Home Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
Article Open Access

Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors

  • Başak Gökçe EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 30, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of anthraquinone (AQ) compounds on the activity of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). The interaction between GST and some AQs (alizarin, purpurin, quinizarin, and dantron) was investigated, and IC50 and K i levels were determined for each compound. The results obtained reveal that these compounds are potent GST inhibitors. K i values of these compounds against GST were found ranging from 9.133 ± 0.895 to 36.992 ± 6.194 μM. In the in vitro study, purpurin was identified as the most potent AQ against GST. Thereafter, binding mode exploration of purpurin to the enzyme was undertaken to elucidate its mechanism of action. To this end, molecular docking was conducted. According to the docking results, purpurin can bind to the enzyme and form a stable complex. Together with this, binding potential of purpurin was less than the standard ligand. Examination of both the inhibitory activity in vitro and molecular docking interactions of these anticancer agents with GST, an enzyme important for detoxification metabolism, led to the identification of important relationships between these compounds and GST. The findings may offer structural direction for developing superior anticancer drugs or powerful GST inhibitors.

Keywords: GSTs; inhibition; anthraquinones; docking

1 Introduction

The enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.1.18) has a valuable function in the elimination of exogenous and endogenous xenobiotics [1]. Xenobiotic detoxification occurs enzymatically in three distinct stages of metabolism. Phases I and II entail the transfer of lipophilic compounds, whereas in phase III the detoxification processes are separated into phase I and phase II reactions [2,3]. During Phase I, the cytochrome P450 enzyme system plays a critical role as the primary barrier against foreign substances in the body [4]. In Phase II, conjugation reactions occur among the polar compounds generated by the Phase I reactions. The multifunctional enzyme family takes part in phase II reactions and aids in linking a considerable number of electrophiles with glutathione (GSH). GSH transferases are members of a family of phase II detoxification enzymes. They catalyze the conjugation of endogenous and exogenous sources to less toxic metabolites that are generally easier to eliminate [5]. At this point, polar compounds produced by phase I reactions experience conjugation reactions [6]. Conjugation reactions comprise chemical processes where external substances combine with internal substances within the organism to enhance their excretion from the body. GSTs facilitate the initial stage of mercapturic acid production, which serves as the ultimate water-soluble substance in the detoxification metabolic process. Acids produced in the liver are transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where they are excreted in the urine [7].

Anthraquinones (AQs) are the aromatic compounds, which are the largest group of naturally and synthetically occurring quinones. AQs represent a significant compound class with broad applications stemming from their biological properties [8]. Aloe and rhubarb are plants that contain AQs and have been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for over 4,000 years due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. AQs, whether natural or synthetic, are effective as therapeutic agents, including laxatives and mild tranquilizers. They are also utilized in a variety of commercial applications, such as cosmetics, food, and textiles [9,10]. Although AQs have similar chemical structures, differences in biological activity are attributed to specific functional groups attached to certain positions, such as hydroxyl groups. Carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity have been reported for some AQs. In addition, some AQs used in this study such as alizarin, purpurin, dantrone, and quinizarin are used as anticancer agents as well [11].

Alizarin has been found to have a strong inhibitory effect on human colon carcinoma and bone tumors [12,13]. Purpurin, an AQ derived from Rubia plant roots, exhibits antioxidant effects responsible for its antigenotoxic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities in both in vivo and in vitro tests.

In a study investigating the anticancer potential of AQs, it was found that treatment with dantrone and quinizarin reduced both highly metastatic melanoma mouse cells and intracellular polyamine levels effectively [14,15]. However, more information is needed on their biological properties. Therefore, this study focuses on the biological impact of particular AQ derivatives (alizarin, purpurin, quinizarin, and dantrone) through their interactions with GST.

Based on the information provided, this study aims to ascertain the inhibitory effects of several AQs on the GST enzyme. In addition, the relationship between the compounds showed the strongest inhibition effect and GST enzyme activity was determined to use molecular docking analysis. In this study, the primary goal was to examine the potential for GST enzyme inhibitors to undergo structural modifications and pharmacological research advancement.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

All chemical ingredients were procured from Merck and the enzyme GST (human placenta GST, 2.5.1.18) used was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sternheim, Germany). All chemicals utilized in the investigation were of analytic purity.

2.2 GST activity assay

The compounds’ inhibition activities of the GST enzyme were assessed using the same methods as in earlier studies conducted [16]. Briefly, the activity of GST was assayed at 25°C with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 20 mM GSH, and 25 mM CDNB were used as the reconstitution medium for enzyme activity. In enzyme research, an enzyme unit is the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1 μmol of substrate to product in 1 min. Absorbance changes at 340 nm for 1 min were measured with a spectrophotometer. The GST enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 25°C using reduced GSH and CDNB as substrates.

