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Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions

  • Pooja Jain , Uzma Farooq , Nazia Hassan , Mohammed Albratty , Md. Shamsher Alam , Hafiz A. Makeen , Mohd. Aamir Mirza EMAIL logo and Zeenat Iqbal EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 20, 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Advancement in nanotechnology and its intervention into the medical field has led to significant development in the field of oral health. Also, the combination of nanomaterial science and biotechnology in dental nanorobotics has enthralled us by adding momentum to contemporary dental practices. The progressive nature of dental afflictions often requires an umbrella approach for their prevention, diagnosis, and complete treatment. Furthermore, the complex nature of dental diseases entails customized treatment modalities, which provides the development of various nanotechnology armamentariums. Furthermore, with the objective of controlled drug delivery, researchers have done a plethora of work to apply nanomaterials such as nanospheres, nanotubes, and nanocomposites for dental infections. However, the fundamental concern with nanotechnology is cost involvement and scaleup hurdles which limits its commercialization. Nevertheless, we hope that optimal utilization of the available nanotechnological interventions for modern dental practice will shortly improve oral health. Hence, this review primarily focuses on the types of nanotechnological interventions explored for various dental afflictions. Also, the authors have attempted to enlighten the readers about the practical aspects of nanotherapeutics for dental disease, that is, a journey from laboratory to product commercialization.

Keywords: nanotechnology; nanotherapeutics; restorative dentistry; preventive dentistry; operative dentistry; periodontal therapy

1 Introduction

The past few years have witnessed a remarkable development in the clinical applications of nanobiomaterials in health care and dentistry. Nanotechnology appears as a valuable tool to the health care industry, and its applications have led to a significant improvement in modern medicine and dental practices. Currently, nanotechnology is driving the dental material industry at a high pace [1]. Applications of nanotechnology offer an impeccable and suitable solution in dentistry and seem to have answers to the problems of conventional dental practices. These novel nanobiomaterials can mimic the surface and interface properties of dental tissues [2]. In the past few decades, biotechnology and regenerative medicine have significantly impacted human lives. However, an advanced level of research is still required to overcome the drawbacks of conventional biomaterials. Although nanodentistry is still in its infancy, it has enormous potential to give innovative solutions for operative and preventive dentistry, tooth restoration, and periodontics (Figure 1). The use of nanoparticles in root end sealants and fillers provides more strength and luster.

Figure 1 Various nanotools for dental afflictions.
Figure 1

Various nanotools for dental afflictions.

Similarly, the incorporation of antimicrobial nanoparticles in restorative materials assures protection against caries forming bacteria and maintains the health of the oral environment. Also, a nanoparticle-based system is an attractive approach for localized drug delivery in periodontitis and oral squamous cell carcinomas [3,4]. Nanotechnology-based hydroxyapatite (HA) is well sufficient to treat osseous defects [5]. Neocis’ Yomi is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved robotic navigation system used in US dentistry and has performed more than 1,000 implants in 2019 [6]. Altogether, it is believed that, in the future, nanotechnology will yield precise and customized solutions in dentistry [7,8].

However, due to the submicron size, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of any material change, it is a matter of investigation. And as FDA regulates pre-market authorization of drugs and biologics, nanomedicines are also pre-clinically and clinically validated by FDA. Therefore, the safety of nanomaterials is a paramount concern [9].

Henceforth, this review attempts to appraise the readers about the various available nanotherapeutic tools for operative dentistry, preventive dentistry, and periodontotherapy. Also, information on the granted patents, clinical trials, available products in the market, and the regulatory aspects of nanobiomaterials have been collected. It is hoped that this review will enlighten the readers about the practical aspects of nanotools for dental disease, that is, a journey from laboratory to product commercialization.

2 Nanotherapeutic tools for dental afflictions

Oral health has been majorly affected by the emergence of advanced nanomaterials, tissue engineering techniques, and nanorobotics. The techniques, as mentioned earlier, aim to improvize dental therapy and reduce surgery-associated pain and phobia.

Nowadays, nano-anaesthesia during dental surgery is preferred to reduce pain. Oral nano-anaesthesia is the colloidal suspension of nanorobotic particles, which are analgesic in nature. When the anaesthesia is injected into the gingiva, it travels to the dentinal tubules, as directed by the dentist through the computerized navigation and desensitized the nerves, ensuring the analgesic effect. Once the surgical procedure is completed, nanorobots can be easily removed by the dentist. Excellent patient comfort, selectivity, and controllability are the significant advantages of nano-anaesthesia over conventional anaesthetics [10,11].

