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Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields

  • Ghada ALMisned , Elaf Rabaa , Duygu Sen Baykal , Erkan Ilik , Gokhan Kilic , Hesham M. H. Zakaly , Antoaneta Ene EMAIL logo and Huseyin Ozan Tekin EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 4, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of substituting tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses whose densities varies from 5.0879 to 5.3246 g/cm3 on gamma-ray absorption properties. A range of fundamental absorption parameters, including attenuation coefficients, half-value layer thicknesses, effective atom and electron numbers, effective conductivity, exposure, and energy absorption buildup factors, were studied for five different glass samples with varying substitution ratios. The ratio of tungsten(vi) oxide to gadolinium(iii) fluoride varied between 0 and 20 mol%, as well as the TeO2 ratio in the composition was maintained between 90 and 80 mol%. The sample with the composition of 80–20 mol% TeO2/WO3, which attained the maximum density value with 20 mol% WO3 addition, showed the highest gamma-absorption capabilities based on the obtained findings in the range of 0.015–15 MeV. In consideration of the mechanical and physical properties of WO3 in tellurite glasses, it can be concluded that WO3 incorporation is a crucial monotonic process that may be utilized to further improve the properties of glass shields.

Keywords: tellurite glasses; GdF3 ; WO3 ; gamma-ray; glass shields

1 Introduction

Ionizing radiation is one of the natural phenomena that people encounter on a daily basis, coming from outer space, the air, and the earth; yet, in recent years it has also become a man-made phenomenon with medical, industrial, and commercial processes [1–5]. Nuclear research, agriculture, and food technology have benefited from the radiation industry’s innovative applications [6,7]. However, there are risks to the environment and human health linked with the use of ionizing radiation in addition to its advantages. In addition to the benefits of employing alpha, gamma, and X-rays in medical applications, the detrimental radiation effects may result in severe chromosomal abnormalities and carcinogenic consequences [8–10]. Ionizing radiation is considered to cause harmful damage to living tissues in direct and indirect ways by changing cell structure and damaging their genetic material (DNA). Radiation damage depends on the sensitivity of an organ as well as the amount of energy and type of radiation being absorbed, whether it was due to exposure to high levels of radiation, which would have an immediate effect, or stochastic effects, which are probabilistic and can occur at unexpected times during increasing radiation exposure. For this reason, scientific researchers have focused on the importance of radiation shielding and radiation protection [11–14]. Different materials have been used to protect against radiation by blocking its initial intensity to a degree that is not harmful [15–17]. In addition to other principles and guidelines for radiation protection, such as reducing exposure duration and increasing distance from the radiation source, shielding materials are considered to be the most beneficial method along with the rest [18–20]. Conventional lead (Pb) and other materials such as tungsten, antimony, and barium are typically used for protection shielding materials such as clothes for medical personnel and patients going under radiation [21–24]. In recent years glass materials [25–27] proved to show efficient radiation protection properties and applications. Due to its transparency, high thermal stability, and permeability, as well as the ease with which it can be fabricated and shaped. Many scientists and engineers have taken these advantages into consideration to utilize glass materials as optical and radiation shielding applications [28–30]. After witnessing the drawbacks of conventional shielding materials such as Pb and concrete [31,32], glass materials have shown to be non-toxic and have a high level of endurance, making them an intriguing option for shielding investigation and development [33]. Tellurite glass compared to other glass materials have showed interesting features such as gain high density, transmission of infrared, low melting temperature, and high dielectric constant [34]. Our goal in this research is to investigate the physical and optical properties of TeO2 with WO3 and GdF3 [35], since tellurite glass needs secondary ingredient to form glasses [36]. In this study, WO3 was chosen because of its anti-crystallization ability as well as to improve the glass transition temperature [37]. The GdF3 is used in this research as it is widely employed as a host for fluorescents thanks to its various outstanding material properties during the glass manufacturing process [38,39]. In the TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glass system [35] five different types of glasses have been prepared in variable proportions with WO3 as a different glass former and GdF3 as a modifier. The first and second samples were formed by adding 80 mol% of TeO2 and varying the WO3 and GdF3 compositions (mol%) to achieve different densities, by adding in the first sample 10 mol% of WO3 while keeping GdF3 at a stable 0 mol%, and in the second sample, we have reversed the compositions process by keeping the WO3 at a stable 0 mol% and adding 10 mol% of GdF3, as shown in Table 1. By altering the mol% composition of the five glass samples, various densities were determined to investigate the optimum composition of the TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glass system, in addition to identifying the glass system with the best radiation protection qualities. This study’s extensive findings may contribute to the comprehension of the absorption characteristics of WO3-doped tellurite glasses. In addition, the results of this study may provide a comprehensive analysis with comparable glass compositions published in the literature, therefore facilitating the employment of the most appropriate material structures into radiation protection process through glass shields.

