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Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition

  • Ersan Mertgenç ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

Electro-spark deposition (ESD) is one of the most effective methods for improving the surfaces of metallic materials by applying ceramic-based cermet coatings. In this study, TiC and WC coatings were deposited on the surface of AISI M2 high-speed steel using the ESD method. Subsequently, the coated surfaces were examined through microstructure, phase structure, microhardness, friction, wear, and electrochemical corrosion tests, and compared with untreated AISI M2 steel. The TiC and WC phase coatings obtained with ESD resulted in a significant improvement, with hardness levels exceeding four times that of AISI M2 steel, leading to reduced wear volume losses and friction coefficients. Furthermore, the cermet coatings formed on the surface exhibited 2–3 times improvement in corrosion resistance due to their lower conductivity. This study demonstrates that WC coatings may offer a more effective solution for enhancing the wear resistance of AISI M2 steel, while TiC coatings could be more effective in improving corrosion resistance.

Keywords: electro-spark deposition; TiC; WC; wear; electrochemical corrosion

1 Introduction

Due to their superior performance, high-speed steels (HSSs) are among the most important steels used in the automotive industry, especially in the engines and powertrains of vehicles.

HSSs are materials that can retain their metal removal ability even at high cutting speeds and their hardness to a large extent and for a long time even at high temperatures, with different amounts of alloy element reinforcement. They are widely preferred in the tool industry due to their high toughness, high strength, and low cost [1]. However, due to their brittleness, they partially limit their use in studies involving high impact force and fatigue [2].

Corrosion and wear damage to materials first start from the surface [3]. In order to minimize these damages, alloying with different elements or heat treatment can be applied. However, due to the high cost of these processes, using regional coating methods with more durable materials with different contents is more economical solutions to increase the service life of the tools. Although many coating techniques are used today, Electro-spark deposition (ESD) is used extensively in coating applications with the developing technology, as well as being used as a micro welding in the repair sector.

The formation of a discontinuous, rough structure on the material surface in ESD coating, the uncontrollable coating layer thickness [4], and the formation of cracks due to the different thermal expansion properties of the electrode-coated material restrict its use, especially in decorative areas. On the other hand, the fact that the application can be carried out on-site, low energy consumption [5], not causing thermal deterioration due to low heat input [6], and not causing any change in the metallurgical properties of the coated material [7] are the most important reasons for preference.

ESD is a low-heat input pulsed micro-bonding process that uses high-current, short-duration electrical pulses to bond an electrode material to a metallic substrate. Although this process is basically similar to pulsed micro-arc welding, it is different because short electrical pulses are used [5,8]. The system consists of a consumable electrode, an electrode holder applicator (rotary or fixed depending on preference), and a capacitor power supply. In the system, the electrode is the anode and the workpiece to be coated is the cathode. The coating process is carried out by the electric current generated by the discharge of the capacitor from the anode to the cathode, and the droplets broken off from the electrode are sprayed towards the workpiece and adhered by mass transfer. Short-term high-current, low-voltage electrical pulses are used [9]. Due to high cooling rates of 105–106°C/s during ESD, very rapid solidification sometimes causes the material to form a nanocrystalline or amorphous structure, providing benefits in terms of increased hardness, tribological properties, and corrosion resistance [10,11].

In this study, the surface of AISI M2 steel, one of the HSSs, was coated with the ESD technique using TiC and WC electrodes. The coating layer was examined microstructurally and the effect of the coating on the material properties was investigated in detail by wear and electrochemical corrosion tests.

2 Experimental studies

AISI M2 steel, whose chemical composition is given in Table 1, was used as the substrate material to be coated.

Table 1

Chemical composition of AISI M2 steel

Material C Mo Cr W V Co Si Ni Mn S P Fe
AISI M2 0.97 4.92 3.76 6.99 1.74 0.76 0.23 0.34 0.17 0.01 0.03 Bal.

