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Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques

  • Jiaqi Qiao , Juntong Zhou , Congnan Peng , Xin Yuan , Li Yao , Yilin Fan , Kailin Qi , Dongliang Chen , Zhiying Guo , Xiaolong Gan , Yaxuan Sun , Xueling Dai , Guohao Wu EMAIL logo and Qing Huo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: January 30, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

The absorption, distribution, and transport trends of organic and inorganic arsenic (As) in honesuckle (Lonicera japonica) were studied using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF). The root, stem, and leaf samples were analyzed by μ-XRF, proving that in the presence of dimethyl arsenate acid, a small amount of As accumulated in local areas of the epidermis and cortex of roots, while most of As migrated to the upper plant through the middle vascular column. After reaching the stem, As was mainly distributed in the outer skin, indicating that the root and stem of L. japonica blocked the transport of As in the plant. In the presence of As(iii), A large amount of As accumulated in the epidermis and cortex of the root, reducing its further transport from the plant roots. Once As entered the stem of L. japonica from the root, it achieved a strong transport capacity, thus causing severe harm to plants. The element correlation analysis revealed that As in L. japonica had the strongest correlation with Cu and Zn elements, for the future research on the influence of As pollution on plants, the interference based on the above two elements can be considered.

Keywords: arsenic speciation; Lonicera japonica ; dimethyl arsenate acid; synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; correlation analysis

1 Introduction

With global industrial development, growing amounts of heavy metals in solid by-products, wastewater, and smoke pollute the soil, water, and air, jeopardizing ecological safety, and biological survival [1]. Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic heavy metal, which high-concentration inorganic compounds are present is groundwater of such countries as Argentina, Bangladesh, China, Chili, Mexico, and United States [2]. The maximum allowable concentration of As in water is 0.05 mg/L, while its toxic dose for an adult human is 5–50 mg, and the lethal dose is 50–340 mg. Tobacco plants are susceptible to accumulating inorganic As from soil, while herbal drugs may accumulate As during their drying, storage, transportation, and manufacturing [3,4,5,6,7]. According to the ISO international standard “Traditional Chinese Medicine-Determination of heavy metals in herbal medicines used in Traditional Chinese Medicine” [8], the limit ratios of 3.46, 4.03, 2.91, and 1.41% for lead, As, cadmium, and mercury, respectively, were exceeded during the examined period from 2000 to 2016. Excessive content of heavy metals has become the main factor deteriorating the quality and reputation of traditional Chinese herbal drugs and hindering their global expansion [7,8]. Studies on the uptake rules, accumulation rules, and influencing factors of heavy metals in the environment by medicinal plants, as well as the distribution, morphology, and transformation mechanism of heavy metals in plants, are beneficial for the development of relevant traditional Chinese medicine plant breeding and regulation of the production of traditional Chinese medicine.

As exists in organic and organic forms. Inorganic As includes As(iii) and As(v), and organic As includes methylmalonic acid (MMA(v)), dimethyl arsenate acid (DMA(v)), and trimellitic acid (TMA(v)). Generally, inorganic As is more toxic than organic one, and As(iii) is the most toxic [9,10]. The toxicity of different speciations of As varies. To study the accumulation of As in Chinese medicinal materials, a close attention should be paid to the total amount of As and shares of different speciations of As [11].

The common As speciation detection method is inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), through which all six common As speciations can be detected [12]. Determination of As by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) can only detect four As speciations, namely As(iii), As(v), MMA, and DMA, but not arsenic betaine and arsenic choline [13]. In addition, some researchers have used hydride generation-cold trap-atomic absorption spectrometry, high-performance capillary zone electrophoresis-ultraviolet detection, and other methods to study the speciations of As [14]. Numerous As intermediates co-exist in the degradation process of various compounds. In addition, there are macromolecular organic As compounds in nature. Thus, it is difficult to use traditional analytical methods such as chromatography/mass spectrometry combined with organic separation analysis methods to accurately detect As’s speciation and content changes in Chinese herbal medicines.