2.3 Enzyme inhibition studies

The inhibition efficiency of four AQ compounds on the GST was examined. These compounds are both naturally and synthetically available and were widely used and investigated for their various biological properties [17,18,19]. A UV/Vis spectrophotometer was used for enzyme inhibition studies. For this purpose, the absorbance of the control sample was measured without the tested compound and designated as 100% activity. The activities of additional samples, prepared using various inhibitor concentrations, were quantified by measuring their absorbances. In this context, the reduction activity indicated the inhibition potential of a sample, and enzyme activity-concentration plots were plotted for each tested substance. IC50 values were determined by employing the graphical equation to calculate the concentration of inhibitor required for a 50% decrease in enzyme activity. K i values were determined through the use of Lineweaver–Burk plots generated from the analysis of five distinct substrate concentrations. Inhibitors were added to the reaction mixture at two different concentrations and all experimental measurements were repeated three times to determine the K i constants.

2.4 Molecular docking

The human GST crystal structure was obtained from the RCSB protein data bank (PDB) (https://www.rcsb.org/). The human GST structure with a PDB code of 2GSS has a 1.9 Å resolution and an inhibitor, ethacrynic acid, is complexed in it [20].

Molecular docking of the most active hydroxyanthraquinone derivative in the in vitro study, purpurin, was performed by using AutoDock Vina as described in previous studies and compared to the bound ligand [21,22]. The docking analysis results were viewed using Biovia Discovery Studio and subsequently scrutinized.

2.5 Statistical analysis

All procedures were carried out a minimum of three times. The data were analyzed utilizing SPSS 25.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). ANOVA was used to compare the analysis of variance at the lowest significance level (p < 0.05).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 GST enzyme inhibition

Inhibition effect was determined by kinetic study for alizarin, purpurin, quinizarin, and dantron on GST activity. All AQs utilized in the research significantly impeded the activity of the GST enzyme at micromolar levels, as demonstrated in Table 1. The K i values and types of inhibition for all compounds were determined and are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Values for IC50, K i, and inhibition types of AQ compounds on GST enzyme activity

IC50 (μM) R 2 K i (μM) Inhibition types
Alizarin 43.268 ± 8.684 0.992 29.588 ± 4.365 Noncompetitive
Purpurin 16.635 ± 3.247 0.992 9.133 ± 0.895 Competitive
Quinizarin 31.203 ± 7.589 0.992 20.018 ± 3.287 Noncompetitive
Dantron 40.310 ± 11.024 0.990 36.992 ± 6.194 Noncompetitive

For these AQs, inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) up to 50% inhibition were calculated using regression analysis plots as shown in Figure 1. IC50 values were obtained ranging from 16.635 ± 3.247 to 43.268 ± 8.684 µM as shown in Table 1. In vitro studies revealed that GST was effectively inhibited by these compounds. To comprehend the nature of GST inhibition, kinetic experiments were conducted using varying concentrations of compounds. Each concentration of inhibitors had corresponding changes to the concentrations of GSH substrates. Lineweaver–Burk plots were generated by graphing 1/v vs 1/(GSH) for various concentrations of the compounds screened in Figure 2. The K i values and inhibition modes of the compounds tested in the study are shown in Table 1. According to the table, K i values ranged from 9.133 ± 0.895 to 36.992 ± 6.194 μM (Table 1). Purpurin showed the strongest inhibition effect with IC50 value of 16.635 ± 3.247 μM and K i value of 9.133 ± 0.895 μM.

Figure 1 Enzyme activity and inhibitor concentration graphs for IC50 calculation and chemical structures of used AQs including alizarin, dantron, purpurin, and quinizarin.
Figure 1

Enzyme activity and inhibitor concentration graphs for IC50 calculation and chemical structures of used AQs including alizarin, dantron, purpurin, and quinizarin.

Figure 2 For alizarin, dantron, purpurin, and quinizarin, K i values were calculated and inhibition modes determined using Lineweaver–Burk plots.
Figure 2

For alizarin, dantron, purpurin, and quinizarin, K i values were calculated and inhibition modes determined using Lineweaver–Burk plots.

Although all compounds strongly inhibited the enzyme at the micro molar level; alizarin, dantron and quinizarin showed similar values, while purpurin showed a lower inhibition value. This can be explained by the extra hydroxyl group, which makes the purpurin compound more polar, while the three AQ structures have very similar structure and functional group.