Table 1

Density values and glass compositions of samples [35]

Glass code Glass composition (mol%) Density (g/cm3)
G1 90TeO2–0WO3–10GdF3 5.0879
G2 90TeO2–10WO3–0GdF3 5.1231
G3 80TeO2–0WO3–20GdF3 5.3115
G4 80TeO2–10WO3–10GdF3 5.3246
G5 80TeO2–20WO3–0GdF3 5.3355

2 Materials and methods

Using five designed samples of varied compositions of the TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glass system [35], we determined numerous essential gamma-ray shielding parameters in this study. The five different samples designated G1, G2, G3, G4, G4, and G5 for this investigation were previously synthesized using the conventional melt-quenching method. In this study, gamma-ray absorption properties were examined in the range of 0.015–15 MeV using Py-MLBUF [40] software to conclude gamma ray absorption parameters. Next, they were displayed using the ORIGIN2018 software. The linear attenuation coefficients, half-value thickness, and mean free path lengths were obtained and examined as a function of energy for each glass sample. In addition, exposure and energy absorption buildup factors were also calculated in the 0.015–15 MeV energy range over a broad variety of mean free path values, ranging from 0.5 to 40 mfp. From our previous studies [41] and other published works [42,43], one may acquire more comprehensive technical information and theoretical calculation approaches related to these determined critical parameters for the current glasses.

