Startseite Naturwissenschaften Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
Artikel Open Access

Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models

  • Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas EMAIL logo , Nining Rahmawati , Fitria Rahmawati und Yuniawan Hidayat
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 19. Dezember 2019
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

The synthesis of CoMo/Mordenite (CoMo/MOR) catalysts was conducted using a co-impregnation method at a various Co/Mo ratios. The produced catalysts were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, total acidity analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The activity of the catalyst in a hydrotreatment reaction was evaluated by applying the catalyst as a reduced-catalyst to the hydrocracking (HC) reaction of anisole molecules. Analysis of the diffraction data using the Le Bail refinement technique showed that the metal phase was successfully impregnated into the MOR. In addition, increasing the metal content resulted in an increase in the acidity of the catalysts and changed the morphology of the catalysts from homogeneous to heterogeneous with larger particle size. According to the data of GCMS, it is known that the catalysts successfully removed methyl group of anisole molecules. Hydrotreatment reaction with the prepared-catalyst produced 4.77% of phenols. It is 122 % higher than the reaction with MOR catalyst.

Keywords: CoMo/MOR catalyst; metal phase; hydrotreatment catalyst

1 Introduction

Hydrotreatment is a reaction of various hydrogenation processes, such as a reaction to change double/triple bonds into saturated hydrocarbons, a reaction to convert heavy fraction hydrocarbons into light fraction hydrocarbons, and to remove impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals [1, 2]. A hydrotreatment reaction usually requires a catalyst to reduce the temperature and energy of a reaction. Typical catalysts used are heterogeneous in which a transition metal, for example Co, Mo, Ni, Pt, and Pd, is dispersed on a substrate or supporting agent. Co and Mo are the suitable transition metals for catalysis, for hydrogenation [3] or deoxygenation reactions [4] respectively.

Transition metals can be used as catalysts in both mono-metal and bimetal form. Augustine [5] states that metals in a bimetallic form have better reactivity and selectivity than their monometalic counterparts. In addition, the use of a pure metal as a catalyst has several disadvantages, such as agglomerates easily, undergoes deactivation due to obstruction of the active site, and shorter catalyst life.

The catalytic properties of metals can be developed by the use of supported catalyst. Many porous materials have been widely utilized as catalyst supports such as γ-alumina [6, 7], activated carbon [8], natural zeolites [9, 10, 11], ZSM-5 [12, 13, 14, 15], and MOR [10, 14, 16, 17]. MOR has quite large pores (± 7Å), high thermal stability and has cavities and channels that make it suitable as an adsorbent, ion-exchange medium and a catalyst [18]. The high thermal stability of MOR is shown by its ability to maintain its structure to a temperature of 800-900°C [18].

Trisunaryanti and coworkers [19] used Co, Ni, and Pd supported on MOR for HC reaction of α-cellulose. It is found that the catalyst can convert α-cellulose to some low mass molecule compound such as ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, ethanol and 2-propanone [19]. Meanwhile, MOR modified with Ni and Co, producing a bimetallic Ni-Co/ MOR catalyst, shows a better performance in a cracking process of decalin’s ring, than the similar process with a monometallic catalyst of Ni/MOR [20]. A bimetallic NiMo/ Al2O3 also shows a better performance in the deoxygenation of vegetable oil, than the monometal Mo/ Al2O3 [4].

Some methods to load metals on support materials have been developed, such as deposition [21], impregnation [22] and co precipitation [23]. The impregnation method is a simple one, less time consuming and relatively cheap. The impregnation method can load Pd metal to MOR and produce better catalytic activity and selectivity than the similar Pd/MOR that was prepared by the ion-exchanged method [21].

The impregnation method is affected by reaction conditions such as temperature, reflux time, pressure and the ratio of metal loaded [24]. While, the determinants factors of the catalysts-supported metals character are metal content [18], crystallinity [25], functional groups [26], acidity [27], surface area, pore size distribution, pore volume, particle size [28], and morphology [29].

In a CoMo/SBA-15 system, it is known that the best performance is obtained at 3% Co content and 8% Mo content [30]. However, another study reported that the best performance was found with 2% and 8% of CoO and MoO3 impregnation, respectively [31]. The performance was investigated from crystallinity of product and its metal content parameter [31].

This work aims to investigate the effect of Cobalt-Molybdenum composition in MOR to the catalyst character, and to the catalyst activity in an anisole hydrotreatment. Anisole is a typical oxygen-containing hydrocarbon present in lignin or bio-oil. Therefore, this work may contribute to the investigation of catalyst character and its performance in hydrotreatment reaction.

2 Experimental

2.1 Material

This research used a synthetic MOR (HS-690-Wako) as a catalyst support. Analytical grade (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O, Co(NO3)2.6H2O, ammonia and anisole were purchased from Merck.