Only purpurin exhibited competitive inhibition, while all other compounds exhibited non-competitive inhibition effect. This suggests that purpurin binds to the enzyme’s active site, whereas other compounds attach to a separate site outside of the enzyme’s active site. In order to evaluate and elucidate the binding mechanism better, molecular docking studies were performed.

In the literature, there are a small number of studies on GST inhibition and inhibitory effects of AQs. The effects of some beta-lactam group antibiotics [23], infectious drugs [24], calcium channel blockers [25], chalcones [26], and benzenesulfonamide derivatives [27] on GST were investigated and it was determined that these compounds strongly reduced the enzyme activity. It has also been shown that some naphthoquinone, benzoquinone, and AQ derivatives strongly reduced the paraoxonase 1 enzyme [28,29], which is noted for its strong antioxidant and anticardiovascular properties in metabolism.

However, there are no current studies on the interaction between AQs, which are used for various therapeutic benefits, and GST, which is an important enzyme in detoxification metabolism. The study is unique in this respect. According to the general evaluation, treatment with low doses of drugs or herbs containing these AQ structures is recommended due to the high inhibition effect of GST. This is of vital importance in terms of the beneficial and harmful aspects of treatment.

3.2 Molecular docking

Molecular docking was conducted to determine the binding mode of the highly potent hydroxyanthraquinone, purpurin, to GST (PDB code: 2GSS). Molecular docking of the complexed inhibitor in the structure utilized, ethacrynic acid, was first undertaken to validate the docking process. Ethacrynic acid interacted with three conventional hydrogen bonds (Tyr7, Arg13, and Asn204), a carbon-hydrogen bond (Gly205), and other interactions (Phe8, Val10, Val35, Trp38, and Tyr108) (Table 2, Figure 3). In a previous crystallographic structural elucidation, ethacrynic acid had interactions with Tyr7, Phe8, Val10, Arg13, Trp38, Ile104, Tyr108, and Gly205 [20]. All these interactions except the one with Ile104 were detected in the docking analysis (Table 2, Figure 3).

Table 2

Binding residues of ethacrynic acid and purpurin with GST

Molecule Interaction residues Bonding type Distance (Å)
Ethacrynic acid Tyr7 Conventional hydrogen bond 2.77
Phe8 Alkyl 4.21
Val10 Pi-alkyl 5.19
Arg13 Conventional hydrogen bond 2.54
Val35 Alkyl 4.53
Trp38 Alkyl 4.40
Tyr108 Pi–pi 5.12
Tyr108 Pi–sigma 3.53
Asn204 Conventional hydrogen bond 3.32
Gly205 Carbon hydrogen bond 2.99
Purpurin Phe8 Pi–pi 3.84
Phe8 Pi–pi 4.81
Ile104 Pi–alkyl 5.50
Tyr108 Conventional hydrogen bond 2.22
Tyr108 Pi–pi 5.12
Tyr108 Pi–pi 5.26
Gly205 Conventional hydrogen bond 2.85
Figure 3 Binding profile of ethacrynic acid and purpurin with GST (hydrogen bonding points are depicted in green).
Figure 3

Binding profile of ethacrynic acid and purpurin with GST (hydrogen bonding points are depicted in green).

Purpurin interacted with GST effectively. However, its interaction strength was weaker than ethacrynic acid. Purpurin interacted with GST via two standard hydrogen bonds (Tyr108 and Gly205) and five additional interactions (Phe8(2), Ile104, and Tyr108(2)) as presented in Table 2 and Figure 3. All the interaction points detected in this study were observed in previous crystallographic structural analysis [20].

In a previous computational study, ethacrynic acid linked two hydrogen bonds at Tyr7 and Tyr108 residues with GST [27]. A GST inhibitor had also three hydrogen bonds at Tyr7, Arg13, and Leu58 residues as reported in a previous study that included docking [25]. Similarly, various GST inhibitor ligands had various interactions with the interaction residues in this study [24,25,27]. In short, the binding mechanism of ethacrynic acid to GST that was detected in this study was in line with previous experimental and computational studies. The level of assurance by the previous studies showed that the docking process would be reliable.

