Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment

Lina Zheng; Yiqiao Wang; Wei Gao

doi:10.1515/chem-2019-0009

Article Open Access

Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment

Lina Zheng , Yiqiao Wang and Wei Gao

Published/Copyright: February 22, 2019

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From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

A large number of medical experiments have confirmed that the features of drugs have a close correlation with their molecular structure. Drug properties can be obtained by studying the molecular structure of corresponding drugs. The calculation of the topological index of a drug structure enables scientists to have a better understanding of the physical chemistry and biological characteristics of drugs. In this paper, we focus on Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel conjugates which are widely used in the manufacture of anticancer drugs. Several topological indices are determined by virtue of the edge-partition method, and our results remedy the lack of medicine experiments, thus providing a theoretical basis for pharmaceutical engineering.

Keywords: Topological Indices; Hyaluronic Acid; Paclitaxel; Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel conjugates

1 Introduction

With improvement in pharmaceutical technology in various countries in recent years a large proportion of newly emerging drugs are synthesized yearly from the laboratory and they are put on the market after clinical trials. At the initial stage a large number of experiments are required to test these new drugs to detect their biological activity, toxicity and degree of side effects on the human body. This results in a heavy workload in the laboratory , especially for countries and regions with low budgets and poor experimental conditions (e.g., Southeast Asia, Africa, Latin America). In early chemical experiments, scientists compared a large amount of experimental data with the structure of compounds and concluded that the atomic arrangement of a compound had intrinsic relationships with the characteristics it exhibits (see Wiener [1] and Katritzky et al. [2] as examples). Based on this fact, as a branch of theoretical chemistry, through the analysis of the topological index on the molecular structure diagram of compounds and the corresponding properties of the compounds have been welcomed by more and more scientists and gradually applied to materials science, nanoscience, medicine, biology and pharmaceutical sciences (see Rehman et al. [3], Imran et al. [4], Baig et al. [5], Akhter et al. [6], Ali et al. [7], Kwun [8], Munir et al. [9], Riaz et al. [10] and Ma et al. [11]).

In computational modeling every atom is represented as a vertex and the covalent bond between atoms is expressed as an edge between two vertices. A graph obtained from a special chemical compound is called a molecular graph. Denote G=(V(G), E(G)) as a (molecular) graph, and here V(G) and E(G) are vertex set and edge set respectively, which is corresponding to atom set and chemical bond set.

Topological indices can be regarded as a large number of parameters on a molecular graph which is important in theoretical physics and pharmacology science. There are some important indices based on the vertex degree, e.g., Randić index, harmonic index, Zagreb indices, connectivity index (see Gao and Shi [12], and Gao and Wang [13, 14], and Gao et al. [15,16,17]), etc.

The famous Randić index [18], has been used effectively as a molecular descriptor in quantitative structure-pharmacokinetics relationship (QSPR) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) (see Pogliani [19], García-Domenech et al. [20], Stankevich et al. [21], Galvez [22], Estrada [23], Klein et al. [24]). If G is a graph then its Randić index is denoted as:

R(G)=∑uv∈E(G)(d(u)d(v))−12

where d(x) represents the degree of a vertex xÎV (G).

In 1998, Bollobás and Erdös [25] generalized this index by replacing −12with a real number k as follows:

Rk(G)=∑uv∈E(G)(d(u)d(v))k

The first three smallest general Randić indices of trees and corresponding extremal trees are determined by Li and Liu [26]. Liu and Gutman [27] estimated the general Randić index and some of its special cases, such as ordinary index and modified Zagreb index. When k = 1 and k = −1, the second Zagreb index M₂(G) and the modified second Zagreb index M2*(G) are written as:

M2(G)=∑u ∈E(G)d(u)d(v) ,

and

M2∗(G)=∑u ∈E(G)1d(u)d(v) .

In 2009, Zhou and Trinajstić [28] defined the sum-connectivity index of a molecular graph G as the following:

χ(G)=∑uv∈E(G)(d(u)+d(v))−12 .

