Startseite Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
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Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds

  • Nurcahyo Iman Prakoso EMAIL logo , Zahrah Nur Zakiyah , Arida Liyanita , Dwiarso Rubiyanto , Dhina Fitriastuti , Arba Pramundita Ramadani , Azlan Kamari und Sim Kooi Mow
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. September 2019
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

Andrographis paniculata Ness is one of the plants that is under explored and could contain potentially active substances to serve as an antimalarial. Structure investigation of major compounds that have responsibility for the antimalarial activity of Andrographis paniculata Ness’s n-hexane extract is very important so that it is known whether the antimalarial activity is synergistic or from the major compounds. Menthol and dioctyladipate as major component from n-hexane extract of Andrographis paniculata Ness have been succesfully isolated using simple and inexpensive methods. The solvent system used are n-hexane : ethyl acetate (10:1) and n-hexane: chloroform (10:3) consecutively either for column or preparative thin layer chromatography. FT-IR, 1H-NMR and GC-MS were used to determine the structure of compounds. The activity of n-hexane extract, menthol and dioctyladipate related to the inhibition of heme polymerization have been done comprehensively. The inhibition of heme polymerization activity of isolate compounds and n-hexane extract are classified to a good level (dioctyl adipate IC50 = 1.15 ± 0.41 mg/mL, menthol IC50 = 0.31 ± 0,01 mg/mL, and n-hexane extract IC50 = 0.07 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and potentially as antimalarial. From the IC50, the antimalarial activity of Andrographis paniculata Ness’s n-hexane extract is working synergistically, not by the major compounds.

Keywords: antimalarial; Andrographis Paniculata Ness; n-hexane extract; menthol; dioctyladipate

1 Introduction

Malaria continues to be a significant health problem and deadly parasitic disease across the world. During the last 100 years, the world has not given a clear contribution to the curing the disease [1]. The global commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) puts malaria eradication into one of the common goals to be achieved. With the end of the MDGs by 2015, the commitment continues through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) whereby the specific goal of SDGs is to end the epidemic of neglected-tropical, tuberculosis and malaria diseases by 2030. The Indonesian Ministry of Health stated that malaria was one of the diseases, which was targeted to reduce the Annual Parasite Incidence (API) from 2 to 1 per 1000. Although nationally in 2011-2015 there was a decrease in the incidence of malaria, there are still areas with a high incidence of malaria especially in eastern Indonesia. Therefore effective efforts to address malaria problem are urgently required [2].

Drug development is important in malaria control due to the critical situation of drug resistance of P. Falciparum. Chloroquine, primaquine and pyrimethamine were developed and synthesized in Western countries in the 1940s and used as antimalarials. The resistance of chloroquine to Plasmodium falciparum was found and spread in the early 1960s [3]. During the Vietnamese War in the 1960s, there was an increase of incidence of chloroquine resistant. This situation encouraged many researchers to find and develop alternative antimalarials that were more effective to treat malaria than chloroquine.

In the late 1960s, Chinese scientists investigated some active compounds to solve the malaria problem from different medicinal herbs and their chemical structures were also determined and identified. It was a totally new agent: artemisinin. Therefore, the drug is not used alone as antimalarial but in combination with another antimalarial drug. The poor solubility and low curative rate of artemisinin stimulated the researchers synthesize artemisinin derivatives (artemether, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin). Beside the isolation method, chemical synthesis was an important method for developing new antimalarials. The synthetic antimalarials (piperaquine, pyronaridine, lumefantrine and naphthoquine) were developed as new antimalarials between the 1960s and the 1980s [4].

The occurrence of parasitic resistance to malaria drugs (chloroquine and artemisinin) and the spread of resistance then encouraged researchers to find new antimalarial drugs which are more efficient and effective [5]. It is necessary to find new anti-malarials, especially from medicinal plants. Andrographis paniculata Ness is one of the plants that is under explored as a useful herbal medicine. Recent research suggests that the plant contains potentially active substances to serve as repellent, immunomodulators, hepatoprotectors, antibacterials, anti-inflammators, anticancer, and antimalarials [6], [7], [8]. Andrographolide is the main compound of andrographis paniculata and is active as an antimalarial [9]. However, it is necessary to search further for other potential compounds of Andrographis paniculata which also have potential as antimalarials.

