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An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins

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Published/Copyright: June 13, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

An automated, qualitative and semi-quantitative micro-assay for the detection of plant lectins also known as phyto-agglutinins (glycoproteins; have exciting applications in medicines) is described as an alternative to conventional assays. The method developed in this work is based on hemagglutination (HA) assay that can simultaneously detect the presence and concentration (titer) of lectins in as many as 96 different samples without the aid of an expert eye. We used rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds for making clarified lectin extracts and Arabic gum as positive control in phosphate buffer saline; the method is applicable to all kinds and parts of the plants. Rabbit red blood cells were used in order to carry out the HA assay in a miniaturized experiment using U-welled microplates (MPs). 25 µL of plant extract is sufficient to carry out HA micro-assay at incubation temperature of 38°C for 20 min. The method was standardized with an expert eye and automated by using MP reader. Moreover, a standard curve for the direct interpretation of lectin concentration is also developed by conversion of absorbance values into titer. The method described will save time, material, labor, and simplify the rapid semi-quantification of plant lectins.

Keywords: phyto-agglutinins; hemagglutination assay; hemagglutination titer; microplate reader; rice seed lectins

1 Introduction

Automation of microplate (MP) reading has been potentially utilized by many researchers in many fields including the study of hemagglutination (HA) [1,2]. Due to the lack of digital record, the titer determinations (the reciprocal of the highest two-fold dilution), the initial interpretation by experts is tiresome and commonly done in replicates. The range of potential variables and differences between expert readers make comparing inter-laboratory results difficult [3]. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to initiate an effort for the automation or digitalization of the process.

HA assays are convenient and quick way of measuring the presence and amount of hemagglutinin molecules primarily viruses in a given sample. Beside viruses, HA studies are used for the detection of macromolecules such as glycoproteins or lectins of any origin including plants that are able to bind the sialic acid on red blood cell’s (RBC’s) surfaces causing blood agglutination. This is not a part of the life cycle of viruses or mode of action of lectins to cause blood agglutination but it is a very convenient method to detect these entities and molecules in laboratory settings [3,4,5].

Lectins are ubiquitous carbohydrates binding proteins specifically binding diverse sugars on cell surfaces and results in cell agglutination or initiating a variety of physiological pathways. The role of plant lectins in abiotic and biotic stress resistance, symbiosis, medicine, glycobiology, and in industry has been highlighted by many researchers. Some of its important roles include effectiveness towards plant and human pathogenic fungi, insects, bacteria, and viruses viz. HIV and SARS-Covid-19. The potential applications of plant lectins in various fields of glycobiology, medicines, and agriculture are approved [6,7,8]. Classically, a method of visual observation is widely employed in laboratories for routine coagulology or HA assays due to their simplicity [6]. HA titer can also be easily determined by visual observations [9]. Since properties of blood samples strongly depend on time lapse after blood collection, and the number of samples, which can be analyzed simultaneously by visual method, is limited to a few, and the problem of proper interpretation of the obtained results arises very often due to human error. It concerns, especially, lectins agglutination studies both in crude extracts and in purified form. In this case, the laboratory instrument, an MP reader, can effectively solve the problem. With this, we can monitor changes in light extinction (absorption or transmission) in as many as 96 samples simultaneously [10]. The convenience of an MP reader in aggregation studies has been reported [11,12] and the recent high-quality version allows us to incubate samples at a chosen temperature with shaking, while the most recent one is portable version for on-site detection based on a smart phone [10].

The current report presents miniaturizing, standardizing, and automating blood aggregation studies when used for plant lectins with rabbit RBC’s – by comparison of HA assay results obtained with a visual screening and with a MP reader. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present the semi-quantification of lectin activities in a micro-assay format using MP reader for the interpretation of the results.

2 Materials and methods

The study was carried out in the Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Agricultural University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In our laboratory, the method of MP reader photometry was developed for routine measurements of hemagglutinin activities within small samples. Especially, HA activities of lectins were extracted from plants using rabbit RBC’s. We have used Arabic gum also called acacia gum as positive control, simple phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as negative control, and different varieties of rice seed extracts with unknown lectin activities. Acacia sp. have been found to have potent hemagglutinin activities, while their gum enhances the HA activity of other lectins [13]. We also demonstrated that the assay is suitable for the semi-quantification and characterization of lectins in plant extracts. The results obtained by micro-assay, using MP reader, were comparable to the values determined by visual interpretation, but with improved convenience and cost efficiency, effectively by miniaturization. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present the semi-quantification of lectin activities in a micro-assay format using MP reader for the interpretation of the results.

