Home Physical Sciences Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity
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Effects of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, Capping Agents, on the Synthesis of Pure And Cu Doped ZnO-Nanoparticles: A Green Approach and Microbial Activity

  • Dawit Tamire Handago , Enyew Amare Zereffa EMAIL logo and Bedasa Abdisa Gonfa
Published/Copyright: April 24, 2019
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

The current studies presented the green synthesis of zinc oxide and copper doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using different ratios of Neem leaf extract and its antibacterial application on drug-resistant bacteria. The synthesized NPs were characterized using: X-ray diffractions (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV–visible spectroscopy and a simultaneous DTA-TGA thermal analyzer. All the synthesized materials were stable above 400°C. The powder diffraction studies indicated the formation of phase pure materials with wurtzite structure for pure ZnO and 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% Cu doped ZnO with the crystallite size in the range of 16.07 – 23.74 nm. SEM analysis revealed the formation of spherical shaped NPs with large grain size for 10% (v/v) ratio of aqueous leave extract. The aqueous extract of neem act as capping agent and prevent the NPs from agglomeration. The spectral studies confirmed the formation of NPs with the absorbance peak that is different from the micro-size ZnO. The antibacterial activities of the synthesized materials ZnO (1:1) against Staphylococcus aureus and uncalcined ZnO (7:3) and (Zn0.985Cu0.015O) against Bacillus subtilis were enhanced when referenced to the standard gentamicin.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: Nanoparticle; Wurtzite; Escherichia coli; Capping agent

1 Introduction

Zinc oxide NPs has been under investigations by many researchers for its medical and other applications [1, 2]. Nanoscale zinc oxide shows unique properties in comparison to its micro size. These excellent properties of ZnO NPs are due to a large number of surface zinc ions and higher surface energy, which allows increased interaction of NPs with bacteria [3]. ZnO NPs, based on its unique properties such as non- toxicity, selectivity and biocompatibility with skin, makes it a suitable additive for textiles, sunscreen emulsion, and surfaces that come in contact with human body. Therefore, it can be regarded as a promising nano-material [4]. For the synthesis of ZnO NPs, the optimization of the synthesis parameters (like temperature, precursor, time, concentration, pH of reactant, etc) leads to NPs of different size, shape, and properties. The addition of a capping molecule could also greatly influence the size confinement of nanostructures, which in turn affects the physical properties. A significant variation in size is noted with the addition of capping molecules [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The functionality and efficiency of ZnO NPs and nanostructures can be enhanced by increasing and modifying their surface by adding dopants like copper [13, 14]. For the environmental concern, researchers are using nontoxic chemicals and green methods for the synthesis of NPs for medical and other applications [15]. Several reactions require high temperature and pressure for initiation, while some require inert atmosphere protection, usage of toxic solvents, template and stabilizer for the synthesis of bioactive metal oxide NPs [16, 17]. Green approaches using microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plant extracts have been used in the synthesis of NPs [17, 18]. Synthesis of NPs using microorganisms involves complicated processes due to cell cultures, and multiple purification steps. In this regard using plant extract methods for the synthesis of NPs has increasingly become a topic of interest as

conventional chemical methods are expensive and require the use of organic solvents as reducing and capping agents [19, 20]. In this work, we report the synthesis of pure and copper doped ZnO NPs using different ratios of Neem leaf extract in order to obtain a new product with the better antimicrobial activities [21, 22].

2 Experimental

2.1 Preparation and Characterization

Leaves of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) were collected and washed several times with sterilized distilled water. The aqueous extract of the sample was prepared by boiling 25 g of fresh leaves in 250 ml glass beaker along with 100 ml of double distilled water, at 60°C for 20 minutes while stirring with a magnetic stirrer until the color of the aqueous solution changed to brown. The extract was cooled to room temperature and filtered using Whatman filter paper. The extract was stored in a refrigerator to be used for the subsequent experiments [23]. To synthesize zinc oxide in (50:50) ratio 25 mL of neem leaf extract was added to 25 mL of 1M Zinc Acetate Dihydrate. The mixture was stirred continuously using magnetic stirrer and the solution was kept at pH 7.0 by dropwise addition of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide at room temperature resulted in the formation of a precipitate. The precipitate was filtered and washed repeatedly with water followed by ethanol in order to remove impurities, dried in an oven at 60°C overnight, ground to fine powder, and calcined at 400°C for 1 hour in Muffle furnace under air atmosphere. For the preparation of Cu doped ZnO (Zn1 – xCuxO) with: x = 0.005, 0.01 and 0.015, which are denoted as, (Cu-ZnO-05, Cu-ZnO-1 and Cu-ZnO-15), 80 mL Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O (0.5033 M), 10 mL Cu(NO3)2.3H2O (0.02077 M) and 10 mL of neem leaf extract were mixed into 250 mL beaker. The same procedures were used with different ratios of aqueous extract as indicated in Table 1 for the synthesis of more NPs.