The development of Andrographis paniculata’s extract as antimalarials have been done very well, not only on in vitro wherein using both Plasmodium culture but also in vivo using experimental animals that have parasitic infection [10], [11]. Study of heme polymerization inhibition activity assay using Andrographis paniculata’s extract has been conducted [12]. Heme polymerization inhibition activity assay is one method to determine the mechanism of action of a compound as an antimalarial. The mechanism that occurs is the interaction between the test material with the heme electrolyte system and or active groups in the test material which binds to the iron ion on heme [13]. Chloroquine as an antimalarial drug is also through inhibition of heme polymerization [14].

All of the Andrographis paniculata Ness’s extracts with different polarity levels have the capability to inhibit heme polymerization. The IC50 values are 2.19 ± 0.09 mg/mL for n-hexane extract (nonpolar), 1.24 ± 0.01 mg/mL for ethyl acetate extract (semipolar) and 1.16 ± 0.02 mg/mL for ethanol extract (polar). All extracts are classified as active [12]. This provides an opportunity for the isolation process to find the main compound which is responsible for the activity of the extracts. If we can find the main compound responsibile for the antimalarial activity of the n-hexane extract, then in the future a synthesis approach can be made to save raw materials and costs. It is very important to know whether the antimalarial activity of this extract is synergistic or originates from its main compound. Therefore, this study conducted some isolation of major compounds from Andrographis paniculata Ness’s n-hexane extract (origin from Yogyakarta) and continued with heme polymerization inhibition activity assay from the n-hexane extract and isolate.

2 Experimental Detail

2.1 Materials

All chemicals used were of analytical grade from JT Baker (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and chloroform), Merck and Co. Inc (methanol, acetic acid, acetonitrile, DMSO, silica gel 60 (0,063 – 0,200 mm), silica gel 60 PF254 containing gypsum, Na2SO4, H2SO4, NaOH, and hematin porcine). The substrate with technical grade is Andrographis paniculata Ness and chloroquin in drug (Mexaquin Chloroquine).

The instrument used in this study are laboratory glassware, column, FTIR Thermo Nicolet Avatar 360, Agilent 500 MHz NMR spectrometer, GC-MS QP2010S (Shimadzu), Elisa reader (Thermo Scientific), Incubator (Memmert), Centrifuge (Hettich Rotina 22R), Analitycal measure (Fujitsu), Rotary evaporator (Heidolph Laborata 4000 efficient), Shaker (SCILOGEX SK-O330-Pro), chamber, UV254 and UV 366 lamp, micropipette (Eppendorf Research), microtube 1.5 mL, and 96 well microplate.

2.2 Procedure

Andrographis paniculata Ness’s n-hexane extract prepared from Andrographis paniculata Ness’s plant by maceration method using n-hexane as solvent. The n-hexane extract was separated by using column chromatography with the best solvent system i.e. n-hexane : ethyl acetate (10:1) to produce fraction A and B with great separation (Figure 1).

Figure 1 TLC from n-hexane extract of Andrographis paniculata Ness.
Figure 1

TLC from n-hexane extract of Andrographis paniculata Ness.

Afterward, fraction A was separated by using column chromatography (n-hexane : ethyl acetate (10:1) and n-hexane: chloroform (10:3) and preparative thin layer chromatography (n-hexane: chloroform (10:3) respectively) to get dioctyladipate. Fraction B was separated by using column chromatography (n-hexane : ethyl acetate (10:1), n-hexane: chloroform (10:3), n-hexane: diethyl ether (10:2) and preparative thin layer chromatography (n-hexane: chloroform (10:3) respectively) to get menthol.