After years of development, synchrotron radiation (SR) has gradually become a “must-have” tool for studying metal elements’ speciation, composition characteristics, and transformation process [15]. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is a sensitive, rapid, and nondestructive multi-element simultaneous analysis method that can analyze the element distribution of substances and measure them in situ. The spatial distribution information of elements in tissue or organ slices can be obtained at the micron scale by scanning samples [16]. Pickering et al. conducted μ-SXRF scanning analysis on the root, leaf axis, and leaf of Pteris vittata (commonly known as the Chinese brake) and observed that arsenate As(v) was distributed in the center of the vein, while As sulfide As(SR)3 was similar to a cylindrical shell, closely surrounding the arsenate on the vein [17]. Voegelin et al. used μ-XRF and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra to study the distribution and morphology of As in polluted riparian soil and plant roots and revealed the distribution relationship of various elements in soil [18]. Lombi et al. applied the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) technique to P. vittata leaves, which revealed that the main speciation of As was As(iii), which finding was confirmed by later studies [19]. Wu et al. used the μ-XRF and XANES techniques to assess the As distribution in rice hulls, bran, and embryos. DMA(v) was the main As speciation in rice, its share exceeding 60% of the total As, and there was a high correlation between As and Fe in soil [20].

However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no reports on As content and distribution in Lonicera japonica’s biological samples have been published yet. To fill this gap, the current study performed SR microarea X-ray fluorescence analysis (μ-XRF) of L. japonica (honeysuckle) plant samples. Samples were taken from the 4W1B beamline experimental station of the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, and the plant slices were prepared by freezing section technology. In situ analyses of the distribution characteristics and content changes of As and related multi-elements in plants’ roots, stems, and leaves were carried out by μ-XRF to study As’s absorption, accumulation, and speciation transformation.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Reagents and instruments

Hogeland Reagent, SAKURA frozen section embedding agent, Standard substance sodium arsenate (NaHAsO4·4H2O As(v); purity ≥98.5%, Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH), sodium arsenite (NaAsO2, As(iii), purity ≥95.0%, Saiya Reagent), dimethyl arsenic acid (C2H6AsNaO2·3H2O, DMA, purity ≥98.0%, Beijing Beinachuanglian Institute of Biotechnology), glutathione (GSH, purity >98%), Cr metal flakes, XRF Tape, and Kapton Tape are used.

PQX-450H artificial climate chamber (China Yi Guoke (Beijing) Technology Co.); Milli-Q50 Ultrapure Water System (Millipore, USA); CM3050S cryogenic frozen slicer (Leica, Germany); FW-4 Powder Tablet Press (Tianjin Tianguang Optical Instrument Co., Ltd.); PHS-3C Precision PH Meter (Shanghai Magnetics Instruments Co., Ltd.); BCD-216YH Refrigerator (−4℃/−20℃) (Qingdao Haier Group); Premium U410 −80°C ultralow temperature refrigerator (Eppendorf, Germany); 4W1B X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Source) are also used.

2.2 Experimental

2.2.1 Material processing

The test material was a 2-year-old L. japonica sapling purchased in Linyi, Shandong Province, China. First, the L. japonica plant was cultured in pollution-free soil for 2 months, and after the leaves of the L. japonica plant thrived, they were removed. Leaves were cleaned with 0.3% KMnO4, washed with deionized water three times, and placed in a constant-temperature incubator for hydroponical cultivation. L. japonica plants were cultured in 1/6 Hoagland solution for 1 week, transferred to 1/2 Hoagland solution for 1 week, and finally placed in whole Hoagland nutrient solution for 1 week. The incubator was set in a day and night mode. The incubator was ventilated, and plants were grew under the natural light intensity. 0.1 mmol/L HCl or 0.1 mmol/L NaOH was used every day to adjust the pH of the nutrient solution to approximately 5.6. The temperature was 28℃/20℃ day and night, the humidity was 40%/60% day and night, and the nutrient solution was changed every 3 days. After 3 weeks of hydroponic cultivation of L. japonica plants, different concentrations of As were added to the nutrient solution, and the nutrient solution entered a state of As stress.

