 6 Surface analysis of Fe nanopowder: (a) surface of FeO NPs and (b) shape and arrangement of Fe NPs.
Figure 6

Surface analysis of Fe nanopowder: (a) surface of FeO NPs and (b) shape and arrangement of Fe NPs.

4 Discussion

The production of NPs is gaining increasing interest due to their numerous applications in fields such as medicine, electronics, and food. However, conventional physical and chemical methods used to synthesize NPs have certain drawbacks, such as the need for external energy and the production of toxic chemical byproducts that harm the environment. Additionally, NPs synthesized using these methods may not always be suitable for use. As a result, biosynthetic methods have gained the attention of researchers due to their environmental safety, cost-effectiveness, and lack of hazardous byproducts [25]. Metals such as silver, nickel, iron, and gold are commonly used in NP production, and myco-nanotechnology is a technique that involves synthesizing NPs using metabolites produced by microorganisms and fungal biomass. The high surface area of fungal mycelia and the ability of their cell walls to reduce and absorb metal ions make them ideal for use in NP synthesis. Many fungi have been reported to produce various stable nanostructures, and filamentous fungi are particularly well-suited for NP production due to their large number of secondary metabolites and enzymes. They are also easy to handle and can be grown on a variety of media, including both basic and complex media [26].

Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental issues that the world is facing today, and industrial dyes are a significant contributor to the problem. The effluent discharged by the textile and paper industries contains considerable amounts of non-biodegradable synthetic colors. Such dyeing effluents have hazardous characteristics and pose a long-term threat to the environment’s development. Therefore, the development of efficient techniques for treating these effluents is urgently required. Iron oxide NPs have been widely used to eliminate colors from wastewater in a cost-effective manner [27]. Combining myco-synthesized Fe NPs with H2O2 allows free radicals to perform the same function as hydroxyl radicals (OH) without causing significant harm to the environment. The combination of myco-synthesized Fe NPs and H2O2 has been found to be effective in removing colors from wastewater. This method is cost-effective and does not cause any significant harm to the environment. Free radicals generated by this method can perform the same function as hydroxyl radicals (OH), which are known to be highly effective in removing pollutants from wastewater. Iron oxide NPs have been extensively used to remove colors from wastewater, and this method is considered to be one of the most efficient techniques for treating dyeing effluents. Therefore, the use of myco-synthesized Fe NPs with H2O2 can significantly contribute to the elimination of hazardous colors from wastewater.

In this study, a total of ten fungal strains were isolated from metal-contaminated effluent samples, and their potential for synthesizing Fe NPs was investigated. Among the strains tested, K1 was found to have the highest Fe NP synthesis yield (13.5 mg), while the lowest yield was observed in the case of K9 (5.9 mg). The synthesis of Fe NPs was confirmed by the formation of a reddish-brown precipitate, which is a characteristic property of Fe NPs. This color shift has been observed in the production of Fe NPs using leaf extracts as well [26]. In another study, a change in the medium color from light brown to black was observed due to Fe NPs synthesis using Kappaphycus alvarezii extract [28].

In the recent study, the K1 strain was identified as the highest producer of Fe NPs based on its colonial, morphological, microscopic, and molecular characteristics. All colonial characteristics of the selected strain on MEA media and microscopic observations revealed that the isolate had maximum similarity to P. notatum. Furthermore, a PCR product of a 541 bp band was generated using DNA as a template. The ITS similarity between the isolated fungal strains and those in the NCBI database showed that the fungal isolate used in this study exhibited similarity to P. notatum. In a previous study, different fungal isolates were similarly identified as A. paraciticus and P. notatum, with 97 and 99% similarity, respectively, with A. paraciticus and P. notatum [29].

Drug resistance is a major public health concern, and new strategies are needed to re-activate dormant medications. In this study, the antibacterial activity of iron was observed against several bacterial strains, including E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. sakazakii, L. innocua, and E. fecalis. The Fe NPs were prepared at various concentrations (1,000, 500, 250, and 125 g) by mixing them in DMSO at dilutions of 1:20 and 1:40. DMSO was used as a negative control, and no activity was observed.