All compounds were observed by using UV-lamp with 254 and 366 nm of wavelength. In the n-hexane extract and isolated compounds, phytochemical screening was performed i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids screening. Isolated compounds were checked by using FT-IR, 1H-NMR and GC-MS for determination of the compound. The conditions in the GC-MS analysis are column oven temperature 70°C, injection temperature 300°C with helium as carrier gas, and EI method on MS analysis. Analytical TLC was carried out using pre-coated silica gel plates (Merck TLC silica gel 60 F254). IR spectra were recorded on a Thermo Nicolet Avatar 360 using a NaCl cell; ṽ in cm-1. 1H-NMR spectra were recorded using a Agilent 500 MHz NMR spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm relative to CHCl3 (δ(H) 7.26) in CDCl3 for 1H-NMR. Splitting patterns are designated as s, d, t, q, and m, indicating singlet, doublet, triplet, quartet, and multiplet, respectively.

Heme polymerization inhibition activity assay were performed by In Vitro method using [13] a method which modified at levels of hematin solution and the level of test sample. Series of test sample levels were made in 10% DMSO with a concentration of 5; 2.5; 1.25; 0.625; and 0.3125 mg/ mL. Each level was made as much as 300 μL. The testing process was carried out by placing 100 μL of 1 mM hematin solution in 0.1 M NaOH into Eppendorf tubes, then adding 50 μL of test material with various levels, namely 5; 2.5; 1.25; 0.625; and 0.3125 mg / mL. Replication is done 3 times for each level. To start the heme polymerization reaction, 50 μL of glacial acetic acid solution (pH 2.6) was added to the Eppendorf tube which contained hematin solution and samples, then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Positive control used was Mexaquin antimalarial drug, while the negative control was 10% DMSO. After the incubation ended, the Eppendorf tube was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was removed and the precipitate was washed 3 times with 200 μL of DMSO 100%. At each wash, centrifugation speed of 8000 rpm is carried out for 10 minutes. The obtained sediment was added 200 μL of 0.1 M NaOH. Every 100 μL of the solution obtained was put into a 96 microplate well and read the absorbance using Elisa Reader at a wavelength of 405 nm. Heme polymerization inhibitory activity is expressed by IC50 values ​calculated by probit analysis using SPSS version 23. This assay was performed to n-hexane extract, isolated compounds and chloroquin in drug (Mexaquin Chloroquine).

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

This study was classified in explorative research. The results gave information about major compounds from Andrographis paniculata Ness’s n-hexane extract and their antimalarial activity. In the first exploration, the class of compound was investigated by phytochemical screening. N-hexane extract collected in dark green oil with 0.4% of yield. Furthermore, there are two major compound which can be collected by chromatography process using n-hexane : ethyl acetate (10:1) and n-hexane: chloroform (10:3) as eluent. The first major compound is more nonpolar than another one with 7% of yield from n-hexane extract and isolated from Fraction A, called dioctyladipate .

The second major compound is more polar with 0.35% of yield from n-hexane extract and isolated from Fraction B, called menthol. The phytochemical screening also performed for isolate compounds. The results of phytochemical screening i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids screening for all compounds are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Phytochemical screening of n-hexane extract and major compunds.

SamplePhytochemical screeningResult
N-hexane extractalkaloids+
flavonoids+
terpenoids+
steroids-
Fraction Aalkaloids-
flavonoids-
terpenoids+
steroids-
Fraction Balkaloids-
flavonoids-
terpenoids+
steroids-

There are 3 group of compounds in n-hexane extract. This phenomenon is very unusual, but occurs in the extraction process where the alkaloid and flavonoid compounds can be extracted in n-hexane. Therefore, it can be predicted that in the process of separation and purification will continue to take a long time because it still has to separate the main compounds from 3 groups of compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. This condition also makes the yield of the main compounds (first and second major compound) in the n-hexane extract very small.

In the second exploration, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and GC-MS analysis were performed on both major compounds to determine the purity and structure of the compounds. Structure elucidation of first major compound, dioctyladipate was performed by means of FT-IR (Figure 2), 1H-NMR (Figure 3), GC (Figure 4a) and MS (Figure 4b). For dioctyladipate, FT-IR (neat) : 2923, 2852, 1710, 1262 and 1033 cm-1 indicating the presence of Csp3-H, C=O and asymmetric and symmetric C-O-C.