AISI M2 steel of Ø16 × 10 mm size, sanded up to 1,200 grit, was used for the coating for metallographic examinations after coating, the samples were cut perpendicular to the coating layer, sanded up to 1,200 grit, polished with 1 µm alumina paste, and etched with 3% nital. Huys brand 630 model ESD device was used as the coating device. For all coatings, the frequency was 160 Hz, the voltage was 60 V, the capacitance was 170 µF, the electrode rotation speed was 150 rpm, and the substrate material rotation speed was 150 rpm. The graphical representation of the system is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Graphical representation of the coating system with ESD.
Figure 1

Graphical representation of the coating system with ESD.

Coating layer pictures, surface pictures after corrosion tests, layer thickness measurements, and elemental analyzes (EDX) were made on a LEO 1430 VP SEM microscope. Layer thickness hardness was measured on a SHIMADZU HMV-2 model microhardness device at 50 g load, and the average of five measurements was taken. X-ray diffraction of the phases formed on the surface by coating was determined on the SHUMADZU XRD-6000 device. The wear test was carried out in a dry environment, at room temperature, in a ball-on-disc system, using a Ø8 mm WC-Co ball, at a wear speed of 0.2 m/s, using a load of 5 N and a distance of 250 m. Wear areas were measured from the cross-sectional area of the wear on the NANOVEA brand Tribotechnic Rugosimeter device. Wear rates were calculated by multiplying by the track width and according to the formula in equation (1).

(1) Wear rate ( mm 3 / Nm ) = worn volume ( mm 3 ) load ( N ) × distance ( m ) .

Electrochemical corrosion (potentiodynamic polarization) tests were performed on the Gamry Reference 600 Potentiostat/Galvanostat device using the Echem Analyst Software program. The tests were performed in a three-electrode system, at room temperature, in 3.5% NaCl liquid solution, and a saturated calomel electrode was used as a reference. Tafel curves were determined so that the potential range per Ecorr was +250 mV and the scanning rate was 1 mV c−1. Corrosion rates were determined based on Faraday’s principle. Polarization resistance (Rp) was also calculated from the polarization resistance curves (LPR). Using ASTM G102-89 standards as reference, corrosion rate (MPY), polarization resistance (Rp), electrochemical corrosion rates (µA × cm−2) were calculated.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Microstructure, hardness, and phase analysis

In Figure 2, the microstructure images of the coating layer taken from the cross-section of (a) TiC and (b) WC coating of AISI M2 steel with ESD are given together with their elemental analysis (EDX).

Figure 2 Coating layer and EDX images of (a) TiC and (b) WC-coated AISI M2 steel.
Figure 2

Coating layer and EDX images of (a) TiC and (b) WC-coated AISI M2 steel.

When Figure 2 is examined, the alloying zones become clearly evident in both coating types. There are small pores and cracks in the matrix/coating layer transition and coating layers. There are many reasons for the formation of these defects. One of these is that while the coated metal has good electrical conductivity, the electrical conductivity of the material used as the coating electrode is relatively poor due to its ceramic basis. Due to the low electrical conduction coefficient of the electrode, its melting ability decreases and may make alloying difficult [12]. On the other hand, micro arcs form quickly, and micro distortions occur during solidification due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients of the coated material and the electrode [4,7,13]. It is known that ESD coating is made in overlapping passes, and it has been noted that the most efficient coating is obtained in coatings applied up to three passes [14,15]. The ESD process is a method of instantaneous heating and rapid cooling. Another reason is that if the liquid electrode material passing to the substrate surface is not completely solidified, the next pulse discharge will occur. This increases thermal stress [16]. Since the defects are mainly in the matrix/coating transition zone, it is evident that their formation is more intense in the first pass of the coating. Because in this region, there is the highest difference in thermal expansion coefficient and electrical conductivity coefficient. As we move to the upper passes, coefficient differences become more minor, and errors tend to decrease since the lower coating passes consist of electrodes alloyed with the matrix material. In ESD coating of AISI M2 steel with TiC and WC, the coating layer thickness and hardness values are given in Table 2.

