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Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture

  • Yangsen Cao , Zhuangzhuang Liu EMAIL logo and Wenjia Song
Published/Copyright: October 12, 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

The performance of asphalt mixture affects the service of pavement. Nano-alumina was employed as asphalt mixture modification to improve pavement performances. Properties of asphalt mixtures including high-temperature properties, low-temperature properties, water stability properties, and fatigue properties were investigated through rutting tests, dynamic creep tests, low-temperature bending tests, indirect tensile tests, Marshall stability tests, freeze-thaw splitting tests, and indirect tensile fatigue tests. Considering the various performance of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture, the optimization decision was made based on 21 sets of performance data, and the optimal dosage of nano-alumina was further clarified. The results demonstrate that nano-alumina improved all properties of asphalt mixtures, except for low-temperature properties. The decision revealed that the performance of the modified asphalt mixture was the most balanced when the content of nano-alumina is 9%. When the optimal dosage of nano-alumina was 9%, the dynamic stability of the asphalt mixture at 60°C was increased by 34.2%, the cumulative permanent strain was reduced by 36.5–49.5%, the water stability performance was improved by 8.3–19.5%, and the fatigue performance was improved by 3.8–7.2%. However, the low-temperature flexural tensile strain was reduced by 2.1% but still meets the specification requirements. Nano-alumina can be used to modify asphalt pavement materials in high-temperature and rainy areas.

Keywords: road engineering; asphalt mixture; nano-alumina; high-temperature performance; low-temperature performance; water stability performance; fatigue performance

1 Introduction

Asphalt concrete pavement and cement concrete pavement are the two main types of pavement [1]. Compared with cement concrete pavement, asphalt concrete pavement not only has the advantages of low noise, comfortable driving, short construction period, and convenient maintenance but also suffers from problems such as high-temperature rutting [2,3], low-temperature cracking [4], and fatigue damage [5]. To address these issues, road researchers have been devoted to the research of long-life pavement [6,7] and strive to improve the service performance of asphalt pavement through the selection of pavement raw materials, material design, structure design, and construction technology. Among them, the study of the performance of asphalt pavement materials has always attracted much attention. After all, material’s research is the cornerstone. High-performance material design coupled with good structural design and reasonable construction can make pavement performance more excellent and prolong the pavement service time. To improve the performance of asphalt pavement materials, researchers usually use modification techniques, such as polymer modification [8] and nanomaterial modification [9].

The polymers involved in polymer modification technology generally include thermoplastic resins [10,11,12], rubber [13,14,15], as well as thermoplastic rubbers [16,17]. The research on thermoplastic rubber styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymer may be more extensive. For instance, Babagoli et al. [17] studied the effect of SBS on the performance of asphalt, finding that a content of 3% SBS can increase the creep recovery effect of asphalt, reduce the sensitivity of asphalt to stress, and improve the rutting resistance of asphalt. In addition, SBS also improves the fatigue properties of asphalt, increasing the fatigue life by nearly ten times, especially at lower strain levels. Although the polymers can significantly improve the high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature crack resistance, and rheological properties of asphalt pavement materials, they also have a number of drawbacks. The polymers and asphalt materials, for example, have poor compatibility and are prone to segregation. The high cost of polymers, along with a complex and uncontrollable modification process, leads to a significant increase in the cost of pavement construction [18]. In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology, researchers have attempted to use nanomaterials to modify pavement materials and have achieved some results [19,20,21,22,23,24].

