Home Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
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Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system

  • Dalal Abdullah Aloraini , Aljawhara H. Almuqrin , Mohammad Ibrahim Abualsayed EMAIL logo and Ashok Kumar EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 3, 2023
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

This study provides insights into the effects of Bi2O3 on the physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glasses. The higher Bi2O3 concentrations result in increased density and molecular weight of the glasses. The molar volume also increases with higher Bi2O3 percentages, accompanied by a decrease in the average distance between boron atoms and a reduction in polaron radius and inter-nuclear distance. Electronegativity decreases and electronic polarizability increases with increasing Bi2O3 concentration, indicating higher electron-donating capacity and greater susceptibility to external electric field distortion. The elastic moduli exhibit a downward trend with increasing Bi2O3 concentration, indicating a decreased degree of elastic behaviour. The decrease in cross-linking is further supported by the reduction in Poisson’s ratio. The decrease in values of the hardness also indicates a decline in the stiffness and connectivity of the glass network. The linear attenuation coefficients (LACs) of three different glasses were obtained using Phy-X software in 0.015–15 MeV energy range. Also, the effective atomic numbers are calculated for the selected glasses. The LAC has the highest values for Bi21, indicating that the addition of Bi2O3 causes an improvement in the LAC.

Keywords: mechanical properties; glasses; physical properties; radiation shielding

1 Introduction

A key component of modern science that has improved the quality and durability of life on earth is the use of radiation with sufficiently high energy [1,2]. Radiation is used in various domains such as healthcare, manufacturing, energy production, nuclear research, material analysis, and food preservation, showcasing its beneficial impact on both humanity and the environment [3,4,5]. Despite the inherent risks associated with exposure to any artificial radiation, these practical boundaries are continually expanding. This is due to the fact that such hazards have been effectively reduced to the absolute smallest amount, and in certain instances eliminated, as a result of the availability of sufficient radiation control techniques [6,7,8,9]. The damage caused by ionizing radiation in the bodies of living organisms is a complex interaction. One of the essential processes driving these damages is the formation of radicals during exposure to gamma radiation and X-ray. The assessment of radiation interaction factors plays a crucial role in selecting suitable materials for research and development in radiation shielding. These factors provide valuable insights into the absorption of radiation and its energy by different materials [10,11]. Consequently, the analysis of interaction factors enables the evaluation of a material’s potential for providing effective radiation shielding in nuclear facilities [12]. Extensive investigations have been conducted on a diverse range of functional materials, including alloys, steel, concrete, ceramics, polymers, and glasses, to explore their radiation interaction characteristics and their potential for radiation shielding [13,14,15,16]. The effectiveness of several of these shielding materials has been demonstrated to be comparable to, and in some cases even superior to, that of more conventional shielding materials. Over the past few years, there has been a growing demand for novel conventional shielding materials due to various factors. These factors include the instability and lack of uniformity in chemical composition, the existence of cracks, limited transparency, high density, and environmental concerns associated with conventional shielding materials [17,18].

Currently, a wide range of oxide glasses with diverse structural, optical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties have been extensively studied for their effectiveness in radiation shielding against various types of radiations. This increased interest can be attributed to their relatively superior chemical and mechanical stability when compared to other materials [19,20]. Mandal et al. [21] studied the lead-free multi-component non-toxic Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system for their thermal behaviour using dilatometric test, structural and microstructural properties using the X-ray diffraction, Raman and scanning electron microscope, and optical and photoluminescence studies in detail. But as far as the physical and mechanical characteristics are considered, only the variation of density with mol% of Bi2O3 is discussed so far. As the selected glasses contain the sufficient amount of Bi2O3 and possess fairly good density values, their gamma ray shielding behaviour needs to be studied for the application of the glasses in the field of radiation shielding. So in this proposed work, the physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding behaviour of the selected glasses have been studied.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Details of the samples

The composition and density of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system have been obtained from the study of Mandal et al. [21]. Mandal et al. [21] measured the density (ρ) of the glasses using the helium gas pycnometer and Archimedes principle. In this study, the density values measured using the Archimedes principle are used. The sample codes depending on the amount of Bi2O3 present in the samples and their density values are as follows:

Bi15: 15Bi2O3–8BaO–41B2O3–10ZnO–4As2O3–12MgO–10Na2O (density = 4.59 g/cm3).

Bi18: 18Bi2O3–8BaO–38B2O3–10ZnO–4As2O3–12MgO–10Na2O (density = 4.77 g/cm3).

Bi21: 21Bi2O3–8BaO–35B2O3–10ZnO–4As2O3–12MgO–10Na2O (density = 5.07 g/cm3).

2.2 Physical properties

The molar volume (V m) was calculated from its molar mass (M) using the following formula [22]:

(1) V m = M ρ cm 3 mole − 1 .