Figure 2 FT-IR spectrum of the dioctyladipate (red) and menthol (black).
Figure 2

FT-IR spectrum of the dioctyladipate (red) and menthol (black).

Figure 3 1H-NMR spectrum of dioctyladipate.
Figure 3

1H-NMR spectrum of dioctyladipate.

Figure 4 Chromatogram (a) and mass spectra (b) from first major compound, dioctyladipate.
Figure 4

Chromatogram (a) and mass spectra (b) from first major compound, dioctyladipate.

First major compound, dioctyladipate was analyzed using 1H-NMR and gives spectrum results (Figure 3): 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz): 0.88 (6H, t), 1.29 (12H, m), 1.31 (4H, m), 1.43 (4H, m), 1.62 (4H,m), 1.64 (4H, m), 2.32 (4H, t), and 5.34 (4H, t). The spectrum displayed in Figure 3. By the 1H-NMR spectrum results, it could be stated that dioctyladipate have been succesfully isolated as yellow oil. However, there are still many impurities.

The molecular formula was determined to be C 22H 42O 4 based on 1H-NMR and GC-MS data (M+, calculated for being 370). The results of GC-MS analysis are shown in Table2 for dioctyladipate as first major compound. The chromatogram and mass spectra also presented in Figure 4.

Table 2

Result of analysis of dioctyladipate based on similarity index on GC-MS.

PeakRetention time (min)%areaM+Name of compoundClass of compound
116.6723.351282-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanolAlcohol
232.0414.672182-methyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylcycloamyl)Terpenoid
336.2371.61277PhytolTerpenoid
442.8812.40222Oxirane undecanoic acidCarboxylic acid
544.71767.35370DioctyladipateGlyceryde
648.4173.26383Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-olTriterpenoid
748.7742.143831,1’- 1-(2,2-dimethylbutyl)-1,3-propanediyl bis- cyclohexane,Alkane
852.0986.122534,5-diethyl-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dimethyl furanAlkene
952.4346.7128217-PentatriaconteneAlkene
1054.7842.38355Neryl linaloolMonoterpenoid

From the result analysis of first the major compound, there are still many impurities (9 impurity compounds). However, the results concluded that the first major compound is dioctyladipate. This compound was classified as glyceride compound. When associated GC-MS analysis (Table 2 and Figure 4) with the results of phytochemical analysis (Table 1), there appears to be a mismatch between the results of phytochemical analysis with GC-MS analysis. This is because the main compound, dioctyl adipate, is not including terpenoid group. However, when examined more deeply, the actual positive results of terpenoid on phytochemical analysis obtained from the content of impure compounds that still exist. From GC-MS analysis, it is clear that there are still 4 impurity compounds classified as terpenoids. From the MS analysis (Figure 4b), the spectra have 96% similarity index (SI) and it can be directly determined the name of the compound, as well as its structure.

In the third exploration, structure elucidation of second major compound, menthol was performed by means of FT-IR (Figure 2), 1H-NMR (Figure 5), GC (Figure 6a) and MS (Figure 6b). For menthol, FT-IR (neat) : 3242, 2923, 2869, 1044 cm-1 indicating the presence of –OH, Csp3-H, and C-O alcohol. The 1H-NMR gives spectrum results (Figure 5): 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz): 0.78-0.80 (3H, d), 0.89-0.92(6H, dd, J= 6, 8 Hz), 0.94-1.02 (2H, m), 1.06-1.12 (2H, m), 1.37-1.42 (1H, m), 1.46 (1H, s), 1.57-1.66 (2H, m), 1.931.96 (1H, m), 2.11-2.20 (1H, m) and 3.36-3.41(1H, qd, J= 4, 4.2 Hz). The spectrum displayed in FIGURE 5. By the 1H-NMR spectrum results, it could be stated that menthol have been succesfully isolated as white crystals. The molecular formula was determined to be C10H20O based on 1H-NMR and GC-MS data (M+, calculated for being 156). The results of GC-MS analysis are shown in Table 3 for menthol as second major compound. The chromatogram and mass spectra also presented in Figure 6.

Figure 5 1H-NMR spectrum of menthol.
Figure 5

1H-NMR spectrum of menthol.

