Startseite Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
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Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions

  • Veton Haziri , Avni Berisha EMAIL logo und Fetah I. Podvorica EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. September 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

The electrochemical grafting of the “in-situ” prepared diazopyridinium salt have permitted the attachment of pyridine moieties onto platinum and glassy carbon surfaces. The modification of the electrode surfaces is observed by a redox probe. The ability of the film for the complexation of copper (II) ions is demonstrated by square wave voltammetry. After 45 min accumulation of copper (II) ions onto the grafted electrode surfaces, the electrode signal obtained by square wave voltammetry measurement served to discriminate the adsorbed heavy metal ions. Such measurements showed that the grafted pyridine has the ability to display complexing behavior toward some heavy metal ions. DFT calculations support a strong binding of the pyridine moieties onto the Pt surface. The most favorable complexation mode of copper (II) ions as suggested from DFT is the bidentate complex. This strategy is vital in constructing a wide range of different electrochemical sensors.

Keywords: Electrochemical grafting; Heterocyclic diazonium salts; Surface complexation; Square wave voltammetry

1 Introduction

Electrochemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts, at quite low electrode potential, has permitted the modification of the electrode surface with aryl moieties [1] which may serve as physical barriers or platforms for further modifications [2, 3, 4] or are used in molecular electronics and bio sensing [5,6]. Aryl radicals that are created immediately after the reduction of the diazonium cation, are very reactive species that attack all kinds of material surfaces (conductor, semiconductor or insulator) and attach onto them. Therefore, the modification of the surfaces with aryldiazonium salts is a versatile method in contrast to many other molecules used for surface modification reactions, such as thiols [7,8], silanes, phosphonic acids, [9] and etc. Moreover, the synthetic and isolation routes for the aryldiazonium cations are simple [3]; the de-diazonation methods are easy to achieve, allowing the possibility to modify semiconducting [10] and conducting material surfaces [3,4]. A strong feature that makes this method appealing for surface modification reactions is also the remarkable stability of the nanocomposite structure generated after the attachment of aryl moieties on the electrode surface. Experimental [2,4,11] and theoretical studies [12, 13, 14, 15, 16] support the formation of the covalent bond between material surfaces and aryl groups [4]. There are a vast number of examples that involve the usage of the grafted layers in a number of applications ranging from corrosion protection [17,18] to photovoltaics [3]. In this study, the covalently grafted 2D pyridinic layers onto the Pt and GC (Glassy Carbon) surface, issued from their corresponding diazonium salts, were explored for the complexation of the copper (II) ions. Moreover, this is the first study to our knowledge that not only uses the theoretical calculation to evaluate the binding energy of the grafted pyridinic layer, but also the interaction (adsorption energy) of the copper (II) ions with this grafted layer. This is of utmost importance as the application for such interfaces can have benefits for sensor construction, corrosion protection, catalysis, pre-concentration of heavy metals etc.

2 Experimental part

2.1 Instrumentation

A PalmSens3 potentiostat was used along with a three-electrode cell at 298 K. A graphite rod (d = 5 mm, l = 6 cm) served as an auxiliary electrode and the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as a reference electrode. The working electrode was a 3 mm GC or 0.5 mm Pt embedded into Teflon holder (tube). The SW measurement was performed using a pulse amplitude of 100 mV, and a 100 Hz frequency.

2.2 “In-situ” synthesis of 6-chloropyridine-diazonium chloride

Prior to the grafting reaction, diazopyridinum salt was synthesized “in situ” in aqueous acid solution of 6-chloropyridin-3-amine (2 mM) and HCl (0.1 M) in which an equimolar amount of sodium nitrite (dissolved in minimum amount of water) was added. The solution was left to react for 5 min and was degassed by bubbling high purity nitrogen, prior to the electrochemical grafting

2.3 Grafting reaction and the preconcentration of copper (II) ions

The grafting reaction is performed using Cyclic Voltammetry by imposing 20 potential cycles from + 0.15 to – 0.65 V/SCE, with a scan rate of 100 mV/s. To assess the film formation by observing the blocking effect of the film for an electron transfer we have used a 2 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] aqueous solution as a redox probe. The pre-concentration (complexation) of the copper (II) ions is achieved by dipping the modified electrode with organic layer in the 0.1 mM solution of copper (II) ions (dissolved in phosphate buffer pH ≈ 7). The electrochemical response of the electrode after immersion in the solution with copper (II) ions is performed using SW.