The average boron–boron separation ( d B − B ) can be used to infer the impact of dopant gas [22,23]:

(2) 〈 d B − B 〉 = V m b N A 1 3 ,

where V m b represents the molar volume of boron.

If x B is the B2O3’s mole fraction [22], then

(3) V m b = V m 2 ( 1 − X B ) .

The dopant concentration (N), inter-nuclear distance (r i), polaron radius (r p), and field strength (F) are calculated as [22,23]:

(4) N = Mol percent of dopant × density of glass × Avogadro no . Average molecular weight of glass ions cm − 3 ,

(5) r i = 1 N 1 3 ,

(6) r p = 1 2 Π 6 N 1 3 ,

(7) F = Z ( r p ) 2 ,

where “z” represents the oxidation state of the dopant ions.

The formula for determining the oxygen molar volume (V o) of the glasses is as follows [23]:

(8) V o = V m n ,

where n is the number of oxygen atoms in one formula unit.

The equation for calculating oxygen packing density (OPD) is as follows [23]:

(9) OPD = n ρ M × 1 , 000 .

The equation for calculating optical basicity (Ʌth) is as follows [23]:

(10) Λ th = ∑ Λ i x i ,

where Ʌ i and x i are the optical basicities and the mole fractions of each oxide (Ʌ1(Bi2O3) = 1.19, Ʌ2(BaO) = 1.15, Ʌ3(ZnO) = 1.03, Ʌ4(B2O3) = 0.43, Ʌ5(As2O3) = 1.02, Ʌ6(MgO) = 0.78, Ʌ7(Na2O) = 1.15).

The equation for calculating average electronegativity (χ av) is as follows [24]:

(11) Λ th = 0.75 χ av − 1.35 .

The equation for calculating electronic polarizability ( α o − 2 ) is as follows [25,26,27]:

(12) α o − 2 = 1.67 1.67 − Λ th .

2.3 Mechanical properties

The equation for calculating average cross-link density ( n c ̅ ) is as follows [28]:

(13) n c ̅ = ∑ x i ( n c ) i ( N c ) i ∑ x i ( N c ) i , where ( n c = n f − 2 ) ,

where n f is the coordination number of the cations present in the sample.

The equation for calculating number of bonds per unit volume of the glasses (n b) is as follows [28]:

(14) n b = N A V m ∑ ( n f ) i x i .

The mechanical characteristics of glasses, according to Makishima–Mackenzie’s theory [29,30] are as follows:

The equation for calculating atomic packing density (V t) is as follows [29,30]:

(15) V t = 1 V m ∑ V i x i .

The equation for calculating interatomic bonding energy (G t) is as follows [29,30]:

(16) G t = ∑ G i x i ,

where V i and G i represent the atomic packing densities and interatomic bond energies of the constituent atoms in glasses, respectively [31].

The equation for calculating Young’s modulus (E) is as follows:

(17) E = 8.36 V t G t .

The equation for calculating bulk modulus (B) is as follows:

(18) B = 10 V t 2 G t .

The equation for calculating shear modulus (G) is as follows:

(19) G = 30 V t 2 G t ( 10.2 V t − 1 ) .

The equation for calculating longitudinal modulus (L) is as follows:

(20) L = K + 4 3 G .

The equation for calculating Poisson’s ratio is as follows:

(21) σ = 0.5 − 1 7.2 V t .

The equation for calculating fractal bond connectivity (d) is as follows:

(22) d = 4 G K .

The equation for calculating Hardness (H) is as follows:

(23) H = ( 1 − 2 σ ) E 6 ( 1 + σ ) .

2.4 Gamma ray shielding properties

The radiation shielding parameters for the selected glasses were determined in the range of 0.015–15 MeV. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) is a basic parameter that can be used to understand the glass’s ability to attenuate the incoming radiation. Also, it is a useful parameter since the other parameters are calculated from the LAC such as the half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP). Any material’s HVL value refers to its thickness, which reduces 50% of the radiation that enters it. It is related to the LAC by the following equation:

(24) HVL = 0.693 LAC .

The MFP stands for the average distance that a travelling photon travels between successive encounters. MFP is a crucial component of offering greater protection quality. It is given by:

(25) MFP = 1 LAC .

The tenth-value layer (TVL) is the average quantity of material thickness, measured in cm, which must be present for the radiation to be reduced to one tenth of its initial intensity (a reduction of 90%), which is calculated by:

(26) TVL = 2.3 LAC .