These days, caries is the most common teeth problem, which adversely affects an individual’s daily life. Their progressive and infectious nature requires mechanical excavation and further filling with the resins or the restorative materials. Conventional filling materials such as HA, metals, and inorganic glues have the problem of microleakage: the discrepancy in physicochemical properties exists between them and the tooth [12]. Clinical studies showed that conventional filling materials lack anticaries properties, which could result in a high incidence of secondary caries. There is approximately 50% failure in filling restorations, thereby leading to wastage of public health resources. In order to resolve the above issues, nanomaterial-based dental filling materials were introduced and they served as the major breakthrough in caries management. Various anticaries agents such as silver nanoparticles, nano-zinc and nano-zincoxide, other metal nanoparticles, remineralized nano-anticaries materials, and biomimetic nanocatalysts were explored by the researchers to challenge the current problems of caries management [13]. In nutshell, we can say that with the availability of nanomaterial-based tooth repair materials, diagnosis and treatment of dental caries can be improved. Furthermore, applications of nanotools in various segments of dentistry are explained as follows.

2.1 Nanotools in preventive dentistry

Nanotools are gaining much attention in modern dentistry to prevent disease progression, where tooth decay prevention and treatment of carious lesions are of prime concern. Controlling the dentine hypersensitivity with the nanotools is an emerging field [14].

Dental enamel being a calcified tissue is mainly consisting of calcium-deficient carbonate hydroxyapatite. On the nanoscale, they appeared as a crystalline nanorod-like structure where the calcium hydroxyapatite crystallites are arranged roughly parallel to each other. However, the dentine is a hydrated tissue and comprises minerals, collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, and fluids. And the dentinal matrix is mainly made up of type I collagen fibrils which form a three-dimensional scaffold and are supported by hydroxyapatite crystallites [15]. As biofilm deposition on the enamel surface leads to caries lesion due to acids from bacterial metabolism, frequent consumption of acidic foods and beverages may also cause demineralization and induce enamel erosion [16]. Various approaches for remineralization include fluoride treatment, casein phosphopeptide (CPP)-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) treatment, and biomimetic materials. Fluoride is a widely accepted agent for enamel remineralization [17]. CPP stabilizes calcium and phosphate ions by forming the amorphous nanocomplexes and ensures continuous availability of ions for biomineralization [18]. MI Paste, Recaldent, and GC Tooth Mousse are the marketed products containing CPP-ACP [19]. Amongst the biomimetic approaches to remineralization, biomimetic carbonate hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were used to repair the micrometre-sized tooth surface defects. These crystals have been incorporated into toothpastes or mouth rinses to promote enamel remineralization, and based upon their size, they are deposited onto the dentinal surface (20 nm) or enamel surface (100 nm) [20]. BioRepair from Coswell Laboratory is a commercially available product that contains carbonate hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for enamel remineralization which have been proved to be effective in in vitro conditions after 10 min application [21]. Also, it has been shown that the nano-hydroxyapatite toothpaste with either spheroidal or needle-like particles was comparatively more effective than the sodium fluoride solution for remineralization of etched enamel [22]. However, due to the complex organic and inorganic structure of the dentine, remineralizing dentine into a functional state remains one of the most difficult challenges of dentistry.

If caries or enamel defects enlarge, they may lead to tissue damage which cannot be repaired by remineralization techniques. But with the help of the tissue engineering approach, treatment of damaged tissue is possible. Cells or drugs can be easily loaded into the nanoparticles or scaffolds and selectively targeted to particular tissue, thereby ensuring the sustained and controlled release. Scaffolds are designed in such a way that they can carry both signalling molecules for homing and therapeutic molecules for targeted delivery. Furthermore, for tissue engineering, three components are necessary: cell (mainly stem cell), bioactive signalling molecule (to assist tissue regeneration), and a polymeric scaffold. Researchers have exploited numerous nanomaterials to fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds. Differentiation and functionality are the prerequisite of scaffold material to act as an extracellular matrix for supporting tissue regeneration. Different techniques exist for nanofibrous polymeric scaffolds, and electrospinning is the most commonly used one [14,23].