2.2 Catalyst Preparation and Characterization

A series of cobalt molybdate catalysts was prepared by the co-impregnation method. MOR was poured into the solution of cobalt nitrate that was mixed with ammonium molybdate. At first, the Mo, Co, and MOR were mixed in the ammonia solution with deionized-water as a solvent. The solution was then refluxed at 60°C for 2 hours, followed by drying with a rotary evaporator. The powder was then calcined at 550°C for 3 hours under N2 gas flow (10 mL min-1)then heated at 400°C for 2 hours under H2 gas flow, finally being cooled to room temperature under H2 gas flow During this process the sample was stored in a desiccator to avoid contact with air.

2.3 Catalyst Characterization

The metal contents of the co-impregnation product were analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF BRUKER S2 Ranger). Crystallinity and metal phase of the produced catalysts were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction technique (Shimadzu 7000 with Cu-Kα radiation λ = 1.5418 Å at 3 < 2θ < 90°, θ/2θ scanning mode, with 0.02° sampling pitch, and 3°/min scan speed). The obtained-diffraction patterns were then refined with Le Bail method by RIETICA software, by inputting data of standard diffraction from ICSD file. Strategies for combining X-ray diffraction analysis and fluorescence have been shown to be successful in determining the phase and chemical compositions[32, 33, 34, 35]. Meanwhile, the total acidity value is determined by the adsorption method with two types of probe molecules (pyridine and ammonia molecules), followed by evacuation for 30 minutes at 150°C, and recorded by FTIR (Shimadzu IR prestige-21) spectrometer at the wavelength of 4000-500 cm-1. The pyridine and ammonia adsorption methods are based on the combined procedure from Tyagi et al. [36] and Barzetti et al. [37].

The prepared samples were degassed at 180oC for 3 hours and then the N2 adsorption/ desorption isotherm in the sample was measured by Surface Area Analyzer, SAA (Quantacrome ver. 10.1) at low temperatures (77.3 K). The specific surface area, total pore volume, and average pore radius calculated by the BET method (assuming P/Po = 0.98, and cylindrical shapes of pores). The morphology observed by utilizing SEM (JEOL JSM 6510 LA).

2.4 Catalyst Testing

Anisole and catalyst (in 10:1 weight ratio) were loaded in a mini-batch autoclave reactor (h: 9.5 cm; o.d.: 6.5 cm; i.d.: 5.4 cm) which was then evacuated to remove air. The reaction was carried out under hydrogen gas at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 350°C for one hour. The liquid product was collected and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC- MS) QP 2010 SE. The yield of product was calculated by El-Hakam equations [27].

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Catalyst Properties

Elemental analysis of the catalysts was conducted by XRF to MOR before and after modification. The analysis was conducted to prove that Co and Mo are well impregnated into the MOR. The elemental content along with its composition are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 XRF results analysis of MOR and CoMo/MOR.
Figure 1

XRF results analysis of MOR and CoMo/MOR.

Figure 1a. shows the amount of Co and Mo metals on the CoMo/MOR catalysts. The percentage of Co and Mo increase from 2.42% to 8.85% for Co and 0.34% to 1.25% for Mo with increasing precursor addition. However, the presence of Co and Mo metals on MOR cause a decreasing amount of Si and Al (Fig. 1b.).

XRD analysis of the prepared catalysts to understand their crystallinity, crystal structure and the metal phase of the samples. The diffraction patterns are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 XRD patterns of MOR and CoMo/MOR.
Figure 2

XRD patterns of MOR and CoMo/MOR.

Based on Figure 2, the diffraction pattern shows characteristic peaks at 2θ (°) angles of 9.78°; 13.56°; 19.70°; 22.51°; and 27.78°. This result is consistent with previous research in which some sharp characteristic peaks at 2θ of 9.82 °; 13.56 °; 19.69 °; 22.35 ° and 27.74 ° were reported [20, 38]. Figure 2 shows that diffraction pattern of CoMo/MOR is almost similar to the initial MOR. It is probably caused by the highly dispersed support material or the quantity of metal particles added to MOR are very few and still below the limit detection of the XRD instrument [39].

Figure 2 also shows that there is no 2θ shift before and after MOR modification. This indicates that the addition of Co-Mo metals just interfered the MOR’s framework [40] rather than damaging or changing the crystallinity which would be signified by a shift in the peak position. For example, the replacement of Al-O bonds with shorter Si-O bonds will cause the shrinkage of the unit cell and a reduction in crystallinity. As a consequence, the peak in the diffractogram will shift to higher angles[41].