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Physical properties

Table 1 presents the physical properties of the glasses. The higher concentrations of Bi2O3 (15–21 mol%) resulted in increased density and molecular weight of the glasses. The glass network undergoes a substitution of less dense B2O3 with a denser Bi2O3 form. The greater density observed with increased Bi2O3 concentration (as shown in Figure 1a) can be attributed to the higher atomic mass of Bi2O3 in comparison to B2O3. Figure 1a illustrates that the molar volume of the glasses increases from 30.02 to 31.87 cm3 with an increase in the percentage of Bi2O3 in the glasses. It is due to the fact that incorporation of Bi2O3 results in the increase in molar mass of the sample by higher fraction as compared to increase in its density due to larger size of Bi [32,33,34]. The average distance between boron atoms (d B–B) decreases from 3.48 to 3.44 Å as the concentration of Bi2O3 increases. This is likely due to the increase in ion concentration from 3.01 × 1021 to 3.97 × 1021 ions/cm3 with the increase in Bi2O3 concentration. Additionally, the polaron radius and inter-nuclear distance exhibit a decrease from 2.79 to 2.54 Å and from 6.93 to 6.32 Å, respectively. These changes suggest that the glass network is becoming denser. The excessive presence of Bi2O3 enhances the bonding between Bi ions and oxygen, leading to a rise in the field strength around the Bi ion from 2.57 × 1015 to 3.09 × 1015 cm2.

Table 1

Physical parameters

Properties Physical parameters
Bi15 Bi18 Bi21
M (g) 137.79 149.68 161.57
V m (cm3) 30.02 31.38 31.87
N (×1021 ions cm‒3) 3.01 3.45 3.97
V m b (cm3) 25.44 25.31 24.51
〈d B–B〉 (Å) 3.48 3.47 3.44
r p (Å) 2.79 2.67 2.54
r i (Å) 6.93 6.61 6.32
F × 1015 (cm2) 2.57 2.82 3.09
OPD 73.29 70.11 69.03
V o (cm3 mol‒1) 13.65 14.26 14.49
Ʌth 0.80 0.82 0.84
χ av 2.29 2.26 2.24
α o ‒ 2 1.92 1.97 2.02
Figure 1 Variation of physical properties. (a) density and molar volume, (b) V o and OPD, (c) σ and (d) average electro-negativity and electronic polarizability with mol% of Bi2O3.
Figure 1

Variation of physical properties. (a) density and molar volume, (b) V o and OPD, (c) σ and (d) average electro-negativity and electronic polarizability with mol% of Bi2O3.

Incorporating Bi2O3 alters the V o and OPD values. The study reveals a positive correlation between the amount of Bi2O3 in the glass network and the V o, which increases from 13.65 to 14.49 cm3/mol. The OPD declines from 73.29 to 69.03. The observed phenomenon indicates an increase in the V o within the glass network, attributed to the greater space occupied by oxygen atoms. Additionally, the observed decrease in OPD is attributed to a less dense packing of oxygen atoms. Figure 1b illustrates the changes in the said parameters as the mol% of Bi2O3 in the glass composition varies. The inverse relationship between these parameters can be attributed to the impact of glass density and molar volume. The study suggests that Bi2O3 impacts the oxygen atom arrangement, leading to alterations in the V o and OPD [32,33,34].

Optical basicity is a property of glass that is determined by the electron accepting or donating ability of its constituent ions. It is closely linked to the glass’s physical and chemical characteristics. The findings indicate that the optical basicity of the glass increased from 0.80 to 0.84 as a consequence of increased Bi2O3 content as shown in Figure 1c. The inclusion of Bi2O3 results in increased negative charges on the oxygen atoms within the glass network. This trend is due to the amphoteric properties of Bi2O3, enabling it to function as both an acid and a base. The optical basicity of glass can be enhanced by substituting acidic oxide (B2O3) within the glass network. This behaviour underscores the superior capacity of oxide ions to convey electrons to adjacent cations.

The relationship between electronegativity and electronic polarizability in glasses as a function of the mol% of Bi2O3 is examined, as illustrated in Figure1d. Lower electronegativity indicates higher electron-donating capacity. The rise in mol% of Bi2O3 in the glasses results in a reduction of electronegativity from 2.29 to 2.24. The results indicate an increase in electron-donating properties of the samples with increasing Bi2O3 concentration. Electronic polarizability measures the susceptibility of an atom or molecule’s electron cloud to distortion by an external electric field. The electronic polarizability of the glasses increases from 1.92 to 2.02 as the mol% of Bi2O3 is increased [32].

3.2 Mechanical properties

The value of n c ̅ increases from 3.675 to 3.825 when the concentration of Bi2O3 is made higher. When there is a rise in value for n c ̅ , there is also an increase in the complexity of the network. The value of n b should be decreased to 9.886 × 1022 cm−3 from its previous value of 10.23 × 1022 cm−3. The value of n b indicates the degree to which a network is cross-linked. The decrease in degree of cross linkage in the network is evident from the increase in values of V m and V o, which indicates the expansion in the network. The larger ionic radius of Bi2O3 compared to B2O3 may have contributed to the formation of excessive free volume, which in turn led to a decline in the values of packing density (V t), which ranged from 0.575 to 0.552 cm3 mol−1 and the dissociation energy (G t) from 15.979 to 12.245 kcal cm−3.