3 Computational details

We have performed the calculation of the Bond Dissociation Energy (BDE) [13,15] of the grafted pyridine moiety onto the 9 atom Pt cluster [19] and the effect of the second bonded moiety. Furthermore, the adsorption of copper (II) ions (in monodentate and bidentate mode) was also investigated. In both cases, the DFT method employing the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) [20]/PBE (Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof ) form [15,,] was used. The calculations were based on the double-numeric quality with polarization functions (DNP) basis set [].

The interaction energy, both, in vacuum is evaluated as follow [22,23]:

EBDE=EPt9-pyridine−Epyridineradical⋆+EPt9foronebondedpyridinemoiety
EBDE=EPt9-2pyridine−(2⋆Epyridine radical⋆+EPt9)     (for two bonded pyridine moiety)
Einteraction=EPt9-pyridine/coper (II)−(EPt9-pyridine+Ecopper (II))         (for monodentate complexation mode)
Einteraction=EPt9-2pyridine/copper(II)−(EPt9-2pyridine+Ecopper(II))               (for bidentate complexation mode)

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

4 Results and Discussion

The grafting reaction scheme is presented in Scheme 1. As mentioned above, the first step is the synthesis of the corresponding aryldiazonium cation followed by subsequent grafting. The voltammograms obtained during the grafting reactions of GC and Pt electrodes are presented in Figure 1. The shape and current of the voltammogram follows the typical grafting features as observed with other aryldiazonium cations [2,3,10].

Scheme 1 a) “In-situ” transformation of the 6-chloropyridin-3-amine in to its corresponding diazonium salt. b) Electrochemical grafting of the diazonium salt that was formed “in-situ” c) Complexation of copper (II) ions onto the grafted GC or Pt surface.
Scheme 1

a) “In-situ” transformation of the 6-chloropyridin-3-amine in to its corresponding diazonium salt. b) Electrochemical grafting of the diazonium salt that was formed “in-situ” c) Complexation of copper (II) ions onto the grafted GC or Pt surface.

The observed current decrease is due to the blocking effect of the formed organic film during the electrochemical reduction of diazonium, which prevents the electron transfer from the electrode surface and the reduction of other diazonium species thus limiting further film growth [1,2,4].

The current drifts observed in the case of Pt electrode are due to the hydrogen evolution reaction (as the grafting is performed in acidic medium). The reduction potential is at E ~ -0.25 V in the case of the glassy carbon electrode. A rough estimation of the surface modification percentage can be obtained simply by evaluating the current decrease in each grafting cycle. The steady behavior of the current in both cases is observed only after performing 20 CV, thus these conditions are taken as a maximum possible mean to completely modify both of electrodes. The presence of the grafted layer onto the electrode surface is evaluated by using a redox probe such as the [Fe (CN)6]3- / [Fe (CN)6]4-couple. In Figure 2 shows the cyclic voltammograms of bare and modified electrodes for both platinum and glassy carbon electrodes. The current decrease and peak potential separations between the bare and the grafted electrode surfaces are evident as observed in previously reported studies on grafting reactions using diazonium salts [1,4].

Figure 1 Cyclic voltammograms for Pt and GC electrodes in pyridine diazonium solution prepared ‘’in situ’’: (a) 1st , b) 5th , c) 10th, d) 15th , e) 20th and f) Bcg scans. Scan rate 0.1 V s-1.
Figure 1

Cyclic voltammograms for Pt and GC electrodes in pyridine diazonium solution prepared ‘’in situ’’: (a) 1st , b) 5th , c) 10th, d) 15th , e) 20th and f) Bcg scans. Scan rate 0.1 V s-1.

Figure 2 Cyclic voltammograms for the: bare and modified electrode surfaces in the presence of 0.1 M KCl + 2 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] aqueous solution, pH 7, phosphate buffer.
Figure 2

Cyclic voltammograms for the: bare and modified electrode surfaces in the presence of 0.1 M KCl + 2 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] aqueous solution, pH 7, phosphate buffer.

From the voltammograms, it is clearly seen that the decrease of the current in the case of the modified electrode, as expected, is due to the electron blocking behavior of the grafted organic layer.