Computational studies reported similar interaction with these residues [24,25,27]. Furthermore, purpurin exhibited a similar binding mode with ethacrynic acid but with weaker strength (Table 2, Figure 3). Interactions of purpurin at all the residues except Ile104 were also observed in the interaction of ethacrynic acid. The interaction at Ile104 was observed in a previous experimental structural elucidation [20]. Hence, the interactions observed fit with previous experimental and computational studies as well as the interaction of ethacrynic acid detected in this study. On the other hand, the binding energy of purpurin (−7.4 kcal/mol) was slightly lower than that of ethacrynic acid (−6.8 kcal/mol). Therefore, it is expected to exhibit slightly greater affinity for the enzyme.

4 Conclusion

In recent years, the investigation of various enzymes and pharmaceutical activities with toxicological mechanisms has gained importance for drug design and the evaluation of side effects. In this study, the inhibitory effects of alizarin, purpurin, kinizarin and dantron against GST, one of the leading enzymes with important properties in detoxification metabolism, were evaluated. In conclusion, all AQs showed strong inhibitory effects on GST. This shows that certain doses of the drugs used may cause a decrease in Phase II GST enzyme activity. Since these beneficial AQs strongly inhibit the GST enzyme, they can lead to serious inefficiency in detoxification reactions. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis was conducted to examine the binding modes of the most potent compound at the active site of the designated enzyme and establish its correlation with experimental results.

The GST inhibition activity of purpurin determined through the wet-lab study was investigated via molecular docking. According to the docking analysis, purpurin demonstrated the capability to bind to the enzyme. However, its binding capacity was inferior to the conventional inhibitor, ethacrynic acid.

By studying the interaction between certain anticancer agents and GST, this research provides novel methods for evaluating cancer progression. Therefore, the possible side effects of long-term use of these anticancer compounds should be well considered and their dosage should be kept under control. Furthermore, these results may lead to promising cancer drug target discovery. In this context, modifying chemical structures further could enhance comprehension of the structure–activity relationships as well as significant interactions at the target enzyme’s active site.

Acknowledgement

The author is grateful for Dr. Muhammed Tilahun Muhammed from Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University for his supportive discussions. Also, the author would like to thank Dr. Elif Aktürk from Department of Western Languages and Literature, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University for editing the study in English.

  1. Funding information: The author received no financial support for this research.

  2. Author contributions: B.G.: conceptualization, methodology, writing – original draft.

  3. Conflict of interest: The author declare that they have no known conflicts of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The carried out research is not associated with the utilization of either humans or animals.

  5. Data availability statement: The data produced and analyzed in this study can be obtained upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

References

[1] Li X. Glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase in detoxification mechanisms. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, Syversen T, Casciano DA, Sahu SC, editors. General, Applied and Systems Toxicology. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons; 2011. 10.1002/9780470744307.gat166.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR. Glutathione transferases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:51–88.10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095857Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem. 1974;249(22):7130–9.10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42083-8Search in Google Scholar

[4] Tompkins LM, Wallace AD. Mechanisms of cytochrome P450 induction. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2007;21(4):176–81.10.1002/jbt.20180Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Gonzalez FJ. Role of cytochromes P450 in chemical toxicity and oxidative stress: studies with CYP2E1. Mutat Res/Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen. 2005;569(1–2):101–10.10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.04.021Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[6] Keen JH, Jakoby WB. Glutathione transferases. Catalysis of nucleophilic reactions of glutathione. J Biol Chem. 1978;253:5654–7.10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30317-4Search in Google Scholar

[7] Armstrong RN. Structure, catalytic mechanism, and evolution of the glutathione transferases. Chem Res Toxicol. 1997;10:2–18.10.1021/tx960072xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[8] Malik EM, Müller CE. Anthraquinones as pharmacological tools and drugs. Med Res Rev. 2016;36(4):705–48.10.1002/med.21391Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Duval J, Pecher V, Poujol M, Lesellier E. Research advances for the extraction, analysis and uses of anthraquinones: A review. Ind Crop Prod. 2016;94:812–33.10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.056Search in Google Scholar