The V t and G t values may be used in conjunction with the Makishima–Mackenzie’s model to derive additional elastic parameters. The elastic parameters that were determined as a consequence are listed in Table 2. The fluctuations of these parameters with the concentration of Bi2O3 are then analysed, which reveals a downward trend in the values of E, B, G, and L. To be more specific, E drops from a value of 76.843 to a value of 70.329, B drops from a value of 52.875 to a value of 46.423, G drops from a value of 32.588 to a value of 30.088, and L drops from a value of 96.327 to a value of 86.541 [33]. Figure 2 illustrates how those values changed in relation to the amount of Bi2O3 in the sample. These lowering values imply that the samples under investigation exhibit a decreased degree of elastic behaviour. As the concentration of Bi2O3 increases, it leads to an expansion of the network. This expansion, in turn, contributes to the decreasing nature of the elastic behaviour observed in these samples. This tendency is supported even further by the drop in the values of the σ variable. The decrease in σ with increasing Bi2O3 concentration, which ranges from 0.259 to 0.248, verifies the decrease in the amount of cross linking in the network. The range of values for d, which is from 2.465 to 2.593, is indicative of a layered structure in 2D. The decline in the stiffness and connectivity of the network is reflected in the values of H, which ranges from 4.914 to 4.727 before showing a downward trend [33].

Table 2

Mechanical properties

Sample Mechanical properties
n b (×1022 cm−3) n c ̅ V t (cm3 mol−1) G t (kcal cm−3) E (GPa) B (GPa) G (GPa) L (GPa) σ d H (GPa)
Bi15 10.23 × 1022 3.675 0.575 15.979 76.843 52.875 32.588 96.327 0.259 2.465 4.914
Bi18 9.904 × 1022 3.750 0.555 15.612 72.481 48.149 30.967 89.438 0.250 2.573 4.834
Bi21 9.866 × 1022 3.825 0.552 12.245 70.329 46.423 30.088 86.541 0.248 2.593 4.727
Figure 2 Mechanical properties of the samples.
Figure 2

Mechanical properties of the samples.

3.3 Gamma ray shielding properties

Using the Phy-X software, the LACs of three distinct glass types were determined within the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV [35]. Figure 3 illustrates the LAC values for the investigated Bi15, Bi18, and Bi21 glasses. Notably, as the photon energy increases up to 0.2 MeV, the LAC values for all the selected glasses exhibit a significant decline. This can be attributed to the influence of the atomic number (Z) in the Z4–5 form, which affects the cross-section of the photoelectric absorption effect, the primary interaction mechanism at lower energies. Hence, a substantial portion of photon interactions with the glasses occurs within the low-energy region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Beyond 0.2 MeV, where Compton scattering predominates and its cross-section is linearly dependent on the atomic number, the LAC values remain relatively small and consistent across all the samples. However, at higher energies, the dominant interaction process is pair production, which is connected to Z 2. Consequently, a slight improvement in the LAC values is observed in the latter energy range. The LAC has the highest values for Bi21, as can be observed in Figure 3, indicating that the addition of Bi2O3 causes an improvement in the LAC.

Figure 3 The LAC of the samples.
Figure 3

The LAC of the samples.

Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the graphical representation of how the HVL and TVL values vary with photon energy for different glass types. In contrast to the LAC trend shown in the previous figure, the HVL and TVL values increase with increasing energy levels. It is worth noting that both parameters exhibit an inverse relationship with the density of the samples. This can be observed in Figures 4 and 5, where the Bi21 glasses, which have the highest densities, exhibit lower HVL and TVL values compared to the other glasses. These findings align with previous research conducted on various glass systems [13].

Figure 4 The HVL of the samples.
Figure 4

The HVL of the samples.

Figure 5 The TVL of the samples.
Figure 5

The TVL of the samples.

Additionally, Figure 6 presents the MFP [36] values for the three selected glasses within the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. The MFP values for Bi15, Bi18, and Bi21 glasses range from 0.0032 to 5.508 cm, 0.0029 to 5.096 cm, and 0.0026 to 4.642 cm, respectively. Similar to the HVL, the Bi21 glass exhibits the lowest MFP value. In other words, the addition of Bi2O3 causes a reduction in the MFP for these glasses.

Figure 6 The MFP of the samples.
Figure 6

The MFP of the samples.

