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A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets

  • Shengqi Pan , Jigang Feng , Babak Safaei , Zhaoye Qin ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Fulei Chu and David Hui
Published/Copyright: April 19, 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are extremely ideal nanofillers for applications in damping polymer. This work explores the damping behavior of polymer nanocomposite beams made of epoxy resin reinforced with CNTs and GNPs experimentally. Beam specimens for the vibration tests together with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are fabricated with different weight ratios of CNTs and GNPs, upon which DMA and free vibration tests are conducted. Scanning electron microscope images are also obtained to check the dispersion of nanofillers in microscale. It is found that the first-order loss factor of composite beam specimens shows a rise of 41.1% at 0.4 wt% CNT content compared with that of pure epoxy, while the first-order loss factor of composite beam specimens with 0.025 wt% GNP content increases up by 128.9%. The maximum value of the first-order loss factor of nanocomposite beams with GNP reinforcement is 62.2% higher than that with CNTs.

Keywords: CNT/GNP reinforcement; epoxy resin; damping characteristics; dynamic mechanical analysis; vibration test; scanning electron microscope

1 Introduction

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have gained a lot of interest as high-performance composites in industries and academies. Ever since the discovery of CNTs in 1991, their exceedingly high aspect ratio, stiffness, elastic modulus, impressive strength, and low density make them greatly favorable reinforced materials for polymer matrices [1,2,3]. However, potential application of these one-dimensional nanoparticles is severely limited by the weak interfaces of CNTs and the polymer matrices. Additionally, their high aspect ratio results in aggregation of CNTs. To minimize the aggregation effect, high dispersive energies are required to properly disperse CNT into polymer matrices. This results in low thresholds of nanofiller concentration and failure of high aspect ratio, and finally limits the mechanical properties of composites. On account of the huge specific surface area and ultrahigh mechanical strength, GNPs exhibit desired application characteristics in the polymers [4,5,6]. Furthermore, surface modifications can enhance the dispersion of GNPs and realize the strong interface between GNPs and matrix, which improve the mechanical strength and Young’s modulus of nanocomposites [7,8]. As for the matrix, epoxy resin is a promising candidate considering its chemical resistance, specific strength, high stiffness, and dimensional stability [9,10,11]. By the addition of CNTs/GNPs, the mechanical properties of epoxy resin-based nanocomposites can be further improved. Hence, CNT/GNP-reinforced polymer nanocomposites have been widely used for the noise reduction and vibration control in various engineering sectors [12,13,14,15,16].

In the last decade, the damping properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced by CNTs have been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Zhou et al. [23] investigated the damping ratio and loss factor of CNT-reinforced polymer nanocomposites considering interfacial friction between CNTs and the resin. Experiments were carried out to verify the theoretical results. Khan et al. [24] explored the vibration damping properties of polymer composites reinforced by multiwall CNTs and carbon fiber (CF) through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and free and forced vibration tests. DeValve and Pitchumani [25] experimentally studied the damping effects of CF and CNT- reinforced composites via vibration tests of cantilever beams in both the fixed frame and rotating frame. The experimental results revealed that 2 wt% of CNTs can increase the damping by more than 130% in a stationary composite beam. For the composite beam rotating at 500 rpm, it could increase more than 150%. Bandarian et al. [26] studied the acoustic damping behavior of open-cell flexible polyurethane foams reinforced with multiwall CNTs, and found that the acoustic damping behavior improved significantly by a small content of nanotubes.

Recently, researchers also carried out experimental studies to explore the damping performances of nanocomposites reinforced by GNPs [31,32,33,34]. Chen et al. [31] investigated the surface energy and damping behaviors of GNP-reinforced polymer composites experimentally, and reported that GNP reinforcement could enhance the damping properties of petroleum resin and ethylene propylene rubber composites. The damping capability of recycled mortar reinforced with GNPs was evaluated by DMA in ref. [32], where the recycled mortar with GNP exhibited a higher damping capability than the recycled mortar without GNPs. Lu et al. [33] investigated GNP-reinforced sandwich polyurethane composites via DMA. It was found that in comparison with the baseline polyurethane beam, the dynamic and quasi-static damping properties of the composites with exceedingly low content of GNPs markedly increased by 94 and 71%, respectively. The damping effects in multiscale GNPs/fiberglass/epoxy composites were investigated via vibration tests by Rafiee et al. [34], where it was observed that the damping ratio increased at higher contents of GNP nanoparticles.