The reproducibility and linearity of the absorbance signals were determined by a U-welled MP using TC-96 ELISA Microplate Reader (TECO DIAGNOSTICS USA) with a wavelength of 595 nm for HA studies [14].

A standard curve was prepared using the extract of Arabic gum (0.2 g/mL) as positive control at one end point (maximum lectins) and 1× PBS (zero lectins) as negative control at another end point ranging in concentration from 0 HU/mL to a maximum of 4,096 or 5,120 HU/mL (i.e., titer, a reciprocal of two-fold serial dilution).

2.1 Extraction of lectins from plants

Lectin assay buffer i.e., PBS (1×; 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, and 1.8 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.4) was used to extract total lectins from the plant material available in our lab i.e., rice seeds and Arabic gum powder (Sigma Aldrich) by the method used by Bhagyawant et al. [15]. Ground rice seeds and pure Arabic gum powder was taken and dissolved in 1× PBS for centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 15 min. After which the supernatant was transferred into another tube and stored at −20°C. The same method is applicable for the extraction of all types of plants and plant parts, except that seeds require extra step of fat removal to ease the process of lectin analysis [16].

2.2 Preparation of rabbit RBCs preparation

About 2 mL of rabbit blood was obtained in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes from the animal husbandry of Agriculture University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It was immediately centrifuged at 500×g for 10 min and the serum discarded. After that PBS was added to the pellet, gently mixed, and again centrifuged at 500×g for 10 min. The washing process with PBS was repeated twice. After that the pellet (packed rabbit RBCs) was used to make 5% suspension of rabbit RBCs in PBS and stored at 4°C until use. Five percent formulation can be reduced depending on the consistency of the source blood and clearance of our HA assay results [6,15].

2.3 Serial dilution, HA assay, and visual reading of MP

The micro-assay requires 25–100 µL of extract and 5% Californian bred rabbit [6,15]. First a microtiter plate with U-bottomed wells was taken and equal volume (50 µL) of clarified rice seeds’ lectin extract was added in the first well of each row which was then serially diluted with 1× PBS through well 10. Last two wells were reserved for positive (Arabic gum) and negative (PBS) controls, respectively. Then, half volume (25 µL) of 5% rabbit RBC suspension was added into each well and incubated for 20 min at 38–39°C. If incubator is not available, time of incubation can be extended up to 1 h at room temperature. The results are recorded as strong, intermediate, and weak or no agglutination with an expert eye and pictures were taken with eight Megapixel camera and saved for comparison with other observation techniques [6,16].

2.4 HA assay with MP reader

The microtiter plate was prepared by the same method as above for visual analysis and subjected to MP reader (Figure 1). All the 96 samples were read at 595 nm concurrently without shaking and the absorbance recorded [14,15,16]. More than two observations were taken with a time interval of 10–15 min for all the samples. The positive control (Arabic gum) and negative control PBS were taken as standard and their reproducibility was checked. The visual readings and the absorbance of all the samples were compared and interpreted accordingly. Measurements were taken every 10–20 min for 1–2 h. It is especially important to adjust the volume and always use the same sample volume to get the same optical path. In MP reader, the meniscus of the sample in each well works as an optical lens and refracts the optical path. We have used 75 µL, i.e., 50 µL sample and 25 µL RBCs suspension throughout the experiment [17,18]. Endpoint measurements with positive control and negative control were done exactly after predetermined periods, for e.g., every 10–20 min for 1–2 h at 595 nm. The mean absorbance values of positive control were taken as one end and that of negative control as another end obtaining two end points of 0 and 1.5 at 595 nm (Figures 1–4).

Figure 1 A microtiter plate prepared for the HA assay of plant lectins; in each row (a–h), well #1 is undiluted plant extract, wells #2–9 are serial dilution of the extract, well #10 is glucose + extract for inhibition assay, well #11 is positive control, and well #12 is negative control.
Figure 1

A microtiter plate prepared for the HA assay of plant lectins; in each row (a–h), well #1 is undiluted plant extract, wells #2–9 are serial dilution of the extract, well #10 is glucose + extract for inhibition assay, well #11 is positive control, and well #12 is negative control.

