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PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs

  • C. Naga Kumar , M. N. Prabhakar and Song Jung-il EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 6, 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

The novel aligned polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) green core–shell nanofibers were reinforced to carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs and were manufactured through the vacuum bagging technique. Aligned nanofibers were achieved by suspending a grounded needle between the nozzle and the collector of electrospinning. The self-healing properties were tested through a periodic three-point bending test at an interval of 24 h at room temperature. The healing behavior was further confirmed through field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and an electrical conductivity test. The self-healing prepregs (1038.42 MPa) regained 66% of their original strength (1577.85 MPa) after the initial damage. EDX analysis confirmed the elements of the resin (VE (C, O)) and hardener (MEKP (C, O), CN (C, O, Co)) from the ruptured healing carriers. The damaged carbon prepregs healed by showing electrical conductivity of around 83%. The mechanical properties of self-healing composites were tested by tensile, flexural, and Izod impact tests and showed an increment in both flexural (7–12%) and impact strength (5–7%) with the addition of nanofibers. Overall, the research findings provided a design of eco-friendly carriers for carbon fiber-reinforced composites to obtain decent self-healing properties without deteriorating the mechanical strength.

Keywords: aligned nanofibers; carbon prepreg; vacuum bagging; self-healing composites; mechanical properties

1 Introduction

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are the most popular that are being used in many applications due to their high specific strength, low density, corrosion resistance, and low thermal expansion coefficient [1,2,3,4]. In general, CFRP composites experience damage on the surface and inside the composite in their service life with variable loads that may not be visible, which affects the structural integrity and durability [5,6,7]. Even though the formed cracks are of nano/micro size due to vibrations and dynamic loads or thermal loads, they will propagate with time and lead to significant damage [8,9]. Such microcracks on the surface or within the composites are critical to examine, which leads with the time to the major damage. Even though various non-destructive inspection methods, including micro-CT, ultrasonic test, C-scan, acoustic emission testing, and electromagnetic interference, are available to inspect the nano/microcracks on composite materials [10,11,12,13], these techniques have limitations to use for detecting the damages in real-time performance and complicated testing procedures [14].

Nanohealing carriers played a vital role in self-healing applications due to their more advantages and also overcame few limitations of microcapsules such as the absence of resin-filled capsules at the damaged place and nonhomogeneous distribution of microcapsules in the composites [15,16]. Nanofibers are the most used nanohealing carriers in self-healing composites, which can be synthesized by an electrospinning process. The electrospinning process is very simple in which nanofibers can be prepared from thermoplastic polymers with controlled morphology and compositions; the process utilizes the electrostatic repulsion to stretch charged precursor polymer solution into a fiber [17]. The nanofibers produced through the electrospinning process are generally multioriented and not in an aligned manner; an additional setup is fixed to increase the electrical conductivity to synthesize aligned nanofibers. Aligned nanofibers have the main advantages compared with unaligned nanofibers of being utilized as a nanocarrier as the mechanical properties of resulting self-healing composites make the vertical movement of the resin possible during the VARTM process, thereby interlocking the nanofibers in the composites. In addition, the uniformity and distribution throughout the composites could be achieved with aligned nano fibers for obtaining healing process entire the composites. Similarly, a co-axial nozzle is used to prepare core–shell nanofibers in which two types of solutions for both the core and shell were guided through the electrospinning method [18]. Incorporation of nanofibers into composites is a challenging task, and several research groups have worked on the effective interlaying of nanofibers between the reinforcement fabrics to not affect the mechanical properties of the composites. Directly laying nanofibers on the fabrics and reinforcing in the matrix and placing nanofiber mats in between the layers of the reinforcement and fabricating composites are the generally used methods for preparing self-healing composites with reinforcement/core–shell nanofibers [19,20,21]. The vacuum bagging method is a well-known and very flexible process for consolidating fiber-reinforced polymer laminates; it is a friendly method used to fabricate composites with carbon prepregs [22].