The whole Hoagland nutrient solution comprised the following components: mixed reagent (mg/L): potassium sulfate 607 mg/L, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 115 mg/L, magnesium sulfate 493 mg/L, ferric sodium EDTA 20 mg/L, ferrous sulfate 2.86 mg/L, borax 4.5 mg/L, manganese sulfate 2.13 mg/L, copper sulfate 0.05 mg/L, and zinc sulfate 0.22 mg. 1.26 g of mixed reagent was weighed, and 0.945 g of calcium nitrate was dissolved in 1 L of water, thoroughly stirred, and dissolved, producing the Hoagland solution required by plants.

2.2.2 Hydroponic experimental method

  1. Organic As DMA hydroponic experiment: taking whole Hoagland nutrient solution as the culture solution, DMA was added to the nutrient solution at a concentration of 70 mg/L; sampling and analysis were performed after 10 days of treatment (three plants per replication, with three replications per treatment).

  2. Inorganic As sodium arsenite (NaAsO2, As(iii)) hydroponic experiment: The whole Hoagland nutrient solution was used as the culture solution, and sodium arsenite (As(iii)) was added to the nutrient solution at concentrations of 20, 30, and 50 mg/L. After 10 days of treatment, the samples were analyzed. Three plants were used per replication, with three replications per treatment.

  3. Control group hydroponic experiment: The whole Hoagland nutrient solution was used as the culture solution. L. japonica plants were cultured in the culture solution for ten days before sampling and analysis. Three plants were used per replication, with three replications per treatment.

As(v) can be easily converted into As(iii) in plants, and As(iii) is highly toxic, so inorganic As in this study was As(iii); organic As included MMA(v), DMA(v), and TMA(v). Among them, DMA was the most toxic. Our previous study on honeysuckle revealed a high ratio of DMA [21], which was chosen as organic As in this study.

2.2.3 μ-XRF study on the distribution characteristics of multi-elements in the roots, stems, and leaves of L. japonica

The experiment included the control plant, 70 mg/L DMA, and 30 mg/L As(iii) stress groups. When the samples were collected, all plants were soaked in 20 mM EDTA-Na2 solution for 20 min to remove the As adsorbed on the surface of the plants and washed with ultrapure water three times. L. japonica plants were split into three parts: root, stem, and leaf. The tissues of each plant were cut into 30 μm thick tissue slices at −20°C using a freezing microtome and then placed on XRF tape for immediate experiments.

The distribution characteristics of As(iii), DMA, and other elements in the roots, stems, and leaves of L. japonica were studied at the 4W1B beamline station of X-ray fluorescence analysis in the synchrotron radiation facility (BSRF) of the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China. The scanning time of a single spot was in the range of 1–3 s according to the content of each tissue of the plant. The spot size was adjusted according to the tissue size, and the scanning energy range was 11.81–11.91 keV. The monochromatic incident X-ray energy was produced a W/B4C double grating multilayer monochromator, and the energy was focused on the 50 μm diameter beam by a capillary lens. The angle between the projected beam and the sample was set at 45°. The sample stage traveled 50 μm in the X direction and 50 μm in the Y direction. The sample stage could simultaneously collect the fluorescence intensity of Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, and As, and the emission intensity was proportional to the element intensity. The fluorescence data were processed by PyMCA 5.5.0-win64. The Origin2019b software of the Originlab Company, USA, was used to generate two-dimensional distribution maps of As elements

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Distribution of different species of As in the roots of L. japonica

To study the spatial distribution of As in medicinal plants of L. japonica, the plants’ roots, stems, and leaves were scanned by the X-ray fluorescence method. The integrated intensity of each element was calculated according to the spectrum and was normalized to the intensity of the Compton scattering peak. The distributions of As, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu elements in the root and stem leaves obtained by scanning are shown in Figures 1–3. The color scale from red to blue represents the highest to lowest XRF intensity of standardized elements, that is, the concentration of elements from high to low. Figure 1 shows the distribution of As, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn μ-XRF elements in the root of L. japonica. The epidermis, cortex, and vascular column are from outside to inside. Among them, the vascular column is the longitudinal transport system of the root.