Table 1

Leave extract ratios used for the synthesis of nanoparticles.

NoPrecursorsRatio of leaf extractAbbreviation
1Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2ONeem Leaf Extract (1:1) Ratio(25 mL:25mL)ZnO(1:9)
2Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2ONeem Leaf Extract (3:2) Ratio(30 mL:20mL)ZnO(3:2)
3Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2ONeem Leaf Extract (7:3) Ratio(35 mL:15mL)ZnO(7:3)
4Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2ONeem Leaf Extract (9:1) Ratio(45 mL:5mL)ZnO(9:1)

2.2 Characterizations

Thermal analysis was carried out using DTA-TGA apparatus (DTG-60H, Shimadzu Co, Japan) to determine the calcination temperature of the synthesized materials. 8.475 mg of as-synthesized ZnO NPs using zinc acetate precursor and 8.117 mg of Cu doped ZnO NP samples were placed in a platinum crucible on the pan of the microbalance and heated to 1000°C, using A12O3 as inert material. The phase identifications of the synthesized NPs were investigated using D8 Advance Diffractometer. XRD patterns were recorded from 28 = 10 to 80° using CuKα (l =1.54 Å) at 40kV, and Debye Scherrer's equation was used to estimate the crystallite size. The microstructure and surface composition of the NPs analysis were investigated with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The optical properties were investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy. FTIR study was conducted on compressed pellets prepared by mixing powders with potassium bromide. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized NPs were tested against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis) bacteria by the disc diffusion method using 200 μL of each sample with 10 mg/ml concentration saturated with 6 mm diameter disc placed on plate and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Thermal Analysis

Figure 1 depicts the TGA-DTA curves for the thermal transformation of Zn-complex with leaf extract. TGA showed a weight loss in two steps at 110 and 400°C, while DTA showed one endothermic peak and one exothermic peak at 110 and 400°C respectively. The endothermic

Figure 1 Thermal Analysis result of as synthesized oxides of a) ZnO and b) Zn0.995Cu0.005O.
Figure 1

Thermal Analysis result of as synthesized oxides of a) ZnO and b) Zn0.995Cu0.005O.

peak at 110°C was due to the removal of water and the peak at 400°C was due to decomposition of acetate ions and organic binders from leaf extracts. Dehydration from Zn-complex at 110°C is endothermic. No considerable loss was observed after 400°C up to 1000°C, which implies the ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO NPs were thermally stable above 400°C.

3.2 XRD-Analysis

Figure 2 (a, b, c & d) shows the XRD pattern of ZnO with 10%, 50% and Zn1-xCuxO samples, where: x = 0.005 and 0.015 respectively. All the indexed diffraction peaks were matched with the hexagonal phase ZnO reported in JCPDS card No 36-1451 [24, 25]. The average crystallite size of ZnO (10%), ZnO (50%), Cu doped ZnO NPs for Zn0.995Cu0.005O and Zn0.985Cu0.015O were found to be 19.8nm, 23.7nm, 18.4 nm, and 16.1 nm respectively.

Figure 2 XRD patterns of pure ZnO synthesized using (10%, 50%) & Cu doped Zn1-xCux0 (x = 0.5% & 1.5%).
Figure 2

XRD patterns of pure ZnO synthesized using (10%, 50%) & Cu doped Zn1-xCux0 (x = 0.5% & 1.5%).

3.3 HRSEM & EDX-Ray Spectroscopy Analysis

Figure 3(a-f) micrographs of pure and copper doped ZnONPs synthesized using different ratios of neem leaf extract revealed the influence of leaf extract or capping agent concentration on the grain size of synthesized materials.