Many research groups have studied the mechanical and self-healing properties of coatings and composites by incorporating nanofibers between reinforcement layers and in polymers. Few works are also published on the fabrication of self-healing composites including core–shell nanofibers. Neisiany et al. incorporated SAN core–shell nanofibers that contain a healing agent (epoxy and curing agent) between reinforcement fabrics and fabricated a self-healing carbon fiber–epoxy composite, and the mechanical properties and curing behaviors both showed that incorporation of nanofibers into carbon layers can impart the conventional carbon/epoxy composite with a self-healing ability, allowing it to repair itself to restore its mechanical properties for up to three cycles at room temperature in the absence of any external driving force [23]. Lee et al. developed PAN self-healing nanofibers and tested their mechanical and self-healing properties through periodic tensile testing; later, they directly embedded the core–shell nanofibers into PDMS and detected that the PDMS-impregnated composites with PRC show good self-healing properties [24]. The results showed that the resin monomer and curing agent were released from the cores of PAN–resin-curing agent (PRC) nanofiber mats that were damaged by tensile tests and up to 15% strain accompanied by irreversible plastic deformation. Neisiany et al. fabricated carbon/epoxy self-healing composites by incorporating PAN core–shell nanofibers as healing carriers and showed a greater improvement in tensile, flexural, and short beam shear strengths. The healing properties were tested with a three-point bending test and confirmed a 96% recovery of strength after 24 h of initial bending fracture [25].

However, this is the first research work, to the best of our knowledge, on green nano-carriers by blending thermoplastic starch with PVDF and preparing aligned TPS/PVDF core–shell nano fibers. In addition, the prepared core–shell nano-carriers were incorporated into carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs and their self-healing and mechanical properties were studied. Hence, the above-stated novelty of the research was taken into consideration, and the current study synthesized aligned TPS/PVDF core–shell nanofibers by the electrospinning technique using an additional grounded needle that improves electrical conductivity. The prepared nanofibers were incorporated into carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs by fabricating self-healing composites using vacuum bagging method. Three types of composites were manufactured, such as carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs (CPC), nanofiber-inserted CPC (NCPC), and core–shell nanofiber-inserted CPC (CNCPC). The mechanical properties, such as tensile, flexural and impact strengths, of the fabricated prepregs were tested. The self-healing properties of the prepregs were evaluated by a three-point bending test and further confirmed through field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) analyses and electrical conductivity tests.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs (USN125B; thickness: 0.12 mm) were purchased from SK Chemical, Korea. PVDF and glycerol (ACS reagent ≥99.5%) were procured from Samchun Chemicals, South Korea. Cornstarch (72% amylopectin and 28% amylose) was supplied by Samyang Corporation Ltd., South Korea. Cobalt naphthalene (accelerator), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) (catalyst), and vinyl ester (VE) (viscosity = 150 cps and specific gravity = 1.03) were received from CCP Composites, Korea.

2.2 Synthesis of aligned nanofibers

The synthesis of nanofibers was performed by using an electrospinning machine (model: NS1 NanoSpinner electrospinning equipment, INOVENSO, Korea). The polymer solution used for fabricating the nanofibers was prepared by adding 18 wt% PVDF to a 1:3 (w/w) acetone/dimethylformamide mixture and stirring at 80°C for 8 h. Later, 10 wt% TPS (combination of corn starch, glycerol, and DI water) was mixed with the PVDF solution and stirred for 6 h at 80°C. Two different core–shell nanofibers were synthesized by placing VE-CN and MEKP in the core of TPS/PVDF shell nanofibers as described in our previous study [26]. A small modification had been done in the electrospinning machine by suspending a grounded needle between the nozzle and the collector, as shown in Figure 1, to form self-bundling of polymer nanofibers in an aligned manner applicable to both the normal and core–shell nanofibers [27].

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the synthesis of nanofibers and stocking sequence of carbon/epoxy prepregs and nanofibers for the manufacturing of the self-healing composites.
Figure 1

Schematic representation of the synthesis of nanofibers and stocking sequence of carbon/epoxy prepregs and nanofibers for the manufacturing of the self-healing composites.

2.3 Fabrication of self-healing composites

The composites were manufactured via the vacuum bagging method by using unidirectional carbon prepregs as a reinforcement. Three types of composites were manufactured such as CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC. The fabrication of CPC composite as follows: First, a Teflon sheet was attached onto an aluminum mold and the carbon prepregs were arranged in the laminate sequence (0°/90°/90°/0°), the prepregs were covered with a peel ply, and then a layer of breather was placed over the peel ply to avoid excess resin in the composite. A double-sided sealant tape was attached around the laid prepregs and finally the total setup was sealed with a vacuumed bag by placing an output connected to a vacuum pump. Then, the setup was vacuumized by a vacuum pump and placed in a composite curing oven at a temperature of 120°C for 2 h. A similar process was used to fabricate NCPC and CNCPC composites by placing nanofibers between the carbon/epoxy prepregs, as shown in Figure 1.

