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Chromium-modified cobalt molybdenum nitrides as catalysts for ammonia synthesis

  • Paweł Adamski , Marlena Nadziejko , Agata Komorowska , Adam Sarnecki , Aleksander Albrecht and Dariusz Moszyński EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 29, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

The influence of chromium compounds on the properties of cobalt molybdenum nitrides was studied. CoMoO4 obtained by precipitation from cobalt and molybdenum salts was modified by the addition of chromium(III) nitrate. A mixture of cobalt-molybdenum nitrides, Co2Mo3N and Co3Mo3N, was formed by ammonolysis of modified CoMoO4. The concentration of Co2Mo3N decreases with increasing chromium content. The specific surface area of cobalt molybdenum nitrides consisting of 2 wt% of Cr atoms increased by 50% in comparison to pure cobalt molybdenum nitrides. The catalytic activity of obtained catalysts in ammonia synthesis process decreases with rising of chromium concentration.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: cobalt molybdenum nitride; catalyst; ammonia; chromium; promoter

1 Introduction

Various forms of iron catalysts based on magnetite [1, 2] or wustite [3, 4] are still the most widely used in ammonia plants. The high energy consumption of the ammonia synthesis based on the iron catalysts is an incentive for the search of novel catalysts which will be effective at lower temperatures or under lower pressure.

An alternative material, ruthenium supported on carbon, is already commercialized [5] and some others materials are promising e.g. cobalt molybdenum nitrides [6], carbon supported cobalt [7, 8], Co-Ce-Ba catalysts [9] or CoRe4 catalysts [10].

Theoretical studies have proven that cobalt molybdenum nitride, Co3Mo3N, is potentially the most active catalyst for ammonia synthesis [11]. Experiments have shown that cesium or potassium promoted cobalt molybdenum nitride is more active in the ammonia synthesis process than the industrial iron catalyst [6, 12, 13]. The admixture of alkali metals has a beneficial effect on the activity of the catalyst but at the expense of a less developed porous structure and lower thermal stability [12, 14].

One plausible way to limit the detrimental effect of alkali metals on the specific surface area is the addition of a co-promoter. This assumption is based on the similarities between the structure and behavior of the present catalysts and iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis. In case of the latter, the admixture of aluminum or calcium oxides results in the formation of a well-developed porous structure which is a base for the active catalyst. Therefore, the proper choice of a co-promoter is crucial for the best catalytic action of the catalysts considered. In view of the model devised for the surface of iron catalyst [15] the oxides of multivalent metals can play the role of structural promoters. In this paper, the admixture of chromium compounds to cobalt molybdenum nitrides is examined and their influence on the phase composition, structural properties and catalytic activity of Co-Mo-N catalysts is studied.

2 Experimental

The precursor of catalysts was precipitated from hot water solutions of cobalt(II) nitrate Co(NO3)2·6H2O and ammonium heptamolybdate (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O. Thepurple precipitate obtained via vacuum filtration was rinsed twice with distilled water and once with ethanol and then dried overnight at 150°C. Chromium was introduced to the dry precursor by impregnation with chromium(III) nitrate Cr(NO3)3·9H2O dissolved in distilled water. The water was removed by vacuum evaporation at 70°C and samples with chromium concentration between 1 and 5 wt% were prepared. The chromium-promoted precursors were reduced in a horizontal steel reactor under ammonia flow at 700oC for 5 hours to obtain an active form of the catalysts.

The phase composition of the obtained materials was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Philips X’pert MPD diffractometer with Cu Ka (λα1=0,154056 nm, λα2=0,154439 nm) monochromatized radiation. A full-pattern fit based on the Rietveld method was applied to calculate the weight fractions of the identified phases. Data required for initialization of Rietveld refinement was retrieved from the ICDD PDF-4+ database. The specific surface area of the catalysts was measured by a volumetric method utilizing the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model with use of Quantachrome Quadrasorb SI-Kr/MP. Prior to measurements, the samples were degassed for 6 hours at 400oC. The activity test was performed in the test setup described in details elsewhere [14]. Samples were put in separated channels of the reactor and activated under a hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere (N2:H2 = 1:3; 0.1 MPa). Activity tests were performed under 10 MPa at 400oC. The ammonia concentration in the outlet stream was measured by a Siemens ULTRAMAT 6 NDIR analyzer. After the first activity tests, the catalysts were kept under a hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere (ambient pressure, 650oC) for 24 hours to test their thermal stability. Subsequently, the activity test was repeated.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