Figure 3 (a-f) HRSEM micrographs of a) ZnO (1:9) not calcined, b) ZnO (1:9) calcined at 400°C, c) Cu–doped ZnO (1:9) calcined at 400°C, d) ZnO (3:2) calcined at 400°C, e) ZnO (3:7) calcined at 400°C, f) ZnO (1:1) calcined at 400°C
Figure 3 (a-f)

HRSEM micrographs of a) ZnO (1:9) not calcined, b) ZnO (1:9) calcined at 400°C, c) Cu–doped ZnO (1:9) calcined at 400°C, d) ZnO (3:2) calcined at 400°C, e) ZnO (3:7) calcined at 400°C, f) ZnO (1:1) calcined at 400°C

As it is observed from SEM images of Figure 3 (b-f) the grain size of the particles increased when the volume ratios of leaf extract decreased from 50% to 10%. This is due to the high concentration of the capping agents in the reaction media. The calcinations of the as-synthesized particles removed the bonded organic capping agents and counter anions through decomposition reactions. The surface morphology of the synthesized samples viewed through the high-resolution scanning electron microscope revealed the morphology of ZnO NPs synthesized from zinc acetate has agglomerated spherical shapes. On the SEM image of Cu doped ZnO (Zn0.985Cu0.015O), Figure3c cluster, flake-like and agglomerated spherical shapes were observed. The composition analysis of the samples determined by energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (Figure 4) confirmed Zn and O are the major elements and the absence of foreign material in the spectrum.

Figure 4 EDX spectrum of zinc oxide nanoparticles using zinc acetate.
Figure 4

EDX spectrum of zinc oxide nanoparticles using zinc acetate.

3.4 FT-IR spectroscopy Analysis

Figure 5a-c shows the FT-IR spectra of synthesized pure & copper doped ZnO NPs using zinc acetate before and after

Figure 5a-b FT-IR spectra of a) ZnO before calcinations & b) Cu doped ZnO before calcinations.
Figure 5a-b

FT-IR spectra of a) ZnO before calcinations & b) Cu doped ZnO before calcinations.

Figure 5c FT-IR spectra of Cu doped ZnO calcined at 400°C
Figure 5c

FT-IR spectra of Cu doped ZnO calcined at 400°C

Table 2

d – spacing (dh k | ) and Miller indices for Zn1–xCuxO (where x = 0.005 and 0.015).

For Zn0.995Cu0.005OFor Zn0.985CU0.015O
28(degree)d–spacing (dh k l) (Å)Miller Indices h k 128(degree)d–spacing (dhkl) (Å)Miller Indices h k 1
31.992.79531 0 031.962.79791 0 0
34.632.58800 0 234.602.59020 0 2
36.462.46221 0 136.432.46421 0 1
47.771.90231 0 247.741.90341 0 2
50.941.79110 0 350.921.79180 0 3
56.821.61891 1 056.801.61951 1 0
63.121.47171 0 363.081.47251 0 3
68.221.37351 1 268.201.37391 1 2
Table 3

Different angles, their corresponding FWHM values and sizes of Cu doped ZnO NPs using zinc acetate and copper nitrate precursors.

2θ (degree)FWHMSize of Cu doped ZnO NPs2θ(degree)FWHMSize of Cu doped ZnO
(degree)(Zn0.995Cu0.005O)(nm)(degree)NPs(Zn0.985Cu0.015O)(nm)
31.990.446619.3331.960.441719.53
34.630.448219.4034.600.490717.72
36.460.471718.5136.430.551215.84
47.770.575615.8347.740.686112.06
50.940.496418.5150.920.650714.05
56.820.513018.3956.800.575416.45
63.120.615818.9763.080.631315.45
68.220.558317.9668.200.576617.48
Average crystallite size18.36Average crystallite size16.07

calcination. The intense absorption peaks in the region 430-520 cm-1 correspond to the standard peak of ZnO due to ZnO stretching frequency of Zn–O bonds confirm the presence of M–O vibration bands, and the wide absorption near 3430 cm-1 was due to O-H stretching vibrations. The absorption occurred around 1614 cm-1 was due to aromatic C=C ring stretching while the strong intensity at 1401 cm-1 was due to a-CH2 bending vibrations of aldehydes and ketones. The medium intensity around 1340 cm-1 was due to O-H bending. Vibrations observed around 1021 and 930 cm-1 were because of C-O and C-O-H stretching and bending respectively. Furthermore, Figure 4c indicates, the peaks intensity in 1400–1600 cm-1 range was relatively reduced, indicating the removal of the organic compound from the surface of ZnO NPs during calcinations. In the doped samples with copper, an absorption band near 681 cm1 is also recognizable, which is related to vibration of Cu–O bond[26, 27].