To determine the crystal structure the XRD data was compared with the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) data and then refined using the Le Bail method with RIETICA software. The aim of this refinement is to understand if there are any overlapping reflections of phase that appear on samples[32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. The first refinement investigated the suitability of the MOR material used with the existing MOR standard based on the residual factor value (Rp and Rwp). The residual factor is the limit value of nonconformity in the analysis that is still acceptable. If there is non-conformity between data and the calculation the residual factor value becomes lower. The Le Bail refinement was conducted by inputting standard diffraction ICSD #4393 and found that the MOR was crystallized in orthorhombic structure with space group of Cmcm and cell parameters of a = 18.007; b = 20.269; c = 7.465 Å. The cell volume is 2724.6 Å3 and the angle between axes of α = β = γ = 90 °. Based on the refinement result the MOR structure framework can be described as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Modeling of MOR framework.
Figure 3

Modeling of MOR framework.

Figure 3 shows that the MOR framework is composed of Si and Al metals, and has two main cavities bounded by oxygen atoms. There is a balancing proton inside the cavities that can undergo a cation exchange with the embedded transition metal. The results of Huertas-Miranda and Martinez-Iñesta [48] study show that the transition metal can occupy the side pockets and the main pore channel depending on temperature, the zeolite’s silicon to aluminum ratio (Si/Al) and metal loading.

The unidentified peaks in the diffraction pattern might be belong to metals, metal oxides, and metal alloys and therefore a more in-depth analysis was carried out by inputting some standard pure metals and metal oxides namely Co (ICSD # 41507), Mo (ICSD # 173127), MoO3 (ICSD # 36167), and CoMoO4 (ICSD # 281235) on CoMo / MOR catalysts. The refinement result shows that the residual factor values (Rp and Rwp) decreased after inputting some standard diffraction above. The result is listed in Table 1. The refinement result proved that Co, Mo, MoO3, and CoMoO4 are available or successfully loaded in the modified MOR of CoMo/MOR catalyst.

Table 1

The refinement result of P-XRD data of CoMo/MOR catalyst.

MOR (ICSD # 4393)Co (ICSD # 41507)Mo (ICSD # 173127)MoO3 (ICSD # 36167)CoMoO4 (ICSD # 281235)
Crystal structureOrthorhombicMonoclinicCubicOrthorhombicMonoclinic
Space GroupC m c mC 1 2/m 1I m -3 mP b n mP 1 2/c 1
a (Å)18.1185,1803,1463,9544,659
b (Å)20,3413,0153,14613,8255,686
c (Å)7,5043,0173,1463,6944,916
Angle (o)α=β=γ=90α=γ=90α=β=γ=90α=β=γ=90α=γ=90
β=125,55β=90,521
Cell Volume (Å3)2765.71538.34031.140201.930130.250
Z482242

The FTIR spectrum of the CoMo/MOR catalyst compared to the various MOR spectra is shown in Figure 4. The broadband peak at a wavenumber around 3400 cm-1 is predicted to be a vibrational stretch from isolated groups (Si-O-H) and water molecules that are adsorbed on the surface of catalyst [38, 49]. The presence of water bound to the surface is supported by an absorption band at 1640 cm-1 [38]. Meanwhile, the peak at 1100 – 1050 cm-1 are internal and external symmetric stretching of O-Si/Al-O-. While, the peak at 420-500 cm-1 corresponds to an internal and external asymmetric stretching (←O(Si/Al)→←O) of siliceous materials [38]. FTIR analysis of MOR and CoMo/MOR show similar characteristic peaks, however the transmittance shown by the peaks are different. It is probably caused by the different amount of Co and Mo metals in the MOR and the number of acid sites inside the catalyst also may produce a different transmittance value.

Figure 4 FTIR analysis of MOR and CoMo/MOR.
Figure 4

FTIR analysis of MOR and CoMo/MOR.

Acidity analysis of MOR and CoMo/MOR was conducted using a gravimetric method with ammonia as a probe molecule. The ammonia can also act as Lewis and Bronsted bases, therefore the total acidity of catalyst can be determined. The total acidity of MOR and CoMo/MOR are listed in Table 3.

Table 3 shows that the addition of Co and Mo metals to MOR can increase the acidity. MOR catalyst provides Bronsted acid site due to the presence of hydroxyl functional groups. Meanwhile, Co and Mo act as Lewis acid because both have , a half-full d orbital. This causes the acidity of the catalyst to increase after Co and Mo addition. Even though the total acidity increases as the Co content increases, the acidity decreases after 8% of

Table 2

Residual factor value (Rp and Rwp) from the refinement results.

Residual FactorMORCo0Mo/MORCo2Mo/MORCo4Mo/ MORCo6Mo/MORCo8Mo/MOR
Rp (%)5.972.962.253.081.542.03
Rwp (%)6.624.734.575.773.372.54
Table 3

Total acidity of MOR and CoMo/MOR catalysts.