When E. coli was exposed to dilutions containing different concentrations (1,000, 500, 250, and 125 μg) of Fe NPs, the zones of inhibition were 2.8, 2.5, 2 and 1.8 mm, respectively. For B. subtilis, the zones of inhibition were 1, 1.5, 1.2, and 1.3 mm when exposed to different concentrations of Fe NPs. When S. aureus was exposed to Fe NPs at various concentrations, zones of 2, 1.8, 2, and 2 mm were observed. For P. aeruginosa, the zones of inhibition were 1.5, 1.5, 1, and 1 mm when exposed to different concentrations of Fe NPs. No activity was observed against C. sakazakii, while L. innocua showed 1.4, 1, 0, and 0 mm zones of inhibition when exposed to dilutions containing different concentrations of Fe NPs. Exposure of E. fecalis to different concentrations of Fe NPs showed zones of inhibition of 1.2, 1, 0, and 0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (2.8 mm) was observed for E. coli at the 1:20 dilution of Fe NPs, while the lowest zone of inhibition was observed for L. innocua and E. fecalis at the same dilution. No activity was observed against C. sakazakii [30].

In addition, this study utilized XRD, EDX, and SEM to characterize the Fe NPs produced. The XRD analysis demonstrated the crystalline cubic structure, size, and purity of the Fe NPs derived from fungi. The XRD graph for Fe NPs exhibited the labeled peaks for Fe NPs, which were compared to those of other published studies and found to be in strong agreement. The purity and structure of the Fe NPs were determined to be “cubic crystalline” using the X-pert high score software, which was consistent with earlier investigations [31]. Bragg’s angle (ranging from 20° to 80°) was used to identify the phase composition and nature of the Fe NPs using the X-ray powder diffractometer. The presence of Fe in the nanopowder was confirmed by a series of reflection angles (2θ) at 65° and 75° with the cubic plane of iron-Fe, and the red squares indicated the presence of iron oxides. To confirm the presence of Fe NPs, EDX analysis was also conducted at ambient temperature, with peaks at different positions revealing the presence of different oxidation states, including ferrous and ferric, as well as zero-valent Fe NPs. The presence of iron oxide was also confirmed. Many earlier studies have reported the characterization of Fe NPs using the EDX technique [14].

Scanning electron micrographs were utilized to visualize the surface topology of the Fe NPs. The micrographs revealed that the synthesized NPs exhibited spherical shapes and agglomeration, which is a common phenomenon observed in NPs to achieve stability [23]. The size of the spherical-shaped particles was approximately 150 nm, although particles with a size of 200 nm were also detected. A wide range of particle sizes, along with instability and agglomeration, is a major issue when dealing with NPs [24]. The surface topology of the particles appeared rough with irregular boundaries and an asymmetric texture. In a previous study, the SEM technique was used to determine the forms, sizes, and structures of NPs, with Fe NPs being found to have a spherical round form and a size of 10–100 nm [32]. Successful NP production was observed through the use of characterization techniques, and the synthesized Fe NPs were found to be highly effective against different microbial species. Numerous studies have explored various areas of biological synthesis of NPs and their applications, highlighting the significance and novelty of bio-based synthesized NPs as potential alternatives for traditional medical applications. These investigations shed light on the importance of utilizing biologically derived methods in NP synthesis, showcasing their potential as innovative options for medical purposes [33–35].

5 Conclusions

In conclusion, the use of NPs has become widespread in a variety of industries, including medicine, agriculture, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and consumer goods. While NPs can be synthesized using either chemical or biological methods, biological or green synthesis is preferred as it allows for easy and large-scale production of NPs with desired characteristics. The current study highlights the potential of fungi isolated from metal contaminated sites for the synthesis of Fe NPs, which were analyzed using SEM, XRD, and UV-spectrophotometry. These biologically produced Fe NPs showed significant antimicrobial activity, making them effective in suppressing bacterial growth at high concentrations, while having no effect at lower quantities. These findings suggest that biologically synthesized Fe NPs could be a viable solution for combating resistant pathogenic strains.

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R491), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R491), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, I.K. and A.R.; methodology, I.K., A.A., and M.A.; software, M.U.R., A.A., and M.A; validation, A.H. and M.K.; formal analysis, A.H., S.M., and M.K.; investigation, K.A. and P.H.; resources, M.U.R., A.A., and M.A.; data curation, K.A. and P.H.; writing – review and editing, K.A., P.H., and M.U.R.; visualization, M.K., A.A., and M.A; supervision, I.K.; project administration, M.K. and M.U.R.; funding acquisition, A.A. and M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

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Received: 2023-05-07
Revised: 2023-06-18
Accepted: 2023-06-19
Published Online: 2023-08-04

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
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  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
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  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0355
Keywords for this article
nanoparticles; biological synthesis; Penicillium notatum; iron NPs; antimicrobial activity
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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