3 Results and discussion

In this study, five different composition samples of TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glass system were taken under investigation for gamma-ray absorption parameters. Gamma-ray absorption properties were taken through critical calculation software separately. In many instances, the density of materials used to absorb ionizing gamma and X-rays correlates with their absorption characteristics. The tendency for the incoming radiation to be absorbed through internal interactions and interact with more electrons explains how high-density materials are more effective at absorbing this type of radiation. This investigation has revealed that the five analyzed samples had varying densities. Figure 1 depicts the density of the tested glass samples. As can be seen, the G5 sample, which contains 20 mol% of WO3 and 80 mol% of TeO2, has the maximum glass density value at 5.3355 g/cm3. In this example, TeO2 has the lowest concentration while WO3 has the highest concentration among the studied glass samples. The quantitative changes in the calculated gamma-ray absorption characteristics will be determined as a function of the density change as a result of the WO3 incorporation into glass system, which is the primary objective of this study. In the gamma-ray absorption parameters, first, linear attenuation coefficients were calculated in the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. The μ values can be calculated through a typical transmission setup (Figure 2). The intensity of incident gamma-ray beam would change as a function of absorber thickness as well as linear attenuation coefficient (μ) value of the absorber at a certain energy. Figure 3 depicts the variation in linear attenuation coefficient (μ) of the five analyzed glass samples as a function of increasing energy. The reported changes in μ values reflect the behavior of the incident photon, whether it was partially absorbed, and the other half was dispersed, or whether it was completely absorbed by the electrons on the atomic orbits. It seems that photons in low energies were greatly affected from photoelectric effect, which explains the high attenuation values in the lower energies. As energy increased, the Compton scatter effect subsequently increased. The graph shows a sharp drop between 0.01 and 0.03 MeV, then an incline approximately after 0.04 MeV. Through the drop and rise in the low energies, a steady decrease appeared from 0.05 to 8 MeV. Our results showed that G5 sample with the maximum WO3 and minimum TeO2 contribution in its composition has the highest μ values at almost all energy levels. As seen in Figure 3, there were also some minor deviations around the k-absorption edge points of the samples. However, it is likely that an increase in WO3 doping in telluride glasses may have a similar effect on the linear attenuation coefficients. Another gamma-ray shielding parameter, which is a density-independent parameter, is known as mass attenuation coefficient (μ m). This parameter provides crucial data on the absorber’s partial removal of incident gamma-rays per unit mass. Due to the larger atomic number of W in WO3, 20 mol% doping has enhanced the μ m values of G5. Figure 4 displays the change of μ m values between 0.015 and 15 MeV. As seen, the fluctuation of μ m values was influenced by photon–matter interactions and, therefore, photon energy regions. Maximum μ m values were recorded at low energies and vice versa. The G5 sample, with the maximum contribution of WO3, was reported with the highest μ m values. The atomic weight and density of the G5 sample allow it to have maximum linear and mass attenuation coefficient values within the range of 0.015–15 MeV. Half-value layer (HVL) is an essential parameter in investigating radiation-shielding material, which represents the minimum thickness of the radiation shielding required to decrease its primary energy to its half value [13]. If the thickness of the absorber remains in low levels, the efficiency of the material is proven to be more effective at attenuating the energetic photons. The graph seen in Figure 5 shows the relationship of the five glass samples with respect to HVL at a certain energy. As the energies start to increase, the HVL values increase as well, showing variation levels of values between the five samples, where G5 have the lowest HVL which give it advantages for determining radiation shielding materials. It is well-known that the linear attenuation coefficient has an inverse relationship with HVL. Eventually, it is a reasonable explanation for the low HVL sample to have high linear attenuation coefficient. For example, HVL values were reported as 3.5519, 3.4789, 3.3747, 3.3203, and 3.2688 cm for G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 samples at 15 MeV, respectively. Accordingly, it can be said that G5, due to its greatest WO3 contribution in the structure, would reduce the intensity of incoming photons to the lowest maximum thickness among the glass samples studied. On the other hand, mean free path values is another parameter that the result should be as low as possible, which represent the average path of a moving radiation between collisions, that would modify its direction or energy, in addition prove the ability of attenuation in a material. Lower mfp values for an attenuator material may be regarded as a good indicator of absorption if two consecutive interactions are conducted at short ranges. As illustrated in Figure 6, G5 was reported to have the lowest mfp value along with increasing energy. This can be considered as another positive effect of WO3 on gamma-ray attenuation properties of glasses [44]. Another important parameter to discuss is the effective atomic number (Z eff) values of shielding materials [16]. It is well-known that the number of electrons in the atomic orbit is related to Z number in the nucleus. Therefore, it is likely that atoms with higher Z values would also have a higher number of electrons, and incoming photons may be more likely to collide with electrons. The higher the collision, the greater the percentage of absorption due to the released energy of incoming photons in every collision with electrons [16,22], which may result in either an excitation or the electron dropping off its orbit. The variation of effective atomic number (Z eff) as a function of increasing energy is shown in Figure 7 for G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 samples. The G5 structure, which has 20 mol% WO3 doping, possesses the highest Z eff values. This is due to the larger Z number of W, which has been translocated with Te in the glass structure. Therefore, one might anticipate an overall increase in G5’s Z number, which has a clear advantage over G1. Figure 8 represents the effective conductivity (C eff) variation in all glass samples, where a clear and rapid decrease occurs while increasing the photon energy, mainly in the region where the photoelectric effect is dominant. G5 was the sample with the greatest C eff values at all energies among those examined. This may be attributed to the growing number of electrons in the G5 sample because of the addition of elements with a high Z number. Since the conductivity level is the result of electron mobility between atoms, one may anticipate that the highest C eff values of the G5 sample also reflect an increase in the number of electrons in the structure of G5. Figure 9 clearly depicts the changes in the number of electrons, which are the primary reason for the C eff parameter findings. Figure 8 depicts the variation in the effective electron density (N eff) values of the examined glass samples as a function of energy. The change in electron value owing to the Z increase indicated in the previous section was seen as an upward trend in the N eff value from G1 to G5, with the highest values found for G5. Electrons play a well-known role in the interaction of gamma rays with matter. The quantity of interaction in the G5 glass is likely to be the largest of the five investigated glasses, since more electrons would produce more interaction probabilities; this is a significant result pertaining to the G5’s superior absorption features. The buildup factor also serves as a good approximation, and its low values suggest that the absorption process of the material in the calculated mean free path values is outstanding [45]. Figures 10 and 11 display the variation of computed exposure build-up factor (EBF) and energy absorption build-up factor (EABF) values for G1 and G5 glasses containing 0 and 20 mol% WO3 at different mfp values from 0.5 to 40, respectively. The EBF and EABF values of the sample without the WO3 additive are much greater compared to the sample with 20% WO3, as shown in Figures 10 and 11. This is a consequence of the 20 mol% TeO2/WO3 translocation and demonstrates improved absorption properties. This suggests that the rate of photon interactions in the glass doped with 20 mol% WO3 is high. As is well-known, a large number of contacts between the incident photon and attenuator material is a vital signal that the absorption process would progress at a quicker pace, quantitatively [46–52]. Overall calculated absorption properties for energetic photons were found to be consistent, and 20 mol% WO3-doped glass (i.e., G5) was shown to be the optimum composition for absorbing energetic gamma rays among the investigated glass samples.