CatalystTotal acidity (mmol/g)
MOR1.79
Co0Mo/MOR2.88
Co2Mo/MOR2.70
Co3Mo/MOR3.38
Co6Mo/MOR2.82
Co8Mo/MOR1.33

Co metal content. Excessive metal addition can lead to agglomeration that may reduce the total acidity of CoMo/MOR catalysts. However, the acidity of CoMo/MOR catalyst is still higher than the Ni(Co)/MOR catalyst [20]. It means that the CoMo/MOR catalyst is better than Ni(Co)/MOR. The presence of Bronsted and Lewis acid sites of MOR and CoMo/MOR can be analyzed by FT-IR analysis with the spectra as shown in Figures 5 and 6.

Figure 5 FTIR spectra of ammonia adsorption, (A) & (C) after evacuated at room temperature; (B) & (D) at 150oC.
Figure 5

FTIR spectra of ammonia adsorption, (A) & (C) after evacuated at room temperature; (B) & (D) at 150oC.

Figure 6 FTIR spectra after pyridine adsorption, (A) & (C) after evacuated at room temperature; (B) & (D) at 150oC.
Figure 6

FTIR spectra after pyridine adsorption, (A) & (C) after evacuated at room temperature; (B) & (D) at 150oC.

Figure 6 shows that all samples have the same type of adsorption isotherm, namely type IV isotherm. All catalyst are included in the category of mesoporous material, confirmed by the presence of a hysteresis loop. Further analysis to the adsorption isotherm may describe the effect of cobalt/molybdenum ratio to the specific surface area, total pore volume and an average pore radius of the CoMo/MOR catalyst. The adsorption isotherm data is processed using the BET method, and the results are shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows that surface area of MOR decreases due to the addition of Co and Mo. However, the pore radius average and total pore volume of CoMo/MOR increases.

Table 4

The parameters of porous structure of MOR and CoMo/MOR catalysts.

CatalystSpecific surface area (m2/g)Total pore volume (cc/g)Average pore size (Å)
MOR3810.15618.938
Co0Mo/MOR3110.15119.023
Co2Mo/MOR3060.18219.043
Co3Mo/MOR2770.18018.992
Co6Mo/MOR2790.18418.960
Co8Mo/MOR3320.18819.004

Figure 8 shows that MOR has homogeneous particle size. Co and Mo addition seems to change the morphology of MOR. The Co6Mo/MOR and Co8Mo/MOR are dominated by large size of particles, because of their Co/Mo ratio is great. Particle size analysis from SEM images was conducted with MeasureIt software and the results are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 7 Profile of the adsorption isotherm of MOR and CoMo/MOR catalysts.
Figure 7

Profile of the adsorption isotherm of MOR and CoMo/MOR catalysts.

Figure 8 Morphology of MOR and CoMo/MOR catalysts.
Figure 8

Morphology of MOR and CoMo/MOR catalysts.

Figure 9 Particle size distribution of MOR and CoMo/MOR catalysts.
Figure 9

Particle size distribution of MOR and CoMo/MOR catalysts.

Figure 9 shows that CoMo/MOR has a more heterogeneous particle size than MOR. The particle size of MOR is between 0.31 – 0.50 mm, meanwhile Co0Mo/MOR, Co2Mo/MOR and Co4Mo/Mor has particle size of 0.91 – 1.20 mm, Co6Mo/MOR is 0.71 – 0.70 mm, and Co8Mo/MOR is between 0.71 – 0.90 mm. The presence of metals, metal oxide and metal alloy seems to increase heterogeneity of the catalyst particle size as well increasing the particle size itself [20].

3.2 Preliminary Study of Catalyst Activities

Based on the characterization of the prepared catalyst, it is found that all catalysts have almost similar properties except for the total acidity value. Therefore, in the pre-study of the HC reaction of anisole, the moderate acidity catalyst, i.e., Co6Mo/MOR was chosen. The main products of the reaction are o-methoxy toluene and phenol. The amount of conversion of anisole to o-methoxy toluene and phenol is calculated based on GC [27]. The yields of product conversion are presented in Figure 10.

Figure 10 Product yields.
Figure 10

Product yields.

The product analysis of the HC reaction of anisole shows that the CoMo/ MOR catalyst is not suitable for opening the anisole ring. Weak HC properties of catalysts are possible because of the low strength of Lewis acid [20]. The percentage conversion of anisole HC reaction with Co6Mo/MOR catalyst is 3.55% o-methoxy toluene and 4.77% phenols. Meanwhile, when MOR was used as catalyst the percentage conversion is 0.02% o-methoxy toluene, and 0.39% phenols. It shows a better activity of CoMo/MOR than MOR. If the product redress is assumed to be the same as the catalyst activity, then the CoMo / MOR catalyst activity is better than Ni (Co)/MOR catalyst activity [20].