2.4 Testing and characterization

The tensile and flexural tests were carried out on a UTM machine (10-ton load, R&B Inc., South Korea) at a cross-head speed of 2 mm/min. The tensile test specimens were prepared (250 mm × 25 mm) by following ASTM D-3039, and the flexural test specimens were sized into 63 mm × 12.7 mm as per ASTM D-790 with a span length of 16 times the specimen thickness. The Izod impact test was performed on an Izod impact tester (model QC-639F [Cometech, Korea]) of 22 J capacity, and the specimens were prepared (63.5 mm × 12.7 mm with a notch of 2 mm) as per the ASTM D256 standard. The electrical conductivity test was conducted using an electrical conductivity meter (METEX, ME-3200).

Surface and cross-sectional morphologies of fractured specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, LYRA3xm, Czech Republic) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy at an accelerated voltage of 5–30 kV, and the samples were sputter-coated with gold using an automated fine coater (JEOL JFC-1600).

The self-healing efficiency was evaluated by following the procedure as per our recently published research [26]. Briefly, the periodic flexural tests on the self-healing composites proceeded at an interval of 24 h. The specimens were first tested until their initial damage, and the damaged specimen was left undisturbed for 24 h to get healed and retain its strength, as the VE-CN and MEKP that were present in the core–shell nanofibers required time to come out of ruptured nanofibers, flow through the cracks of the fractured surface, and get solidify by combining each other, which is already discussed in our previous research article.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Mechanical properties of self-healing composites

3.1.1 Tensile behavior

The tensile test results of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites are presented in Figure 2 and Table 1. The tensile strengths were found to be 668.39, 646.49, and 629.28 MPa, respectively, as shown in Table 1. The stress–strain graphs of the three composites are shown in Figure 2(a), indicating that NCPC and CNCPC possessed lower strength and smaller tensile failure elongation due to the presence of nanofibers. In contrast, the CPC curve showed higher strength and higher tensile failure elongation and maintained a smooth curve. It showed that the composites containing nanofibers have low tensile strength than the control composites. The decrement of the strength in NCPC and CNCPC composites is due to the presence of nanofibers between the layers of carbon prepregs that acts as foreign material and weaken the composites, as shown in Figure 2(d), whereas such voids are not present in CPC composites, as shown in Figure 2(c). The tensile strength acts on the cross section of the specimens and the low-strength resin layers with nanofibers in the cross section lead to the decrease in tensile strength [28].

Figure 2 (a and b) Tensile test results of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites, and (c and d) fracture SEM images of CPC and NCPC composites.
Figure 2

(a and b) Tensile test results of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites, and (c and d) fracture SEM images of CPC and NCPC composites.

Table 1

Mechanical properties of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites

Sample code Tensile strength (MPa) Tensile modulus (GPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Flexural modulus (GPa) Impact strength (J/mm2)
CPC 668.39 35.75 1459.29 98.38 0.376
NCPC 646.49 35.36 1628.95 102.83 0.406
CNCPC 629.28 34.56 1574.86 99.56 0.398

The tensile modulus values of the composites also follow the same trend as tensile strength and show a reduction in modulus with the addition of nanofibers, as shown in Figure 2(b). The tensile moduli of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites are 35.75, 35.36, and 34.56, respectively. The tensile modulus is a measure of the stiffness of the components present in the composites. As the nanofibers have less stiffness than the carbon fibers, they cannot bear the tensile load and reduces the modulus of the whole composite. Thus, the presence of nanofibers in NCPC and CNCPC reduces the modulus compared to that of the CPC composite. The core–shell nanofibers present in CNCPC are weaker than the solid nanofibers, which reduce the strength and modulus of CNCPC composites compared to those of NCPC composites. The presence of a liquid core inside the nanofibers still weakens and reduces the strength and modulus of NCPC composites.

3.1.2 Flexural behavior

The flexural test is conducted to know the bending strength of the composites with the insertion of nanofibers and the flexural stress–strain curves of the composites, as shown in Figure 3(a). The stress–strain curve shows high strength and high percentage of elongation in NCPC and CNCPC composites and has less elongation for CPC composites. The flexural strengths of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites are 1459.29, 1628.95, and 1574.86 MPa, respectively, as tabulated in Table 1. The strong bonding of nanofibers to the matrix can be attributed to the much higher specific surface area of nanofibers. The nanofibers will also break and detach from the matrix when the flexural load is applied on the surface of the composite, and it delays the crack propagation throughout the path of the cracks. Thus, the strengths of NCPC and CNCPC are higher than that of CPC composites.

Figure 3 (a and b) Flexural test results of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites, and (c and d) fracture SEM images of NCPC and CNCPC composites.
Figure 3

(a and b) Flexural test results of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites, and (c and d) fracture SEM images of NCPC and CNCPC composites.