Yu et al. [25] and Zhang et al. [26] used nano-titanium oxide and nano-zinc oxide to improve the anti-ultraviolet aging performance of asphalt materials, respectively. Sun et al. [27] used nano-silica to improve the high-temperature stability and water stability of asphalt materials. Crucho et al. [28] enhanced the bonding ability of aggregate and asphalt by modifying hard asphalt with nano-bentonite. Ezzat et al. [29] studied the effects of nano-clay and nano-silica on asphalt performance and pointed out that with the increase of nano-clay content, the high-temperature performance of asphalt increased first and then decreased, and the ideal content being 3%. However, with the increase of nano-silica content, the high-temperature performance of asphalt increases steadily. Therefore, both nanomaterials have the potential to improve the permanent deformation resistance of asphalt. With their respective appropriate dosages, nano-clay or nano-silica-modified asphalt is suitable for areas with hot climatic conditions. Karahancer [30] evaluated the effect of nano-cuprous oxide on asphalt and asphalt mixture. It was pointed out that the rutting factor of modified asphalt was improved after aging. The fatigue factor and creep stiffness reached the lowest when the content of nano-cuprous oxide was 1.5%. This shows that nano-cuprous oxide can improve the high-temperature performance, fatigue performance, and low-temperature performance of asphalt. Furthermore, with the increase of nano-cuprous oxide content, the indirect tensile strength ratio increases, lowing the moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures. Hassan et al. [31] investigated the effect of nano-organosilane on asphalt and asphalt mixtures. The nanomaterials generated a hydrophobic layer on the surface of aggregates, which significantly improved the water damage resistance of asphalt mixtures. Nanomaterials, on the other hand, have little effect on the rutting performance, fatigue performance, and elastic modulus of asphalt and asphalt mixtures, and the low-temperature performance of asphalt remains unknown. Peyman [32,33] used different asphalt mixtures with different aggregate types, gradations, and different types of nano-organosilane to further indicate that nanomaterials can improve the water damage resistance of asphalt mixtures. In addition, Peyman et al. [34] also investigated the effect of nano-organosilane on the rutting resistance of 85/100 penetration grade asphalt, pointing out that nano-organosilane reduced the temperature sensitivity of asphalt while also enhanced the ability to resist rutting, and suggested that the dosage of nano-organosilane is 0.1%. In addition to the modification technology of single nanomaterials, there is also modification of composite nanomaterials. Shafabakhsh and Ani [35] studied the mechanical properties and rheological properties of nano-titania/silica composite-modified asphalt, which reduced the stress sensitivity of asphalt and inhibited the generation and propagation of tensile cracks and vertical cracks. Later, Shafabakhsh et al. [36] studied the effect of nano-silica/SBS composite on the fatigue life of asphalt, finding that its fatigue life is 2–5 times that of SBS polymer-modified asphalt. Golestani et al. [37] studied the properties of nano-montmorillonite re-modified SBS-modified asphalt. Nano-montmorillonite improves the dispersion homogeneity of SBS in the base asphalt, thus improving the storage stability of SBS-modified asphalt. In addition, nano-montmorillonite improves the elastic and viscoelastic properties of SBS-modified asphalt and improves the elastic modulus, rutting resistance, tensile strength, and moisture damage resistance of asphalt mixture with SBS.

In summary, the existing research mostly focused on the properties of modified asphalt, whereas only a few studies focused on some properties of asphalt mixtures. Exploring the influence of nanomaterials on the performance of asphalt mixture has more practical significance. However, there are limited reports on the overall performance of nanomaterial-modified asphalt mixture. Furthermore, nanomaterials can indeed improve part of the performance of asphalt pavement materials to a certain extent; however, the overall service performance of asphalt pavement materials still needs to be improved by researching novel modified materials. Nano-alumina with the characteristics of high hardness, high strength, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance has been used to improve the mechanical properties of cement concrete [38,39,40]. The properties of nano-alumina, especially heat resistance, are also required for asphalt pavement materials, but there is still a blank in the research on its application to modified asphalt mixtures. Given the lack of existing research, this article intends to explore the potential of nano-alumina to modify asphalt mixtures through rutting test, dynamic creep test, low-temperature bending test, indirect tensile test, water stability test, and indirect tensile fatigue test. Then, through the overall performance evaluation of the asphalt mixture, the optimal dosage of nano-alumina was determined.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Raw materials

Both coarse and fine aggregates are basalt, and the filler is limestone powder. The aggregate gradation is shown in Table 1, which meets the technical specification [41]. The basic indexes of 70# matrix asphalt are shown in Table 2. The properties of nano-alumina provided by Shijiazhuang Beijing Bright Technology Co., Ltd are shown in Table 2.