4 Conclusion

The results show that MOR was successfully modified with Co and Mo metals which is shown by the increase of the Co and Mo metal content in the CoMo / MOR catalyst. The addition of metals does not change the functional group, however it decreases the crystallinity and surface area of MOR. Meanwhile, the total acidity of the catalyst tended to increase along with the increase in the metal content. The Co and Mo addition also change the morphology to become more heterogeneous with larger particle size. The anisole HDO reaction with Co6Mo/MOR has higher product yield than the reaction with MOR as catalyst. It indicates a better catalytic activity of Co6Mo/MOR than MOR. Based on the product yield of the anisole HC reaction, it is also known that Co6Mo/MOR catalyst has better catalytic activity than MOR.

Acknowledgement

This research is part of Penelitian Dasar perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) with contract number of 474/UN.27.21/PP/2018. Authors acknowledge the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Eduacation, Republic of Indonesia, for funding this grant.

References

[1] Robinson P., Practical advances in petroleum processing, 2006.10.1007/978-0-387-25789-1Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Topsøe H., Clausen B.S., Massoth F.E., Hydrotreating catalysis. In: Anderson J.R., Boudart M. (Eds.), Catalysis, Vol 11, 1996.10.1007/978-3-642-61040-0_1Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Wang W., Yang Y., Luo H., Liu W., Characterization and hydrodeoxygenation properties of Co promoted Ni-Mo-B amorphous catalysts: Influence of Co content, React. Kinet. Mech. Catal., 2010, 101,105–115, DOI: 10.1007/s11144-010-0201-3.10.1007/s11144-010-0201-3Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Kubička D., Kaluža L., Deoxygenation of vegetable oils over sulfided Ni, Mo and NiMo catalysts, Appl. Catal. A Gen., 2010, 372,199–208, DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2009.10.034.10.1016/j.apcata.2009.10.034Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Augustine R.L., Heterogeneous catalysis for the synthetic chemist, Marcel Dekker Inc., 1996.10.1201/9781003067122Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Trueba M., Trasatti S.P., γ-alumina as a support for catalysts: A review of fundamental aspects, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2005, 3393–3403, DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500348.10.1002/ejic.200500348Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Paranjpe K.Y., Alpha, beta and gamma alumina as a catalyst -A Review, Pharma Innovation, 2017, 6, 11, 236-238.Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Fukuyama H., Terai S., Uchida M., Cano J.L., Ancheyta J., Active carbon catalyst for heavy oil upgrading, Catal. Today, 2004, 98,207–215, DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.07.054.10.1016/j.cattod.2004.07.054Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Nugrahaningtyas K.D., Cahyono E., Widjonarko D.M., The Parafin Cracking Reaction With NiMo/Active Natural Zeolite Catalyst: The Effect Temperature On The Catalytic Activity, ALCHEMY J. Penelit. Kim., 2016, 11, 111–126.10.20961/alchemy.11.2.712.111-126Suche in Google Scholar

[10] Sesario R., Dwi K., Rahmawati F., Heraldy E., Rachmadani, Characterization of metal particles on supporting materials mordenite, ultra stable y zeolita, and natural zeolit, Proceeding of 4th International Conference on Research, Implementation, and Education of Mathematics and Sciences, (14 – 16 May 2017, Yogyakarta, Indonesia), AIP Conference Proceding, 2017, 1868-1874, DOI: 10.1063/1.4995088.10.1063/1.4995088Suche in Google Scholar

[11] Nugrahaningtyas K.D., Widjonarko D.M., Trisunaryanti W., Triyono, Preparation and characterization of NiMo/active natural zeolite catalysts, In: Kai L (ed) Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering - Proceedings of The International Conference On CBEE 2009 (9 - 11 October 2009, Singapore), World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009, 171–174.10.1142/9789814295048_0035Suche in Google Scholar

[12] Dědeček J., Kaucký D., Wichterlová B., Co2+ ion siting in pentasil-containing zeolites, part 3.: Co2+ ion sites and their occupation in ZSM-5: a VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy study, Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 2000, 35, 483–494, DOI: 10.1016/S1387-1811(99)00244-9.10.1016/S1387-1811(99)00244-9Suche in Google Scholar

[13] Zhao X., Wei L., Cheng S., Huang Y., Yu Y., Julson J., Catalytic cracking of camelina oil for hydrocarbon biofuel over ZSM-5-Zn catalyst, Fuel Process Technol., 2015, 139, 117–126, DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.07.033.10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.07.033Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Kaucký D., Vondrová A., Dědeček J., Wichterlová B., Activity of Co ion sites in ZSM-5, ferrierite, and mordenite in selective catalytic reduction of NO with methane, j.catal., 2000, 194, 318–329, DOI: 10.1006/jcat.2000.2925.10.1006/jcat.2000.2925Suche in Google Scholar