Additionally, the presence of carbon fibers on the top and bottom layers of the composite initially opposes the load in the concentric load areas, and the effect of load passes through the depth of the composite in which the nanofibers opposes the crack propagation easily. Due to the absence of nanofibers in CPC composites, the cracks will propagate quicker than in the composites with nanofibers. The flexural strength of CNCPC is less than that of NCPC due to the presence of core–shell nanofibers, which contain liquid in their cores and weaken the strength of nanofibers. Due to the presence of weak nanofibers that cannot withstand much load the strength is reduced in NCPC composites, as shown in Figure 3(c and d).

The flexural moduli of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites are 98.38, 102.83, and 99.56 GPa, respectively, as shown in Table 1. The flexural moduli of NCPC and CNCPC composites are higher than that of the CPC composite and can be observed in Figure 3(b). The increment in the moduli of NCPC and CNCPC composites is due to the increase in thickness of the composites with the addition of nanofibers, and the liquid solution in the core–shell nanofibers present in the CNCPC composite as shown in Figure 3(d) is responsible for the reduction in strength compared to that of NCPC composites.

3.1.3 Impact behavior

The Izod impact strengths of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites are 0.376, 0.406, and 0.398 J/mm2, respectively, as shown in Table 1. The strengths of NCPC and CNCPC composites are higher than that of the control composites, as shown in Figure 4(a). The presence of nanofibers at the center of carbon prepregs opposes the impact of the pendulum and resists the damage to the composite, which helps in the increment of strength, whereas the control composite does not contain such opposition force to show higher strengths. This improvement in Izod impact strength is similarly accredited to nanofibers obstructing crack propagation and supporting the distribution of the applied load, thereby allowing more energy to be absorbed prior to failure. Thus, the strength of control composite is low compared to that of the nanofiber-reinforced composites.

Figure 4 (a) Izod impact strengths of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites and (b) % variation in mechanical properties with the addition of nanofibers.
Figure 4

(a) Izod impact strengths of CPC, NCPC, and CNCPC composites and (b) % variation in mechanical properties with the addition of nanofibers.

Figure 4(b) shows the total variation of the overall mechanical properties of composites with nanofibers (NCPC and CNCPC). The tensile strengths are decreased by 3 and 6% with the addition of nanofibers in NCPC and CNCPC composites, respectively. Contradictory to tensile properties, the flexural strengths have increased by 12 and 7% for NCPC and CNCPC composites, respectively, compared to that for CPC composites. The Izod impact strengths are increased by 7 and 5% with the addition of nanofibers in NCPC and CNCPC composites, respectively.

3.2 Self-healing properties

3.2.1 Confirmation through mechanical testing

To evaluate the self-healing properties through mechanical testing, a periodic flexural test was conducted on CPC and CNCPC composites. The flexural load was applied on CPC and CNCPC until initial damage occurred to the specimen and the results were noted. Figure 5 shows the stress–strain graphs of CPC and CNCPC composites, and the flexural strengths of both the composites at 0 h (initial stage) are 1441.73 and 1577.85 MPa, respectively. After 24 h, both composites (CPC and CNCPC) were tested again by the flexural test to know the strength regained after healing. The CNCPC composite retained 66% of its strength and showed a strength of 1038.42 MPa, as shown in Figure 5(b), which confirms the healing ability due to the presence of healing carriers. In contrast, the CPC composite could not retain its energy and showed only 20% of strength after 24 h, which is 292.78 MPa, as shown in Figure 5(a), as there were no healing carriers in the composite. These results of periodic flexural tests confirmed the healing ability of CNCPC composites due to the healing of damaged portions via healing carriers (core–shell nanofibers) [29]. The self-healing efficiency of the CNCPC composites after 24 h is 66% as mentioned in Figure 5(b).

Figure 5 Flexural stress–strain curves of (a) CPC and (b) CNCPC composites at 24 h interval.
Figure 5

Flexural stress–strain curves of (a) CPC and (b) CNCPC composites at 24 h interval.

3.2.2 Confirmation through morphology and EDS analysis

The healing phenomenon of the composites is confirmed by FESEM images of the fractured surfaces of self-healing composites (CNCPC composites), as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6(a and b) clearly shows the ruptured nanofibers on the surface of the fractured composites, and the pull-out core–shell nanofibers can also be observed in the figure. The flow of VE-CN and MEKP from the ruptured nanofibers is observed at the yellow pointed places. The holes formed due to the pulling out of nanofibers can be seen in Figure 6(c and d), and the liquid discharging from the damaged nanofibers inside the holes flows and mixes to solidify and can be clearly observed at red marked places.