Figure 2 Absorbance of HA assay (for the presence of lectins in plant extracts with known strength) via MP reader is plotted on x-axis against titer or lectin’s concentration of the known samples on y-axis to develop a standard curve that will help in finding the titer of samples with unknown lectin concentration.
Figure 2

Absorbance of HA assay (for the presence of lectins in plant extracts with known strength) via MP reader is plotted on x-axis against titer or lectin’s concentration of the known samples on y-axis to develop a standard curve that will help in finding the titer of samples with unknown lectin concentration.

Figure 3 Absorbance of HA assay for the presence of lectins in plant extracts in microplate is plotted against time (before, during, and after incubation period), showing settling of RBCs for strong positive (below curve) having the lowest absorbance values, as compared to the negative (below curve) and moderate positive (the middle curve).
Figure 3

Absorbance of HA assay for the presence of lectins in plant extracts in microplate is plotted against time (before, during, and after incubation period), showing settling of RBCs for strong positive (below curve) having the lowest absorbance values, as compared to the negative (below curve) and moderate positive (the middle curve).

Figure 4 Illustration of HA in a U-bottomed MP: Complete and strong agglutination will appear as a complete lattice (a) with lowest absorbance value of 0–0.4, partial/incomplete agglutination will appear as a diffused button (b) with absorbance value of 0.4–0.8, and non-agglutinated blood appears as sharp button with absorbance value of 1–1.3 obtained at 595 nm (c).
Figure 4

Illustration of HA in a U-bottomed MP: Complete and strong agglutination will appear as a complete lattice (a) with lowest absorbance value of 0–0.4, partial/incomplete agglutination will appear as a diffused button (b) with absorbance value of 0.4–0.8, and non-agglutinated blood appears as sharp button with absorbance value of 1–1.3 obtained at 595 nm (c).

2.5 Standard curve

Standard curve of known samples (Arabic gum and PBS) using the average of their absorbance were plotted on y-axis and the respective concentrations or titer (HU/mL) on x-axis, which was further employed to find the concentration (x-axis) of unknown rice seed lectins by comparing their absorbance (y-axis) with the standard curve.

3 Results

3.1 Visual observation of HA

In this assay (HA), we used U-bottomed MPs, which relay on a convenient factor of sinking blood cells at bottom under gravity that can be seen with our naked eye. The RBCs naturally sink, sliding to the very bottom of the well forming a button at the very tip as shown in Figures 1 and 4. Strong positive results were recorded as lattice, moderate as diffused button, and negative as sharp button [11,14,16].

3.2 HA reading by MP reader

MP reader has been recommended by many scientists as a convenient tool in coagulology studies (1997). The MP was prepared by the method described in Section 2.3 and subjected to analysis via MP reader at 595 nm. We have analyzed 96 samples at a time in a MP using MP reader by taking multiple observations of absorbance for each sample at time interval of 10–15 min up to 60 min. This enabled us to trace, compare, and interpret visually the kind of changes in absorbance taking place in the samples with time due to agglutination. The range of absorbance at 595 nm recorded for the analysis of lectins in the samples was 0–1.4 depicting strong positive to negative HA (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1

Comparison of the HA assay results obtained from trained technician and pictures taken with 8 Megapixel camera after incubation

Unaided eye vs camera eye Unaided eye vs auto/absorbance
Samples tested Undiluted sample Positive control Negative control Undiluted sample Strong positive control Negative control
Agreement 98% 98% 98% 98% 98% 98%
Absorbance range 0.4–0.9 0.3–0.6 0.98–1.4

Results taken (unaided eye vs camera eye) and trained technician vs absorbance taken by microplate reader (Unaided eye vs auto/absorbance) for the presence of plant lectins in undiluted sample/plant extract, positive control (gum Arabic) and negative control/blank (PBS).

Table 2

Comparison of the HA assay results obtained between trained technician and pictures taken with 8 Megapixel camera after incubation and results recorded (unaided eye vs camera eye) and trained technician vs absorbance taken by MP reader after incubation (unaided eye vs auto/absorbance) for the presence of plant lectins in serial dilution of plant extract

Unaided eye vs camera eye Unaided eye vs auto (absorbance)
Serial dilution 2−1 2−2 2−3 2−4 2−5 2−1 2−2 2−3 2−4 2−5
agreement 99% 90% 70% 50% 30% 99% 99% 99% 99% 99%
Absorbance range Depends on the concentration of phytoagglutinins, strong positive (0.25–0.65), moderate to weak positive (0.65–0.95), and negative (0.98–1.4)

3.3 Standard curve

For the ease of comparison, standardization, and interpretation of the visual observation and results taken by MP reader, Arabic gum was taken as strong positive control and simple PBS solution was taken as negative control.