[10] Li Y, Jiang JG. Health functions and structure–activity relationships of natural anthraquinones from plants. Food Funct. 2018;9(12):6063–80.10.1039/C8FO01569DSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Malmir M, Serrano R, Silva O. Anthraquinones as potential antimicrobial agents-A review. In: Mendez-Vilas A, editor. Antimicrobial Research: Novel Bioknowledge and Educational Programs. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex Research Center S.L.; 2017. p. 55–61.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Fotia C, Avnet S, Granchi D, Baldini N. The natural compound Alizarin as an osteotropic drug for the treatment of bone tumors. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(9):1486–92.10.1002/jor.22101Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Gregory CA, Gunn WG, Peister A, Prockop DJ. An Alizarin red-based assay of mineralization by adherent cells in culture: Comparison with cetylpyridinium chloride extraction. Anal Biochem. 2004;329(1):77–84.10.1016/j.ab.2004.02.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Singh J, Hussain Y, Luqman S, Meena A. Purpurin: A natural anthraquinone with multifaceted pharmacological activities. Phytother Res. 2021;35(5):2418–28.10.1002/ptr.6965Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Rossi S, Tabolacci C, Lentini A, Provenzano B, Carlomosti F, Frezzotti S, et al. Anthraquinones dantron and quinizarin exert antiproliferative and antimetastatic activity on murine B16-F10 melanoma cells. Anticancer Res. 2010;30(2):445–9.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Vontas JG, Enayati AA, Small GJ, Hemingway J. A simple biochemical assay for glutathione S-transferase activity and its possible field application for screening glutathione S-transferase-based insecticide resistance. Pestic Biochem Phys. 2000;68(3):184–92.10.1006/pest.2000.2512Search in Google Scholar

[17] Huang Q, Lu G, Shen HM, Chung MC, Ong CN. Anti‐cancer properties of anthraquinones from rhubarb. Med Res Rev. 2007;27(5):609–30.10.1002/med.20094Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Tikhomirov AS, Shtil AA, Shchekotikhin AE. Advances in the discovery of anthraquinone-based anticancer agents. Recent Pat Anti-cancer Drug Discov. 2018;13(2):159–83.10.2174/1574892813666171206123114Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] Siddamurthi S, Gutti G, Jana S, Kumar A, Singh SK. Anthraquinone: a promising scaffold for the discovery and development of therapeutic agents in cancer therapy. Future Med Chem. 2020;12(11):1037–69.10.4155/fmc-2019-0198Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Oakley AJ, Rossjohn J, Lo Bello M, Caccuri AM, Federici G, Parker MW. The three-dimensional structure of the human Pi class glutathione transferase P1-1 in complex with the inhibitor ethacrynic acid and its glutathione conjugate. Biochem. 1997;36:576–85.10.1021/bi962316iSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Trott O, Olson A. Autodock vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking. J Comput Chem. 2010;31:455–61.10.1002/jcc.21334Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Muhammed MT, Kuyucuklu G, Kaynak-Onurdag F, Aki-Yalcin E. Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and molecular modeling studies of some benzoxazole derivatives. Lett Drug Des Discov. 2022;19:757–68.10.2174/1570180819666220408133643Search in Google Scholar

[23] Türkan F, Huyut Z, Huyut MT, Calimli MH. In vivo biochemical evaluations of some b-lactam group antibiotics on glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase enzyme activities. Life Sci. 2019;231:116572.10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116572Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[24] Türkeş C, Demir Y, Beydemir Ş. Infection medications: Assessment in‐vitro glutathione S‐transferase inhibition and molecular docking study. ChemistrySelect. 2021;6(43):11915–24.10.1002/slct.202103197Search in Google Scholar

[25] Türkeş C, Kesebir AÖ, Demir Y, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, Beydemir Ş. Calcium channel blockers: The effect of glutathione S‐transferase enzyme activity and molecular docking studies. ChemistrySelect. 2021;6(40):11137–43.10.1002/slct.202103100Search in Google Scholar

[26] Özaslan MS, Demir Y, Aslan HE, Beydemir Ş, Küfrevioğlu Öİ. Evaluation of chalcones as inhibitors of glutathione S‐transferase. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2018;32(5):e22047.10.1002/jbt.22047Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[27] Taslimi P, Işık M, Türkan F, Durgun M, Türkeş C, Gülçin İ, et al. Benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potent acetylcholinesterase, α-glycosidase, and glutathione S-transferase inhibitors: biological evaluation and molecular docking studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;39(15):5449–60.10.1080/07391102.2020.1790422Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] Demir Y. Naphthoquinones, benzoquinones, and anthraquinones: Molecular docking, ADME and inhibition studies on human serum paraoxonase‐1 associated with cardiovascular diseases. Drug Dev Res. 2020;81(5):628–36.10.1002/ddr.21667Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Gökçe B. Investigation effects of some anthraquinones on human paraoxonase 1 (hPON1). Balıkesir Üniv Fen Bilim Enst Derg. 2019;21(2):546–53.10.25092/baunfbed.624457Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-09-17
Revised: 2023-10-21
Accepted: 2023-11-01
Published Online: 2023-11-30

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0159
Keywords for this article
GSTs; inhibition; anthraquinones; docking
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 1.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0159/html
Scroll to top button