Replacing the value −12by a real number k, we obtained the general sum connectivity index, which was expressed in [29]:

χk(G)=∑uv∈E(G)(d(u)+d(v))k .

Moreover, Du, Zhou and Trinajstić [30] considered the smallest and the second smallest values of the general sum-connectivity indices of unicyclic graphs and studied the corresponding extremal graphs.

Given a molecular graph G, the harmonic index of G is represented as:

H(G)=∑u ∈E(G)2d(u)+d(v) .

Favaron et al. [31] established the connections between the eigenvalues of molecular graphs and the harmonic index. Zhong [33] deduced the smallest and largest values of the harmonic index for connected molecular graphs and trees and characterized the corresponding extremal molecular graphs. Wu et al. [34] presented the minimum harmonic index of molecular graphs G with δ(G) ≥ 2. Liu [35] obtained some connections between the harmonic index and diameter of molecular graphs.

To expand the harmonic index to more chemical engineering applications, Yan et al. [32] investigated the general harmonic index:

Hk(G)=∑u ∈E(G)(2d(u)+d(v))k

Vukiˇcević and Furtula [36] proposed the geometric-arithmetic index of a molecular graph G as follows:

GA(G)=∑uv∈E(G)2d(u)d(v)d(u)+d(v)

Eliasi and Iranmanesh [37] generalized the ordinary geometric-arithmetic index of a graph G to the following form:

OGAk(G)=∑u ∈E(G)(2d(u)d(v)d(u)+d(v))k

Azari and Iranmanesh [38] discussed the generalized Zagreb index as follows:

Mt1, t2=∑u ∈E(G)(d(u)t1d(v)t2+d(u)t2d(v)t1)

where t₁ and t₂ are arbitrary non-negative integers.

Some polynomials connected on degree-based indices are also defined. For example, the first and the second Zagreb polynomials indices are as follows:

M1(G,x)=∑u ∈E(G)xd(u)+d(v)

and

M2(G,x)=∑u ∈E(G)xd(u)d(v)

Furthermore, the third Zagreb index and third Zagreb polynomial are defined as

M3(G)=∑u ∈E(G)|d(u)−d(v)|

and

M3(G,x)=∑u ∈E(G)x|d(u)−d(v)|

respectively.

In the rest of the paper, we first introduce the polymers of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel conjugates and point out significance of this molecular structure. Then, in Section 3, we present our main results and detailed proofs.

2 Motivation

Cancer is regarded as one of the major causes of death in the world and its death ratio continues to rise with the majority of deaths caused by breast, stomach, lung and colon cancers. Although there has been great developments in cancer biology and therapies to treat cancers, challenges still remain in primary and metastatic disease treatment. In addition, there are pitfalls in current anticancer drugs which induce low specificity and high toxicity thus severely limiting their efficacy. Certain advances have taken place in molecularly-targeted cancer treatment over recent years.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a compound that occurs naturally. It is a glycosaminoglycan polymer composed of a linear structure of units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which are linked via alternating β-1,3- and β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Its primary structure, disaccharide, is energetically stable [39]. HA is a promising cancer drug due to its unique, biodegradable, bio-compatible, nontoxic, hydrophilic, and non-immutable features; additionally, HA receptors demonstrated over-expression on many tumor cells. As a rapidly-growing platform for targeting CD44-overexpressing cells nowadays, HA aims to improve anticancer therapies [40,41,42]. HA is an optimal drug carrier and drug targeting. Paclitaxel (PTX) is an effective drug, which is recommended for many types of cancers, including ovarian, breast, lung, bladder, prostate, and esophageal cancers, etc. [43]. While PTX administration also encounters its own limitations, such as its poor solubility and relevant side effects, as well as the excipients typically used in its formulation. Ringsdorf firstly proposed the method of developing polymeric macromolecule-drug conjugates, which was designed to deliver small hydrophobic drug molecules to their sites of action [44]. The main advantages of HA-PTX conjugates are the increase of its water solubility and the preservation of its activity, most importantly, it could be utilized as targeted drug delivery to reinforce anti-tumor efficacy [45,46,47]. The structure of hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel conjugates is depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1

The molecular structure of hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel conjugates.