Figure 1 As and other related elements in the root section of honeysuckle μ-XRF distribution. A: 70 mg/L DMA group, B: control group, C: 30 mg/L As(iii) group.
Figure 1

As and other related elements in the root section of honeysuckle μ-XRF distribution. A: 70 mg/L DMA group, B: control group, C: 30 mg/L As(iii) group.

Figure 2 Honeysuckle stem As and other related element μ-XRF distribution. (A) 70 mg/L DMA group, (B) control group, and (C) 30 mg/L As(iii) group.
Figure 2

Honeysuckle stem As and other related element μ-XRF distribution. (A) 70 mg/L DMA group, (B) control group, and (C) 30 mg/L As(iii) group.

Figure 3 The μ-XRF distribution of As and other related elements in honeysuckle leaves. (A) 70 mg/L DMA group, (B) control group, and (C) 30 mg/L As(iii) group.
Figure 3

The μ-XRF distribution of As and other related elements in honeysuckle leaves. (A) 70 mg/L DMA group, (B) control group, and (C) 30 mg/L As(iii) group.

Honeysuckle is a Dicotyledones; the primary structure of the Dicotyledones consists of the epidermis, cortex, and vascular column. The epidermis is the outermost cell layer of the stem, small and closely arranged with epidermal hairs and stomatal apparatus; the cortex is inside the epidermis and outside the vascular column and consists of layers of thick-angular and parenchyma tissue; the vascular column is the inner part of the cortex and consists of vascular bundles, pith rays, and pith. Compared with the microscopic image of the stem [22], the epidermis, cortex, and vascular column can be roughly distinguished from the XRF image.

It can be seen from the control group in Figure 1b that As in the root of L. japonica mainly accumulated in the central vascular column, while its contents in the epidermis and cortex were relatively low. Figure 1a shows that As accumulated in the epidermis and cortex was higher than that in the vascular-cylinder zone in the middle section, As was concentrated in certain zones of the cortex annular ring in the presence of DMA. According to Figure 1c, the content of As in vascular columns was lower than in the epidermis and cortex in the presence of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2), which might be due to the more apparent toxic effect of As(iii) on plants. Most As accumulated in the epidermis and cortex. Its accumulation in vascular columns was slight, making it difficult for As to migrate from L. japonica roots through vascular columns and thus minimizing its content.

According to Figure 1, the distribution of Cu was quite similar to that of As under As stress. The correlation analysis data in Table 1 prove a significant positive correlation between As and Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn at a 0.05 level.

Table 1

Pearson coefficient (R) of correlation between As and other elements in honeysuckle roots

As Ca Mn Fe Cu Zn
DMA70 0.39782* 0.56329* 0.41786* 0.87505* 0.18203*
Control group 0.22473* 0.22473* 0.029 0.767* 0.59757*
As(iii)30 0.5908* 0.59513* 0.16369* 0.90664* 0.85296*

*Note: The correlation was significant at the 0.05 level.

Compared with the control group, there was no substantial change in the correlation between the As stress group elements. Cu had the highest correlation with As, indicating that the absorption among elements might be similar for samples of the same honeysuckle plant. By analyzing the effects of As stress on other nutrient elements, we found that the distribution of Ca and Cu in roots was not affected by organic and inorganic As stresses, while the accumulation of Cu in the root cortex was promoted by inorganic As stress. The distribution of Fe and Mn in roots changed significantly under the organic and inorganic As stresses, with slight accumulations in the epidermis and cortex. At the same time, the vascular column in the center exhibited no distribution of Fe and Mn. In particular, the distribution of Mn was found in the control group’s epidermis, cortex, and vascular column. The As(iii) stress group images show that only a small area of the epidermis had Mn distribution. The distribution of Zn in roots was affected by organic and inorganic stresses, and the distribution migrated from the central vascular column to the peripheral epidermis and cortex.