2.2 Nanotools in operative dentistry

Operative dentistry is based on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of complex tissue defects of the tooth with a prime focus on restoring the form, function, and aesthetic [24]. Superior alternatives were developed by incorporating nanoparticles, nanofibres, and nanoclusters in traditional composites. The ideal size of a nanocomposite should be 1–100 nm. Nanohybrid composites are resin matrices made up of nanoparticles and large filler particles, and their size may vary from 0.4 to 5.0 µm [25]. The incorporation of nanostructures assures significantly enhanced properties of dental composites due to the availability of larger surface areas and binding sites. These dental composites also elicit improved smoothness, high gloss finish, better translucency, and aesthetic look fortified with excellent wear resistance [7,26]. InfinixTM Universal composite, approved by FDA in 2019, is based on Nobio’s QASi composite technology and consists of quaternary ammonium silica dioxide [27,28]. Another composite 3M™ (Filtek™ Supreme Flowable) contains loosely bound 5–20 nm zirconia/silica particles [29]. Other nanomaterial-based marketed products are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Nanomaterial-based dental products

Product name Product category Product component Application of product Ref.
Nanohybrid composite (brand: NHC SR Phonares®) Prosthodontics Silicon oxide Denture teeth [30]
Nanoresin-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) (brand: KetacTM Nano 3M ESPE) Restorations Zirconia/silica High shear (enamel) nanofillers and nanoclusters [31]
Nanocomposite resins (brand: Ceram.x®, MonoTM, Ceram.x®, DuoTM, Dentsply) Conservative Ceramic/polysiloxane Organically modified compressive nanofillers [32,33]
Nano-GIC (brand: GCP Glass Fill TM GCP Dental) Conservative Carbonized fluorapatite/HA nanoparticles Lower hardness and bond strength dentine [34,35]
Mineral solution (brand: NanoCare gold®, DNTTM) Cavity disinfectant Silver nanoparticles Antibacterial nanoparticles [36]
Silicon-based sealer (brand: GuttaFlowTM) Endodontics Nanosilver particles Nanosized sealing agent [37]
Bone grafts (brand: NanoBone®, Artoss GmbH®) Periodontics Nanocrystalline HA Low cytotoxic and high biocompatible graft [38]
Nano-implant coating (brand: NonoTite BIOMET 3i) Implantology Nano-HA Biocompatible implant coating [39]

The difference in the size of filler particles and HA crystals of tooth enamel results in poor bonding of the material with the tooth, thereby making it a little unstable. This issue was resolved by adding the nanoparticles to the composites, and promising results in smooth surface transition and interaction with tooth tissues were observed. Therefore, incorporated nanostructures improve the physicomechanical and optical properties of the resin composites [40,41].

Longevity is the most desirable aspect of any dental restorative material; however, most of the restoration cannot meet the same due to the enzymatic activity of dental caries forming oral bacteria [42]. Orthodontic materials also suffer from a similar problem, that is to harbour the multiplication of caries-causing bacteria. These bacteria demineralize the enamel, which produces a white spot lesion in 50% of patients undergoing orthodontic treatments [43]. Recently, nanotechnology has become an important area of research with a prime focus on increasing the antimicrobial properties of dental restorative and orthodontic materials [44]. Among the various nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles were the most commonly exploited by researchers either alone [45] or in combination with others, such as nanoparticles of zinc oxide [45], HA nanowires [46], HA [47], silica nanoparticles [48], and quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate [49]. Titanium oxide nanoparticles are suitable candidates for dental bonding materials with additional antibacterial activity [44]. So, it can be concluded that nanoparticle-modified dental bonding materials offer a more significant antibacterial activity than conventional dental bonding materials.

In cases, when non-surgical approaches are contraindicated or fail, a surgical endodontic procedure is required to save the tooth. The basic steps are exposure of carious tooth, root-end resection, preparation, and filling of a root end sealing material [50]. Various nanomaterials have been explored for endodontic purposes such as sealants and irrigators for disinfection purposes.

EndoSequence BC sealer is a nanoparticle-based sealant having excellent dimensional stability and antimicrobial property with a setting time of 3–4 h. It consists of calcium hydroxide, calcium silicate, zirconia, thickening agent, and bioactive nanoparticles. After getting hydrated in the apical area of the tooth, it formed a nano-HA and calcium silicate and settled down over there [51].

Bioactive nanoparticles significantly improved the physical properties of the materials [52].