Figure 6 Chromatogram (a) and mass spectra (b) from second major compound, menthol.
Figure 6

Chromatogram (a) and mass spectra (b) from second major compound, menthol.

Table 3

Result of analysis of second major compound based on similarity index on GC-MS.

PeakRetention time (min)%areaM+Name of compoundClass of compound
139.58899156MentholMonoterpenoid

In contrast to the first major compound, GC-MS analysis of the second major compound (Table 3 and Figure 6a) consisted of only 1 peak with 99% of purity. The results concluded that the second major compound is menthol and that compound was classified as terpenoid. This is in accordance with the results of phytochemical analysis (Table 1) where in the analysis obtained that the compound is positive as terpenoid compounds. From the MS analysis (Figure 6b), the spectra have 90% similarity index (SI) and it can be directly determined the name of the compound, as well as its structure.

The M + from MS analysis of dioctyladipate and menthol were missing. This phenomena can be explain by fragmentation rules. Intensity of M + will decrease or invisible for branched and high molecular weight compound. Beside that, when ionization process, the molecules will be fragmented in the branches of their structure and will form more stable ions and these ions are seen in MS spectra. This is the reason why M + from dioctyladipate (370) and menthol (156) are invisible.

After successfully in determining the structure, the exploration continued to HPIA assay. Hematin will polymerize into β-hematin crystals in acidic condition. Based on the antimalarial mechanism, the candidate will reduce β-hematin crystals formation. The IC50 values of the isolate compound, negative and positive controls were written in Table 4. The results showed respectively that n-hexane extract, dioctyl adipate, menthol and positive control chloroquin in drug (Mexaquin Chloroquine) have IC50 values 0.07 ± 0.03 mg/mL, 1.15 ± 0.41 mg/mL, 0.31 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.35 ± 0,13 mg/mL.

Table 4

The IC50 values of n-hexane extract, dioctyl adipate, menthol, negative and positive controls based on HPIA assay.

SamplesConcentration (mg/mL)Average dose of hemo- zoin (mM)Average percent of inhi- bitionIC50 (mg/mL)
514.00 ± 3.5080.520 ± 4.477
n-hexane extract of2.512.35 ± 2.5879.635 ± 4.436
Andrographis1.2526.46 ± 5.1867.362 ± 6.2460.07
paniculata Ness0.6351.78 ± 18.0453.588 ±15.571
0.3135.75 ± 7.6958.345 ± 6.44
554.06 ± 7.4548.18 ± 7.15
2.558.68 ± 16. 5543.75 ± 15.87
Dioctyl adipate1.25193.71 ± 11.99-85.70 ± 11.501.15
0.63122.33 ± 13.92-17.27 ± 13.35
0.3195.02 ± 9.708.91 ± 9.30
515.99 ± 6.8684.67 ± 6.58
2.544.94 ± 24.9456.89 ± 23.92
Menthol1.2563.69 ± 16.8938.91 ± 16.210.31
0.6348.85 ± 8.9753.15 ± 8.60
0.3187.34 ± 62.2616.23 ± 59.71
53.29 ± 0.4279.13 ± 2.70
Mexaquin2.58.97 ± 4.7643.09 ± 30.23
chloroquine1.253.35 ± 1.8678.77 ± 11.800.35
0.6313.32 ±2.6015.48 ± 16.44
0.3112.32 ± 0. 4221.83 ± 2.64

According to [13], a compound could be considered to have heme polymerization inhibitory activity if having IC50 value less than chloroquine sulfate, i.e. 12 mg/mL. So it can be declared that the n-hexane extract of Andrographis paniculata Ness, dioctyl adipate and menthol have inhibition activity of heme polymerization, because their IC50 values were lower than 12 mg/mL. However, the IC50 of dioctyl adipate was higher than positive control chloroquin in drug (Mexaquin Chloroquine) but still lower than 12 mg/mL. This is allegedly because dioctyl adipate does not have hydroxyl groups that can interact with the heme’s iron ion, while chloroquine and menthol have the group.