Table 2

Coating values of uncoated, and TiC- and WC-coated AISI M2

Values Uncoated AISI M2 TiC-coated sample WC-coated sample
Coating layer (µm) — 32 24
Hardness (HV0.05) 450 1,558 1,322

According to Table 2, the layer thickness was measured as 28 µm in the coating made with TiC and 24 µm in the coating made with WC. When the hardness change of the layer with the coating is examined, the surface hardness of AISI M2 steel increases with coating, as in other coating methods [17]. While the hardness of AISI M2 steel is 450 HV0.05, the surface hardness was measured as 1,322 HV0.05 in coating with WC and 1,558 HV0.05 in coating with TiC. There are many parameters that affect surface hardness in ESD coating. Since the composite coated electrodes (WC and TiC) used are ceramic-based, it is an expected result that the surface hardness increases with the coating. On the other hand, the alloying of the elements in the electrode and the material to be coated also has a positive effect on the coating hardness. Because structural hardening, which occurs due to the precipitation or dissolution of alloy components in solid solutions, probably causes an increase in hardness [13].

During the coating, the particles break off from the electrode and adhere/alloy to the material. With rapid cooling during this process, metastable formations occur during solidification, strengthening the solid solution and increasing the hardness [18].

Figure 3 shows the XRD pattern of AISI M2 steel coated with TiC and WC electrodes using the ESD technique.

Figure 3 XRD pattern of TiC and WC coating with ESD technique.
Figure 3

XRD pattern of TiC and WC coating with ESD technique.

When Figure 3 is examined, in the coating made with WC electrode, there are peaks of the Fe3W3C phase along with the WC phase on the surface morphology, and in the coating made with TiC electrode, there are peaks of the TiC phase and Ti8C5 phase. The detection of peaks belonging to different carbide compounds in the coating indicates that the particles (W/Ti and C) broken off from the electrode during the coating adhere to the material surface and begin to spread by forming an alloy with the elements contained in the coated substrate material [19,20]. These phases, which have a more stable structure, increase surface hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance.

In the prominent peaks of both coatings, there is the M23C6 (M = Cr, Fe) phase due to the alloying elements in the chemical composition of AISI M2 steel, and in the other peaks, there are peaks belonging to the M7C3 phase. This situation can generally be explained in two ways. The electrode material and the coated material form an alloy. On the other hand, the ESD coating process is done manually. In coatings made in this way, the surface morphology is very difficult to control and does not show homogeneity throughout the layer. It has been reported in previous studies that when the number of coatings exceeds three, mass transfer and coating layers do not increase. Therefore, in ESD coatings, the XRD pattern can also be affected by the surface of the coated metal through the partial gaps between the splashes [15].

3.2 Tribological behavior

Figure 4a shows the graph of the wear rate and friction coefficients obtained from the wear test, Figure 4b shows the wear rate of uncoated AISI M2, Figure 4c shows the wear of AISI M2 coated with TiC electrode, and Figure 4d shows the wear of AISI M2 steel coated with WC electrode.

Figure 4 (a) Wear rate/friction coefficient graph. SEM images of wear marks of (b) uncoated, (c) TiC-coated, and (d) WC-coated AISI M2 steel.
Figure 4

(a) Wear rate/friction coefficient graph. SEM images of wear marks of (b) uncoated, (c) TiC-coated, and (d) WC-coated AISI M2 steel.

According to the graph given in Figure 4a, the wear rates of uncoated, TiC-coated, and WC-coated samples were calculated as 227 × 10−6, 183 × 10−6, and 89 × 10−6 mm3/Nm, respectively, and the friction coefficients were 0.25, 0.24, and 0.22, respectively. When the wear rates and friction coefficients were examined, the highest values were obtained in the uncoated AISI M2 steel, and the lowest values were obtained in the sample coated with WC.