GuttaFlow sealer is another excellent root canal sealant with in-built resistance to bacterial penetration. It is made up of silicon-based material, silver nanoparticles, and dust of gutta-percha. This sealant is also dimensionally stable and has a setting time of 30 min [53].

Another sealant, nano-HA-modified gutta-percha, consists of nano-HA, bismuth oxide, hexamethylenetetramine, and bisphenol-A-diglycidylether as a liquid component [54].

The bioactive glass nanoparticles have proven their potential for root canal disinfection. Nanoparticles (20–90 nm) of bioactive glasses containing SiO2CaOP2O5 were prepared, assessed for antimicrobial activity, and observed promising results [55]. With time-lapse, they release alkaline species in the biological environment, which are antibacterial [56]. Bioceramics are bioactive and biocompatible, and further release of alkaline antimicrobial species increases their suitability for root canal disinfection [57].

2.3 Nanotools in periodontal therapy

Periodontitis is a complex disease that destroys collagen and tooth-supporting materials. Its treatment is based on the delivery of antimicrobials along with the host modulatory agents [58,59]. From high-dose systemic antibiotics to localized drug delivery devices, nanotechnology has tremendously improved the treatment strategy.

In periodontics, nanoparticles such as nanospheres and nanocapsules have been extensively used as drug delivery carriers. Clinical data suggest that Atridox® (Collagenex Pharmaceuticals, Newtown, PA, USA), a biodegradable sustained release device containing doxycycline hyclate, is capable of reducing probing periodontal pocket depths after initial treatment of peri-implant lesions [60].

Also, promising results have been observed in a controlled phase 3 clinical trial wherein Arestin® (microspheres of minocycline) was administered as an adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRP) for the treatment of periodontitis. Adjunctive treatment reduces probing depth significantly more than the SRP alone [61].

Since periodontitis is a classic example of biofilm-based disease, and similar to other biofilm-mediated infections, it is unmanageable with alone antibiotics and host modulatory agents. Also, for complete amelioration, multiple placements of localized drug delivery systems are required, and this ultimately mounts the cost. The non-invasive perio-protect method tray was proposed as a solution for this problem. A period-tray with a customized sealing system delivers medication deep inside the periodontal pockets and is the one and only FDA-approved medication delivery system for periodontitis. In clinical settings as well, promising results were observed with this system [62].

Apart from the killing of periodontopathic bacteria, regeneration of periodontium and bone is the prerequisite for the complete treatment of periodontal diseases. Localized delivery of growth factors (GFs) to the periodontal cavity is a new approach to the regeneration of periodontium. Various strategies such as micro-particles, nanoparticles, scaffolds, injectable gels, and composites are being explored to preserve the bioactivity of GF and control its release [51].

Bioactive glasses also promote bone formation by osteoinduction and osteoconduction, which has led to the use of bioactive glasses that have been widely applied in dentistry. It has been observed that the periodontal ligament cells, when placed adjacent to the bioactive glass nanoparticles, showed high growth and enhanced viability along with elevated alkaline phosphatase activity [63].

When multiwalled carbon nanotubes were immersed in calcium phosphate solution at 37°C for 2 weeks, they resulted in the formation of nanoscale HA, thus indicating the potential of carbon nanotubes for periodontal tissue regeneration [64]. Ostim (Heraeus Kutzer, Hanau, Germany), a ready-to-use paste consisting of 35% of nanocrystalline particles of HA and 65% the water, has been widely used for the treatment of osseous defects. Clinically, its application results in a marked reduction in periodontal pocket depth and, after therapy, attains clinical attachment in 6 months [65,66].

3 Patents and clinical trials

Based on the acceptable performance of nanomaterials for dental procedures, patents have been granted in various countries, and a few of the granted patents are listed in Table 2.

Table 2

Patents on nanotherapeutic tools for dental intervention

S.no Grant no. Study objective Description
1 US20070043142A1 Dental compositions based on nanofibre reinforcement The present invention describes the dental composition based on nanofibres
2 US9545295B2 Nanobubble generator for cleaning root canal of tooth and dental apparatus comprising the same The present invention describes a nanobubble generator for root canal irrigation purposes
3 WO2001030307A1 Dental materials with nanosized silica particles The present invention describes the composition of dental materials for sealant, prosthesis, and filler purpose
4 US8298329B2 Nanocrystalline dental ceramics The present invention describes the composition of nanocrystalline dental ceramic
5 EP2495356A1 Dental implant with nanostructured surface and process for obtaining it The present invention describes the method of production of nanotubes of titanium dioxide as a coating for dental implants
6 WO2014087412A1 Nanosurface-modified metallic titanium implants for orthopaedic or dental applications and methods of manufacturing thereof The present invention describes the method of production of metallic implant
7 EP2409682A1 HA-binding nano- and microparticles for caries prophylaxis and reduction of dental hypersensitivity The present invention describes the application of oligopeptide functionalized nanoparticles or microparticles for caries prevention
8 US8357732B2 Method for production of biocompatible nanoparticles containing dental adhesive The present invention describes the process of production of HA nanorods containing dental adhesive
9 WO2017149474A1 Process for the production of antimicrobial dental adhesives including graphene and relative product thereof The present invention describes the process of production of dental adhesive with antibacterial and antibiofilm activity
10 US20130108708A1 Dental composites comprising nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate The present invention describes the antibacterial agent containing dental composite
11 US20130017236A1 Toothpaste or tooth gel containing silver nanoparticles coated with silver oxide The present invention describes the composition of silver nanoparticle-containing toothpaste
12 US9795543B1 Nanocomplexes for enamel remineralization The present invention describes the preparation and composition of nanocomplexes
13 US20070213460A1 Antimicrobial nano-silver additive for polymerizable dental materials The present invention describes the polymerizable dental material that can be used as dental filling material
14 US8641418B2 Titanium nanoscale etching on an implant surface The present invention describes the process of roughening of implant surface for fixing dental prostheses thereon
15 CN103690376B Dental pulp root canal filling paste The present invention describes the preparation of paste for filling into the root pulp
16 US20100035214A1 Radio-opaque dental prosthetic member The present invention describes the nanoparticle-containing radio-opaque material for dental prosthetics
17 US6890968B2 Pre-polymerized filler in dental restorative composite The present invention describes the filler for a dental composite that can be used in stress-bearing restorations and cosmetic restorations
18 US9192545B2 Dental root canal filling material having improved thermal conductive characteristics The present invention describes the dental root canal filling material with improved thermal property dental composite of high strength
19 WO2002092022A2 The dental composite containing discrete nanoparticles The present invention describes the dental composite of high strength
20 US20100047224A1 Biosilica-adhesive protein nanocomposite materials: synthesis and application in dentistry The present invention describes the application of silicate in-silk fibroin fusion proteins in dentistry to formulate silica-containing nanocomposite materials for nanocomposite as filling material

Although the nanomaterial-based dental products showed promising results in in vitro conditions, safety, and efficacy still need to be evaluated by clinical trials, few completed trials are listed in Table 3.

Table 3

Clinical trials on nanotherapeutic tools for dental intervention

S. no Clinical trial no. Study title Condition Intervention
1 NCT03186261 Antibacterial effect of nano-silver fluoride versus chlorhexidine on occlusal carious molars treated with partial caries removal technique Dental caries Nanosilver fluoride solution was compared with cavity cleanser
2 NCT02093091 Clinical evaluation of nano-ionomer filling in primary teeth Dental caries Ketac Nano was compared with a conventional filling material; vitremer
3 NCT02936830 Effectiveness of nano-hydroxyapetite paste on reducing dentin hypersensitivity Dentin hypersensitivity 15% Nanohydroxyapetite paste was compared with Glycerol and 5% sodium fluoride varnish
4 NCT03980847 Evaluation and the histomorphometric study of nanocrystalline HA (nanobone) with alendronate in the preservation of the tooth socket Bone resorption Alendronate 20 mg was combined with nanocrystal HA
5 NCT04213716 Comparison of the efficacy of calcium hydroxide with silver nanoparticle and conventional calcium hydroxide intra-canal medications on post-operative pain in symptomatic root canal treatment failure cases Retreatment Combination product of silver nano-particulate solution mixed with calcium hydroxide powder was compared with alone combination product and alone conventional calcium hydroxide
Root canal retreatment
Non-surgical retreatment
6 NCT03792178 Evaluation of postoperative sensitivity of bulk-fill resin composite versus the nano-resin composite Sensitivity Bulk fill composite was compared with nano-resin composite
7 NCT02895321 Nano-HA with potassium nitrate in the therapy of the dental sensitivity Dentin sensitivity Cavex bite and white ExSense was compared with Colgate protection caries and placebo gel
8 NCT03193606 Radiographic assessment of glass ionomer restorations with and without prior application of nano-silver fluoride in occlusal carious molars treated with partial caries removal technique Partial dentin caries removal Nanosilver fluoride solution was applied to carious dentin
9 NCT02918617 Clinical efficacy in relieving dentin hypersensitivity of nano-HA-containing toothpastes and cream Dentin sensitivity Control toothpaste containing Novamin technology compared with control toothpaste containing 1500 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate and test toothpaste containing a high concentration of nano-hydroxyapatite
10 NCT02893735 Clinical comparison of two resin composites on diastema closure and reshaping at four years Diastema Charisma-Diamond was compared with Filtek-Z550
11 NCT01464996 Clinical evaluation of a new two-component self-etch universal adhesive Composite restorations of tooth lesions Adhesive: OptiBond XTR; composite: Herculite Ultra in Arm 1 was compared with
Adhesive: OptiBond FL; Composite: Herculite Ultra in Arm 2
12 NCT04643288 Nanocrystalline HA bone substitute for treating periodontal intrabony defects Chronic periodontitis Open flap debridement procedure was performed in control group while nano-HA bone graft along with open flap debridement was given to intervention group
13 NCT02018783 Single application of desensitizing pastes as dentin sensitivity treatment Dentine hypersensitivity Colgate
Sensodyne
Nano P; and
Cocorico were compared among themselves
14 NCT04059250 Nobio clinical study – demineralization prevention with a new antibacterial restorative composite Dental caries, denture, partial, removable Nobio composite was compared with traditional composite