As the results of positive control and negative control were 100% reproducible both visually and via MP reader, thus these were taken as standard and the standard curve was established to find out the titer of unknown samples. The mean absorbance values (0.3–0.6) of positive control (Arabic gum) were taken and plotted against the highest possible titer value (2,048). Similarly, the mean absorbance values (0.9–1.4) of the negative control (PBS) were taken and plotted against the lowest possible titer value (0) as shown in Figures 3 and 4. This standard curve can be used to easily interpret the presence as well as concentration (titer) of unknown lectins in the sample by simply comparing its absorbance value (Figures 1–4). Closer the absorbance values to the positive control, greater is the possibility that the sample contains high concentration of Phyto-agglutinins and vice versa. Similarly, its concentration can be interpreted accordingly if the experts for visual observation are not available.

4 Discussion

In this work, we have demonstrated that the HA assay is suitable for the semi-quantification and characterization of lectins in plant extracts and the procedure can be miniaturized and subjected to automation via MP reader for rapid and accurate observations. The results obtained by micro-assay using MP reader were comparable to the values determined by visual interpretation, but with improved convenience, time, and cost efficiency. These results validated the applicability of MP reader photometry for lectin assays in large number of samples in a short time. A small amount of extract (25–100 µL) is more than sufficient to run all the lectin assays and to quantify proteins as well. The method enables photometric HA assays to be conducted on samples other than plants containing hemagglutinins. Even though the described method has advantages, it also has some disadvantages. The volume of the sample extracts must be consistent, uniform, and adjusted in every well because the MP reader gives different results with different volumes in the same plate especially in case of estimation of protein concentration using miniaturizing. For uniform results, bubbles should also be removed. A skillful laboratory worker may be needed to validate the results visually at the initial stage. While analyzing many samples, a multichannel pipette is required as using a simple micropipette may take longer time while filling all the 96 wells. This method is very well-suited for the explorative screening of samples on a laboratory scale [19].

The miniaturization did not affect the precision of the 96-well MPs method and sugar concentrations [20], during analysis of non-structural sugar analysis in ligneous plants. They also found that the reproducibility and accuracy of MP method in comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were excellent, more specific, and improved. Gomez et al. [20] validated the micro well method to be reliable, rapid, and simple to perform and less expensive than HPLC or other classic and expensive enzymatic methods while examining different sugars in ligneous plants. Wolberg et al. [21] studied fibrin clot structure emphasizing that plate-reading spectrophotometer can provide a qualitative measure of fiber structure for both purified fibrinogen and plasma and suggested that plate-reading spectrophotometers can be a convenient, inexpensive, and rapid means of analyzing fibrin clot structure.

Visual observation of HA always requires negative and positive control even by expert’s eye to compare with an unknown sample. In a U-bottom MP, strong positive samples will show a lattice or network spread throughout the bottom. Diffused button at the bottom shows partial agglutination and sharp button shows negative agglutination, as shown in Figures 1 and 4.

In an MP, one of the rules of selection is that the agglutination should settle fast and non-agglutination should settle slow. First well of the microtiter plate will definitely form a lattice when both the lectins and RBCs are equivalent. While the next wells with lectins and RBCs will agglutinate faster than non-agglutinating control well. If these criteria of interpretation are used, then we should take the results within 5–10 min while visualizing constantly. By this method, in rice seeds, agglutination up to well no. 7 (10−6) was observed. This method of interpretation is good for few samples to be analyzed but not for many samples at the same time, e.g., in a microtiter plate with 96 wells.

Visually, HA can be monitored in many different ways. If the samples are few in number it can be carried out on a glass slide like that of monitoring ABO blood group system [6]. But if the samples are large in number, less in quantity, and titer has to be find out through serial dilution, then microtiter plate is a best option to save time and samples [11,14].