The phase analysis of chromium-modified precursors indicates that all materials contain only cobalt molybdate hydrate, which corresponds with the CoMoO4×3/4 H2O structure reported elsewhere [16, 17]. Although chemical analysis proved the presence of chromium in the samples, the crystallographic phases containing chromium have not been identified. After ammonolysis, cobalt molybdate hydrate was transformed into a black product which was identified as a mixture of two crystallographic phases, both being cobalt molybdenum nitrides: Co3Mo3N [18] and Co2Mo3N [19]. No chromium-containing phases have been found in the active form of the catalysts. In Figure 1 X-ray diffraction patterns for the sample containing 2 wt% of chromium obtained before and after reduction under ammonia are presented.

Figure 1 X-ray diffraction pattern of the precursor containing 2.0 wt% of chromium (left) and of the same sample after ammonolysis (right).
Figure 1

X-ray diffraction pattern of the precursor containing 2.0 wt% of chromium (left) and of the same sample after ammonolysis (right).

Rietveld analysis was used to estimate the weight fractions of Co3Mo3N and Co2Mo3N phases in all prepared materials and the weight percentage of Co2Mo3N is presented in Figure 2. The sample without chromium admixture contains about 18 wt% of Co2Mo3N. The admixture of chromium compounds results in a loss of the Co2Mo3N weight fraction to about 4-5 wt% observed in the range between 2 wt% and 5 wt% of Cr in the catalyst. The presence of chromium atoms affects the stability of cobalt molybdenum nitrides seemingly leading to the formation of the catalysts with lower Co2Mo3N content.

Figure 2 The weight fraction of Co2Mo3N phase calculated upon XRD data as a function of chromium concentration in the sample. A dashed line is for an eye-guidance only.
Figure 2

The weight fraction of Co2Mo3N phase calculated upon XRD data as a function of chromium concentration in the sample. A dashed line is for an eye-guidance only.

The catalytic activity of non-promoted cobalt molybdenum nitrides is relatively high and comparable to the activity of industrial iron catalysts [6]. Promotion with cesium or potassium compounds makes this catalyst much more active than reference iron catalysts [6, 13] even though the specific surface area of catalysts promoted with alkali metals is lower than non-promoted ones. The main role of chromium considered in this paper is to stimulate formation of a well-developed porous structure. Therefore, the beneficial influence of that promoter on the formation of the high surface area of cobalt molybdenum nitrides is a key factor of the present study. After ammonolysis, the surface area of each catalyst was measured by volumetric methods and the results are shown in Figure 3. The specific surface area of the non-promoted catalyst is about 11 m2/g. The structure of chromium-promoted catalysts is better developed and their specific surface area is increased to about 17 m2/g for the sample promoted with 2 wt% of Cr. In comparison to non-promoted catalyst, the surface area of the latter catalyst is about 50 % higher.

Figure 3 The specific surface area of the catalysts as a function of chromium concentration in the sample.
Figure 3

The specific surface area of the catalysts as a function of chromium concentration in the sample.

Long run of a catalytic reaction usually has a detrimental effect on the porous structure of the catalyst. Regarding the metallic catalysts, it is usually due to sintering of the crystallites and leads to the decrease of the specific surface area. This process results in a limited lifetime and thermal stability of the catalyst. Therefore, to simulate thermal stress and aging the Co-Mo-N catalysts were heated up to 650oC for 12 hours after the activity test. The specific surface area was measured again after repeated activity test and results are shown in Figure 3. The specific surface area of the non-promoted Co-Mo-N catalyst decreased to about 9.5 m2/g. A similar effect has been reported previously for Co-Mo-N catalysts promoted with cesium [14] and was ascribed to the sintering process. The specific surface area remains stable for the catalysts promoted with chromium which indicates that the admixture of chromium compounds to Co-Mo-N catalysts not only promotes the development of the porous structure but also increases thermal stability.