3.5 UV – Visible Spectroscopy Analysis

Optical absorption spectral data of samples synthesized using (9:1, 7:3, 3:2 and 1:1) ratios of leaf extract and Cu doped Zn1–xO for x = 0.015 are listed in Table 4. With the increase in leaf extract ratio, the absorption curve shifted to the longer wavelengths. The red-shift result is associated with the cluster dimensions as it was confirmed on SEM micrographs.

Table 4

UV-Visible absorption spectra of Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using different ratios of neem leaf aqueous extracts.

NoSynthesized NPs in different ratio of leave extractl(nm)
1ZnO (9:1)322
2ZnO(7:3)368
3ZnO (3:2)376
4ZnO (1:1)386
5(Zn0.985Cu0.015O)(9:1)376

The results in Table 5 showed the microbial activities of ZnO and copper doped ZnO NPs synthesized using leaf extract with different ratios. Zone of inhibition for Cu doped ZnO NPs increased with the concentration of dopant: Zn0.995Cu0.005O to Zn0.985Cu0.015O (6mm to 8mm) on Bacillus subtilis and decreased on S.aureus (from 10mm to 7mm). Also, inhibitions of 15 and 16 mm were recorded for *ZnO (7:3) and *Cu-ZnO-15. This might be due to the synergetic effect of leaf extract, ZnO and CuO NPs. The influence of the leaf extract ratios and dopant concentration were clearly observed on gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Table 5

Zone of inhibition (mm) of ZnO NPs, Cu doped ZnO NPs and composites against gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains.

NoBioactive agentsZone of inhibition(mm)(Diameter)
Gram positive bacteriaGram negative bacteria
Staphylococcus aureusBacillus subtilisEscherichia collProteus mirabilis
1ZnO(9:1)10 mm6 mm7 mm6 mm
2ZnO(7:3)12 mm6 mm6 mm6 mm
3ZnO(3:2)12 mm6 mm6 mm6 mm
4ZnO(1:1)13 mm6 mm6 mm6 mm
5Cu-ZnO-051O mm7 mm6 mm6 mm
6Cu-ZnO-18 mm7 mm7 mm6 mm
7Cu-ZnO-157 mm8 mm8 mm6 mm
8*ZnO(7:3)6 mm15 mm6 mm6 mm
9*Cu-ZnO-156 mm16 mm6 mm6 mm
10Gentamicin12 mm14 mm14 mm14 mm

  1. *ZnO(7:3) & *Cu-ZnO-15 are samples without calcinations

4 Conclusions

Pure and Cu doped zinc oxide NPs with wurtzite structures were synthesized using different ratios of neem leaf extract by the co-precipitation method. All the synthesized materials were stable above 400°C. The microstructure investigation revealed the influence of leaf extract ratios on the morphology of the particles. The antibacterial studies of the synthesized composite materials revealed the synergetic effect of leaf extract, ZnO and CuO NPs on the gram-positive Bacillus subtilis.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-05-22
Accepted: 2018-10-03
Published Online: 2019-04-24