Table 1

Gradation of minerals

AC-13 Sieve size (mm)
16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Passing rate of each sieve/% 100 98 80 53 40 28 20 13 9 7
Table 2

Properties of 70# matrix asphalt and nano-alumina

Asphalt indicator Value Nano-alumina index Value
Penetration at 25°C/0.1 mm 68 Exterior White powder
Softening point/°C 50 Particle size/nm ≤80
Ductility at 10°C/cm 70.3 Density/(g/cm3) 0.9
Rolling thin-film oven test Quality change/% 0.61 Solubility/% 99.0
Penetration ratio/% 72.3 — —
Ductility at 10°C/cm 10.6 — —

2.2 Preparation of modified asphalt mixture

To disperse the nano-alumina into the asphalt mixture more uniformly, the wet mixing method with kerosene as the auxiliary solvent was adopted in this study. First, a certain amount of matrix asphalt is heated to 150°C. Referring to the previous studies, the asphalt is sheared at a high speed of 4,000 rpm [19,33,42]. Then, the nano-alumina with mass fractions of 3, 6, 9, and 12% were dissolved in an appropriate amount of kerosene solvent, respectively. Finally, the kerosene dissolved with nano-alumina is added to the preheated asphalt, and the desired modified asphalt is prepared by continuing to heat until the kerosene is completely volatilized. According to the Marshall test, the optimum asphalt content of asphalt mixture under different nano-alumina contents is shown in Table 3. The optimal amount of asphalt increases with the content of nano-alumina, which may be because the nanomaterials with high specific surface area adsorb a large amount of free asphalt, hence reducing the overall amount of free asphalt in the mixture. In the case of the same aggregate gradation, the total surface area of the aggregate is almost unchanged, so more asphalt content may be required [43].

Table 3

Optimum asphalt content of asphalt mixture with different nano-alumina contents

Nano-alumina content (%) 0 3 6 9 12
Optimum asphalt content 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.2

2.3 Basic performance tests of asphalt mixture

2.3.1 Rutting test

There are many evaluation methods for the high-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures, and the rutting test in “Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engineering” (JTG E20-2011, T0719-2011) is commonly used to evaluate the ability of asphalt mixture to resist high-temperature deformation. This test utilized the HLR-2 rutting test machine. The size of the specimen was 30 cm3 × 30 cm3 × 5 cm3; the ambient temperature was controlled at 40, 50, and 60°C; and the tire pressure was 0.7 MPa.

2.3.2 Dynamic creep test

Asphalt mixture is a viscoelastic material, and its high-temperature deformation is the result of creep accumulation under dynamic vehicle loads. There are certain limitations in evaluating the high-temperature properties of asphalt mixtures by the rutting test. The loading method of the dynamic creep test is impact loading, which can better simulate the high-temperature deformation performance of asphalt mixture under different traffic loads and ambient temperatures. To further study the high-temperature performance of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture, the UTM-30 pavement material servo hydraulic dynamic test system was used in this test. The test was carried out according to NCHRP 9–29 “Simple Performance Tester for Superpave Mix Design.” The size of the specimen is φ 100 mm3 × 150 mm3. The permanent deformation of asphalt pavement mainly occurs in the high-temperature season, so the temperature of this test is set to 40, 50, and 60°C, respectively. With an axial pressure of 0.7 MPa, the test load is in the form of a half-sine wave with a loading time of 0.1 s and a rest time of 0.9 s. To eliminate the influence of the restraint effect at the end of the test piece on the test findings, a tetrafluoroethylene film was placed at either end of the test piece during the test. The test is terminated when the cumulative permanent strain reaches 0.1 or the number of loading times reaches 10,000.

2.3.3 Low-temperature bending and indirect tensile tests

The high-temperature and low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture often need to balance each other. As a result, while considering the effect of nano-alumina on the high-temperature performance of asphalt mixture, it is necessary to consider its effect on the low-temperature cracking performance of the mixture. The low-temperature limit strain can reflect the low-temperature cracking performance of the asphalt mixture, and the smaller the value, the better the low-temperature performance of the asphalt mixture. In this article, low-temperature bending tests and indirect tensile tests were used to evaluate the low-temperature performance of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture. The low-temperature bending tests and the indirect tensile tests were performed in accordance with T0715-2011 and T0716-2011 in “Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engineering” (JTG E20-2011), respectively. In the low-temperature bending tests, the size of the trabecular specimen is 250 mm3 × 30 mm3 × 35 mm3, the ambient temperature is −10°C, and the loading rate is 50 mm/min. In the indirect tensile tests, the specimen is a standard Marshall specimen, the ambient temperature is −10°C, the Poisson’s ratio is 0.25, and the loading rate is 1 mm/min.