It is found from literature review that some experimental studies have been working on the damping characteristics of polymer nanocomposites reinforced by CNTs and GNPs separately; little research has been conducted to compare the damping behaviors of polymer nanocomposites reinforced by CNTs/GNPs. In this work, the damping performances of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced by CNT/GNP are experimentally investigated. Specimens of vibration tests and DMA beams initially are fabricated by epoxy reinforced by CNTs/GNPs. Then, DMA is carried out on CNT/GNP-reinforced epoxy nanocomposite beam specimens to determine the frequency/thermal-dependent damping behavior. Following DMA, vibration tests are conducted to investigate the damping behavior of nanocomposite beams associated with the first three modes. Microstructure imaging of scanning electron microscope (SEM) is also employed to reveal the CNT/GNP dispersion and explain the damping behaviors observed in vibration tests. Finally, based on those measured data, comparison investigations are performed to assess the damping effects of GNP and CNT reinforcements on epoxy resin.

2 Fabrication

2.1 Materials

E51 epoxy resin YT-CC301HhPqc is used as the matrix for this work, while multiwall CNTs JCGMT-999-25-20-COOH prepared via the process of chemical vapor deposition under 2,800°C temperature and GNPs JCG-1-150n-COOH produced by chemical reduction are used as the filling materials. According to its manufacturers, the mixing weight rate between curing agent and epoxy resin is 1:3. Tables 1–3, respectively, exhibit the material properties of CNTs/GNPs together with mechanical performances of the epoxy resin.

Table 1

Material characteristics of CNTs

Material Outer diameter (nm) Length (μm) Purity (%)
CNTs 20–30 5–30 99.8
Table 2

Material characteristics of GNPs

Material Thickness (nm) Purity (%)
GNPs 0.8–1.2 99.8
Table 3

Mechanical characteristics of epoxy resin

Material Density (kg/m3) Elastic modulus (GPa) Poisson ratio
Epoxy 980 1.00 0.38

2.2 Specimens’ fabrication

The generation of polymer nanocomposite beam specimens reinforced by CNTs/GNPs is exhibited in Figure 1. The epoxy matrix is added with GNPs and multiwall CNTs at certain amounts of weight ratio. A magnetic stirrer with a power of 20 W is utilized to stir the mixture for 30 min, which is then sonicated for half an hour by using ultrasonic disperser with a power of 600 W. Afterward, an epoxy resin curing agent is added at a weight ratio of 3/1 of the resin to curing agent. The mixture is stirred for 10 min through applying a magnetic stirrer and subsequently poured into the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) molds with a size of 30 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm to prepare the specimens for vibration test. Before pouring the mixture of CNTs/GNPs and epoxy, the beam-shaped cavities of PTFE molds are carefully cleaned by absolute ethanol via the ultrasonic disperser, and a mold release agent is applied for 30 min. Ultimately, the molds are stored in a vacuum oven at an ambient temperature of 25°C for 6 h. Repeat the above steps to acquire epoxy composite beams having different weight ratios of CNT/GNP for three-point bending DMA tests. In those specimens, the CNT weight ratios can be adjusted at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7%, while the weight ratios of GNPs are 0.0125, 0.0375, 0.0625, 0.0875, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. Following the same procedure, the vibration test specimens are also produced in a PTFE mold with the size of 200 mm ×  15 mm ×  3 mm, of which CNT and GNP weight ratios are identical with specimens for DMA tests, and three more specimens with 0.025 wt% GNPs for vibration tests are fabricated to achieve higher damping ratio. Figure 2 reveals the specimens of epoxy beams reinforced by CNTs for the vibration tests and DMA.

Figure 1 Preparation of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced by CNTs/GNPs.
Figure 1

Preparation of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced by CNTs/GNPs.

Figure 2 Specimens of epoxy composites reinforced by CNTs/GNPs.
Figure 2

Specimens of epoxy composites reinforced by CNTs/GNPs.