[15] Mlekodaj K, Sadowska K, Datka J, Góra-Marek K., Makowski W., Porosity and accessibility of acid sites in desilicated ZSM-5 zeolites studied using adsorption of probe molecules, Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 2014, 183, 54–61, DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.08.051.10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.08.051Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Oprea C., Popescu V., Birghila S., New studies about the modified mordenites, Rom. Rep. Phys., 2008, 53, 231–239.Suche in Google Scholar

[17] Mohamed M.M., Nohman A.K.H., Zaki M.I., Development of catalytic properties of mordenite zeolite via chemical modification, Curr. Top. Catal., 2005, 4, 80–99, DOI: 10.1002/chin.200638241.10.1002/chin.200638241Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Trisunaryanti W., Triyono T., Denti F.A., Preparation of Ni-Mo/ Mordenite catalysts under the variation of Mo/Ni ratio and their characterizations for stearic acid conversion, Indones. J. Chem., 2003, 3, 80–90.10.22146/ijc.21890Suche in Google Scholar

[19] Trisunaryanti W., Triyono, Armunanto R., Hastuti L.P., Ristiana D.D., Ginting R.V., hydrocracking of α-cellulose using Co, Ni, and Pd supported on mordenite catalysts, Indones. J. Chem., 2018, 18, 166, DOI: 10.22146/ijc.26491.10.22146/ijc.26491Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Chawla M., Rafiq S., Jamil .F, Usman M.R., Khurram S., Ghauri M., Muhammad N., Al-muhtaseb A.H., Aslam M., Hydrocarbons fuel upgradation in the presence of modified bi-functional catalyst, J. Clean. Prod., 2018, 198, 683–692, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.286.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.286Suche in Google Scholar

[21] Cañizares P., De Lucas A., Dorado F, Durán A., Asencio I., Characterization of Ni and Pd supported on H-mordenite catalysts: Influence of the metal loading method, Appl. Catal. A., 1998, 169, 137–150, DOI: 10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00008-8.10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00008-8Suche in Google Scholar

[22] Shimizu T, Hiroshima K, Honma T, Mochizuki T., Yamada M., Highly active hydrotreatment catalysts prepared with chelating agents, Catal. Today, 1998, 45:271–276 . doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00227-2.10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00227-2Suche in Google Scholar

[23] Jung Y.S., Yoon W.L., Seo Y.S., Rhee Y.W., The effect of precipitants on Ni-Al2O3 catalysts prepared by a co-precipitation method for internal reforming in molten carbonate fuel cells, Catal. Commun., 2012, 26, 103–111, DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2012.04.029.10.1016/j.catcom.2012.04.029Suche in Google Scholar

[24] Hegedus L.L., Catalyst design: progress and perspectives, Wiley, New York, 1987.Suche in Google Scholar

[25] Al-Zeghayer Y.S., Sunderland P., Al-Masry W., Al-Mubaddel F., Ibrahim A.A., Bhartiya B.K., Jibril B.Y., Activity of CoMo/gamma-Al2O3 as a catalyst in hydrodesulfurization: Effects of Co/Mo ratio and drying condition, Appl. Catal. A., 2005, 282, 163–171, DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.12.021.10.1016/j.apcata.2004.12.021Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Okamoto Y., Ishihara S.Y., Kawano M., Satoh M., Kubota T., Preparation of Co-Mo/Al2O3 model sulfide catalysts for hydrodesulfurization and their application to the study of the effects of catalyst preparation, j.catal., 2003, 217, 12–22, DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9517(03)00029-0.10.1016/S0021-9517(03)00029-0Suche in Google Scholar

[27] El-Hakam S.A., Samra S.E., El-Dafrawy S.M., Ibrahim A.A., Salama R.S., Surface acidity and catalytic activity of sulfated titania supported on mesoporous MCM-41, Int. J. Modern Chem., 2013, 5, 55–70.Suche in Google Scholar

[28] Leofanti G., Padovan M., Tozzola G., Venturelli B., Surface area and pore texture of catalysts, Catal Today, 1998, 41, 207–219, DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00050-9.10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00050-9Suche in Google Scholar

[29] Ching Thian T., Effects of catalyst morphology on hydrotreating reactions, J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 2008, 3, 117–123.Suche in Google Scholar

[30] Dhar G.M., Kumaran G.M., Kumar M., Rawat K. S., Sharma L.D., Raju B.D., Rao K.S. R., Physico-chemical characterization and catalysis on SBA-15 supported molybdenum hydrotreating catalysts, Catal. Today, 2005, 99, 309–314, DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.10.005.10.1016/j.cattod.2004.10.005Suche in Google Scholar