If the IC50 value of n-hexane extract from Andrographis paniculata Ness, and the major compounds contained i.e. menthol and dioctyladipate compared to another antimalarials compound that have been found before, it can be concluded that menthol and dioctyladipate is quite good as antimalarials although not better than andrographolide which is the main compound of Andrographis paniculata Ness. However, n-hexane extract from Andrographis paniculata Ness has a better value and very potential to be used as an antimalarial wherein the preparation process is quite easy. The results of the toxicity test showed that n-hexane extracts have LC50 values is 1,155 μg/mL [12]. Therefore all of the Andrographis paniculata Ness’s extract is safe to use. Previous studies also reported that extracts of Andrographis paniculata Ness had no toxic effect on Artemia salina larvae [15]. In vivo testing to determine acute toxicity using animal testing of mice also showed that Andrographis paniculata Ness extract included in the safe category with an LD50 value more than 5,000 mg/kg BW [16]. Thus all major compounds frome n-hexane extracts in this study are safe to use in humans.

Table 5

Comparison of IC50 values of menthol and dioctyladipate with previous antimalarials.

CompoundIC50 (mg/mL)Plant /SourceReference
Chloroquine sulfate12Synthetic[13]
Dioctyladipate1.15Andrographis paniculata
2,3,4- Trihydroxy- 5-methylxanthone0.75Synthetic[17]
Mexaquin Chloroquine0.35Drug / synthetic
Menthol0.31Andrographis paniculata
Andrographolide0.13Andrographis paniculata[9]
n-hexane extract of Andrographis paniculata Ness0.07Andrographis paniculata
Figure 7 The polymeration of β-hematin (a) and interaction of β-hematin polymer with menthol and dioctyl adipate (b).
Figure 7

The polymeration of β-hematin (a) and interaction of β-hematin polymer with menthol and dioctyl adipate (b).

The activity of n-hexane extract of Andrographis paniculata is higher than their major compounds or main compounds because there are several compounds in the n-hexane extract wherein having synergistic activity. There are 3 class of compounds included in n-hexane extract (alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids). This condition has increased the activity of n-hexane extract to inhibit heme polymerization. The activity can be seen from IC50 values of n-hexane extract, which is lower than both major compounds.

The presence of heme polymerization inhibition activity by n-hexane extract and menthol are suspected due to the interaction between hydroxyl groups contained in extracts or isolates with heme iron ions. This is based on research conducted by [13]. Terpenoid group compounds, phenols, and steroids have an inhibitory activity of heme polymerization due to the interaction between compounds with heme’s electronic systems or hydroxyl group bonds with heme iron ions. Although there is no hydroxyl group on dioctyl adipate, this compound still has inhibition activity. This is possible because dioctyl adipate has an ester group in which the oxygen atoms of the ester group can also interact with iron even though the interaction is not as good as the hydroxyl group. The interaction of β-hematin with menthol and dioctyl adipate was described in Figure 5a and 5b.

4 Conclusion

In conclusion, we have presented the isolation of the major component from Andrographis paniculata Ness’s n-hexane extract by using liquid chromatography method. Major compounds that can be isolated i.e. dioctyl adipate and menthol although there are still many impurities on the dioctyladipate. The inhibition of heme polymerization activity of both compounds are very good (dioctyl adipate IC50 = 1.15 ± 0.41 mg/mL, menthol IC50 = 0.31 ± 0.01 mg/mL, n-hexane extract IC50 = 0.07 ± 0.03 mg/mL while n-hexane extract is more active than both of major compound. The antimalarial activity of Andrographis paniculata Ness’s n-hexane extract is working synergistic, not by the major compounds. In case, menthol and n-hexane extract displayed better antimalarial activity than chloroquine (IC50 =0.35 ± 0,13 mg/mL).

  1. Conflict of interest

    Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-11-11
Accepted: 2019-04-15
Published Online: 2019-09-25

© 2019 Nurcahyo Iman Prakoso et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0086
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
antimalarial; Andrographis Paniculata Ness; n-hexane extract; menthol; dioctyladipate
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
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  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
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  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
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  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
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  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
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  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
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  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
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  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
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  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
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  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
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  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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Heruntergeladen am 8.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2019-0086/html
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