Figure 4b–d shows the wear areas and scar depths obtained by surface scanning after the dry environment wear test on the SEM images. The wear areas and scar depths of uncoated, TiC-coated, and WC-coated AISI M2 steel obtained by surface scanning were determined as 99.068 mm2 – 20.6 µm, 7.304 mm2 – 18.2 µm, and 3.557 mm2 – 9.82 µm, respectively. Track depths are lower than the coating layer. This shows that the wear is in the coating layer and does not reach the matrix. According to the wear areas and scar depth, the highest values are in uncoated AISI M2 steel, and the lowest are in WC-coated AISI M2 steel.

On the other hand, when the SEM images of the wear marks are examined, abrasive and adhesive wear mechanisms are seen in the dry wear test on the uncoated sample. Moreover, delamination and micro scratches caused by the abrasive ball are clearly identified. In coating with TiC, there are abrasive wear types as well as broken particles, micro-cracks, and deformation areas. In coating with WC, adhesive wear type is mostly seen. In addition, local micro scratches and flaking areas are also clearly observed. Although the TiC electrode-coated sample has higher hardness than the WC electrode-coated sample, the wear values were found to be lower in the WC coating. In TiC coating, the layer exhibits brittle behavior because it is harder. Particles breaking off from the coating layer due to fatigue under repeated loads cause plastic deformation on the surface. However, Hertz forces occurring in the contact areas cause mechanical stresses. Exceeding critical limit values triggers the formation and propagation of cracks on hard surfaces, causing particles to break off more easily from the material [21,22]. This explains why the wear values are weaker in the coating made with TiC electrode, although the layer thickness and microhardness are higher.

3.3 Electrochemical corrosion analysis

The data obtained from the electrochemical corrosion test performed at room temperature on uncoated and ESD-coated AISI M2 steel with TiC and WC electrodes are given in Table 3, and the Tafel curves are given in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the SEM images and EDX results taken from the surface after corrosion tests.

Table 3

Electrochemical corrosion test values of uncoated and coated AISI M2

AISI M2 Ecor (mV) Icor (µA) Corrosion rate (MPY) Rp (kΩ)
Uncoated −464 57.60 10.40 0.135
WC-coated −516 24.00 6.230 1.12
TiC-coated −457 17.00 3.077 7.96
Figure 5 Tafel curves of electrochemical corrosion test.
Figure 5

Tafel curves of electrochemical corrosion test.

Figure 6 Pictures of AISI M2 after corrosion tests: (a) uncoated, coated with (b) TiC and (c) WC.
Figure 6

Pictures of AISI M2 after corrosion tests: (a) uncoated, coated with (b) TiC and (c) WC.

When Table 3 and Figure 5 are examined, it is understood that while the Ecor values of TiC and uncoated samples are close to each other, WC is on the more negative side. Icor values were obtained as 57.60, 24.00, and 17.00 µA in uncoated, WC-coated, and TiC-coated AISI M2 steel, respectively. Icor values decreased with coating. Corrosion resistance improved 2–3 times compared to the uncoated sample. The presence of cracks can be seen in the SEM images taken after the corrosion test (Figure 6) from the TiC-coated and WC-coated sample surfaces. Cl− ions behave very aggressively in the NaCl solution and tries to move towards the matrix through the cracks it finds on the surface, causing the onset of metastable pitting corrosion in these regions. At the same time, these ions cause the cathodic reduction of oxygen (OH− formation) and the initiation of pitting. On the other hand, another reason for the increase in corrosion resistance is due to the cermet coating layers formed on the surface. Because these structures have lower conductivity than steels [23,24].

Thus, although local corrosion started from these regions and progressed into the material, the Icor value being lower than the uncoated sample shows that the cracks did not continue into the matrix. There are cracks on the surface caused by high tensile stresses [25] due to thermal incompatibility between consecutive passes. Another indication that corrosion is limited to the coatings applied in the lower pass and cannot progress to the matrix is the absence of cracks between passes in the microstructure images taken from the cross-section (Figure 2).