In order to achieve the surface complexation of copper (II) ions, the rinsed modified electrode surfaces were dipped in 0.1 mM of copper (II) ions in ammonium acetate buffer solution (at pH ≈ 7). After the complexation of copper (II) ions with grafted pyridinium moieties on platinum and glassy carbon surfaces (preconcentration of copper (II) ions), the electrodes were rinsed and immersed in an electrochemical cell containing only the electrolyte solution. The assessment of the complexation of copper (II) ions by modified glassy carbon electrode is done by SW potential scan (Figure 3). It can be observed, in the case of bare GC electrode immersed in the acetate buffer solution containing 0.4 mM copper (II) ions, two current peaks at E1= -0.08 V (I1 = -40 μA) and E2 = -0.70 V (I2 = -14.5 μA) that represents different equilibrium copper (II) ions (+I and +II) (Figure 3d). For electrolyte solution in the bare electrode (Figure 3a), there are no electrochemical signals as expected, the same remains true when the measurement was performed in the solution of 6-chloropyridin-3-amine or grafted with 6-chloropyridine moieties (Figure 3b and 3c). The GC electrode grafted with 6-chloropyridine moieties was immersed during 45 min in the aqueous solution with copper (II) ions and thereafter the electrochemical signal of complexed ions is obtained at lower potential (- 0.17 V/SCE) than free copper (II) ions.

Figure 3 The SW voltammograms of GC electrode in acetate buffer solution: a) bare electrode; b) immersed in 6-chloropyridin-3-amine; c) modified with 6-chloropyridine moieties, d) bare electrode + 4.0 x 10-4 M copper (II) ions and e) modified with 6-chloropyridine moieties after complexation with copper (II) ion for 45 min. The SW amplitude, 100 mV, SW frequency, 100 Hz.
Figure 3

The SW voltammograms of GC electrode in acetate buffer solution: a) bare electrode; b) immersed in 6-chloropyridin-3-amine; c) modified with 6-chloropyridine moieties, d) bare electrode + 4.0 x 10-4 M copper (II) ions and e) modified with 6-chloropyridine moieties after complexation with copper (II) ion for 45 min. The SW amplitude, 100 mV, SW frequency, 100 Hz.

The ability of pyridine grafted film to link copper (II) ions is studied at molecular level by DFT calculations which first is employed to evaluate the binding energy of the layer. This parameter is important as it shows the stability of the formed layers [15,16,23]. The optimized geometry for all species in the grafting reaction is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Bond dissociation energies (calculated by DFT based on GGA/PBE and double-numeric quality with polarization function) for a platinum claster of 9 atoms grafted with: A. one and B. two grafted pyridine moieties.
Figure 4

Bond dissociation energies (calculated by DFT based on GGA/PBE and double-numeric quality with polarization function) for a platinum claster of 9 atoms grafted with: A. one and B. two grafted pyridine moieties.

The bond dissociation in the case of one grafted chloropyridine moiety is -70.14 kcal/mol, whereas in the case of two such grafted moieties is -140.58 kcal/mol. This high stabilization effect of the second grafted group is observed when two phenyl groups are bonded to the para positions of the same six-membered ring to form a pair on the basal plane [19]. These significant high values obtained from BDE support the high stability of the formed interface, which is of primary interest in the materials science. Figure 5 presents the geometries of the copper (II) ions adsorption onto the pyridine grafted layer for mono- and bi-dentate interaction modes. These results gave insights regarding the complexation ability of these layers (to our knowledge this represents the first study). The Pt-C bond length is 2.037 Å which is shorter than that of Au-C bond [11]. The copper (II) ions when interacting with a single grafted moiety are at the distance of 1.88 Å from the N atom of the pyridine ring. In the case of the bi-dentate mode of interaction (Figure 5, B) this distance of copper (II) ions, sandwiched between N atoms of the two rings is 1.91Å. These relatively close distances lead to high complexation energies, -201.8 for a mono- and -248.8 kcal/mol for bi-dentate complexation mode.

Figure 5 The optimized structures for the interaction of copper (II) ions with: A. one (mono-dentate) and B. two (bi-dentate) two attached chloropyridine groups.
Figure 5

The optimized structures for the interaction of copper (II) ions with: A. one (mono-dentate) and B. two (bi-dentate) two attached chloropyridine groups.

5 Conclusions

This paper describes the grafting of pyridine moieties derived from corresponding ‘’in- situ’’ prepared 6-chloropyridine-diazonium chloride salt onto platinum and GC surface. The SW measurements have proven that the grafted pyridine layer has served to complex the copper (II) ions and therefore this organic film may be used for their detection. DFT calculations support a strong binding of the pyridine moieties onto the Pt surface. The most favorable complexation mode of copper (II) ions as suggested from DFT is the bidentate mode. The experimental data and theoretical calculations derived from this study shows the importance of the grafting of aromatic and heteroaromatic cycles for the modification of the material surfaces and the possible application of the nanocomposite.

  1. Conflict of interest

    Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-12-15
Accepted: 2019-03-19
Published Online: 2019-09-25

© 2019 Veton Haziri et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0084
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Electrochemical grafting; Heterocyclic diazonium salts; Surface complexation; Square wave voltammetry
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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