3.2 Distribution of different speciation of As in the stem of L. japonica

Figure 2 shows the distribution of As, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn μ-XRF in the stem of L. japonica. The middle of the stem was hollow. The outer skin, cambium, xylem, and pith were from the outside to the inside. The stem could not transfer the nutrients absorbed by the root system to the aboveground part. According to Figure 2b, in the control group, As was mainly distributed in the cambium and xylem rather than the central pith, and its accumulation in the cuticle was less than that in the cambium and xylem. According to Figure 2a, the content of As in the cuticle exceeded that in the cambium and xylem, there was no As distribution in the central pith in the presence of DMA. According to Figure 2c, the As(iii) group differed from the DMA group in terms of the As distribution. There was a high concentration of As in the xylem; As contents in the cambium and xylem exceeded those in the outer skin in the presence of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2). As the transport tissue of plants, the xylem is responsible for transporting the water absorbed by roots and the ions dissolved in water, indicating that the stem of L. japonica had a stronger As transmission capacity.

According to the element correlation analysis results tabulated in Table 2, As exhibited a significant positive correlation with Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn at a 0.05 level, with the strongest correlation with Zn. In the control group, five elements were mainly distributed in the outer skin and cambium of the stem, and the cambium had a high aggregation concentration. The distribution of Fe in stems was not affected by organic and inorganic As stresses. The distribution areas of Cu, Mn, Zn, and Ca under organic As stress did not change, being mainly concentrated in the outer skin and cambium. They had zero distribution in the pith of the center, and their accumulation decreased slightly. After inorganic As stress, the accumulation of the above four elements in the stem increased. In addition to the outer skin and cambium, contents of these four elements were significant in the inner xylem.

Table 2

Pearson coefficient (R) of correlation between As and other elements in honeysuckle stems

As Ca Mn Fe Cu Zn
DMA70 0.47147* 0.58328* 0.51529* 0.53559* 0.59277*
Control group 0.5134* 0.62562* 0.457* 0.81593* 0.61086*
As(iii)30 0.6455* 0.69642* 0.21007* 0.14029* 0.8303*

*Note: The correlation was significant at a 0.05 level.

3.3 Distribution of different speciation of As in the leaves of L. japonica

The observed distribution of elements in L. japonica leaves revealed the protective mechanism of As tolerance of this plant. As shown in Figure 3, As was mainly distributed along the lateral and middle veins of L. japonica leaves. As was transported through the rhizome and stored in the veins. Since veins were primarily composed of vascular bundle (the supporting structure of leaves), they contained no chlorophyll and did not participate in photosynthesis.

In the leaves subjected to organic As stress, as shown in Figure 3a, a high concentration of As accumulated in the middle veins. According to Figure 3c, As accumulated in the veins, which diffusion into the mesophyll (for photosynthesis) would cause significant harm to the plant. To avoid this, the plant accumulated As in the lateral veins of its leaves in the presence of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2). Noteworthy is that relevant studies on plant hyperaccumulators, i.e., plants capable of extracting metals from the soil and accumulating them to extraordinary concentrations in aboveground tissues, revealed similar protective mechanisms. Thus, Toaspern et al. reported that the leaves of the nonhyperaccumulator Thlaspi arvense L. had the poor capacity to transport zinc from veins to mesophyll tissue, while the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens had a relatively strong zinc transportation capacity [23]. The characteristics of As accumulation in vein vascular bundles have also been reported in a study of the As hyperaccumulator P. vittata [24]. This distribution characteristic of As was beneficial in reducing the toxic effect of As on leaves, which might be the protective mechanism of honeysuckle against As toxicity.

The performed element correlation analysis provided some information on the absorption and storage relationship between elements. As shown in Figure 3, Cu, Mn, and Zn were mainly distributed in the vein, similar to the distribution characteristics of As. According to the correlation analysis of As and other elements in L. japonica leaves (see Table 3), Ca, Cu, Mn, and Zn had a significant positive correlation with As at a 0.05 level.