Additionally, the fluctuations in Z eff values versus energy for the current glasses are presented in Figure 7. Since Z eff and MAC are related for the glass being examined, it is shown that the photoelectric effect causes the Z eff values to first fall rapidly. The smallest value of Z eff was recorded at the range of intermediate energies, a region where Compton scattering influences almost all photon interactions. Bi21 glass was found to have the highest Z eff values of the glasses that were examined, with values ranging from 66.15 to 19.88. Because this sample has an elevated amount of Bi compared to the other glasses, it has comparatively high Z eff values. To put it simply, the variation in Z eff can be categorized into three specific energy ranges, namely low, moderate, and high. Each of these energy intervals arises from a distinct interaction with photons. In regions of low energy, the photoelectric absorption process predominates as the primary mode of photon interaction. Due to this Z eff is high in this energy range. At intermediate energies, Compton scattering predominates, and as a result, it is observed that Z eff variation is essentially constant. Pair production is the dominant process in the high energy (from 3 to 15 MeV) region. In light of this, all changes are defined by the Z dependence of total atomic cross sections.

Figure 7 The effective atomic number of the samples.
Figure 7

The effective atomic number of the samples.

4 Conclusion

The study examined the effects of incorporating Bi2O3 into glass matrices and its influence on various physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties. The analysis revealed that higher concentrations of Bi2O3 resulted in increased ρ and M of the glasses. V m of the glasses also increased with the percentage of Bi2O3, indicating expansion within the network. The incorporation of Bi2O3 caused a decrease in d B − B , suggesting increased ion concentration. Furthermore, the addition of Bi2O3 affected the optical basicity of the glass, leading to an increase in negative charges on oxygen atoms. The study also investigated the relationship between electronegativity and electronic polarizability, showing a decrease in electronegativity and an increase in electron-donating properties with increasing Bi2O3 concentration. Regarding mechanical properties, the increase in Bi2O3 concentration resulted in decrease in the degree of cross-linkage. This expansion of the network contributed to a decrease in elastic behaviour, as indicated by the lower values of elastic parameters such as E, B, G, and L. The decrease in the σ variable further confirmed the reduction in cross-linking. The decrease in values of the H also indicates a decline in the stiffness and connectivity of the glass network. The radiation shielding part showed that the addition of Bi2O3 has a notable impact on the LAC and other parameters, where the LAC and Z eff were improved with the addition of Bi2O3, where the HVL and TVL were reduced. Bi21 glass was found to have the highest LAC and Z eff values of the glasses that were examined, with the Z eff values ranging from 66.15 to 19.88.

  1. Funding information: The authors express their gratitude to the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R57), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: D.A.A.: funding acquisition, methodology, software, validation, writing – review and editing. A.H.A.: project administration, funding acquisition. M.I.A.: conceptualization, data curation, supervision, original draft preparation. A.K.: investigation, formal analysis, writing – review and editing, original draft preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

  5. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

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Received: 2023-07-27
Revised: 2023-08-16
Accepted: 2023-08-30
Published Online: 2023-10-03