When the right agglutinins with right quantity are present in the test sample added to the RBCs suspension, instead of getting a button at the bottom of the tube a shield or lattice is formed (Figures 1 and 4). This happens because the carbohydrate part of the lectins is able to bind to the molecules of sialic acid present on RBC’s surfaces by cross-linking. Thus, when RBCs cross-linked with lectins reach the bottom of the tube, they form a lattice which spreads around the bottom and does not sink to form a button [6,22].

Arabic gum was taken as a positive control, the absorbance of which was seen to be reduced with time when compared to its original (time = 0) reading by MP reader, e.g., from 1.332 to 1.271 at 30 s interval (Tables 1 and 2). It means that if agglutination is occurring, the absorbance of the sample will reduce with time by a factor of 0.07. However, this result is for strong positive samples. This factor may vary for the samples with medium or low strength of the agglutinin present in the sample (Figure 4). Arabic gum used as positive control obtained from Acacia sp. have been found to have potent hemagglutinin activities and its gum also enhances the HA activity of other lectins [23,24].

In HA assay, usually sample and blood are incubated at room temperature for 20–30 min to see if any agglutination has taken place. As we have used rabbit RBCs, the body temperature of which is 38–39°C (100.5–103.5°F), therefore, samples at this temperature were incubated for 20 min inside an incubator.

The literature about the interpretation of HA results is available. However, these observations and interpretations can vary from lab to lab, expert to expert, type and concentration of RBCs, incubation time, nature of the sample agglutinin, and method of HA assay. Also, there is no digital record of the MP or titer determinations so the initial interpretation by experts is tiresome and commonly done in replicates. The range of potential variables and differences between expert readers make comparing inter-laboratory results difficult [25].

The standard curve was linear (r 2 = 0.841) for hemagglutinins concentration in the samples. The measurements showed progressively decreasing absorbance at higher lectin concentrations. Nevertheless, the correlation between the average values obtained by the method gave the coefficient r 2 also equal to 0.841. The reproducibility of the measurements was very good, with an overall average variation of less than 7% (Tables 1 and 2).

As compared to in-between results, the end-point titers were fairly reliable in U-bottomed MPs; however, all values can be taken into consideration. Expression of titer vs absorbance of the positive and negative control is of value in this micro system (Figure 2).

The uniformity in titers was satisfactory since both test-to-test and within-test variations were small. In addition, the test is easy to perform, economical, and fast. Based on these properties, micro-assays were developed and shown to be highly specific and quantitatively accurate for measuring the activity of either the crude extract or purified fractions of lectins in microgram quantities of tissue (i.e., 100–200 µg). The assays have been successfully applied to clarified extracts of a wide variety of tissues, leaves, seeds, stems, etc. [26,27,28].

MP reading has made many labor-some, expensive, and time-consuming lab procedures very expedient. MP method has been successfully used by Zogda and Porter for the first time for screening plant products against different strains of fungi and bacteria as a convenient microdilution method [22]. Zgoda and Porter (2001) presented a microdilution approach for screening natural products in search of new antimicrobial drugs that would be active against these germs because multi-drug resistance of these microorganisms is a significant problem. Cr. albidus and M. smegmatis were utilized as model organisms to enable the screening process under typical laboratory circumstances. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the antibiotics employed as positive controls were within the MIC ranges advised by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Lemna minor and Ilex cornuta organic plant extracts were used to create the microdilution test. The technique can be utilized as a trustworthy tool for finding novel chemical antibacterial agents. At the moment, it is being utilized for screening of more than thousand extracts from the organic extracts at a microgram scale. The same method can be employed for the characterization of plant lectins with potent biological activities [29,30].

5 Conclusion

In conclusion, MP reader photometry is a reliable and reproducible method for the measurement of HA activities within very small amounts of samples and reagents particularly for the presence of lectins. The reduced sample volume allows measurements on small tissue samples, and cultured cells. The method allows analyzing simultaneously a larger number of individual samples, thereby strengthening the statistical validity of any study.

Acknowledgments

The Authors wish to thanks Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R45) at King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia for financial support.

  1. Funding information: This research work was supported by Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R45) at King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have contributed equally in writing this article.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-12-01
Revised: 2023-05-20
Accepted: 2023-05-22
Published Online: 2023-06-13

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
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  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
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  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
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  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0342
Keywords for this article
phyto-agglutinins; hemagglutination assay; hemagglutination titer; microplate reader; rice seed lectins
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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