The study of these general indices for hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel conjugates meet certain limitations, even if some advances in degree-based indices of molecular graphs have been achieved in recent years. Moreover, as popular and critical drug structures, this polymer structure is widely applied in medical science and pharmaceutical fields. For instance, it is of great significance in the delivery system and in the development of anticancer drugs. These properties have attracted industrial interest and enormous academic interest to study the topological indices of this molecular structure from a mathematical perspective.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Main Results and Proofs

This section aims to present several generalized degree-based indices of hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel conjugates. The main technique used here is to classify edges into some parts. In the following discussion, let G_n denote the molecular graph of HA-PTX conjugates with n units’ linear iteration. In figures 2 and 3, we depict their corresponding molecular graphs G₁ and G₃ when n = 1 and n = 3.

Figure 2

Corresponding molecular graph G₁: n = 1.

By observing the graph structure and calculating, we get |V(G_n)| = 87n and |E(G_n)| = 96n.

If δ and Δ are the minimum and maximum degree of the graph G_n, respectively,we define:

(i) E_i = {uv_∈E(G_n) |d(u) + d(v) = i} for each i with 2δ ≤ i ≤ 2Δ;

(ii) Ej⋆={uv∈E(Gn)/d(u)d(v)=j}for each j, δ2≤j≤Δ2.Clearly, the sets of E_i and Ej* may be non-empty.

Now that Δ = 4 and δ ≥ 1, we see that the edges of G_n can be decomposed of the following subsets according to E_i and Ej* definition:

E₃ = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 1, d(v) = 2};

E_4.1 = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 1, d(v) = 3};

E_4.2 = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 2, d(v) = 2};

E_5.1 = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 1, d(v) = 4};

E_5.2 = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 2, d(v) = 3};

E_6.1 = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 2, d(v) = 4};

E_6.2 = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 3, d(v) = 3};

E₇ = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 3, d(v) = 4};

E₈ = {uv_∈E(G_n) | d(u) = 4, d(v) = 4}.

Similarly,

E2⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=1, d(v)=2};

E3⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=1, d(v)=3};

E4.1⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=1, d(v)=4};E4.2⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=2, d(v)=2};E6⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=2, d(v)=3};E8⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=2, d(v)=4};E9⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=3, d(v)=3};E12⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=3, d(v)=4};E16⋆={uv∈E(Gn)|d(u)=4, d(v)=4}.

Theorem 1

Let G_n be the molecular graph of HA-PTX conjugates with n units’ linear iteration. Then, we have

Rk(Gn)=2n⋅2k+16n⋅3k+(17n+1)⋅4k+(33n−1)⋅6k+3n⋅8k +(19n−1)⋅9k+7n⋅12k+2n⋅16kχk(Gn)=2n⋅3k+(29n+1)⋅4k+(37n−1)⋅5k+(22n−1)⋅6k+7n⋅7k+2n⋅8k.

Proof.

By graph structure analysis and observation, it is easy to deduce |E3|=|E2⋆|=2n, |E4.1|=|E3⋆|=16n, |E5.1|=|E4.1⋆|=4n,|E4.2|=|E4.2⋆|=13n+1, |E5.2|=| E6⋆|=33n−1, |E6.1|=|E8⋆|=3n,|E6.2|=|E9⋆|=19n-1, |E7|=|E12⋆|=7n, |E8|=|E16⋆|=2n.

Thus, by the definition of general Randić and general sum connectivity index, we obtain

Rk(Gn)=∑uv∈E(Gn)(d(u)d(v))k=∑uv∈E2⋆(d(u)d(v))k+∑uv∈E3⋆(d(u)d(v))k+∑uv∈E4.1⋆(d(u)d(v))k+∑uv∈E4.2⋆(d(u)d(v))k+∑uv∈E6⋆(d(u)d(v))k+∑uv∈E8⋆(d(u)d(v))k+∑uv∈E9⋆(d(u)d(v))k+∑uv∈E12⋆(d(u)d(v))k+∑uv∈E16⋆(d(u)d(v))k=2n⋅2k+16n⋅3k+(17n−1)⋅4k+(33n−1)⋅6k+3n⋅8k+(19n−1)⋅9k+7n⋅12k+2n⋅16k

and

Figure 3

Corresponding molecular graph G₃: n = 3.