3 Experiments

To evaluate the damping effects of CNTs and GNPs on epoxy resin, DMA, vibration tests, and SEM are conducted. Comparison studies are carried out on the test results of epoxy specimens reinforced by CNTs and GNPs.

3.1 DMA

DMA can separate the elastic and viscous responses of materials when simple harmonic strain, for instance sinusoidal strain, is applied. The operating mechanism includes employing sinusoidal deformation and detecting its force, or utilizing sinusoidal force to the sample and testing its deformation, or even employing the constant deformation or force and detecting its relaxation or creep modulus. The tests of three-point bending DMA are performed for the characterization of the frequency-dependent damping behavior of epoxy resin reinforced by CNTs, as revealed in Figure 3. The specimens can be excited under 25°C temperature utilizing the constant displacement amplitude-isothermal-frequency scanning program between 4 and 200 Hz and a constant displacement amplitude-isofrequency-thermal scanning program between 30 and 180°C with a frequency of 20 Hz.

Figure 3 DMA setup picture.
Figure 3

DMA setup picture.

In this work, the Kelvin–Voigt model is adopted to extract the parameters of viscoelasticity, in which the loss and storage moduli E ″ and E ′ are, respectively, defined as the stresses needed per unit of viscous strain and elastic strain. Hence, the expressions of E ′ , E ″ , and loss factor tan δ are as follows:

(1) E ′ = σ θ ( t ) ε ( t ) = σ 0 ε 0 cos ( δ ) ,

(2) E ″ = σ π − θ ( t ) ε ̇ ( t ) / ω = σ 0 ε 0 sin ( δ ) ,

(3) tan δ = E ″ E ′ ,

where ε ( t ) , ε ̇ ( t ) , and ε 0 are the applied strain, strain rate, and strain amplitude, respectively; σ θ ( t ) , σ 0 , and σ π − θ ( t ) are the stress in phase with the strain, the stress amplitude, and the stress out of phase with the strain, respectively; ω is the frequency; δ is the phase angle in the frequency domain. The obtained storage and loss moduli, respectively, represent the responses of the spring and dashpot in the model of Kelvin–Voigt. The loss factor tan δ represents the ratio of applied strain energy distribution between the viscous and elastic components.

3.2 Vibration tests

As exhibited in Figure 4, the vibration tests are implemented at 25°C to determine the vibration response for the composite beam specimens being fixed at one end with 180 mm free length. The specimens for cantilever beam are excited via the impact hammer, and at the free end, the beam response is tracked through the portable digital vibration meter. The signals of laser vibration meter and impact hammer are acquired by LMS system. The resolution is 0.125 Hz and the frequency range is between 0 and 2,048 Hz.

Figure 4 Vibration test setup: (a) schematic diagram of measuring system; (b) enlarged picture of cantilever beam sample.
Figure 4

Vibration test setup: (a) schematic diagram of measuring system; (b) enlarged picture of cantilever beam sample.

Three specimens are prepared and tested for different weight ratios of CNTs/GNPs, and each test with certain specimen and loading conditions is repeated three times to ensure the accuracy of measurement. LMS Test Lab is employed to analyze the determined frequency response functions (FRFs) to obtain the damping ratio and natural frequency related to different modes. The damping ratio is obtained from FRFs via half-power bandwidth approach, as exhibited below:

(4) ζ = Δ f 2 f n ,

where ζ represents the damping ratio, Δ f is the frequency difference at 3 dB points around the natural frequencies, and f n represents the nth order natural frequency.

3.3 SEM

For SEM imaging, the samples with a length of 15 mm, a width of 3 mm, and a thickness of 3 mm are cut from the beam specimens for vibration tests. Then, the specimens are cleaned via oscillation in ethyl alcohol using an ultrasonic disperser and plated gold powder for 300 s to increase conductivity before imaging. The standard metal stubs are mounted with fractured specimen for imaging. Thermionic source emission microscope is applied to acquire SEM images. With the aim of achieving imaging with high resolution, the acceleration voltage is maintained below 2 keV in order to minimize the electron beam interaction volume in sample.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 DMA results