2.3.4 Water stability test

Asphalt mixtures are easily affected by water damage. On the one hand, Marshall specimens exhibit low spalling resistance after being damaged by water. In contrast, as a result of freezing and thawing, the structural strength of the specimen decreases. The effects of nano-alumina on the water stability of asphalt mixtures were analyzed by immersion Marshall test and freeze-thaw splitting test. The two tests were conducted according to T0709-2011 and T0729-2000 in “Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engineering” (JTG E20-2011), respectively. The dimensions of the two test specimens are φ 101.6 mm3 × 63.5 mm3. In the water immersion Marshall test, the specimen needs to be immersed in water for 48 h before its stability is evaluated. The residual stability, which is the ratio of the stability before immersion to that after immersion, is used as an index. In the freeze-thaw splitting test, there are two sets of test pieces. The splitting tensile strength of the first set of specimens was measured after being immersed in water at 25°C for 2 h. The second set of specimens was first stored in a −16°C freezer for 16 h, then stored in 60°C water for 24 h, and then stored in 25°C water for 2 h, and finally tested for splitting tensile strength. The freeze-thaw splitting tensile strength ratio of the second group of specimens to the first group was used as an index.

2.3.5 Indirect tensile fatigue test

Fatigue cracking performance of asphalt mixture can be evaluated by indirect tensile testing. Therefore, indirect tensile fatigue tests according to NCHRP 9–29 “Simple Performance Tester for Superpave Mix Design” are used to compare the influence of various dosages of nano-alumina on the fatigue performance of asphalt mixture. The test instrument adopts the universal test system UTM-30, and the loading frequency is 10 Hz. The size of the specimen is φ 100 mm3 × 63.5 mm3. The vertical deformation of the specimen is measured to determine whether fatigue failure has occurred. The test ends when a vertical crack occurs in the center of the specimen due to indirect tension. The fatigue life of the specimen depends on the stress amplitude, temperature, etc. The test temperatures of this fatigue test are 5, 15, and 25°C, respectively, and the stress amplitudes are 0.2 and 0.3 MPa, respectively.

2.4 Optimal dosage decision method

The content of nano-alumina has a certain influence on the road performance of the asphalt mixture. Moreover, different road performance corresponds to different optimal dosages. To balance various properties and give full play to the effect of nano-alumina on asphalt mixtures, the gray decision theory [44,45] was used to determine the optimum amount of nano-alumina to make the overall performance of the asphalt mixture optimal.

2.4.1 Basic theory of gray decision making

Decision-making is based on the actual situation of system factors and the predetermined goals of the system to determine the actions to be taken. The gray decision is a decision based on incomplete or ambiguous system information. In the multi-index decision-making problem, different indicators often have their own optimal solutions, but for the entire system, there is only one optimal solution. For this kind of overall evaluation problem, gray decision-making works well. In the gray decision-making process, the event to be processed is called A (A = a i , i = 1,2,…m), and the action to be taken is called B (B = b j , j = 1,2,…n). The Cartesian product of A and B is the set of situations S (S = A × B = (a i , b j ), a i ∈ A, b j ∈ B). An arbitrary s ij = (a i , b j ) is called a situation. Every situation has an effect, and the quality of the effect is measured by the goal. For some goals, the larger the goals, the better the effect, whereas for others, the opposite is true.

2.4.2 Modeling

The event to be addressed in this study is the best overall performance of nano-alumina asphalt mixture, and the dosages of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% are five countermeasures, respectively. The overall performance is calculated from each index of the asphalt mixture. In order to reflect the overall performance of asphalt mixture more accurately, an overall performance evaluation model was established by making full use of data from the high-temperature performance, low-temperature performance, water stability performance, and fatigue performance of asphalt mixture.