χk(Gn)=∑uv∈E(Gn)(d(u)+d(v))k=∑uv∈E3(d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E4.1(d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E4.2(d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E5.1(d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E5.2(d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E6.1(d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E6.2(d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E7(d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E8(d(u)+d(v))k=2n⋅3k+(29n+1)⋅4k+(37n−1)⋅5k+(22n−1)⋅6k+7n⋅7k+2n⋅8k

Hence, we get the desired conclusion.

Theorem 2

The general harmonic index of G_n is

Hk(Gn)=2n⋅(23)k+(29n+1)⋅(12)k+(37n−1)⋅(25)k+ +(22n−1)⋅(13)k+7n⋅(27)k+2n⋅(14)k.

Proof. By definition of general harmonic index and intermediate results manifested in Theorem 1, we infer

Hk(Gn)=∑uv∈E(Gn)(2d(u)+d(v))k=∑uv∈E3(2d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E4.1(2d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E4.2(2d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E5.1(2d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E5.1(2d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E6.1(2d(u)+d(v))k=∑uv∈E6.2(2d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E7(2d(u)+d(v))k+∑uv∈E8(2d(u)+d(v))k=2n⋅(23)k+(29n+1)⋅(12)k+(37n−1)⋅(25)k+(22n−1)⋅(13)k+7n(27)k+2n(14)k

We complete the proof.

By taking k=1, we yield the harmonic index of G_n.

Corollary 3

H(Gn)=60715n−730.

In a similar fashion, we get the following conclusions on the exact expression of several important indices and polynomials of G_n.

Theorem 4

The ordinary geometric-arithmetic index of G_n is

OGAk(Gn)=5n⋅(223)k+16n⋅(32)k+4n⋅(45)k+ +(33n−1)⋅(265)k+7n⋅(437)k+34n.

Theorem 5

The generalized Zagreb index of G_n is

Mt1, t2(Gn)=2n⋅(2t1+2t2)+16n⋅(3t1+3t2)+4n⋅(4t1+4t2)+(13n+1)⋅2t1+t2+1 +(33n−1)⋅(2t13t2+2t23t1)+3n⋅(2t1+2t2+2t2+2t1)+2(19n−1)⋅3t1+t2 +7n⋅(3t14t2+3t24t1)+4n⋅4t1+t2.

Theorem 6

The first and second Zagreb polynomials of G_n are

M1(Gn,x)=2n⋅x3+(29n+1)⋅x4+(37n−1)⋅x5+ +(22n−1)⋅x6+7n⋅x7+2n⋅x8,

and

M2(Gn,x)=2n⋅x2+16n⋅x3+(17n+1)⋅x4+(33n−1)⋅x6 +3n⋅x8+(19n−1)⋅x9+7n⋅x12+2n⋅x16.

Theorem 7

The third Zagreb index and polynomials of G_n are

M3(Gn)=92n+1,

and

M3(Gn,x)=(37n−1)x+19nx2+4nx3.

4 Conclusion

This work mainly aims to present the degree-based index of Hyaluronic Acid in light of molecular structural analysis, degree computation and mathematical derivation. The general Randić, general sum connectivity index, general harmonic index, ordinary geometric-arithmetic index, generalized version of Zagreb index, first and second Zagreb polynomials, and the third Zagreb index and polynomial of HA-PTX[n] are determined. The derived conclusions demonstrate the potential application prospects in pharmaceutical engineering in cancer treatment.

Conflict of Interests: We have no conflict of interests to declare.

Acknowledgements

We thank the reviewers for their constructive comments in improving the quality of this paper. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11761083, 11771402, 11671053).

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Received: 2018-06-12

Accepted: 2018-09-03

Published Online: 2019-02-22

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0009

Keywords for this article

Topological Indices; Hyaluronic Acid; Paclitaxel; Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel conjugates

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