© 2019 Dawit Tamire Handago et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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  47. Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
  48. Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
  49. Characteristics of liposomes derived from egg yolk
  50. Preparation of ternary ZnO/Ag/cellulose and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation property on phenol and benzene in VOCs
  51. Influence of Human Serum Albumin Glycation on the Binding Affinities for Natural Flavonoids
  52. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-methylthio-pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines
  53. Comparative study on the antioxidant activities of ten common flower teas from China
  54. Molecular Properties of Symmetrical Networks Using Topological Polynomials
  55. Synthesis of Co3O4 Nano Aggregates by Co-precipitation Method and its Catalytic and Fuel Additive Applications
  56. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antiprotoscolices potential of ethanol extracts of selected plants species against Echinococcus granulosus: In-vitro study
  57. Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions
  58. Simultaneous Quantification of the New Psychoactive Substances 3-FMC, 3-FPM, 4-CEC, and 4-BMC in Human Blood using GC-MS
  59. Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
  60. Miscibility studies of polystyrene/polyvinyl chloride blend in presence of organoclay
  61. Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
  62. Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and in vitro screening of their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line
  63. Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
  64. Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)
  65. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of rye (Secale cereale L.) grains
  66. Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement
  67. Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure
  68. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Haloxylon salicornicum aqueous fraction
  69. The anti-corrosion behaviour of Satureja montana L. extract on iron in NaCl solution
  70. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque
  71. A comparative study of the crystal structures of 2-(4-(2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)pipera -zinyl)ethyl) benzyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  72. Conceptual DFT as a Novel Chemoinformatics Tool for Studying the Chemical Reactivity Properties of the Amatoxin Family of Fungal Peptides
  73. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk-based Mithae samples from Pakistan
  74. Kinetics of Iron Removal From Ti-Extraction Blast Furnace Slag by Chlorination Calcination
  75. Increasing the activity of DNAzyme based on the telomeric sequence: 2’-OMe-RNA and LNA modifications
  76. Exploring the optoelectronic properties of a chromene-appended pyrimidone derivative for photovoltaic applications
  77. Effect of He Qi San on DNA Methylation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Phlegm-blood Stasis Syndrome
  78. Cyclodextrin potentiometric sensors based on selective recognition sites for procainamide: Comparative and theoretical study
  79. Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst
  80. Nonisothermal Cold Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(lactic acid)/Bacterial Poly(hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)/Talc
  81. Enhanced adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotics in water by modified biochar derived from bagasse
  82. Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  83. Comparative Effects of Salt and Alkali Stress on Antioxidant System in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) Leaves
  84. Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs
  85. Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni-Doped BaFe12O19 for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
  86. Study on the removal of high contents of ammonium from piggery wastewater by clinoptilolite and the corresponding mechanisms
  87. Phytochemistry and toxicological assessment of Bryonia dioica roots used in north-African alternative medicine
  88. The essential oil composition of selected Hemerocallis cultivars and their biological activity
  89. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocrystalline Nickel Composite Electroforming Deposit
  90. Anti-c-myc efficacy block EGFL7 induced prolactinoma tumorigenesis
  91. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  92. Zagreb Connection Number Index of Nanotubes and Regular Hexagonal Lattice
  93. The Sanskruti index of trees and unicyclic graphs
  94. Valency-based molecular descriptors of Bakelite network BNmn
  95. Computing Topological Indices for Para-Line Graphs of Anthracene
  96. Zagreb Polynomials and redefined Zagreb indices of Dendrimers and Polyomino Chains
  97. Topological Descriptor of 2-Dimensional Silicon Carbons and Their Applications
  98. Topological invariants for the line graphs of some classes of graphs
  99. Words for maximal Subgroups of Fi24‘
  100. Generators of Maximal Subgroups of Harada-Norton and some Linear Groups
  101. Special Issue on POKOCHA 2018
  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
  103. Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SC-CO2) on the content of tiliroside in the extracts from Tilia L. flowers
  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
  106. The effect of selected substances on the stability of standard solutions in voltammetric analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
  107. Determination of the content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in dairy products from various regions of Poland
  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
  119. Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Through Ultrasonic Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation
  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
  131. Lyophilized apples on flax oil and ethyl esters of flax oil - stability and antioxidant evaluation
  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  136. Dead zone for hydrogenation of propylene reaction carried out on commercial catalyst pellets
  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
  139. Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology
  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
  172. Development of a Gold Immunochromatographic Assay Method Using Candida Biofilm Antigen as a Bioreceptor for Candidiasis in Rats