2.4.2.1 Organizing raw data

Using n variables and m variable levels, construct the original data matrix X = (x jk | j ≤ m, k ≤ n).

2.4.2.2 Determination of standard mode

The standard mode determination is the bull’s-eye determination. For any index k, its bull’s-eye can be the maximum, minimum, average, or any reasonable value in the index, represented by x 0k . After the bull’s-eye of each index is determined, the standard mode X 0 can be obtained, where X 0 = (x 01, x 02, …, x 0k | k ≤ n).

2.4.2.3 Transformation of the gray measure

For each nano-alumina dosage scheme, the value of each index data x jk in matrix X after being transformed by the gray effect measure is taken as the specific effect value r jk of the situation under the kth index. The specific effect value r jk constitutes the effect matrix R (R = r jk | j ≤ m, k ≤ n).

(1) r j k = min ( x j k , x 0 k ) max ( x j k , x 0 k ) .

2.4.2.4 Calculation of bull’s-eye distance for each index

After the gray measure transformation, the position of the bull’s-eye changes from X 0 to the ideal optimal value R 0, R 0 = (r 01,r 02,…,r 0k| k ≤ n).

The bull’s-eye distance of each indicator is the distance from each effect value to the new bull’s-eye. The bull’s-eye distance is ∆, ∆ = (∆ jk = |r jk -r 0k|, j ≤ m, k ≤ n).

2.4.2.5 Gray target decision

The gray target for decision-making is the distance from each solution to the ideal solution. The decision-making gray target selected in this article is a spherical gray target. The spherical gray target is the distance SD j from the gray effect measurement vector R j of the scheme j to the ideal gray effect measurement vector R 0 = [r j1,r j2,…,r jk ]. The smaller SD j is, the better option j is. The calculation of SDj is shown in equation (2).

(2) SD j = ∣ R j − R 0 ∣ = ( r j 1 − r 01 ) 2 + ( r j 2 − r 02 ) 2 + ⋯ + ( r j k − r 0 k ) 2 ( j ≤ m , k ≤ n ) .

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Test results of basic performance

3.1.1 High-temperature performance

3.1.1.1 High-temperature performance by rutting test

Figure 1 shows the rutting test results of different dosages of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture under a wheel load of 0.7 MPa. The 60-min rutting depth and dynamic stability are used to characterize the high-temperature rutting resistance of the asphalt mixture. With the increase of nano-alumina content, the rutting depth of 60 min at 40, 50, and 60°C decreased gradually. The dynamic stability gradually increases with the content of nano-alumina. This could be owing to the high specific surface area of nano-alumina, and the addition of nanoparticles into the asphalt could play the role of agglomerating the asphalt, improving the viscosity and adhesion of the asphalt, thereby reducing its sensitivity to high temperature. This characteristic of nanomaterials is also reflected in the literature [46]. Furthermore, nanomaterials also increase the stiffness of the asphalt binder and thus improve the deformation resistance of the asphalt mixture [47]. When the content of nano-alumina is in the range of 3–12%, the rutting depth of the modified asphalt mixture at 60°C decreases by 12.7–36.6%, while dynamic stability increases by 17.1–39.2%. Therefore, nano-alumina can improve the high-temperature rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures.

Figure 1 Rut depth and dynamic stability.
Figure 1

Rut depth and dynamic stability.