The variations of loss factors for the epoxy nanocomposite beam specimens reinforced by CNTs/GNPs along with excitation temperature and frequency are acquired via DMA as reflected in Figures 5–8, respectively. Table 4 lists the glass transition temperature for both pure epoxy and CNT/GNP-reinforced epoxy materials. The DMA outcomes in Figure 5 and Table 4 suggest that the glass transition temperature of neat epoxy specimens is almost 90°C. For specimens with 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 wt% CNT content, the glass transition temperature changes little; whereas, the glass transition temperature of specimens reinforced by 0.2 wt% CNT content decreases to 82°C with the decrement of loss factor at glass transition temperature. It can be seen in Figure 6 and Table 4 that as for GNP-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites, the glass transition temperature decreases with little GNP content. To be specific, the glass transition temperatures of specimens with 0.0125, 0.0375, 0.0625, and 0.0875 wt% GNP content are close to 80°C. However, as the weight ratio of GNPs continues to increase and becomes higher than 0.1 wt%, the glass transition temperatures return back to 88°C. Compared with pure epoxy, the loss factor of specimens at glass transition temperature with little GNP content is increased, while the increment of loss factor at glass transition temperature with high weight fractions of GNPs is insignificant. Based on Figures 5 and 6, when the temperature becomes higher than 120°C, the loss factors with a large amount of GNP content show a sudden increase, which indicates that the epoxy is getting to melt. However, for composites incorporating with little GNP content or CNT content, the loss factor decreases smoothly when the temperature increases higher than the glass transition temperature.

Figure 5 Temperature-dependent loss factor of CNT-reinforced composites by DMA tests.
Figure 5

Temperature-dependent loss factor of CNT-reinforced composites by DMA tests.

Figure 6 Temperature-dependent loss factor of GNP-reinforced composites by DMA tests.
Figure 6

Temperature-dependent loss factor of GNP-reinforced composites by DMA tests.

Figure 7 Frequency-dependent loss factor of CNT-reinforced composites by DMA tests.
Figure 7

Frequency-dependent loss factor of CNT-reinforced composites by DMA tests.

Figure 8 Frequency-dependent loss factor of GNP-reinforced composites by DMA tests.
Figure 8

Frequency-dependent loss factor of GNP-reinforced composites by DMA tests.

Table 4

Glass transition temperature for different materials

CNT wt% Glass transition temperature (°C) GNP (wt%) Glass transition temperature (°C)
0 88.57 0.0125 80.52
0.1 88.38 0.0375 80.05
0.2 81.67 0.0625 79.56
0.3 88.08 0.0875 81.11
0.4 87.84 0.1 87.45
0.5 87.29 0.2 89.26
0.6 88.06 0.3 88.63
0.7 89.59 0.4 85.81

The frequency-dependent loss factors of CNT/GNP-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites are illustrated in Figures 7 and 8, where no loss factor values are observed in the frequency region from 50 to 80 Hz due to the fact that the beam samples are in the resonant state, and the loss factors cannot be measured exactly by DMA tests in this frequency region. According to Figure 7, the highest loss factors are achieved at 0.1 wt% CNTs. When the weight ratio continues to increase, the loss factor starts to reduce and even lower than the loss factor of epoxy resin without reinforcement of CNTs. It is considered that this behavior principally results from CNT aggregation for high weight ratio. Figure 8 shows that the maximum loss factors are achieved at 0.0625 wt% GNPs in the frequency range 4–160 Hz, and 0.05 wt% GNPs in the frequency range 160–200 Hz. With the increasing weight ratio, the variation trends of loss factors for GNP-reinforced epoxy specimens are consistent with those of specimens with CNT reinforcements, that is, the value of loss factors continue to reduce and is lower than the loss factors of pure epoxy resin. However, the reason for the decrease of loss factors with GNP reinforcement is the lubricative effect of GNPs with high weight ratio, which is different from that of CNT reinforcement. In Figures 7 and 8, with the increasing frequency of excitation, the loss factor values also increase, suggesting that the damping effect of epoxy resin composites reinforced by CNTs/GNPs is enhanced.