Figure 1 Variation of investigated glass densities.
Figure 1

Variation of investigated glass densities.

Figure 2 A typical setup for gamma-ray transmission measurements.
Figure 2

A typical setup for gamma-ray transmission measurements.

Figure 3 Variation of linear attenuation coefficient (cm−1) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.
Figure 3

Variation of linear attenuation coefficient (cm−1) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.

Figure 4 Variation of mass attenuation coefficients (cm2/g) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.
Figure 4

Variation of mass attenuation coefficients (cm2/g) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.

Figure 5 Variation of HVL (cm) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.
Figure 5

Variation of HVL (cm) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.

Figure 6 Variation of mean free path (cm) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.
Figure 6

Variation of mean free path (cm) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.

Figure 7 Variation of effective atomic number (Z eff) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.
Figure 7

Variation of effective atomic number (Z eff) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.

Figure 8 Variation of effective conductivity (C eff) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.
Figure 8

Variation of effective conductivity (C eff) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.

Figure 9 Variation of effective electron density (electrons/g) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.
Figure 9

Variation of effective electron density (electrons/g) with photon energy (MeV) for all G1–G5 glasses.

Figure 10 Variation of EBF of G1 and G5 glasses at different mean free path values.
Figure 10

Variation of EBF of G1 and G5 glasses at different mean free path values.

Figure 11 Variation of EABF of G1 and G5 glasses at different mean free path values.
Figure 11

Variation of EABF of G1 and G5 glasses at different mean free path values.

4 Conclusion

High-density glasses prepared using the conventional melt-quenching method have become the focus of many researchers in terms of their radiation shielding capacity. Based on the work in which amorphous glass structures were synthesized before, the ability to control glass densities relatively by changing the additive ratio is very valuable in terms of minimizing the destructive effects of radiation. The gamma ray attenuation parameters were investigated in this study for the TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glass system. Glass materials have shown to be non-toxic and have a high level of endurance, making them an intriguing option for shielding investigation and development where many scientists and engineers have taken these advantages into considerations to utilize glass materials as optical and radiation shielding applications. Tellurite glass has attracted strong interest as a possible component for lasers, fibers, and nonlinear optical systems for its potential properties and high density. An investigation of the radiation shielding properties for the five glass samples were obtained with a broad spectrum of input photon energies in order to compare the nuclear attenuation shielding capabilities. Between the five sample G5 showed to have the highest density of 5.3355 (g/cm3) while the rest of the glass samples varies from 5.0879 to 5.3246 (g/cm3). MAC values at an energy of 0.8 MeV for G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 samples were 0.066942, 0.067696, 0.067404, 0.068158, and 0.068911, making G5 the prominent sample. Moreover, throughout the investigation of HVL values, G5 was the prominent of having the least HVL value through the whole spectrum of photon energies. Furthermore, both the (Z eff) and (C eff) values in G5 sample were the highest of all samples. Making it more efficient at absorbing the incident photon energy as well as a potential option for gamma radiation shielding materials. In this study, it is an important result that WO3 in the glass composition increases the effective atomic number of the glasses and significantly reduces the mean free path. Considering that the radiation shielding capabilities of the element changes, it was clearly seen from the results of this study that the WO3-doped glass structures exhibit superior properties On the other hand, thanks to new features such as optical band gap and glass densities added to glasses, it may be possible to gain new materials in various application areas. It is also an important factor that the glasses used as alternative radiation shielding materials are non-toxic compared to pure Pb or PbO-doped materials.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R149), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R149), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: H.O.T. – conceptualization, writing – original draft, supervision, writing – review and editing; G.A. – visualization, software, writing – original draft; H.M.H.Z. – formal analysis, data curation; G.K. – data curation, formal analysis, writing – original draft; E.I. – data curation, formal analysis, writing – original draft; D.S.B. – visualization, software; E.R. – visualization, software, A.E. – methodology, funding acquisition. (Author A.E. would like to thank “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Romania, for the material and technical support).

  3. Conflict of interest: None.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-01-27
Revised: 2023-02-09
Accepted: 2023-02-09
Published Online: 2023-03-04

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0289
Keywords for this article
tellurite glasses; GdF3; WO3; gamma-ray; glass shields
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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