Figure 6 (a and c) FESEM images of the fractured surface of CNCPC composites (b and d) Higher magnification of (a) and (c).
Figure 6

(a and c) FESEM images of the fractured surface of CNCPC composites (b and d) Higher magnification of (a) and (c).

The flow of the healing agent from core–shell nanofibers is further confirmed through EDS analysis, as shown in Figure 7. To confirm that the spill-out liquid is VE-CN and MEKP, the solidified part in the healed surface of the composite is observed by elemental analysis. Figure 7 shows the elemental analysis of the solidified resin in the fractured surface of CNCPC composites and shows all the elements present in VE (C, O), MEKP (C, O), CN (C, O, Co), and TPS/PVDF (C, O, F). Due to the presence of all elements present in all the components used for core–shell nanofibers and also the liquid in the core, it can be confirmed that the liquid resin comes out and solidifies from the ruptured nanofibers at the time of composite damage.

Figure 7 EDX mapping for the fracture surface of CNCPC composites.
Figure 7

EDX mapping for the fracture surface of CNCPC composites.

3.2.3 Confirmation through electrical conductivity

Considering an electric circuit in which the CNCPC composite sample was placed as a conductor and an electric bulb as an indicator, the self-healing process was tested, as shown in Figure 8. The CNCPC specimen and the electric bulb were connected through copper tape and a voltage of 10 V was applied as shown in the figure and also connected to a digital multimeter to read the voltage passing through the circuit. When the circuit was tested with the original specimen as the conductor, the bulb glowed and a voltage of 9.31 V could be observed, as shown in Figure 8(a), which states that the sample is acting as a good conductor. Later, the bulb turned off when the specimen was cut into two pieces and no passage of electricity through the circuit with 0 V in the electrical conductivity meter was observed, as shown in Figure 8(b). The total setup was left undisturbed for 24 h; then, the healing took place due to the resin inside the carriers, and again the specimen acted as a conductor, allowing the bulb to glow and a voltage of 7.88 V was observed in the conductivity meter which is clearly seen in Figure 8(c). This demonstrated that the conductivity of the specimen is recovered and confirmed the healing of the specimen. The decrease of voltage for the second time was due to the obstacle formation of healed resin between the damaged carbon prepregs, and the specimen could regain 83% of electrical conductivity even after total partition, which also confirms the healing process.

Figure 8 Digital images confirming the healing process through electric conductivity at (a) original, (b) damaged, and (c) healed stages.
Figure 8

Digital images confirming the healing process through electric conductivity at (a) original, (b) damaged, and (c) healed stages.

4 Conclusion

In this study, a high-strength, self-healing carbon prepreg composite incorporating green PVDF core–shell nanofibers was introduced. The core–shell nanofibers were synthesized successfully in an aligned manner by overhanging a grounded needle. The composites were fabricated by stocking carbon prepregs and nanofibers according to the design proposed via a vacuum bagging method. The major research findings are as follows: the flexural strength increased to 1574.86 MPa with the incorporation of core–shell nanofibers compared to that of CPC (1459.29 MPa), which is almost 7–12%. A similar trend was followed by Izod impact results by improving the strength to 0.398 J/mm2 (CNCPC) from 0.376 J/mm2 (CPC). However, the tensile results showed a strength reduction of 3–6% with the incorporation of nanofibers. The self-healing efficiency was calculated with periodic flexural tests over a span of 24 h, and a healing efficiency of 66% was acquired. The fabricated composites have the ability to heal themselves at room temperature without any external efforts. The healing phenomena were confirmed by FESEM and EDS analyses, in which the leakage of the liquid resin (VE-CN) and hardener (MEKP) was observed that flowed through the cracks in damaged specimens. In addition, an electrical conductivity test was performed for further confirmation of the healing phenomena in the self-healing composites considering the self-healing sample as an electric conductor. Therefore, the results strengthened the idea that using core–shell nanofibers as healing carriers has the potential to cure the damage caused to a composite. The prepared self-healing composites can be used in various applications where self-healing of the components is highly required, like mobile phone pouches, tennis rackets, small components in automobiles, and so on.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science Education (grant numbers: 2021R1A2B5B03002355 and 2018R1A6A1A03024509).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-12-16
Revised: 2022-02-01
Accepted: 2022-03-31
Published Online: 2022-05-06

© 2022 C. Naga Kumar et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
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  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
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  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
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  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
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  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
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  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
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  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0110
Keywords for this article
aligned nanofibers; carbon prepreg; vacuum bagging; self-healing composites; mechanical properties
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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