3.1.1.2 High-temperature performance by dynamic creep test

The dynamic creep test results at different temperatures are shown in Figure 2. The accumulated permanent strain can reflect the high-temperature deformation performance of asphalt mixtures. The strain shown in Figure 2 is the final strain after the specimen is loaded 4,000 times and the strain tends to be stable. The larger the final strain, the more sensitive the specimen is to the high-temperature environment. Under the three temperature conditions, the final strain showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing with the content of nano-alumina, which was slightly different from the rutting test. The reduction of the cumulative permanent strain reflects that the overall structure of the nano-modified asphalt mixture becomes stiffer, which seems to be related to the stiffening of the asphalt. After that, the cumulative permanent deformation increases with the increase of nano-alumina content, which may be attributed to the uneven dispersion of nanomaterials in some areas, and the local aggregation generates structural defects. At 60°C, the final strain of asphalt mixtures can reach the lowest when the content of nano-alumina is 9%. The final strain at this time is 49.5% lower than that of the specimen without nano-alumina. At 40 and 50°C, the optimum dosage of nano-alumina is 9 and 6%, respectively. The optimum dosage of nano-alumina varies at different temperatures, but in general, the addition of 3–12% of nano-alumina can reduce the final strain by 2.2–49.5%. The nanomaterial-modified asphalt could reduce the heat sensitivity of the asphalt [48], improving the cohesive force of the asphalt mortar and the mixture, thereby improving the creep performance and permanent deformation performance of the asphalt mixture. When the content exceeds a certain content, the nano-alumina begins to harm the high-temperature performance of the asphalt mixture. According to the literature [49], the excessive incorporation of nanomaterials weakens the creep properties of asphalt mixtures.

Figure 2 Cumulative permanent strain.
Figure 2

Cumulative permanent strain.

3.1.2 Low-temperature performance

As shown in Figure 3, the maximum bending tensile strain decreases with the content of nano-alumina, demonstrating that the low-temperature performance of the nano-modified asphalt mixture has reduced. This could be because the addition of nano-alumina powder reduces the light components in the matrix asphalt while increasing its hardness [48]. The higher the asphalt hardness, the greater the risk of low-temperature brittle fracture, which eventually results in a decrease in the low-temperature performance of the asphalt mixture. This phenomenon indicates that the effect of nano-alumina addition on the asphalt mixture has two sides. This is consistent with the law that the high-temperature and low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture generally do not increase at the same time. Polymer SBS can improve the high- and low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture at the same time, so nano-alumina is inferior to SBS in this aspect. When the dosage is 6%, the maximum flexural-tensile strain decreases the fastest, and the flexural-tensile strain decreases by 1.6% at this time. The low-temperature properties of the modified asphalt mixture reflected by the indirect tensile test are similar to the low-temperature bending test. When the content of nano-alumina was 6%, the tensile strain at failure decreased by 14.1%. The specification [41] requires that the low-temperature index of ordinary asphalt mixtures is not less than 2,000 με, and the modified asphalt mixture (polymer modification) is not less than 2,500 με. The low-temperature flexural tensile strain index of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture is between 2,000 and 2,500 με. There is currently no requirement for tensile failure strain in the specification; therefore, in terms of low-temperature bending, although the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture cannot be improved by nano-alumina, it can still meet the requirements of low-temperature crack resistance of asphalt pavement in non-severe cold areas.

Figure 3 Ultimate strain at low temperature.
Figure 3

Ultimate strain at low temperature.

3.1.3 Water stability performance

Figure 4 depicts the results of the water stability test. In Figure 4(a), the stability of Marshall specimens before and after immersion increases with the content of nano-alumina. When the content of nano-alumina was 12%, the stability of Marshall specimens before and after water immersion reached 15.9 and 14.4 kN, which were 72.6 and 90.2% higher than those without nano-alumina, respectively. The residual stability increases with the content of nano-alumina, and all meet the requirements of the minimum residual stability of not less than 80% in the specification. In Figure 4(b), the splitting strength of the freeze-thawed and unfrozen-thawed mixtures increased with the content of nano-alumina. The maximum splitting strength of frozen-thawed and unfrozen-thawed Marshall specimens increased by 79.2 and 54.3% compared with the original values. The ratio of freeze-thaw splitting strength is greater than 75%, which meets the specification requirements. Nano-alumina has high lipophilicity, utilizing it as a modifier can convert the free asphalt in an asphalt mixture into structural asphalt to a greater extent [50]. The interface between the aggregate and the asphalt is avoided to be peeled off in the water, thereby improving the water stability to a certain extent. The improvement of the moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures by nanomaterials is also reflected in the indirect tensile strength ratio index in the literature [49].

Figure 4 Water stability test: (a) Marshall stability test and (b) freeze-thaw split test.
Figure 4

Water stability test: (a) Marshall stability test and (b) freeze-thaw split test.