  173. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  174. Adsorption of copper ions on Magnolia officinalis residues after solid-phase fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
  175. Erratum
  176. Erratum to: Sand Dune Characterization For Preparing Metallurgical Grade Silicon
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0018
Keywords for this article
Nanoparticle; Wurtzite; Escherichia coli; Capping agent
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  102. Influence of Production Parameters on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Extruded Porridge Enriched with Chokeberry Fruit (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)
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  104. Impact of xanthan gum addition on phenolic acids composition and selected properties of new gluten-free maize-field bean pasta
  105. Impact of storage temperature and time on Moldavian dragonhead oil – spectroscopic and chemometric analysis
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  108. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018 Conference
  109. The Photocatalytic Activity of Zns-TiO2 on a Carbon Fiber Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
  110. N-octyl chitosan derivatives as amphiphilic carrier agents for herbicide formulations
  111. Kinetics and Mechanistic Study of Hydrolysis of Adenosine Monophosphate Disodium Salt (AMPNa2) in Acidic and Alkaline Media
  112. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Ness‘s N-hexane Extract and Its Major Compounds
  113. Special Issue on ABB2018 Conference
  114. Special Issue on ICCESEN 2017
  115. Theoretical Diagnostics of Second and Third-order Hyperpolarizabilities of Several Acid Derivatives
  116. Determination of Gamma Rays Efficiency Against Rhizoctonia solani in Potatoes
  117. Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
  118. Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Linalool from Methyl Eugenol with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate [EMIM][HSO4] Ionic Liquid
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  120. Special Issue on ISCMP 2018
  121. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells
  122. The influence of the grafted aryl groups on the solvation properties of the graphyne and graphdiyne - a MD study
  123. Electrochemical modification of platinum and glassy carbon surfaces with pyridine layers and their use as complexing agents for copper (II) ions
  124. Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract
  125. Effect Of Thermal Treatment Of Trepel At Temperature Range 800-1200˚C
  126. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  127. The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.
  128. Influence of the Static Magnetic Field and Algal Extract on the Germination of Soybean Seeds
  129. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures
  130. The use of microorganisms as bio-fertilizers in the cultivation of white lupine
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  132. Production of phosphorus biofertilizer based on the renewable materials in large laboratory scale
  133. Human health risk assessment of potential toxic elements in paddy soil and rice (Oryza sativa) from Ugbawka fields, Enugu, Nigeria
  134. Recovery of phosphates(V) from wastewaters of different chemical composition
  135. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
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  137. Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid
  138. The role of a chemical loop in removal of hazardous contaminants from coke oven wastewater during its treatment
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  140. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  141. Applying Discriminant and Cluster Analyses to Separate Allergenic from Non-allergenic Proteins
  142. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients
  143. Chemomertic Risk Assessment of Soil Pollution
  144. New composite sorbent for speciation analysis of soluble chromium in textiles
  145. Photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 modified by Eu(III) and Tb(III) for decomposition of Malachite Green
  146. Photophysical and antibacterial activity of light-activated quaternary eosin Y
  147. Spectral properties and biological activity of La(III) and Nd(III) Monensinates
  148. Special Issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  149. Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates
  150. A potential reusable fluorescent aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles for ochratoxin A analysis
  151. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  152. Fluorescence study of 5-nitroisatin Schiff base immobilized on SBA-15 for sensing Fe3+
  153. Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)
  154. Encapsulation of Vitamin C in Sesame Liposomes: Computational and Experimental Studies
  155. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis
  156. Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous silica SBA-15 by adjusting hydrothermal treatment time and the amount of polyvinyl alcohol
  157. Review of large-pore mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica and its applications
  158. Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
  159. Synthesis And Characterization Of CoMo/Mordenite Catalyst For Hydrotreatment Of Lignin Compound Models
  160. Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters
  161. The Study of the Optical Properties of C60 Fullerene in Different Organic Solvents
  162. Composite Material Consisting of HKUST-1 and Indonesian Activated Natural Zeolite and its Application in CO2 Capture
  163. Topical Issue on Environmental Chemistry
  164. Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
  165. Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System
  166. Screening Study on Rheological Behavior and Phase Transition Point of Polymer-containing Fluids produced under the Oil Freezing Point Temperature
  167. The Chemical Softening Effect and Mechanism of Low Rank Coal Soaked in Alkaline Solution
  168. The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst
  169. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  170. Design of SiO2/TiO2 that Synergistically Increases The Hydrophobicity of Methyltrimethoxysilane Coated Glass
  171. Antidiabetes and Antioxidant agents from Clausena excavata root as medicinal plant of Myanmar
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