4 Regulatory aspect of nanotools or nano-based products for dentistry

The regulatory guidelines/aspects are defined as a range of scientific disciplines encompassing the quality, safety, and efficacy assessments of health products (medicinal products and medical devices). These guidelines provide informed regulatory decision-making throughout the lifecycle of a health product ranging from drug development, licensing, registration, manufacturing, and marketing. They are cumulatively derived from the diverse fields of basic medical science, applied medicinal science, and social sciences [67]. The regulatory standards and tools often vary in different countries and for different products as well. Examples of major regulatory authorities are FDA, USA; Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australia; and Central Drug Standard Control Organization, India and European Medicines Agency. The international organizations to mandate such rules and regulations are World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization, World Trade Organization, International Conference on Harmonization, and World Intellectual Property Organization [68]. The category of health products is broadly divided into two main heads, namely, medicinal products and medical devices [69]. The medical devices are subdivided into the categories of invasive (either surgical or not) and non-invasive (coming into direct contact with the skin) medical devices. Examples of invasive medical devices in dentistry are dental fillers, composites, and crowns [70]. Nanomaterials are classified as natural or formulated materials containing unbound/aggregate (strongly bound)/agglomerate (weekly bound) particles in a size range of 1–100 nm. The health and medicinal products encompassing nanomaterials can be termed nanotools and nanomedicines or nanoproducts, respectively. The medical devices fortified with nanotechnology are known as nanomedical devices [71]. The outline of a regulatory guideline for nanotechnology-based health products is all risks (physical/chemical/environmental) must be evaluated and reduced as far as possible; material toxicity, compatibility, contaminants, residues, and leachates must be checked before processing and minimized risk of injury in context with physical features and external dimensions [72]. To determine the possible health effects of nanomaterials (free/fixed/embedded) used in medical devices, the guidelines have two norms, one is for the cases where the nanomaterial might inadvertently be released into the human body, and second, are the cases where the nanomaterial is intended to be released into the human body. The assessment of nanomaterials used in medical devices is necessary to ensure consumer safety, to examine the emerging/newly identified health and environmental risks [73]. The regulation norms for nanomaterials involve material characterization, that is, either natural based or synthetic or a combination. Physicochemical characterizations include an evaluation of various parameters such as chemical composition; particle size; particle/mass concentration; specific surface area; surface chemistry; surface charge; redox potential; solubility and partition properties; pH; viscosity; density and pore density; dustiness; chemical reactivity, catalytic and photocatalytic activities [74]. The nanomaterials used in dentistry tools and other medical devices are categorized in terms of low, medium, and high exposures and include various testing parameters such as toxicokinetic, cytotoxicity, acute toxicity, irritation, delayed-type hypersensitivity, genotoxicity, haemocompatibility, repeated-dose toxicity, implantation, chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity, reproductive, and developmental toxicity. For invasive dental products, a few additional studies include immunotoxicity, persistence, accumulation, and adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) [75,76]. The risk evaluation of nanomaterials is based on release potential/kinetics; distribution and maintenance at the location site; and toxicity tests. The various aspects for evaluating the biocompatibility of nanomaterials used in dental and other medical devices are harmonized standards; assessment and testing in the risk management process; animal welfare requirements; toxicity studies; interactions with blood; implantation; irritation; and skin sensitization [77]. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10993 series describes considerations for the biocompatibility assessment or biological evaluation of nanomaterials based on dental and other medical devices. The additional considerations of the above series are surface nanostructures; nanomaterials incorporated within a medical device without intention to be released; nanomaterials bound on the surface of or within a medical device to be released; nanomaterials released from a medical device as degradation product, wear, or from mechanical treatment processes [78]. The general considerations of ISO 10993 include the assessment of release kinetics (rate and quantity), contract duration, potential cellular or tissue effects (beneficial or adverse), physicochemical characterization, and toxicokinetic (ADME)/tissue distribution of the nanomaterials [79]. The three prerequisites for the biological evaluation of dental nanomaterials are physical morphology, chemical composition, and extrinsic properties (interaction ability with the surrounding environment) [80]. The extrinsic properties cumulate protein–cellular interaction, cellular uptake (cross cellular and intracellular), interruption activity (DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, and other cellular functions), and translocation at the site of administration. Additionally, other studies such as evaluation of dose metrics, different properties to bulk form, mass/number concentration, surface area, aggregation, electric charge, and optical properties are also taken into consideration [81,82,83]. The significant toxicity studies include genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, and systemic toxicity. The in vitro toxicity analysis demonstrates exposure to the cell nucleus, and in vivo analysis ensures nanomaterials reach the target organ. The ability of nanoparticles to initiate an immune response or immunotoxicity results in their irritation and sensitization potential. The additional toxicity study includes haemocompatibility which is based on nanomaterial’s ability to translocate from device to systemic and to induce prothrombotic effects, platelet activation, and inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions [59,61,67].