The activity of the present catalysts was measured at 400oC during the ammonia synthesis reaction carried out under the pressure of 10 MPa. The relative activity, k/k0, i.e. the activity of a specific catalyst related to the activity of the non-promoted Co-Mo-N catalyst is shown in Figure 4. Despite the significant increase of the specific surface area for the catalysts promoted with chromium, their catalytic activity is inferior in comparison to the non-promoted Co-Mo-N catalyst. Although the surface area of the catalysts containing 2.0 wt% of chromium increased by 50% the catalytic activity of that catalyst is about 50% lower than the activity of the reference catalyst and catalysts with higher chromium concentration (5 wt%) are even less active. These observations imply that the application of chromium compounds as the only promoter for Co-Mo-N catalysts is inefficient. However, the relative activity of chromium-modified catalysts is higher after the thermal stability test (Figure 4). In comparison to the pure cobalt molybdenum nitrides, the promoted catalysts are more stable under prolonged thermal stress.

Figure 4 The activity of the catalysts as a function of chromium concentration in the sample.
Figure 4

The activity of the catalysts as a function of chromium concentration in the sample.

The effect of chromium regarded herein is similar to the way the promoters like aluminum or calcium influence the properties of iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis. Their presence results in an increased thermal stability and extended lifespan of iron catalyst [1]. However, if they are used as an exclusive promoter it makes the iron catalyst virtually inactive in comparison to the iron catalyst promoted with alkali metals [20]. This effect was elucidated assuming the formation of a homogenous structure on the metal surface, in which oxygen atoms are directly bound to the iron substrate, while promoter atoms are located on the top-most layer [15]. In this layer, the relation between the number of oxygen and promoter atoms is strictly established and dependent on promoter valence state. In contrast to alkali metals which are bound to only one oxygen atom, elements like calcium or aluminum require two or three oxygen atoms in the vicinity, and as a result the whole metal surface is covered with oxygen atoms and there are no free adsorption sites. On the other hand, the presence of oxygen atoms has a beneficial effect on the formation of the surface area of the catalyst. The clean metal surface due to a high surface energy tends to sinter but the formation of metal-oxygen bonds partially balances out this trend.

Chromium nitrate added to the precursor of Co-Mo-N catalysts is transformed into chromium oxide during ammonolysis of catalysts’ precursor. The presence of chromium oxides on the surface of the precursor was earlier proven by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies [17]. Since the formation of the crystallographic phases containing chromium atoms was not proven by XRD analysis it is assumed that this element mostly occupies the catalysts’ surface. The effects of chromium admixture resemble the influence of calcium or aluminum in iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis. It is suggested that the main role of chromium oxide in Co-Mo-N catalysts is to change the surface energy of the system promoting the formation of a well-developed porous structure and limiting the tendency to sintering. Simultaneously the abundance of oxygen atoms, which are required to complement chromium presence on the surface, results in the reduction of the number of free adsorption sites and considerably limits the activity of the catalysts.

The main goal of the present study was achieved since chromium compounds indeed promote the development of the porous structure of Co-Mo-N catalysts. However, the materials studied herein are intended to work as a catalyst for ammonia synthesis and the inferior catalytic activity is a serious disadvantage. In view of the surface model referred to above [15], a synergetic effect of the multivalent element and alkali metal may result in the formation of a highly active catalyst with a decent surface area.

4 Conclusions

The admixture of chromium compounds to the catalysts based on cobalt molybdenum nitrides influences the structural and catalytic properties of these materials. With increasing chromium concentration the weight fraction of the Co2Mo3N phase decreases. Although the overall catalytic activity of chromium-promoted catalysts is lower than pure cobalt molybdenum nitrides, their structural parameters are enhanced. In the promoted catalysts the specific surface area is increased by about 50%. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the promoted catalysts is superior to non-promoted material.

Acknowledgments

Paweł Adamski thanks the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for support through the project „Diamentowy Grant” no D12015 019445 funded in years 2016-2019.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-07-17
Accepted: 2018-10-24
Published Online: 2019-03-29

© 2019 Paweł Adamski et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
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  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
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  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
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  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
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  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
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  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
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  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0017
Keywords for this article
cobalt molybdenum nitride; catalyst; ammonia; chromium; promoter
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  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
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  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
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  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
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