[31] Nugrahaningtyas K.D., Hidayat Y., Saputri T.D., Effect of concentration metal precursor Co and Mo on character of CoMo/USY catalyst, Alchemy J. Penelit. Kim., 2014, 10, 40–48, DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.v10i1.9.10.20961/alchemy.v10i1.9Suche in Google Scholar

[32] Lutterotti L., Dell’Amore F., Angelucci D.E., Carrer F., Gialanella S., Combined X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis in the cultural heritage field, Microchem. J., 2016, 126, 423–430, DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.031.10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.031Suche in Google Scholar

[33] Bortolotti M., Lutterotti L., Pepponi G., Combining XRD and XRF analysis in one Rietveld-like fitting, Powder Diffr., 2017, 32, S225–S230, DOI: 10.1017/S088571561700027610.1017/S0885715617000276Suche in Google Scholar

[34] Serafini A., Lutterotti L., Gross S., Gialanella S., Characterization of nanograined powder samples using the Rietveld method applied to electron diffraction ring patterns. Powder Diffr., 2017, 32:S63–S68, DOI: 10.1017/S0885715617000343.10.1017/S0885715617000343Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Secchi M., Zanatta M., Borovin E., Bortolotti M., Kumar A., Giarola M., et al ., Mineralogical investigations using XRD, XRF, and Raman spectroscopy in a combined approach, J. Raman Spectrosc., 2018, 49, 1023–1030, DOI: 10.1002/jrs.5386.10.1002/jrs.5386Suche in Google Scholar

[36] Tyagi B., Chudasama C.D., Jasra R.V., Characterization of surface acidity of an acid montmorillonite activated with hydrothermal, ultrasonic and microwave techniques, Appl. Clay. Sci., 2006, 31, 16–28, DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2005.07.001.10.1016/j.clay.2005.07.001Suche in Google Scholar

[37] Barzetti T., Selli E., Moscotti D., Forni L., Pyridine and ammonia as probes for FTIR analysis of solid acid catalysts, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1996, 92, 1401–1407, DOI: 10.1039/ft9969201401.10.1039/ft9969201401Suche in Google Scholar

[38] Narayanan S., Vijaya J.J., Sivasanker S., Alam M., Tamizhdurai P., Kennedy L.J., Characterization and catalytic reactivity of mordenite - Investigation of selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol, Polyhedron, 2015, 89, 289–296, DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.12.038.10.1016/j.poly.2014.12.038Suche in Google Scholar

[39] Cohen J.B., X-ray diffraction studies of catalysts, Ultramisroscopy, 1990, 34, 41–46, DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(90)90055-Q.10.1016/0304-3991(90)90055-QSuche in Google Scholar

[40] Anderson J., Garcia M., Supported metals in catalysis, Imperial College Press, Singapore, 2005.Suche in Google Scholar

[41] Zhu X., Lobban L.L., Mallinson R.G., Resasco D.E., Tailoring the mesopore structure of HZSM-5 to control product distribution in the conversion of propanal, j.catal., 2010, 271, 88–98, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2010.02.004.10.1016/j.jcat.2010.02.004Suche in Google Scholar

[42] Le Bail A., New Developments in microstructure Rietveld refinement analysis, Adv. X-Ray Anal., 2000, 42, 191–203.Suche in Google Scholar

[43] Le Bail A., Whole powder pattern decomposition methods and applications: A retrospection, Powder Diffr., 2005, 20, 316–326, DOI: 10.1154/1.2135315.10.1154/1.2135315Suche in Google Scholar

[44] Schönenberger J., Momose T., Wagner B., Leong W.H., Tarnawski V.R., Canadian field soils I. Mineral composition by XRD/XRF measurements, Int. J. Thermophys., 2012, 33, 342–362, DOI: 10.1007/s10765-011-1142-4.10.1007/s10765-011-1142-4Suche in Google Scholar

[45] Tamer M., Quantitative phase analysis based on rietveld structure refinement for carbonate rocks, J. Mod. Phys., 2013, 04, 1149–1157, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2013.48154.10.4236/jmp.2013.48154Suche in Google Scholar

[46] Sanches E.A., Carolino A.D.S., Santos A.L.D., Fernandes E.G.R., Trichês D.M., Mascarenhas Y.P., The use of Le bail method to analyze the semicrystalline pattern of a nanocomposite based on polyaniline emeraldine-salt form and α-Al2O3, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2015, 2015, 1-8, DOI: 10.1155/2015/375312.10.1155/2015/375312Suche in Google Scholar