5 Conclusion and future perspective

This up-to-date snapshot clearly explains the impact of nanotechnology on dentistry and how it has revolutionized the dental practice worldwide. Various nanotechnology-based products such as nanoresin modified-GIC, nanohybrid composite, nanocomposite resins, and nano-GIC are there on the market to restore the size, shape, and aesthetic of teeth. Also, nanotechnology-driven approaches have now improvized the diagnosis and treatment of dental caries too. Nano-based products such as Atridox and Arestin have gained much attention from clinicians to reduce the bacterial load of the periodontal cavity. However, due to the unpredictable nature of existing tissue engineering techniques, regeneration of the periodontal tissue still remains a challenge to clinicians across the world. But, delivery of GFs to the periodontal cavity along with nanocarriers and scaffolds can be considered for this purpose. Also, bone grafts and implants have shown promising results in periodontology. With the help of nano-anaesthesia and nanorobotics, dental surgeries are no more dreadful for patients. Although the communion of nanotechnology and dentistry is still in its infancy yet, its continuous progression has shown a greater impact on overall research and commercial translation. Due to their promising results in in vitro conditions, a large number of patents have been granted to dental nanoproducts across the world. However, to assure safety and efficacy, several clinical trials have been conducted, and many of them are now completed. The small size of these nanoproducts associates itself with nanotoxicity outcomes and hence is particularly subjected to FDA approval before marketing and patient usage and needs to pass the set criteria and pre-defined standards. In conclusion, it can be said that the nanotechnology-driven approaches have imparted an edge to the various dental procedures and serve as a valuable tool for dental science. However, concerted efforts are required to address the various issues which could be pertinent to bridge the gap between its translation from the bench side to the clinical settings and also to have a substantial effect on major tooth repair using nanodentistry.

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Acknowledgments

Author Pooja Jain is thankful to CSIR for providing financial assistance in the form of SRF [09/0591(11905)/2021-EMR-I].

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-10-09
Revised: 2022-03-27
Accepted: 2022-04-25
Published Online: 2022-05-20

© 2022 Pooja Jain et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0115
Keywords for this article
nanotechnology; nanotherapeutics; restorative dentistry; preventive dentistry; operative dentistry; periodontal therapy
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
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  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
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  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
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  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
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  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
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  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
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  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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