The electrochemical reactions occurring for TiC (equations (2)–(4)) and WC (equation (5) and (6)) in 3.5% NaCl solution are as follows:

(2) TiC + O 2 → Ti + CO 2

(3) 2 H 2 O + O 2 + 4 e − → 4 OH −

(4) 3 Ti + 2 O 2 + 4 OH − → 3 TiO 2 + 2 H 2 O + 4 e −

(5) WC + 5 H 2 O → WO 3 + CO 2 + 10 H + 10 e −

(6) 2 H 2 O + O 2 + 4 e − → 4 OH −

According to these reactions, TiO2 and WO3 compounds emerge as corrosion products. WC reacts with NaCl and is oxidized in solution. TiC, on the other hand, forms a protective stable TiO2 layer at the interface in its reaction with NaCl [26]. This is another indicator of the high corrosion resistance of the sample coated with TiC electrode.

In corrosion resistance analyses, it is necessary to consider the electrochemical stability of each element contained in the material. Therefore, according to the XRD graph of the coatings (Figure 3), the effect of the M23C6 and M7C3 (M = Cr, Fe) phases determined on the surface as a result of alloying during the coating on the corrosion resistance cannot be ignored. The corrosion resistance of Cr is higher than that of Fe, and in environments where acidic aqueous electrolytics are present, Fe and Cr oxidize and turn into Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, Cr2O3 creating a passive film on the surface, causing corrosion to decrease [27]. On the other hand, corrosion resistance (Rp) and corrosion rate: 0.135 kΩ – 10.40 MPY, 1.12 kΩ – 6.230 MPY, 7.96 kΩ – 3.077 MPY were obtained in uncoated, WC-coated, and TiC-coated AISI M2 steel, respectively.

The fact that corrosion resistance is higher and the corrosion rate is lower in coated samples is a clear indication that corrosion resistance increases with coating. Low corrosion current and high corrosion potential are considered high corrosion resistance in the material [28,29]. It is clearly seen that as the corrosion rate decreases, the corrosion resistance of TiC and WC coatings increases using the ESD technique.

4 Conclusion

The results obtained in coating the HSS surface with TiC electrode and WC electrode using the ESD technique are as follows:

  • The surface of AISI M2 steel was successfully coated with TIC and WC electrodes using the ESD technique.

  • The coating layer has a homogeneous, flat, and continuous structure and contains small porosities.

  • The layer thickness hardness is 1,558 HV0.05 for TiC coating and 1,322 HV0.05 for WC coating, and the surface hardness of AISI M2 steel increased by 4–5 times.

  • According to the XRD pattern, in the coating layer, TiC, Ti8C5, M23C6, and M7C3 phases were detected for TiC coating, and WC, Fe3W3C, M23C6, and M7C3 phases were detected for WC coating.

  • While the wear rate and friction coefficient values decreased with TiC and WC coating of AISI M2 steel, the lowest wear values were obtained in WC coating.

  • According to the electrochemical corrosion results, Ecor values are close to each other and the lowest value is in WC-coated AISI M2 steel.

  • Icor values decrease with coating and the values are uncoated AISI M2 > WC coated > TiC-coated.

  • In coating with ESD technique, while corrosion rate values are decreasing, corrosion resistance values are increasing, and the lowest corrosion rate and highest corrosion resistance were detected in TiC coating.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: The author confirms sole responsibility for the following: study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-11-11
Revised: 2023-12-05
Accepted: 2023-12-15
Published Online: 2023-12-31

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0187
Keywords for this article
electro-spark deposition; TiC; WC; wear; electrochemical corrosion
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  2. Regular Articles
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  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
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  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
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  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
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  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
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  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
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  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
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  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
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  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
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  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
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  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
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  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
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  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
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  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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