4.2 Vibration test results

Through vibration tests, the damping ratios together with standard deviations of the first three modes of polymer nanocomposites reinforced by CNTs/GNPs with different weight ratios of CNTs/GNPs are acquired as shown in Figures 9 and 10. It can be observed from Figure 9 that the damping ratios related to the second mode are always less than those in the first mode for CNT-reinforced composites. In the third mode, the damping ratio is higher than that in the first mode when the content of CNT is less than 0.2 wt%; when it increases to 0.2 wt%, the damping ratio is almost the same with that in the first mode; then, as the CNT content continues to increase, the damping ratio is always lower than that in the first mode. For the first three modes, the maximum damping ratios always occur with 0.4 wt% CNT content. As shown in Figure 10, the damping ratios of the first mode are higher than those of the second and third modes for GNP-reinforced composites with the exception of 0.2 wt% GNP content in the second mode and 0.3 wt% GNP content in the third mode. In conclusion, the damping ratios related to the first mode are higher than those in second and third modes in most cases for both CNT- and GNP-reinforced nanocomposites. The standard deviations of damping ratios for GNP-reinforced composites are higher than that for CNT-reinforced composites. Because of the flocculent structure and low density of GNPs, it would be difficult to control the added mass of GNPs in the nanocomposites. Besides, the damping ratios are more sensitive for GNPs as nanofillers than CNTs. To be specific, 0.025 wt% GNP content can increase 128.9% of damping ratio for nanocomposites.

Figure 9 Damping ratios of the composite beams reinforced by CNT via vibration tests.
Figure 9

Damping ratios of the composite beams reinforced by CNT via vibration tests.

Figure 10 Damping ratios of the composite beams reinforced by GNP via vibration tests.
Figure 10

Damping ratios of the composite beams reinforced by GNP via vibration tests.

To further demonstrate the damping effects of CNT/GNP reinforcement, for nanocomposites filled with different CNT/GNP contents, the histogram and error bar of the damping ratios related to the first mode are shown in Figures 11 and 12. With the increase of the weight ratio of CNTs, the damping ratio of the first mode increases first and subsequently reduces, which has been approved by the polynomial regression model in ref. [35]. Overall, the damping ratio for the first mode with CNT reinforcement is always higher than that in the pure epoxy resin. Moreover, the damping ratio of 0.4 wt% CNTs to the first mode is 0.591%, which is 41.1% higher than the damping ratio in pure epoxy resin. The aggregation of CNTs in the epoxy resin matrix is obtained at a high weight ratio of CNTs, which can explain the reason why the damping ratio reduces when the weight ratio of CNTs further increases to more than 0.4%. These test outcomes support the view [36] that CNTs dispersed most uniformly with a weight ratio of 0.4%. It is shown in Figure 12 that the damping ratio for the first mode of GNP-reinforced composites has the similar variant trend with that of CNT-reinforced composites, and the damping ratio is always greater than that in the pure epoxy for the first mode. Furthermore, the maximum damping ratio in the first mode is 0.901% at 0.025 wt% GNPs, which shows a significant increase of 128.9% compared with pure epoxy. On the whole, the damping ratio first increases and then decreases with the increase of GNP/CNT content for composites, and there is a specific weight ratio of GNP/CNT content that reaches the maximum damping ratio.

Figure 11 First-order damping ratios of the composite beams reinforced by CNT through vibration tests.
Figure 11

First-order damping ratios of the composite beams reinforced by CNT through vibration tests.

Figure 12 First-order damping ratios of the composite beams reinforced by GNP through vibration tests.
Figure 12

First-order damping ratios of the composite beams reinforced by GNP through vibration tests.

4.3 Microstructure analysis

Figures 13 and 14 show the SEM micrographs of composites with 0.1, 0.4, and 0.6 wt% CNTs and 0.025 and 0.4 wt% GNPs, respectively. As can be seen from the micrographs in Figure 13, some of the CNTs are attached on the surface of epoxy, whose longitudinal axis parallels to the fracture surface, and some are embedded CNTs, whose tips are sticking out of the cross section. In short, it can be seen that CNTs are evenly distributed on the fracture surface in Figure 13(c) and (d). Additionally, there are almost no agglomerates of CNTs at 0.4 wt% CNT content. CNT aggregation in the fracture surface for composites with 0.6 wt% CNTs can be observed in Figure 13(e) and (f), in which CNTs have greater waviness than the composites containing 0.1 and 0.4 wt% CNTs. The high level of homogeneous dispersion and distribution is the reason for the strong damping effect during vibration, which explains why the damping ratio at a CNT content of 0.4 wt% is the highest in vibration tests.