3.1.4 Fatigue performance

Figure 5 shows the effect of nano-alumina content on the fatigue life of asphalt mixture at different temperatures. Under lower temperature and stress conditions, the asphalt mixture can withstand more loading times. This is due to the high stiffness and strength of the asphalt mixture at lower temperatures. When the temperature increases, the rheological properties of the asphalt binder gradually appear, which reduces the bearing capacity of the mixture. The decrease in fatigue life with stress level conforms to the traditional S–N fatigue equation [51]. When the ambient temperature is 5°C and the stress is 0.2 MPa, the maximum loading time of the specimen without nano-alumina is 78,000 times. However, when the temperature is 25°C and the stress is 0.3 MPa, the maximum loading time of the specimen is only 5,300 times, which shows that the temperature and stress have a great influence on the fatigue life of the asphalt mixture. The lower ambient temperature and stress level can prolong the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures, but the ambient temperature of the road and the internal stress of the pavement structure cannot be changed. Therefore, reducing the sensitivity of the mixture to temperature and stress is a method to improve the life of the asphalt mixture [52], and the application of nano-alumina is based on this. Under all temperature and stress conditions, the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures always increases first and then decreases with the content of nano-alumina. The allowable loading time of the asphalt mixture with 6% nano-alumina was the highest, which was 4.8–45.8% higher than that of mixtures without nano-alumina. As a result, the addition of nano-alumina can prolong the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures, which also shows that nano-alumina has a certain effect on preventing fatigue cracking performance of asphalt mixtures.

Figure 5 Fatigue life of asphalt mixture.
Figure 5

Fatigue life of asphalt mixture.

3.2 Optimal dosage determination based on gray target decision

The values of each index factor measured by the test are shown in Table 4. According to the theory of gray target model determination, the indexes after gray measure transformation through equation (1) are shown in Table 5. The transformation of data from Tables 4 and 5 is essentially the process of data standardization, in which the data change from dimensional to dimensionless. The rut depth and cumulative permanent strain shown in Table 4 are economic indicators, and the smaller the value, the better the performance of the mixture. Dynamic stability, stability, freeze-thaw splitting strength, fatigue life, low-temperature bending strain, and tensile failure strain are benefit-type indicators, and the larger the value, the better the performance of the mixture. For each index after the gray effect transformation in Table 5, whether it is an economic index or a benefit index, the larger the value, the better the performance of the mixture.

Table 4

Raw data of various performances

Content (%) Rutting depth (mm) Dynamic stability/(times/mm) Cumulative permanent strain Stability (kN)
40°C 50°C 60°C 60°C 40°C 50°C 60°C Normal Soaked Residual stability (%)
0 2.4 4.15 6.45 1,580 0.0192 0.037 0.0522 9.24 7.58 82.0
3 2.35 3.96 5.63 1,850 0.0176 0.0345 0.051 10.81 9.11 84.3
6 1.89 3.39 5.13 2,010 0.0153 0.023 0.0397 13.40 11.42 85.2
9 1.73 3.12 4.31 2,120 0.0111 0.0235 0.0263 14.50 12.88 88.8
12 1.7 2.73 4.09 2,200 0.0166 0.0295 0.0367 15.94 14.41 90.4
Content (%) Freeze-thaw splitting strength (MPa) Fatigue life-0.2 MPa Fatigue life-0.3 MPa Low-temperature bending strain (με) Tensile strain at failure/0.01ε
Normal Freeze-thawed Splitting strength ratio (%) 5°C 15°C 25°C 5°C 15°C 25°C
0 0.70 0.53 75.7 71,077 36,069 9,562 55,047 22,010 5,015 2,435 3.26
3 0.77 0.61 79.2 75,016 39,087 9,810 56,067 22,509 5,162 2,429 3.19
6 0.92 0.73 79.3 78,017 52,599 10,547 62,089 23,580 5,258 2,395 2.8
9 1.05 0.95 90.5 76,044 37,593 10,098 59,028 23,096 5,203 2,383 2.74
12 1.08 0.95 88.0 74,576 37,026 9,628 56,018 22,592 5,050 2,378 2.65
Table 5