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0123
Keywords for this article
mechanical properties; glasses; physical properties; radiation shielding
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  2. Regular Articles
  3. A network-based correlation research between element electronegativity and node importance
  4. Pomegranate attenuates kidney injury in cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress
  5. Ab initio study of fundamental properties of XInO3 (X = K, Rb, Cs) perovskites
  6. Responses of feldspathic sandstone and sand-reconstituted soil C and N to freeze–thaw cycles
  7. Robust fractional control based on high gain observers design (RNFC) for a Spirulina maxima culture interfaced with an advanced oxidation process
  8. Study on arsenic speciation and redistribution mechanism in Lonicera japonica plants via synchrotron techniques
  9. Optimization of machining Nilo 36 superalloy parameters in turning operation
  10. Vacuum impregnation pre-treatment: A novel method for incorporating mono- and divalent cations into potato strips to reduce the acrylamide formation in French fries
  11. Characterization of effective constituents in Acanthopanax senticosus fruit for blood deficiency syndrome based on the chinmedomics strategy
  12. Comparative analysis of the metabolites in Pinellia ternata from two producing regions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
  13. The assessment of environmental parameter along the desalination plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  14. Effects of harpin and carbendazim on antioxidant accumulation in young jujube leaves
  15. The effects of in ovo injected with sodium borate on hatching performance and small intestine morphology in broiler chicks
  16. Optimization of cutting forces and surface roughness via ANOVA and grey relational analysis in machining of In718
  17. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities
  18. Translocation of tungsten(vi) oxide/gadolinium(iii) fluoride in tellurite glasses towards improvement of gamma-ray attenuation features in high-density glass shields
  19. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, and gamma ray attenuation competencies of some TeO2–WO3–GdF3 glasses: Tailoring WO3–GdF3 substitution toward optimum behavioral state range
  20. Comparison between the CIDR or sponge with hormone injection to induce estrus synchronization for twining and sex preselection in Naimi sheep
  21. Exergetic performance analyses of three different cogeneration plants
  22. Psoralea corylifolia (babchi) seeds enhance proliferation of normal human cultured melanocytes: GC–MS profiling and biological investigation
  23. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid
  24. Comparative study between supported bimetallic catalysts for nitrate remediation in water
  25. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells
  26. Determination of nicotine content in locally produced smokeless tobacco (Shammah) samples from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a convenient HPLC-MS/MS method
  27. Changes in oxidative stress markers in pediatric burn injury over a 1-week period
  28. Integrated geophysical techniques applied for petroleum basins structural characterization in the central part of the Western Desert, Egypt
  29. The impact of chemical modifications on gamma-ray attenuation properties of some WO3-reinforced tellurite glasses
  30. Microwave and Cs+-assisted chemo selective reaction protocol for synthesizing 2-styryl quinoline biorelevant molecules
  31. Structural, physical, and radiation absorption properties of a significant nuclear power plant component: A comparison between REX-734 and 316L SS austenitic stainless steels
  32. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum YKL-40 level: In vivo rat periodontitis model
  33. Investigating the impact of CO2 emissions on the COVID-19 pandemic by generalized linear mixed model approach with inverse Gaussian and gamma distributions
  34. Influence of WO3 content on gamma rays attenuation characteristics of phosphate glasses at low energy range
  35. Study on CO2 absorption performance of ternary DES formed based on DEA as promoting factor
  36. Performance analyses of detonation engine cogeneration cycles
  37. Sterols from Centaurea pumilio L. with cell proliferative activity: In vitro and in silico studies
  38. Untargeted metabolomics revealing changes in aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco
  39. Effect of pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate on iron status in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  40. Energy consumption, mechanical and metallographic properties of cryogenically treated tool steels
  41. Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology
  42. Harpin enhances antioxidant nutrient accumulation and decreases enzymatic browning in stored soybean sprouts
  43. Physicochemical and biological properties of carvacrol
  44. Radix puerariae in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation
  45. Anti-Alzheimer, antioxidants, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase effects of Taverniera glabra mediated ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
  46. Experimental study on photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of ZnS/CdS-TiO2 nanotube array thin films
  47. Epoxy-reinforced heavy metal oxides for gamma ray shielding purposes
  48. Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
  49. Promising antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from fruits of Juniperus thurifera: In vitro and in silico investigations
  50. Chloramine-T-induced oxidation of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An integral chemical and spectroscopic study of products, mechanisms and kinetics
  51. Study on antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of chemically profiled essential oils extracted from Juniperus phoenicea (L.) by use of in vitro and in silico approaches
  52. Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  53. Mineral composition, principal polyphenolic components, and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties of Cytisus villosus Pourr leaf extracts
  54. In vitro antiproliferative efficacy of Annona muricata seed and fruit extracts on several cancer cell lines
  55. An experimental study for chemical characterization of artificial anterior cruciate ligament with coated chitosan as biomaterial
  56. Prevalence of residual risks of the transfusion-transmitted infections in Riyadh hospitals: A two-year retrospective study
  57. Computational and experimental investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of Nicotiana tabacum extracts
  58. Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives
  59. X-ray shielding properties of bismuth-borate glass doped with rare earth ions
  60. Green supported silver nanoparticles over modified reduced graphene oxide: Investigation of its antioxidant and anti-ovarian cancer effects
  61. Orthogonal synthesis of a versatile building block for dual functionalization of targeting vectors
  62. Thymbra spicata leaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia
  63. The role of Ag2O incorporation in nuclear radiation shielding behaviors of the Li2O–Pb3O4–SiO2 glass system: A multi-step characterization study
  64. A stimuli-responsive in situ spray hydrogel co-loaded with naringenin and gentamicin for chronic wounds