[47] Toraya H., A new method for quantitative phase analysis using X-ray powder diffraction: Direct derivation of weight fractions from observed integrated intensities and chemical compositions of individual phases, J. Appl. Cryst., 2016, 49, 1508–1516, DOI: 10.1107/S1600576716010451.10.1107/S1600576716010451Suche in Google Scholar

[48] Huertas-Miranda J.A., Martinez-Iñesta M., Monte Carlo studies of the effect of temperature, Si/Al, and metal loading on the templated synthesis of Pt nanowires in MOR-type zeolites, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2010, 2, 633–636.Suche in Google Scholar

[49] Korkuna O., Leboda R., Skubiszewska-Ziȩba J., Vrublevs’ka, T., Gun’ko V.M., Ryczkowski J., Structural and physicochemical properties of natural zeolites: Clinoptilolite and mordenite, Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 2006, 87, 243–254, DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.08.002.10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.08.002Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2018-08-30
Accepted: 2019-05-08
Published Online: 2019-12-19

© 2019 Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0120
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
CoMo/MOR catalyst; metal phase; hydrotreatment catalyst
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Research on correlation of compositions with oestrogenic activity of Cistanche based on LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology
  3. Efficacy of Pyrus elaeagnifolia subsp. elaeagnifolia in acetic acid–induced colitis model
  4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive features of Bryonia alba L.: As a possible alternative in treating rheumatism
  5. High efficiency liposome fusion induced by reducing undesired membrane peptides interaction
  6. Prediction of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using RP-18 Thin Layer Chromatography
  7. Phytic Acid Extracted from Rice Bran as a Growth Promoter for Euglena gracilis
  8. Development of a validated spectrofluorimetric method for assay of sotalol hydrochloride in tablets and human plasma: application for stability-indicating studies
  9. Topological Indices of Hyaluronic Acid-Paclitaxel Conjugates’ Molecular Structure in Cancer Treatment
  10. Thermodynamic properties of the bubble growth process in a pool boiling of water-ethanol mixture two-component system
  11. Critical Roles of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis and Autophagy of Astrocytes Induced by Methamphetamine
  12. Characteristics of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Soil Moisture under Different Land Use in Dry Hot Valley of Yuanmou
  13. Specific, highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of daclatasvir in HCV human plasma patients and in tablets dosage form
  14. Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
  15. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo
  16. Identification of Powdery Mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Varieties and Development of Multiplex PCR
  17. Computational Analysis of new Degree-based descriptors of oxide networks
  18. The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study
  19. Minimal Energy Tree with 4 Branched Vertices
  20. Jatropha seed oil derived poly(esteramide-urethane)/ fumed silica nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection
  21. Calculating topological indices of certain OTIS interconnection networks
  22. Energy storage analysis of R125 in UIO-66 and MOF-5 nanoparticles: A molecular simulation study
  23. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS
  24. Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
  25. Aqueous Micro-hydration of Na+(H2O)n=1-7 Clusters: DFT Study
  26. A proposed image-based detection of methamidophos pesticide using peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system
  27. Phytochemical screening and estrogenic activity of total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola
  28. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents
  29. Chemical pretreatments of Trapa bispinosa's peel (TBP) biosorbent to enhance adsorption capacity for Pb(ll)
  30. Dynamic Changes in MMP1 and TIMP1 in the Antifibrotic Process of Dahuang Zhechong Pill in Rats with Liver Fibrosis
  31. The Optimization and Production of Ginkgolide B Lipid Microemulsion
  32. Photodynamic Therapy Enhanced the Antitumor Effects of Berberine on HeLa Cells
  33. Chiral and Achiral Enantiomeric Separation of (±)-Alprenolol
  34. Correlation of Water Fluoride with Body Fluids, Dental Fluorosis and FT4, FT3 –TSH Disruption among Children in an Endemic Fluorosis area in Pakistan
  35. A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  36. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oil of Eugenia caryophylata from Amboina Island and Derivatives of Eugenol
  37. Effects of Blue and Red Light On Growth And Nitrate Metabolism In Pakchoi
  38. miRNA-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in prolactinomas
  39. Solar photodegradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using a compound parabolic concentrator equipped with a sun tracking system
  40. Influence of sub-inhibitory concentration of selected plant essential oils on the physical and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas orientalis
  41. Preparation and spectroscopic studies of Fe(II), Ru(II), Pd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of Schiff base containing terephthalaldehyde and their transfer hydrogenation and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction
  42. Complex formation in a liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic system for vanadium(IV)
  43. Synthesis, characterization (IR, 1H, 13C & 31P NMR), fungicidal, herbicidal and molecular docking evaluation of steroid phosphorus compounds
  44. Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Arisaema Amuremse Maxim Essential Oil
  45. A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia
  46. Anti- inflammatory effect of Prunus tomentosa Thunb total flavones in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells
  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 16.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2019-0120/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen