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Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects

  • Jingli Ni , Sally Negm , Attalla F. El-kott , Heba I. Ghamry and Bikash Karmakar EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 5, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

Panax ginseng has many therapeutic uses in medicine. In the recent research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were formulated by the Panax ginseng aqueous extract. The synthesized AgNPs’ characterization was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and elemental mapping. The AgNPs were analyzed for their surface morphology by SEM. The successful synthesis of AgNPs was evident with TEM images. The AgNPs had a uniform distribution and homogenous spherical shaped morphology with mean diameter in the range of 20–30 nm. The cytotoxic and anti-lung adenocarcinoma ‎potentials of biologically formulated AgNPs‎ against NCI-H1563‎, NCI-H1437‎, NCI-H1299‎, and NCI-H2126 cells were determined. The anti-lung adenocarcinoma ‎ properties of the AgNPs ‎ removed NCI-H1563‎, NCI-H1437‎, NCI-H1299‎, and NCI-H2126 cells. The AgNPs’ IC50‎ were 193, 156, 250, and 278 µg/mL against NCI-H1563‎, NCI-H1437‎, NCI-H1299‎, and NCI-H2126 cells, respectively. Also, AgNPs presented high antioxidant potential.

Keywords: AgNPs; Panax ginseng leaf; lung carcinoma

1 Introduction

Recently, nanotechnology has become an important and effective technology for science on a global scale [1,2,3]. Engineering based nanotechnology is a powerful tool that has opened new ways of research and development in environmental science, agriculture, cosmetics, material science, bioscience, medicine, food, and information technology [4,5,6,7,8]. It is applied as a tool to understand how the nano-sized materials change physicochemical properties [8,9,10,11]. In fact, nanotechnology is a very practical knowledge that includes a wide range of sciences, and developing countries need investment and special attention to this science to improve the situation in the fields of treatment and health, environment, energy, and water. Nanomaterials main unit is placed in this range in three-dimensional space [12,13,14]. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown their effects in a broad spectrum against both groups of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and several cancers. For example, ZnO and AgNPs show concentration dependent antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, respectively. However, while different types of nanoparticles often have different effects [11,12,13,14,15], their anticancer mechanisms have not been fully determined. Anticancer mechanisms of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that have been accepted so far are generally described in one of these three models: (1) induction of oxidative stress, (2) release of metal ions, or (3) non-oxidative mechanisms [10,11,12,13,14]. The modern formulation development over several types of AgNPs of different shapes and sizes have witnessed outstanding antimicrobial effects [13,14,15,16,17].

Natural molecules synthesized from herbs have helped in the formulation of modern anti-inflammatory supplements with significant remedial efficacy and less toxicity in the treatment of diseases [18,19,20]. Metal NPs green-synthesized by plants have unique therapeutic effects. Currently, various physical and chemical processes are applied for the metal NPs formulation, which enables researchers to obtain NPs with their desired properties [21,22,23,24,25,26]. However, these production methods are usually expensive and also seriously dangerous for the living organisms and environment, so there is a great need for an affordable and environmentally friendly alternative method to produce NPs [27,28,29,30]. During the last decades, it has been shown that several biological systems including human cells, fungi, yeasts, bacteria, diatoms, algae, and plants can convert inorganic metal ions into metal NPs through reducing capacities. Today, the biological sources of NP synthesis follow more harmless protocols, and if NPs are used in fields related to human health, it is easy to make an aseptic environment during the NP biosynthesis process [28,29,30,31]. The NPs production by plants has major advantages over other biological systems including yield on a higher scale, low cost in cultivation, short production time, safety, and compatibility with the environment [31,32,33,34]. In the green method of producing metal NPs, some medicinal plants are used [33,34,35].

In this research, we are interested to spread a procedure for AgNPs fabrication by Panax ginseng leaf (Figure 1), without using any toxic regents. The poly hydroxy phyto-organic molecules of P. ginseng facilitated the green synthesis of AgNPs without aggregation and afforded spherical shape with very good dispersion. The bioformulated AgNPs were analyzed and their toxicity determined on lung cancer cells.

Figure 1 Image of P. ginseng leaf.
Figure 1

Image of P. ginseng leaf.

2 Experimental method

2.1 Materials

All materials were provided by Sigma Aldrich chemicals. P. ginseng leaf was obtained from the medical plant market.

2.2 Preparation of plant extract

The P. ginseng leaves aqueous extract was obtained by boiling 30 g dried plant part in deionized water for 30 min. A rotary evaporator system was applied to reduce the extract volume. Then, the concentrated extract was transferred to a freeze drier for 48 h.

2.3 AgNPs synthesis

An aqueous solution of freshly prepared AgNO3 (10 mM, 10 mL) was mixed with the prepared extract (20 mL) and irradiated over ultrasonic conditions at 60°C for 1 h. The formation of AgNPs was indicated by the solution darkening to dark brown, due to the AgNPs’ plasmon resonance band. The biosynthesized AgNPs were isolated from the medium by centrifugation. The synthesized AgNPs’ characterization was analyzed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and elemental mapping.

2.4 MTT assay protocol

2.4.1 Cell lines

In the experiment, the lung adenocarcinoma cells (NCI-H1563‎, NCI-H1437‎, NCI-H1299‎, and NCI-H2126‎‎) were used.

2.4.2 Cell culture and MTT assay

To assess the cytotoxic effect, several concentrations of NPs were prepared and used in the experiment. The cells’ survival percentage was studied after 24, 48, and 72 h. Cells in 1640-RPMI culture medium were enriched with 10% FBS and streptomycin (50 µg/mL) and penicillin (50 IU/mL) antibiotics. The cultivation was carried out at 95% humidity saturation. After 5–6 passages, the cells were in the logarithmic phase of growth. After passaging the cells and counting them with a Marienfeld hemocytometer, 3 × 104 cells were poured into each well of the 96-well plate. For 24 h, it was placed in the CO2 incubator of Mamrat Company with the culture medium containing serum, so that the cells stick to the well bottom. Then, the wells were treated with 20 µL of the desired concentrations and 100 µL of fresh medium, and each treatment was repeated three times. Then, the plates were transferred to a CO2 incubator for 24, 48, and 72 h, after which, it was removed from the previous environment and washed with buffer. Then, 10 µL of MTT solution (Sigma) and 100 µL of fresh medium without serum was added to the wells and placed in a CO2 incubator for 4 h. Then, the wells’ supernatant was discarded and 150 mL of DMSO (Shikma Company) was added to each well for cell lysis. Then, the light absorption belonging to each well at a wavelength between 570 and 590 nm was read by the Diagnostic device and used to calculate the viability of the cells using the following formula:

Cell viability ( % ) = Sample A Control A × 100 .

In this research, different concentrations of NPs were used as treatment groups and a group without NPs was used as a negative control. At the end, the treated cells were photographed using a Zeiss light microscope (Axiostar Plus) equipped with a Canon (Japan) camera [36].

2.5 Statistical analysis

The data statistical analysis was performed by SPSS24 software (ANOVA tests (p < 0.01)), according to the results of the Shapiro–Wilk test, all the data had a usual distribution.

3 Results and discussion

The AgNPs green synthesis was designed based on a bio-inspired procedure by using aqueous extract of P. ginseng leaf as natural reducing/stabilizing agent. The extracted phytocomponents facilitated the silver ions’ sustainable reduction. The characterization of synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, EDX, SEM, FT-IR, TEM and elemental mapping.

The AgNPs’ successful synthesis was visibly confirmed by the dark brown color of the solution. UV-Vis indicates a broad hump at ∼450 nm (λ max), being recorded from 5 min of the reaction to 60 min (Figure 2).

Figure 2 UV-Vis spectrum of biosynthesis of AgNPs in the presence of P. ginseng leaf extract.
Figure 2

UV-Vis spectrum of biosynthesis of AgNPs in the presence of P. ginseng leaf extract.

TEM was applied to test the morphology, size, and shape of AgNPs synthesized by P. ginseng leaf extract (Figure 3). The TEM findings demonstrated the existence of nanoparticle as spherical shapes and well-dispersed with mean diameter within 20–30 nm.

Figure 3 TEM images of AgNPs.
Figure 3

TEM images of AgNPs.

The synthesized AgNPs’ purity has been assessed by the EDX as reported in Figure 4. The results depict a sharp peak at 3 keV, confirmed the AgNPs as the maximum proportion. The carbon and oxygen small signals are detected in the lower energy region, assigned to the P. ginseng leaf component.

Figure 4 EDX data of synthesized AgNPs.
Figure 4

EDX data of synthesized AgNPs.

The EDX data were investigated by elemental mapping analysis. A segment of SEM image was scanned by X-ray (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Elemental mapping analysis of AgNPs.
Figure 5

Elemental mapping analysis of AgNPs.

Today, plant natural products have provided a better model for designing the therapeutic agent’s potential than synthetic drugs. Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation and cells migration that has afflicted mankind since ancient times. Cancer treatment has always been a mystery [37,38,39]. The largest cause of death in both women and men is reported to be cancer. Cancer is a general threat to the health of all humans. Every year, about 7,000,000 modern causes of cancer are identified and about 5,000,000 people die from it. Published research works indicate that around 14,000,000 people in the world are suffering from cancer. Recently, many research works have been made to combine drugs that have anti-cancer potential, and following that, hundreds of chemical medicinal agents that have anti-cancer properties have also been made [37,38]. But an anti-cancer drug must first of all be able to kill or disable cancer cells without causing much usual cell damage [38,39]. While chemical drugs have relatively improved a lot and modified forms of synthetic drugs have been researched and determined as an important aspect [39], natural products have the ability to act as models. Cancer cells are found six to ten times in a person's life. When human body immune system is strong, cancer cells are prevented and destroyed. When a person is diagnosed with cancer, it is a sign that the person has nutritional deficiencies. These deficiencies may be of lifestyle, food, environmental, and genetic factors [37,38,39]. Chemotherapy, while causing fast-growing cancer cells’ immediate poisoning, also removes fast-growing cancer cells in the intestines, bone marrow, etc., and can cause organ damage such as lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys [38,39]. While radiation therapy destroys cancer cells, it also burns and destroys healthy cells. Initial treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy often reduces the size of the tumor. With this situation, long-term radiation therapy and chemotherapy do not lead to more destruction of the tumor. When the body is affected by poisoning caused by radiation therapy and chemotherapy, the immune system is at risk and removed [37,38,39]. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy can cause cancer cells genetic mutation, making them resistant and stable. Therefore, it will be hard to remove them. Failure to deliver nutrients needed by the cell prevents the increase and multiplication of the number of cells [38,39]. Sugar feeds cancer cells. By stopping the consumption of sugar, an important factor of food supply for cancer cells is stopped. Medicinal plants provide health and energy and also cure various diseases such as cancers without causing poisoning. In the last decade, a lot of studies has been done on natural products, which has led to the production of several important plant-based anticancer substances, the most important of which is paclitaxel (Taxol), from the small yew plant [37,38,39].

Figures 6–10 reveal the biosynthesized NPs’ cytotoxicity against lung‎ malignancy cell lines, i.e., NCI-H1563‎, NCI-H1437‎, NCI-H1299‎, and NCI-H2126, and HUVEC. The AgNPs’ IC50‎ were 193, 156, 250, and 278 µg/mL against NCI-H1563‎, NCI-H1437‎, NCI-H1299‎, and NCI-H2126 cells, respectively (Table 1).

Figure 6 The anti-lung cancer potentials of NPs on NCI-H1563.
Figure 6

The anti-lung cancer potentials of NPs on NCI-H1563.

Figure 7 The anti-lung cancer potentials of NPs on NCI-H1437.
Figure 7

The anti-lung cancer potentials of NPs on NCI-H1437.

Figure 8 The anti-lung cancer potentials of NPs on NCI-H1299.
Figure 8

The anti-lung cancer potentials of NPs on NCI-H1299.

Figure 9 The anti-lung cancer potentials of NPs on NCI-H2126.
Figure 9

The anti-lung cancer potentials of NPs on NCI-H2126.

Figure 10 The cytotoxicity potentials of NPs on HUVEC.
Figure 10

The cytotoxicity potentials of NPs on HUVEC.

Table 1

IC50 of AgNPs

HUVEC NCI-H1563 NCI-H1437 NCI-H1299 NCI-H2126
IC50 (µg/mL) — 193 ± 3 156 ± 2 250 ± 2 278 ± 4

Oxidative stress is an imbalance of metabolic reactions and free radicals production that lead to the damage of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids [25,26,27,28]. These damages may occur because of the low level of antioxidants or extra production of radicals. Natural antioxidants and saturated production are necessary to inhibit oxidative stress effects [28,29,30,31]. Antioxidants decrease the free radicals’ harmful effect in the food and biological system in different ways and cause detoxification. It is possible to use NPs produced in a green way using plant substrates to formulate nanomaterials that are compatible with the environment and do not have any harmful materials [32,33,34,35,36]. Currently, the non-toxic materials used in the NPs synthesis is considered to inhibit biological hazards in the pharmaceutical and medical applications [32,33,34,35]. Several researchers have considered plants bioactive substances or other sources such as fungi, yeast, and bacteria for the NPs synthesis [34,35,36]. It is thought that the green formulation method will raise the performance and biocompatibility of metal NPs because of the removal of harmful chemicals. During NPs biological production stages, it is more beneficial to produce them extracellularly by plants or their extracts [27,28,29,30]. The recent research works have indicated that antioxidant properties of metallic NPs significantly increase their anticancer potential [34,35,36,37,38].

4 Conclusion

The study describes a simple and an ultrasound assisted AgNPs green synthesis using aqueous Panax ginseng acting as both the reducing and stabilizing agents. The characterization studies revealed the silver ions reduction as well as their saturation with P. ginseng component. As displayed from TEM analysis, size of the obtained AgNPs was in the range of 20–30 nm and had a spherical shape with suitable monodispersity, and no aggregation was seen. AgNPs were assessed in biological applications on lung cancer cells, i.e., NCI-H1563‎, NCI-H1437‎, NCI-H1299‎, and NCI-H2126. The viability of human cancer cells reduced in the presence of AgNPs.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group Research Project under grant number RGP2/435/44.

  1. Funding information: The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group research.

  2. Author contributions: J.N., S.N., H.I.G., A.F.E., and B.K.: visualization, writing original draft, and formal analysis. J.N., S.N., H.I.G., and A.F.E.: funding acquisition, methodology, and supervision. H.I.G. and B.K.: writing original draft, formal analysis, and writing – review and editing. All authors have reviewed the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest with other people or organizations that could affect this study.

  4. Ethical approval: This research was approved by Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, China.

  5. Data availability statement: The authors declare that the data can be available on request to the authors.

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Received: 2023-06-18
Revised: 2023-07-10
Accepted: 2023-07-12
Published Online: 2023-09-05

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0103
Keywords for this article
AgNPs; Panax ginseng leaf; lung carcinoma
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  2. Regular Articles
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  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
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  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
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  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
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  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
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  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
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  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
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  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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