Gray effect measurement of various performance indicators

Content (%) Rutting depth Dynamic stability Cumulative permanent strain Stability
40°C 50°C 60°C 60°C 40°C 50°C 60°C Normal Soaked Residual stability
0 0.7083 0.6578 0.6341 0.7182 0.5783 0.6216 0.5048 0.5795 0.5258 0.9074
3 0.7234 0.6894 0.7265 0.8409 0.6303 0.6667 0.5163 0.6782 0.6322 0.9322
6 0.8995 0.8053 0.7973 0.9136 0.7228 1 0.6639 0.8407 0.7925 0.9427
9 0.9827 0.875 0.949 0.9636 1 0.9787 1 0.9099 0.8941 0.9826
12 1 1 1 1 0.6683 0.7797 0.7182 1 1 1
Content (%) Freeze-thaw splitting strength Fatigue life-0.2 MPa Fatigue life-0.3 MPa Low-temperature bending strain Tensile strain at failure
Normal Freeze-thawed Splitting strength ratio 5°C 15°C 25°C 5°C 15°C 25°C
0 0.6481 0.5579 0.8368 0.911 0.6857 0.9066 0.8866 0.9334 0.9538 1 1
3 0.713 0.6421 0.8756 0.9615 0.7431 0.9301 0.903 0.9546 0.9817 0.9975 0.9785
6 0.8519 0.7684 0.877 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.9836 0.8589
9 0.9722 1 1 0.9747 0.7147 0.9574 0.9507 0.9795 0.9895 0.9786 0.8405
12 1 1 0.9722 0.9559 0.7039 0.9129 0.9022 0.9581 0.9604 0.9766 0.8129

According to Table 5, the gray effect measurement vector of the ideal optimal nano-alumina dosage scheme is R 0 = (1,…,1)1 × 21. According to equation (2), the bull’s-eye distance between the gray effect measurement vector of various nano-alumina dosage schemes and the gray effect measurement vector of the ideal optimal nano-alumina dosage scheme can be calculated as shown in Table 6. The bull’s-center distance calculated with different nano-alumina contents is SD0 ≥ SD3 ≥ SD6 ≥ SD12 ≥ SD9. When the content of nano-alumina is 9%, the bull’s-eye distance is the smallest. According to the gray target decision theory, when the content of nano-alumina is 9%, the performance of the asphalt mixture reaches the optimal balance. Therefore, the recommended dosage of nano-alumina is 9%.

Table 6

Calculation results of bull’s-center distance with different nano-alumina contents

Nano-alumina content (%) 0 3 6 9 12
SD 1.3865 1.1441 0.6848 0.3917 0.6200

4 Conclusion

In this article, the influence of nano-alumina as an inorganic modifier on the basic properties of asphalt mixture was explored through rutting tests, dynamic creep tests, low-temperature bending tests, indirect tensile tests, stability tests, freeze-thaw splitting tests, and indirect tensile fatigue tests. A gray decision-making model was established to evaluate the overall performance of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture. Experiments show that nano-alumina can improve the high-temperature performance, water stability, and fatigue performance of asphalt mixture. In particular, the improvement of high-temperature performance is remarkable. Nano-alumina can increase the dynamic stability of the asphalt mixture at 60°C by up to 34.2% and reduce the accumulated permanent strain by up to 49.5%. Nano-alumina has a certain negative effect on the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture, but the low-temperature bending strain index value still meets the specification requirements. Different performance indicators correspond to different optimal dosages. By establishing a decision-making model with 21 parameters and 5 parameter levels, the effect of nano-alumina content on the overall performance of asphalt mixtures was quantified. When the content of nano-alumina is 9%, the overall performance of asphalt mixtures reaches the optimum. In this article, the feasibility of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture has been studied macroscopically, but the process optimization of nano-alumina-modified asphalt and the research of modification mechanism at the microlevel still need to be further carried out.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University, CHD (300102212701).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted the responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-04-03
Revised: 2022-06-11
Accepted: 2022-09-14
Published Online: 2022-10-12

© 2022 Yangsen Cao et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0485
Keywords for this article
road engineering; asphalt mixture; nano-alumina; high-temperature performance; low-temperature performance; water stability performance; fatigue performance
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  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
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  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
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  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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