Table 3

Pearson coefficient (R) of correlation between As and other elements in honeysuckle leaf samples

As Ca Mn Fe Cu Zn
DMA70 0.37903* 0.38035* −0.036 0.49825* 0.25683*
Control group 0.69865* 0.76875* 0.69313* 0.84361* 0.8368*
As(iii)30 0.8457* 0.61999* 0.77104* 0.8941* 0.87616*

*Note: The correlation was significant at a 0.05 level.

Under organic As (DMA) stress, As did not correlate with Fe. Overall, there was a high correlation between Cu and As in the leaves of L. japonica. Compared with the control group, the distribution of five elements in leaves only slightly changed under inorganic and organic As stresses. Under organic As stress, the accumulation of Mn, Ca, and especially Cu in leaves increased, while those of Fe and Zn decreased, with a small accumulation of Fe at the tip of leaves. Under inorganic As stress, the accumulation of Cu in leaves increased, while contents of the other four elements, especially Fe, in leaves dropped.

Similar findings have been earlier reported for other plants. Thus, Chen et al. studied correlations between As and K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the petiole, midvein, and feather leaves of Pteris nervosa, as a typical As-enriched plant. All these elements exhibited strong positive correlations at a level of 0.01 [25]. In contrast, Tu and Ma examined the As hyperaccumulator P. vittata L. and reported that As only correlated with Fe in the mature leaves, and there was a significant negative correlation between As and Mn (R = −0.795), while in the young leaves, Mn did not correlate with As [26]. Concerning As accumulation in rice, Hossain et al. revealed no correlation between As and Fe in rice grains but reported a significant correlation between As and Fe in rice leaves [27].

4 Conclusion

This study analyzed the absorption and transport characteristics of organic and inorganic As in L. japonica using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF), revealing the following As transportation and distribution patterns.

  1. L. japonica plants absorbed As through roots, mainly distributed in the epidermis and cortex of roots and the central vascular column. Then, As was transmitted upward to stems through the central vascular column. The stems played the role of conduction between roots and leaves. In the presence of DMA, As was distributed evenly in the roots’ epidermis, cortex, and middle vascular column. Except for a small amount of As accumulated in the epidermis and cortex, most of As migrated to the upper plants through the middle vascular column. After reaching the stem, As became mainly distributed in the outer skin, and its content exceeded that in the cambium and xylem, indicating that the root and stem of L. japonica blocked the transport of As in the plant.

  2. Inorganic As(iii) absorption and transportation trends differed from those of organic As DMA. In the presence of As(iii), As accumulated in the epidermis and cortex in large amounts, minimizing the accumulation in the central vascular column and reducing the transportation and absorption of As by plant roots. In the stem, as the transport tissue of plants, xylem exhibited a considerable accumulation of As, implying that As had a strong transmission capacity once it entered the stem of L. japonica from the root, thus causing serious harm to the plant. The analysis of L. japonica leaves revealed that the leaves of L. japonica had a strong capacity to transfer As to the lateral vein, ensuring plant’s resistance to As toxicity and being of great significance for leaf accumulation and tolerance to As.

  3. The performed element correlation analysis revealed the following absorption and storage relationship between heavy metal elements. There was a strong correlation between As and Cu in the roots and leaves of L. japonica, and the correlation between As and Zn in the stems of L. japonica was the strongest. For future research on the influence of As pollution on plants, interference based on the above two elements can be considered.

Acknowledgment

The authors appreciate the technical assistance and guidance of Mr. Xu Bai, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

  1. Funding information: This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11975048) and Beijing Union University Graduate Program (Grant No. YZ2020K001).

  2. Author contributions: Jiaqi Qiao and Juntong Zhou: writing – original draft, Congnan Peng, Xin Yuan, and Li Yao: investigate, Yilin Fan and Kailin Qi: validation, Dongliang Chen, Zhiying Guo, and Xiaolong Gan: supervision, Yaxuan Sun and Xueling Dai: conceptualization, and Guohao Wu and Qing Huo: project management.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Received: 2022-09-01
Revised: 2023-01-04
Accepted: 2023-01-09
Published Online: 2023-01-30

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
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  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0278
Keywords for this article
arsenic speciation; Lonicera japonica; dimethyl arsenate acid; synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; correlation analysis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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