  65. Assessment of the impact of γ-irradiation on the piperine content and microbial quality of black pepper
  66. Antioxidant, sensory, and functional properties of low-alcoholic IPA beer with Pinus sylvestris L. shoots addition fermented using unconventional yeast
  67. Screening and optimization of extracellular pectinase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SH7
  68. Determination of polyphenols in Chinese jujube using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
  69. Synergistic effects of harpin and NaCl in determining soybean sprout quality under non-sterile conditions
  70. Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against Panonychus citri [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards
  71. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
  72. NaCl regulates goldfish growth and survival at three food supply levels under hypoxia
  73. An exploration of the physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of PbO–MgO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses
  74. A novel statistical modeling of air pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic mortality data by Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial regression models with fixed and random effects
  75. Treatment activity of the injectable hydrogels loaded with dexamethasone In(iii) complex on glioma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway
  76. An alternative approach for the excess lifetime cancer risk and prediction of radiological parameters
  77. Panax ginseng leaf aqueous extract mediated green synthesis of AgNPs under ultrasound condition and investigation of its anti-lung adenocarcinoma effects
  78. Study of hydrolysis and production of instant ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea
  79. Novel green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Salvia rosmarinus extract for treatment of human lung cancer
  80. Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
  81. Antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of ortho- and para-substituted Schiff bases derived from metformin hydrochloride: Validation by molecular docking and in silico ADME studies
  82. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS/MS analysis
  83. Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep
  84. Cold-acclimation effect on cadmium absorption and biosynthesis of polyphenolics, and free proline and photosynthetic pigments in Spirogyra aequinoctialis
  85. Analysis of secondary metabolites in Xinjiang Morus nigra leaves using different extraction methods with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technology
  86. Nanoarchitectonics and performance evaluation of a Fe3O4-stabilized Pickering emulsion-type differential pressure plugging agent
  87. Investigating pyrolysis characteristics of Shengdong coal through Py-GC/MS
  88. Extraction, phytochemical characterization, and antifungal activity of Salvia rosmarinus extract
  89. Introducing a novel and natural antibiotic for the treatment of oral pathogens: Abelmoschus esculentus green-formulated silver nanoparticles
  90. Optimization of gallic acid-enriched ultrasonic-assisted extraction from mango peels
  91. Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics
  92. Combinatory in silico investigation for potential inhibitors from Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorničk. & N.S. Lý volatile phytoconstituents against influenza A hemagglutinin, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and Omicron-variant spike protein
  93. Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system
  94. Twofold interpenetrated 3D Cd(ii) complex: Crystal structure and luminescent property
  95. Study on the microstructure and soil quality variation of composite soil with soft rock and sand
  96. Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization
  97. Extraction and characterization of type I collagen from scales of Mexican Biajaiba fish
  98. Finding small molecular compounds to decrease trimethylamine oxide levels in atherosclerosis by virtual screening
  99. Prefatory in silico studies and in vitro insecticidal effect of Nigella sativa (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the Callosobruchus maculatus adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea
  100. Polymerized methyl imidazole silver bromide (CH3C6H5AgBr)6: Synthesis, crystal structures, and catalytic activity
  101. Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil
  102. Influence of the addition of WO3 on TeO2–Na2O glass systems in view of the feature of mechanical, optical, and photon attenuation
  103. Naringin ameliorates 5-fluorouracil elicited neurotoxicity by curtailing oxidative stress and iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 pathway
  104. GC-MS profile of extracts of an endophytic fungus Alternaria and evaluation of its anticancer and antibacterial potentialities
  105. Green synthesis, chemical characterization, and antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer effects of vanadium nanoparticles
  106. Determination of caffeine content in coffee drinks prepared in some coffee shops in the local market in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
  107. A new 3D supramolecular Cu(ii) framework: Crystal structure and photocatalytic characteristics
  108. Bordeaux mixture accelerates ripening, delays senescence, and promotes metabolite accumulation in jujube fruit
  109. Important application value of injectable hydrogels loaded with omeprazole Schiff base complex in the treatment of pancreatitis
  110. Color tunable benzothiadiazole-based small molecules for lightening applications
  111. Investigation of structural, dielectric, impedance, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-modified barium titanate composites for biomedical applications
  112. Metal gel particles loaded with epidermal cell growth factor promote skin wound repair mechanism by regulating miRNA
  113. In vitro exploration of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) mushroom fruiting bodies: Potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent
  114. Alteration in the molecular structure of the adenine base exposed to gamma irradiation: An ESR study
  115. Comprehensive study of optical, thermal, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO–B2O3 glasses
  116. Lewis acids as co-catalysts in Pd-based catalyzed systems of the octene-1 hydroethoxycarbonylation reaction
  117. Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, thermal, and selective α-glucosidase inhibitory studies of Schiff base transition metal complexes
  118. Protective properties of AgNPs green-synthesized by Abelmoschus esculentus on retinal damage on the virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat
  119. Effects of green decorated AgNPs on lignin-modified magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Cydonia on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
  120. Treatment of gastric cancer by green mediated silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica bark aqueous extract
  121. Preparation of newly developed porcelain ceramics containing WO3 nanoparticles for radiation shielding applications
  122. Utilization of computational methods for the identification of new natural inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase in inflammation therapy
  123. Some anticancer agents as effective glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitors
  124. Clay-based bricks’ rich illite mineral for gamma-ray shielding applications: An experimental evaluation of the effect of pressure rates on gamma-ray attenuation parameters
  125. Stability kinetics of orevactaene pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum in solid-state fermentation
  126. Treatment of denture stomatitis using iron nanoparticles green-synthesized by Silybum marianum extract
  127. Characterization and antioxidant potential of white mustard (Brassica hirta) leaf extract and stabilization of sunflower oil
  128. Characteristics of Langmuir monomolecular monolayers formed by the novel oil blends
  129. Strategies for optimizing the single GdSrFeO4 phase synthesis
  130. Oleic acid and linoleic acid nanosomes boost immunity and provoke cell death via the upregulation of beta-defensin-4 at genetic and epigenetic levels
  131. Unraveling the therapeutic potential of Bombax ceiba roots: A comprehensive study of chemical composition, heavy metal content, antibacterial activity, and in silico analysis
  132. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extract and investigation of its anti-human colorectal cancer application
  133. The adsorption of naproxen on adsorbents obtained from pepper stalk extract by green synthesis
  134. Treatment of gastric cancer by silver nanoparticles encapsulated by chitosan polymers mediated by Pistacia atlantica extract under ultrasound condition
  135. In vitro protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Capparis spinosa and its flavonoids profile
  136. Wear and corrosion behavior of TiC and WC coatings deposited on high-speed steels by electro-spark deposition
  137. Therapeutic effects of green-formulated gold nanoparticles by Origanum majorana on spinal cord injury in rats
  138. Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens
  139. Evaluation of the analgesic and anesthetic properties of silver nanoparticles supported over biodegradable acacia gum-modified magnetic nanoparticles
  140. Review Articles
  141. Role and mechanism of fruit waste polyphenols in diabetes management
  142. A comprehensive review of non-alkaloidal metabolites from the subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae)
  143. Discovery of the chemical constituents, structural characteristics, and pharmacological functions of Chinese caterpillar fungus
  144. Eco-friendly green approach of nickel oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
  145. Advances in the pharmaceutical research of curcumin for oral administration
  146. Rapid Communication
  147. Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples
  148. Retraction
  149. Retraction of “Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: The protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α”
  150. Topical Issue on Phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  151. Anti-plasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants and a compound Atropine isolated from Eucalyptus obliqua
  152. Anthocyanin extract from black rice attenuates chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota
  153. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract
  154. Chemical compositions of Litsea umbellata and inhibition activities
  155. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Rhynchosia capitata leaf extract and their biological activities
  156. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of some plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia on selected bacterial isolates
  157. The abrogative effect of propolis on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male albino rats: Histological study
  158. A phytoconstituent 6-aminoflavone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress mediated synapse and memory dysfunction via p-Akt/NF-kB pathway in albino mice
  159. Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry (GC-MS analysis), α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory, in vivo hypoglycemic, and biochemical analysis
  160. Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract against SW480 colon cancer
  161. Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study
  162. Assessment of essential elements and heavy metals in Saudi Arabian rice samples underwent various processing methods
  163. Two new compounds from leaves of Capparis dongvanensis (Sy, B. H. Quang & D. V. Hai) and inhibition activities
  164. Hydroxyquinoline sulfanilamide ameliorates STZ-induced hyperglycemia-mediated amyleoid beta burden and memory impairment in adult mice
  165. An automated reading of semi-quantitative hemagglutination results in microplates: Micro-assay for plant lectins
  166. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assessment of essential and toxic trace elements in traditional spices consumed by the population of the Middle Eastern region in their recipes
  167. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of the Pithecellobium dulce seed extract in colorectal cancer cells
  168. Impact of climatic disturbances on the chemical compositions and metabolites of Salvia officinalis
  169. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of Urginea maritima and Allium sativum
  170. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal efficiency of Origanum majorana extracts against some phytopathogenic fungi causing tomato damping-off diseases
  171. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  172. Graphene quantum dots: A comprehensive overview
  173. Studies on the intercalation of calcium–aluminium layered double hydroxide-MCPA and its controlled release mechanism as a potential green herbicide
  174. Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation
  175. Exploring anticancer activity of the Indonesian guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) fraction on various human cancer cell lines in an in vitro cell-based approach
  176. The comparison of gold extraction methods from the rock using thiourea and thiosulfate
  177. Special Issue on Marine environmental sciences and significance of the multidisciplinary approaches
  178. Sorption of alkylphenols and estrogens on microplastics in marine conditions
  179. Cytotoxic ketosteroids from the Red Sea soft coral Dendronephthya sp.
  180. Antibacterial and biofilm prevention metabolites from Acanthophora spicifera
  181. Characteristics, source, and health risk assessment of aerosol polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the rural and urban regions of western Saudi Arabia
  182. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part II
  183. Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial activities of cobalt nanoparticles produced by marine fungal species Periconia prolifica
  184. Combustion-mediated sol–gel preparation of cobalt-doped ZnO nanohybrids for the degradation of acid red and antibacterial performance
  185. Perinatal supplementation with selenium nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid improves hepatotoxicity in rat gestational diabetes
  186. Evaluation and chemical characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with the ethnomedicinal plant Bergenia ciliata
  187. Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency with SQI-Br and SQI-I sensitizers: A comparative analysis
  188. Nanostructured p-PbS/p-CuO sulfide/oxide bilayer heterojunction as a promising photoelectrode for hydrogen gas generation
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