Figure 13 Microstructure imaging of CNT-reinforced epoxy at 0.1 wt% CNTs at (a) 5,000× and (b) 20,000×; 0.4 wt% CNTs at (c) 5,000× and (d) 20,000×; 0.6 wt% CNTs at (e) 5,000× and (f) 20,000×.
Figure 13

Microstructure imaging of CNT-reinforced epoxy at 0.1 wt% CNTs at (a) 5,000× and (b) 20,000×; 0.4 wt% CNTs at (c) 5,000× and (d) 20,000×; 0.6 wt% CNTs at (e) 5,000× and (f) 20,000×.

Figure 14 Microstructure imaging of GNP-reinforced epoxy at 0.025 wt% GNPs at (a) 5,000× and (b) 20,000×; 0.4 wt% GNPs at (c) 5,000× and (d) 20,000×.
Figure 14

Microstructure imaging of GNP-reinforced epoxy at 0.025 wt% GNPs at (a) 5,000× and (b) 20,000×; 0.4 wt% GNPs at (c) 5,000× and (d) 20,000×.

It can be seen from the micrographs in Figure 14 that composites with 0.025 wt% GNPs show a rougher and patchier fracture surface than that with 0.4 wt% GNPs. This indicates stronger interactions between GNPs and epoxy surface. GNPs are homogeneously distributed on the fracture surface and form a strong bond with epoxy matrix. In addition, epoxy matrix has good affinity to GNPs, so they tend to exfoliate into epoxy matrices under mechanical loading. Therefore, the strong band in GNP–epoxy interface and GNP exfoliation lead to high damping ratios. When GNP content is increased, the lubrication between GNP–epoxy interface and GNP–GNP interface tends to cause the decrease of damping ratios. This is the reason for the vibration test results, where the damping ratio at 0.025 wt% GNPs is maximum, and the damping ratio initially increases and then decreases.

5 Conclusion

This article focused on investigating the damping properties of polymer nanocomposite beams reinforced by CNTs/GNPs experimentally. CNT/GNP-reinforced composite beam specimens were fabricated, upon which the vibration tests and DMA were implemented for the exploration of damping mechanism, and the nanocomposite microstructure was confirmed by SEM tests. According to the comparisons of DMA, vibration tests results, and SEM images, the conclusions are listed as follows:

  • The loss factors of CNT/GNP-reinforced epoxy beams increase along with the increment of excitation frequency. The glass transition temperature is decreasing by the dispersion of CNTs, but insignificantly affected by GNPs.

  • With the increasing weight ratios of GNPs and CNTs, the damping ratios of the first mode increase first and subsequently reduce. The maximum first damping ratio of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced by CNTs of 0.4 wt% is 0.591%, which is 41.1% higher than that in pure epoxy. Correspondingly, the maximum value of 0.901% is reached for the first-order damping ratio of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced by GNPs when the GNP weight ratio is 0.025 wt%, in contrast to the epoxy resin with no GNPs, the damping ratio is increased by 128.9%.

  • The elastic–viscoelastic mechanism explains the increasing damping behavior of composites reinforced by CNTs. The strong bond between GNPs and epoxy explains the increasing damping behavior of GNP-reinforced composite.

Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by CNTs/GNPs have been extensively applied in different engineering sectors owing to their excellent mechanical properties. The work in this article focuses on the damping effects of CNT/GNP reinforcement, which benefits the design and application of polymer nanocomposites in harsh environment.

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  1. Funding information: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11972204).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: David Hui, who is the coauthor of this article, is a current Editorial Board member of Nanotechnology Reviews. This fact did not affect the peer-review process. The authors declare no other conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-09-15
Revised: 2022-02-21
Accepted: 2022-03-20
Published Online: 2022-04-19

© 2022 Shengqi Pan et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
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  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
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  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
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  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0107
Keywords for this article
CNT/GNP reinforcement; epoxy resin; damping characteristics; dynamic mechanical analysis; vibration test; scanning electron microscope
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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